Anthropology
• It is the study humankind
• Greek word anthropos – human and logos –
word or study of
• It an amalgamation of natural science
particularly in biology and social sciences
• Therefore, anthropology is partly natural
science and partly a social science
• Ex. Knowing the origin of humankind
• Compared to other social sciences,
anthropology is wider in scope both
geographically and historically
• Anthropologist excavate numerous places for
fossils and other material remains that once
belongs in the past
Branches of Anthropology
• Physical Anthropology
• Cultural anthropology
• Archaeology
Physical Anthropology
• Biological anthropology is its other name
• It is the study of human biology within the
milieu (A person’s social environment) of
evolution
• This centers primarily on the human biological
origins and the variations in human species
• The physical anthropologists also analyse
human fossil remains
• They are now thousands specimen of human
ancestors being house in museum and
research collections all over the world
• They also excavate and study these hardened
remains as they try to formulate theories on
the origin of humans and subsequent
variation
Sub disciplines of Physical Anthropology
• Paleanthropology – human evolution; earlier
hominids
• Genetics – gene structure; patterns of
inheritance of traits
• Primatology – non-human primates
• Osteology – skeletal remains
• Paleopathology – traces of disease and injury
in human skeletal remains
• Forensic Anthropology – analysis and
identification of human remains
Cultural Anthropology
• Involves the study and comparative analysis of
literate societies, including all aspects of
human behaviour
• This includes religion, ritual, myth,
technology, gender roles, kinship forms,
economic and political structures; music and
folklore
• Ethnography: a means to study and record the
different ways of human societies and
provides descriptive accounts which form the
basis for comparative studies of many
cultures
Another Sub-Disciplines of Anthropology
• Urban Anthropology – issues of cities such as
poverty, immigration and social stratification
• Medical Anthropology – relationship between
culture and health or diseases
• Economic Anthropology – distribution of
goods and resources within and between
cultures
Archaeology
• Involves the study of earlier cultures and ways
of life by the way of retrieving and examining
the material remains of previous human
societies
• Archaeologist attempt to reconstruct the
everyday life and customs of early people,
they also seek to explain the different cultural
changes that happened over time
Linguistic Archaeology
• Study of human speech and language as well
as the various changes that have taken palace
over time
• This tries to comprehend different processes
in human communication, language use.
Economics
• Is a discipline that concentrates on how a
particular society solves its problem of
scarcity of resources
• Greek word oikos – house and nomos –
custom or law
• The term oikonomia literally translates as
“management of a house hold”
• Goal: to develop better policies in order to
minimize problems and maximize the benefits
of everyday work
Economist
• Economists seeks to understand people’s
activities concerning production, distribution
and consumption of goods and services
• They analyse key concepts pertaining to
supply and demand, savings and investments,
cost and price; economic fluctuations, finance,
capital and wealth
• In essence, they ask What goods are
produced?, How these goods are produced?
And For whom they are produced?
 Goals of Economics
Economic Growth Price-level stability
Economic Freedom Work efficiency
Equitable distribution of income
Economic efficiency
Full employment Economic security
Balance of trade
Macroeconomics
• Analyses how the economics functions as a
whole or its basic subdivisions such as the
government or the business sectors
• Also study inflation and unemployment why
some nations are well-off while some others
under huge dept.
• Includes total output, total employment, total
income and general level of prices
Microeconomics
• Focuses on the behaviour of individual agents,
like household, industries and firms
• Economists evaluate how prices of goods and
services are usually pegged and what factors
determine the value of land, labor and capital
• Experts measures price of specific product,
number of workers employed by a single firm
or expenditures of a certain family
Geography
• It the of the features of the earth and and the
location living things on the planet
• Greek word geographia – to describe the
earth (literal)
• Geo – earth; graphe; – to describe
• Also deals with different human activities
aside from studying mountains, rivers and
plants
History
• Is a branch of knowledge that attempts to
ascertain, record and explain facts and events
that happened in the past
• Greek word historia – inquiry
• One of the oldest Social Science tracing its
origin in the myths and traditions of early
people that were passed from one generation
to the other
• For the historians, it very ambitious to unfold
and interpret human thoughts and actions
that are ever changing while relying on
written accounts that may have incompletely
survive in the past
Social History
• Experiences of common people
• Sample work: Crime, Society and the State in
the 19th Century Philippines (Greg Bakoff,
Atenoe de Manila University, 1996)
Cultural History
• Customs, arts, traditions
• Sample work: Balatik:Etnoastronomiya
Kalangitan sa Kabihasnang Pilipino (Dante L.
Ambrosio, The University of the Philippines
Press, 2010)
Political History
• Political ideas, events, movements, parties
leaders
• Sample work: Illustrado Politics: Filipino Elite
Responses to American Rule (Micheal
Cullinane, Ateneo de Manila University Press,
2003
Economic History
• Economic occurrences , way of living
distribution of goods
• Sample work: The Tobacco Monopoly in the
Philippines: Bureaucratic Enterprise and Social
Change 1766 – 1880 (Ed. C. de Hesus, Ateneo
de Manila University Press, 1980)
Diplomatic History
• International relations between states
• Sample work: The United States and the
Philippines: A Study of Neocolonialism
(Stephen Rosskamm Shalom, New Day
Publishers, 1986)
Military History
• Military affairs, strategies, doctrine, armed
conflict
• Sample work: Filipino – American War 1899 –
1913 (Samuel K. Tan University of the
Philippines Press, 2002)
Other Branches of History
• History of Religion
• History of Women
• Environmental History
Linguistic
• Is a field of knowledge involving the scientific
study of language as a universal and
recognizable aspect of human behaviour and
capacity
• Linguists study changes that have taken place
on various language over time as well as their
modern variations
• “man is a linguistic being” – Hans Georg
Gadamer (Man and Language)
• “A good speaker do not borrow words from
the other languages rather steals words from
other language” - Fr. Roque Ferriols, SJ (A
Memoir of 6 Years, 1978)
General Linguistics
• Concepts and categories of language or
languages; theory of language
Micro Linguistics
• Structure of language systems
 • Phonetics – study of correct pronunciations of
words
• Phonology – study of sounds of the language
• Morphology – study of language form
• Syntax – study of how words form into
phrases
• Semantics – the study of meanings of words
or terms
Macro Linguistics
• External view of language
• Stylistics - the study of the distinctive styles
found in particular literary genres and in the
works of individual writers.
• Developmental Linguistics - the study of the
development of linguistic ability in an
individual, particularly the acquisition of
language in childhood
• Historical Linguistics - the study of language
change
• Language Geography - the study of the spatial
patterns of languages
• Psycholinguistics - the study of the cognitive
processes and representations underlying
language use
• Sociolinguistics - the study of social patterns
and norms of linguistic variability
• Clinical Linguistics - the application of
linguistic theory to the area of Speech-
Language Pathology
Political Science
• It deals with both theory and practice of
politics, including analysis on public policies
and laws
• Study of governments and need for the
institution, its form and its processes
• Key concepts: state, politics, power and
ideology as well as the effects of these
notions on individuals and groups
Country
• People or Nation
• Government
• Territory
• Sovereignty and Jurisdiction
• Independence
• Recognition from the other country
Democracy
• It is the government of the people, by the
people and for the people
Sociology
• Is a field of study dealing with systematic
study of patterns of human interaction
• Patterns are affected, controlled or arrange by
historical events, beliefs and practices or
various social influences on an individual , a
family or larger group of people
• Latin word socius – companion; Greek word
logos – word of study of
• Concentrates on the social influences or
processes occurring within the group of
people rather that those forces affecting an
individual
• The science of society
• Interested in discovering repetitive and
general patterns in human behaviour as
people interact with one another
General Sociology
• Deals with the properties and homogeneity
common to all social and cultural phenomena,
including those characteristics found among
groups and institutions
• Concern may include the conditions, forms
and forces of human association
Special Sociology
• Focuses on specific sociocultural phenomenon
usually selected for further study, including
socialization, interaction, conflict and
denomination
• Examples of the most developed sociologies
as field of study include sociology of
population, sociology of law, sociology of
religion and sociology of knowledge
Social Organization
• Topics: social institutions, groups, inequality,
mobility, stratification, bureaucracy, ethnic
groups, family, education, politics, religion
Social Change
• Topics: changes in culture and social relations
and the disruptions occurring in society;
ecological changes, cultural change,
modernization
Sociological Theory and Method
• Topic: principles and theories about the social
environment
Applied Sociology
• Topics: resolution of social problems through
research in social work, counselling,
criminology
Psychology
• Deals with the nature of human behaviours,
both internal and external factors that affects
these behaviours
• Latin word psychologia combining psych –
spirit or soul; and logia – study of
• Literal meaning study of soul
• Concentrates individuals and various forces
that mold them
• Physical Sciences: it draws out knowledge on
the physical structure of humans, including
nervous system and stages maturation
 • Social Sciences: it obtains information about  Key Personalities: Herodotus (the father of
the social world such as motivation emotions, History),Thucydides, Leopold von Ranke
behaviour and attitude Linguistics
• Four Goals: to describe, explain, predict and  Modern linguistics started to develop in the
change behaviours 18 century with philology reaching its zenith
• Key concepts: Cognition, perception, thought, in the 19 century
personality and motivation  Key personalities: Ferdinand de Saussure,
Branches of Psychology Jacques Derrida, Hans Georg- Gadamer,
• Abnormal Psychology Jurgen Habermas
• Behavioural Psychology Political Science
• Biopsychology  As an academic discipline. Political Science is a
• Cognitive Psychology relatively new field that was principally
• Comparative Psychology worked on by American scholars in the 19th
• Cross-Cultural Psychology and 20th centuries
• Developmental Psychology  Key personalities: Plato, Aristotle, Augustine
• Educational Psychology of Hippo, Niccolo Machiavelli, Thomas
• Experimental Psychology Hobbes, John Locke
• Forensic Psychology Sociology
• Heath Psychology  As a formal academic field of study was
• Personality Psychology founded by Emile Durkheim during late 19th
• Social Psychology century with establishment of the first
sociology department in Europe
Demography  Key Personalities: Auguste Comte, Karl Marx,
• Is the science and statistical study of human Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim
population Psychology
• French word demographie derive from Greek  In 1879, Wilhelm Wundt established the first
word demos – people; and graphie psychological laboratory in Leipzig (Germany)
• Three Demographic processes: 1. Birth; 2. thereby effectively making Psychology a
Migration; 3. Aging and Death formal field of study
• To comprehend the mechanisms behind  Key personalities: Wilhelm Wundt, G. Stanley
human population Hall, John Dewey, Sigmund Freud
• Categorized under the disciplines in the Social Demography
Science  The 19th century saw the emergence of
• Also in Sociology – Topics: population demography when it separated from statistics
dynamics, change, composition, quality as field of study
 Key personalities: Thomas Malthus, Adolphe
Anthropology Quetelet, William Farr
 The rise of Western imperialism in 18th and
19th centuries prompted interest in the study
of ulture of the colonies
 Key Personalities: Franz Boas, Bronislaw
Malinowski

Economics
 Became a separate discipline with the
publication of Adams Smith’s The Wealth of
Nations in 1776
 Key personalities: Adams Smith, Karl Marx
Geography
 Became academic discipline in Europe during
18th and 19 centuries while many geographic
societies were founded in the 19th century
 Key personalities: Immanuel Kant, Alexader
von Humboldt, Carl Ritter
History
 The Greeks were the first writers of history is
one of the oldest of the social sciences