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Seismic Wave Attenuation: Promising Attribute for Fluids, Fractures and Tar
Mats Characterization in Abu Dhabi Oilfields

Conference Paper · January 2016

DOI: 10.2118/183339-MS

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SPE-183339-MS

Seismic Wave Attenuation: Promising Attribute for Fluids, Fractures and Tar
Mats Characterization in Abu Dhabi Oilfields

Fateh Bouchaala and Mohammed Y Ali, The Petroleum Institute; Jun Matsushima, University of Tokyo

Copyright 2016, Society of Petroleum Engineers

This paper was prepared for presentation at the Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference held in Abu Dhabi, UAE, 7-10 November 2016.

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents
of the paper have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily reflect
any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its officers, or members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written
consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited. Permission to reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may
not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of SPE copyright.

Abstract
Seismic wave attenuation can be used to enhance geophysical interpretation in the reservoir zones, this
has great benefit for oil and gas industry. Getting accurate attenuation profiles is prominent to get correct
geophysical interpretation, however this is not an easy task since the methodology is not enough mature yet.
The difficulty is higher for complex media like those composed carbonate rocks, such media are known to
be highly heterogeneous. The subsurface of Abu Dhabi region is known to be mainly composed of carbonate
rocks.
We developed a new method to estimate the intrinsic attenuation and scattering separately, from
downgoing waves of VSP data. This new method is based on seismic interferometry technique and it is less
sensitive to upgoing waves compared to classical methods. We estimated attenuation from sonic waveforms
by using new method well adapted for such type of data, this method was successfully applied in previous
studies.
We got accurate and high-resolution scattering and intrinsic attenuation profiles from five wells belonging
to five oilfields located in Abu Dhabi region. Compared to previous studies carried out in siliciclastic media,
the attenuation shows high variation over the depth, and the scattering shows significant contribution on the
total attenuation. We explain this by the high heterogeneity characteristic of carbonate rocks.
We found very interesting correlation between the attenuation profiles and the other petrophysical logs,
such as the sonic and oil saturation logs. The scattering shows a good correlation with the fractures,
and intrinsic attenuation shows a good sensitivity to the fluid existence. So the combination between the
scattering and the intrinsic attenuation is a promising and can be very useful for the petroleum exploration,
especially in the case of Abu Dhabi reservoirs known to be highly fractured.

Introduction
It is known that seismic waves are attenuated during their propagation in the earth subsurface, due to the
heterogeneity and not perfect elasticity of the earth. They are mainly two types of attenuation: intrinsic and
scattering attenuation. The strength of intrinsic attenuation and scattering attenuations are given by inverse
of dimensionless quantity Q, called quality factor.
2 SPE-183339-MS

The inverse of intrinsic attenuation quality factor Qint, is directly related to anelastic energy loss per cycle,
(ΔE) divided by the total energy (E) at the same cycle,

(1)

Several studies have suggested that intrinsic attenuation is directly related to petrophysical properties of
media, such as grain size and porosity (e.g. Müller et al., 2010; Shumway, 1960; Toksoz et al., 1979) and
can be used for fluid detection, which is a useful parameter for monitoring hydrocarbon reservoirs (e.g.
Bouchaala and Guennou, 2012; Matsushima, 2006).
Unlike intrinsic attenuation, the scattering is elastic phenomenon, it is due to reflections caused by small-
scale heterogeneities. This latter can be to change in lithology or to some phenomena as fractures or Tar
mat, so scattering can be useful for study of such phenomenon. is usually estimated from velocity and
density contrasts of the medium, by using some theoretical formulas (Wu, 1982; Shapiro et al., 1994), or
from synthetic seismograms generated from seismic wave propagation models (Goupillaud, 1961).
So, combining intrinsic and scattering atternuation profiles can enhance of geophysical interpretation,
which is beneficial for reservoir characterization, however inaccurate attenuation values can bias the
interpretation. Getting accurate attenuation profiles, is not an easy task especially in a subsurface composed
of carbonate rocks, due to their high heterogeneity and their complex lithology. For that we developed
new processing workflow in order to enhance signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), and we used methods recently
developed to estimate attenuation from VSP (Matsushima et al., 2016) and sonic (Suzuku and Matsuhima,
2013) data. The attenuation estimated from field data is called total attenuation, it is the sum of intrinsic
and scattering attenuations (Schoenberger and Levin, 1974).
So far, only few attenuation studies have been conducted on carbonate rocks (e.g., Adam et al., 2009;
Bouchaala et al., 2014). In this study, we estimate attenuation from vertical seismic profiling (VSP) and
sonic waveforms. The data was acquired from wells located in five oilfields in Abu Dhabi region. We
compared this attenuation profiles with subsurface lithology and petrophysical characteristics such us fluid
saturation, fractures existence. This in order to check any correlation between attenuation and petrophysical
characteristics, and to assess its potential of attenuation in reservoir characterization. We also checked
attenuation if there is relationship between anisotropy and fractures existence.
In this study, all the depths in this study are expressed in measured depth (MD).

Study area
Data was acquired from wells carried out in five Oilfields located in Abu Dhabi region. Sarb and Hair Dalma
are offshore oilfields, located 121 km and 195 Km North West of Abu Dhabi city, respectively (Fig. 1).
Sahil, Shah and Buhassa are onshore oilfields, located 129 km, 149 km and 176 km South West of Abu
Dhabi city, respectively (Fig. 1).
SPE-183339-MS 3

Figure 1—Surface geology map of United Arab Emirates (UAE) and northern Oman,
simplified from Searle (2007). The dashed circle shows location of the study areas.

According to previous geological studies of Abu Dhabi subsurface (Alsharhan and Nairn, 1995; Rizk and
Alsharhan, 2003; Sharland et al., 2004), the formations crossed by the wells are aged from Tertiary to Late
Jurassic period and are mainly composed of carbonates, such media are known to be highly heterogeneous
with complex lithology.

Data acquisition
Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) data
The zero offset VSP data from the offshore oilfields, Sarb and Hair Dalma, was acquired on 2007 and 2011,
respectively. An air-gun source were used to generate the data, recorded by moving down eight Shuttle
(Hair Dalma) and four shuttle (Sarb) Versatile Seismic Imager (VSI) with 15.12 m spacing. A total of 240
levels and more than 300 levels (including overlapping levels) were acquired in Sarb and Hair Dalma fields,
respectively, with sampling rate of 1 ms. Over all, the data have a good quality (Fig. 2), even if those acquired
shallower than 949 m in Sarb field, has severe casing ringing.
4 SPE-183339-MS

Figure 2—First one second record of zero offset VSP data recorded from a) Sarb and b) Buhassa oilfields.

The zero offset data from onshore fields was acquired on 2001 in Buhassa oilfield at 173 levels, on 2006
in Shah oilfield at 428 levels and on 2007 in Sahil oifield at 125 levels. For the latter we used 74 zero offset
traces only (Fig. 2b)) to estimate the attenuation, the upper 51 traces were noisy because of casing effect.
The data was acquired at 2 ms sampling rate.

Sonic data
In order to get very high-resolution attenuation profiles we used the sonic waveforms recorded in Sarb, Hair
Dalma and Buhassa fields. Buhassa data were acquired by using Dipole Sonic Imager (DSI) (Fig. 3a)). This
tool combines monopole and dipole sonic acquisition capabilities for the reliable acoustic measurement of
compressional, shear, and Stoneley slownesses with space resolution of 0.1524 m. The transmitter section
contains a piezoelectric monopole transmitter and two electrodynamic dipole transmitters perpendicular
to each other. An electric pulse at sonic frequencies is applied to the monopole transmitter to excite
compressional- and shear-wave propagation in the formation. For Stoneley wave acquisition a specific low-
frequency pulse is used. The dipole transmitters are also driven at low frequency to excite the flexural wave
around the borehole. More recent tool called Sonic Scanner (SS) was used to acquire sonic waveforms from
Sarb and Hair Dalma fields (Fig. 3b)). The SS tool contains more receivers (13 receivers) than the DSI (8
receivers) tool, and provides an azimuthal coverage thanks to its eight azimuthal sensors spaced by 45°.
SPE-183339-MS 5

Figure 3—a) Dipole Sonic Imager (DSI) and b) Sonic Scanner (SS) tools used to record sonic waveforms.

Sonic waveforms in Sarb field were recorded between the depths 3072.5 m and 3175 m within Arab
formation. A total of 671 levels with a spacing of 0.5 ft were recorded in this zone. Over all the recorded
sonic waveforms appear to have high quality, except 100 deepest traces that we removed because of their
bad quality (Fig. 4). We used sonic waveforms recorded in the deepest zone in Hair Dalma field, located
between depths 4853.7 m and 5219.5 m. This zone includes Unayzah and Berwath formations. Getting
characteristics and information about this zone is one of major objective for this VSP experience. 2401
levels were recorded in this zone, however we removed 826 first shallowest traces and 201 deepest traces,
due to their bad quality. The monopole data in Buhassa field was recorded at 1510 levels between depths
2456 m and 2686 m, we removed first 150 traces due to their bad quality. For dipole data, 1574 levels were
acquired between depths 2447 m and the shallowest at 2687 m. First 200 traces and last 90 traces were
removed because of their bad quality.

Figure 4—a) Monopole, b) dipole inline and c) dipole offline sonic

waveforms recorded using Sonic Scanner (SS) tool in Sarb oilfield.
6 SPE-183339-MS

Methodology
Frazer et al. (1997) developed a method for deriving relative attenuation values from sonic logging data
based on the concept of median frequency shift. They proposed the following relationship to estimate Q,

(2)

where the term depends on the median frequency shift, Δt(z) is the travel time for the distance between
the source and the receiver and can be calculated by arbitrarily by choosing a reference value at a depth
ξ, as follows:

(3)

Suzuki and Matsushima (2013) proposed a robust method, which does not depend on an arbitrary
choice of the reference value. We used this method to estimate the attenuation from sonic waveforms.
Matsushima et al. (2016) adapted this method for VSP data. They converted VSP data to a sonic logging
measurement configuration (Fig. 5) by using a seismic interferometry technique, based on cross-correlation
and deconvolution (Metha et al., 2007).

Figure 5—The concept of the the conversion of measurement from VSP to sonic logging measurement by using
seismic interferometry technique. a) Zero-offset VSP configuration with three receiver locations (R1, R2, and R3) with
depths z1, z2 and z3. b) Two new seismic traces (TR1 and TR2) created by applying seismic interferometry method.

Some numerical tests revealed that the deconvolution gives better results than the cross-correlation
technique (Matsushima et al., 2016), so we used the deconvolution technique to estimate the attenuation
from VSP data. Previous studies (Matsushima et al., 2016; Bouchaala et al., 2016) showed that this new
method is more accurate and provides attenuation profiles with higher depth resolution than conventional
methods, such as spectral ratio (McDonald et al., 1958) and centroid frequency (Quan and Harris, 1997)
methods.

VSP attenuation
We estimated VSP total and scattering attenuation profiles for all wells after applying SI method, on the field
data and synthetic seismograms, respectively. The synthetic seismograms are generated after convolving
the medium reflectivity with a unit impulse. The reflectivity was obtained using ray theory and Z transform
SPE-183339-MS 7

via Goupillaud model (Goupillaud, 1961). In this model, the one-way travel time in each layer is taken to
be the same time interval. To make each horizontal layer of equal time thickness, the reflection coefficient
series is converted to the time domain and interpolated to the sampling rate of VSP data. We estimated the
reflectivity response of the medium by assuming the synthetic well logs as a one-dimensional input to a
discretized elastic earth model. To be consistent with the VSP data from where the total attenuation profile is
estimated, a bandpass filter, with cutoff frequencies equal to the minimum and maximum VSP frequencies,
was applied to the synthetic seismograms. Finally, we subtracted the scattering attenuation from the total
attenuation to derive the intrinsic attenuation profiles.
We got high-resolution attenuation profiles displaying high variation from depth 400 m to 5200 m.
The scattering varies from −0.015 to 0.17 (Fig. 6), this is significant compared to attenuation studies
conducted on siliciclastic media (Matsushima, 2006; Pevzner et al., 2013). The large variation in the
attenuation profiles, and the significant contribution of scattering on the attenuation, can be explained by
high heterogeneity of carbonate rocks, and high-density fractures in some formations, such us, Simsima
and Arab (Fig. 7b)) formations. Many formations are characterized by high porosity and permeability,
as those containing the reservoirs zones. This may, therefore, suggest that the mechanism of the intrinsic
attenuation is largely dominated by the interactions between pore fluids and solids. This is consistent with
the study conducted by White (1975) and more recently by Müller et al. (2010), which suggested that, for
frequencies below 1 kHz, the most important cause of the intrinsic attenuation is the wave-induced flow
between mesoscopic inhomogeneities. Therefore, this mechanism can be the main cause of high intrinsic
attenuation, which can reach 0.55 at certain depths in some fields.

Figure 6—a) Total, b) Scattering and c) Intrinsic attenuation profiles estimated from VSP data acquired on Sarb
(black lines), Hair Dalma (blue lines), Sahil (cyan lines), Shah (magenta lines) and Buhassa (red lines) oilfields.
8 SPE-183339-MS

Figure 7—a) FMI static image, b) dip track for all planar features, c) hydrocarbon saturation, d) VSP scattering attenuation
profile, and e) VSP intrinsic attenuation. The blue circles indicate open continuous fractures, the cyan circles indicate open
discontinuous fractures, and the green circles indicate resistive fractures. The red solid lines indicate the formation tops.

We note a good correlation between the VSP scattering attenuation profile and the presence of fractures
and the lithology of the reservoir zones, such us in the reservoir zone Arab in Sarb oilfield (Fig. 7 and Fig.
8). Although the Arab A, B and C reservoirs contain fractures, the scattering attenuation is most significant
in the Arab D reservoir zone. Arab D is the main reservoir of the field, and it is primarily composed of
limestone, however the upper part (Arab A, B, and C) is mainly composed of dolomite and interbedded
anhydrite (Figs. 8). The VSP scattering attenuation reaches its maximum at around 3185 m in the Arab D
reservoir, and then it starts decreasing (Fig. 7d)). Matarid et al. (2009) suggested that the tar-mat zone starts
to occur at this depth (Fig. 7e)). This causes a decrease in the porosity due to the tar mat blocking the matrix
porosity and fractures in the Arab D reservoir as observed in the neutron porosity log (Fig. 8).
SPE-183339-MS 9

Figure 8—Upper Jurassic Arab Group stratigraphic framework reservoir units, lithology, compressional velocity,
density, gamma ray, neutron porosity and resistivity profiles. The red solid lines indicate the formation tops.

The tar mat acts as a vertical permeability barrier potentially separating the aquifer from the oilfield
reservoir. Therefore, the tar mat has a big impact on the oil-field development and well placement scheme.
However, tar-mat identification and mapping is challenging. For example, tar-mat interpretation and
zonation from log data is challenging because neutron and resistivity logs have similar response as heavy
oil. This study indicates that attenuation has a potential to help in the detection of the tar mat. Similar to
the scattering attenuation, the intrinsic attenuation also indicates sensitivity to the tar mat. At the tar zone,
the intrinsic attenuation increases until it becomes positive (Fig. 7e)). We explain this by the fact that the
medium becomes less porous and less heterogeneous, this decreases the interference phenomena between
the waves, which usually cause unphysical negative intrinsic attenuation. Therefore, the estimation of the
total attenuation becomes more reliable resulting in realistic intrinsic attenuation values.

Sonic Attenuation
We got high-depth-resolution attenuation profiles thanks to the high-resolution (0.1524 m) acquisition
system of SS of DSI tools (Fig. 3). We found that the scattering is insignificant for all fields, and the intrinsic
attenuation is almost equivalent to the total attenuation. The scattering is dependent on the wavelength
and the heterogeneity size (Wu, 1988). The scattering may be underestimated due to the sonic logging
data's spatial sampling of 0.1524 m (Suzuki and Matsushima, 2013). The intrinsic attenuation is positive
for all fields and entire depths, which is not the case for the VSP attenuation profiles where the scattering
is significant. The monopole attenuation ranges from 0.022 to 0.092, dipole inline attenuation from 0.035
to 0.1 and dipole offline from 0.03 to 0.1 (Fig. 9).
10 SPE-183339-MS

Figure 9—Sonic attenuation estimated from monopole waveforms (first column), dipole inline (second column), and dipole
offline (third column) waveforms, recorded in Sarb (a), b) and c)), Hair Dalma (d), e) and f)) and Buhassa (g), h) and i)) oilfields.

Globally, the sonic attenuation shows a good correlation with oil saturation (Fig. 10 a)). This correlation
can be explained by fluid (oil) grain friction, this attenuation mechanism is widely known by the name, Wave
Induced Fluid Friction (WIFF) (Müller et al., 2010). The attenuation showed a decrease with sonic velocity
for Sarb oilfield (Fig. 10b)). This because low velocity zones usually corresponds to high fluid concentration
zones. However, in the other oilfields the attenuation increases with velocity. This can be explained by
dispersion phenomenon, where the velocity is proportional to attenuation and frequency (Futterman, 1962).

Figure 10—Sonic monopole attenuation versus a) compressional velocity and b) oil saturation in Sarb field.
SPE-183339-MS 11

We found that some zones display low fluid saturation and high intrinsic attenuation, such us the dense
zone separating Shuaiba and Thamama formations in Buhassa oilfield (Fig. 11). This zone has high clay
content, so the friction between clay (soft material) and hard material (carbonates) increases the attenuation,
this another attenuation mechanism, that was well explained by Klimentos and McCann (1990).

Figure 11—a) water concentration log, and attenuation profiles estimated from b) monopole,
c) dipole inline, and d) dipole offline sonic waveforms. The solid lines indicate formation tops.

Attenuation anisotropy
In a fractured medium, the shear wave splits into two shear modes. One mode is faster and its particle
displacement vector is oriented parallel to the fracture direction. The second mode is slower, and its particle
displacement vector is oriented parallel to the fracture direction. The axes parallel and orthogonal to a fault
direction are called natural axis. To create faster and slower shear waveforms, we applied the Alford rotation
technique (Alford, 1986) to two types of dipole data whose source polarities are perpendicular to each other.

Dispersion of the points of the plot versus depth, from the line , is an anisotropy indicator.

High dispersion indicates high anisotropy, low dispersion indicates low anisotropy.
We found a good link between attenuation anisotropy and fractures existence, such as Arab formation

reservoir in the oilfield field Sarb. The plot versus the depth (Fig. 12) displays more dispersion in the

zone above the depth 3120 m. This zone contains more fractures than the lower zone situated between 3120
m and 3160 m. This a good indication about the potential of attenuation for fractures detection.
12 SPE-183339-MS

Figure 12—The ratio between the attenuation of fast and slow

split shear waves. The vertical red line shows the line .

Conclusion
This study is one of the most complete attenuation studies in carbonate rocks media. We studied the
attenuation from many oil fields in Abu Dhabi and at different frequency scales, by using VSP data (6-130
Hz), from sonic frequency measurements (order of Khz). From the results of this study, we noticed that :
– The VSP scattering is significant and we explain that by the high heterogeneity of carbonate rocks.
However, the sonic scattering is insignificant due to coarse log sampling 0.1524 m. Our methodology
should be adopted for estimation of sonic scattering.
– The VSP scattering is sensitive to lithology, fractures and tar mat, however their effects stay coupled.
More work is needed to see their effects on the scattering separately.
– Seismic interferometry method is superior to other classical methods used for attenuation estimation,
such spectral ratio and centroid frequency shift methods, especially in terms of resolution and
sensitivity to upgoing waves.
– The intrinsic attenuation displays negative values at some depths, this is due to high heterogeneity
of the medium which makes the interference phenomenon strong. So, isolation of the downgoing
waves becomes difficult. Also, extracting scattering from total attenuation to estimate the intrinsic
attenuation may be is not accurate. So more analytical development needed to separate between
intrinsic attenuation estimation and scattering.
– The sonic and ultrasonic attenuation showed good sensitivity and correlation to petrophysical
parameters such as, oil saturation and sonic velocity.
– Anisotropy of seismic wave attenuation showed a good potential for fractures detection.
SPE-183339-MS 13

Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the Oil-Subcommittee of the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) and its
operating companies for sponsoring this project and providing data used in this study.

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