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7. AUPHOA(S) 8. PERFORMING ORGAN1 ZAT ION REPOR r
-
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NCTES
I
Page
SECTION 1.
SECTION 2.
Structures...................... ...
4.1.1 Primary Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.2 Pressure Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Secondary Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.3
4.2.1 Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.2 Doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Anomlies . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.1 Workshop Meteoroid Shield . . . . , . . . , . . . .
4.3.2 Workshop Solar A.rray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.3 Solar Observatory Aperture Doors . . . . . . . . .
Page
Data System;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Data A c q u h i t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.;
5.1.1
5.1.2 Data Rscording . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.3 R F T r a n s m i s s i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cormand Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.1 Laboratory D i g i t a l Command System . . . . . . . . .
5.2.2 Solar Observatory D i g i t a l Comaand System . . . . .
Audio System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TeJ.evision System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4.1 Laboratory Television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4.2 Solar Observatory Television . . . . . . . . . . .
Caution and Warning System .................
Timing..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
5.6.1 Laboratory Time Reference System
5.6.2 Solar Observatory Time Reference System
Rendezvous, Ranging, and Docking Aids . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. ..
Ammlies
S.8.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Laboratory Low-Level Multiplexers
5.8 2
5.8.3
. Laboratory Transmitter A (10-Wat t )
Solar Obsewatory RF Coaxial Switch
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
5.8.4 Audio System Channel B ..............
5.8.5 Video Tape Recorder ................
5.8.6 Television Monitor ................
SECTION 6. ATTITUDE AND POINTING CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1 A t t i t u d e Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.1 System Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.2 SystemDesign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.3 Operational Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.4 Mission Perfxmance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.5 System Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solar Observatory Fine Pointing . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.1 System Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.2 SystemOperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
homalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3.1 Rate Gyros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3.2 ControlMomentGyros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3.3 S t a r Tracker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gas Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Atmosphere P u r i f i c a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ventilating and Condit ioninf, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Al?.omalit?s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.4.1 Molecular Sieve Iwerter . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.4.2 Water Condensate System . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SECTION 10.
10.1 H a b i t a b i l i t y Provisions
10.1.1
10.1.2
.. ... ... ... ...
Crew S t a t i o n s
Water System
10.1.3
10.1.4
Wasce System
Personal Hygisne
. . .. .. ..
10.1.5
10.1.6
Sleep. . . .. .. .. .. .. ..
Food System
10.1.7
10.1.8
Housekeeping
TrashMsposal
. .. .. .. ..
10.1,9 Debris Control ....
1G. 1.10 Mobility-S t a b i l i t y Aids
10.1.11 Stowage , . . .. .. .. .. ..
. . . .. ...
10.1.12 Illumination
10.1.13 Crew Commrunications
Controls and Displays
Crew Operatione of Experiments
I n f l i g h t Maintenance ......
Solar Obewva tory Film Retrieval
Page
SECTION 11 . .......................
COhTAMIAATION 11-1
On May 14, 1973, t h e Skylab mission began with the launch of t h e Saturn
Workshop i n t o a nearly c i r c u l a r o r b i t a t an a l t i t u d e of approximately 435 k i l o -
meters and a t an i n c l i n a t i o n of 50 degrees from the E a r t h ' s Equator. This a l t i -
tude was high enough above t h e E a r t h ' s atmosphere t o e l i m i n a t e o p t i c a l i n t e r f e r -
ence and excessive aerodynamic drag, y e t low enough t o allow a l a r g e payload and
high o r b i t i n c l i n a t i o n within t h e performance c a p a b i l i t y of t h e l a u n l h v e h i c l e .
The a r e a of view a t 50 degrees i n c l i n a t i - o n included most of t h e populated and
food-producing a r e a s of t h e Earth.
During t h e S a t u r n Workshop c o n c e p t u a l d e s i g n p e r i o d , s e v e r a l i n d e p e n d e n t l y
launched experiment payloads were under development o r c m s i d e r a t i o n , ss w e l l a s
r e s u p p l y v e h i c l e s t o extend m i s s i o n d u r a t i o n s . h e experiment payload, a s o l a r
o b s e r v a t o r y , was t o be launched on a S a t u r n 1B. It wci.116 have t h e n e c e s s a r y sys-
tems t o o p e r a t e independently i n o r b i t and could dock w i t h a s e p a r a t e l y laun;k?d
command and s e r v i c e module. When i t became o l v i o c s t h a t t h e r e were advantages i n
combinicg t h e workshop and experiment m i s s i o n s , a docking a d a ? t e r w i t h m u l t i p l e
docking p o r t s was added t o t h e workshop concept r o p e m i t docking of t h e v a r i o u s
payJ.oads, i n c l u d i n g t h e s o l a r o b s e r v a t o r y .
SrpMnd I
Docking Solar Airlock Instmnt Yorkshoo
(rcpcrt) adapter observatory unit
l ' b d u l ~rime Cumand *l.' r
.-<.
- fi,ollo A i clock Icstr~ment Or4i t a l
(develnjaent) rnd secvice docking telescow m d y l e ' cpd unit workshop
m d u le adaoter m n t a i r ~ o ; shroud
~
distribution
ddcts '
Forward s k r r t tank;i,m\vau,t
\ ~xperiment
Compartment d i v i d e r ark area
grid structure
T
Workshop pneulatic supply b o t t l e vented 22:52 t o 01:45
1 I
Workshop pressurized 00:30 t o 03:42
V Maneuvers t o reduce s o l a r heating i n i t i a t e d 06:30
V End o f instrument u n i t l i f e 12:i6 I I
IDockinq adapter and a i r l o c k pressurized 18:23 t o 18::
rl~olar~obs&vat.orvinstrument thermal r o n t r o l activato
I
ksh u r iI Y 19:38
~ t'o b4:X B
shop
I II II I 1
I Uorkshoo deoressurized 12:05 t o 01:49
l f i r s t crew launched 1%
1 Isoftdock
-
Hours
1
-
22 -
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3
Sr u r n Workshop mission day
I
misurement I
12:40 - 1?:00 Personal hygiene 12.20 - 12:40 Personal hyglene 12:30 - 13:W Laad f i l m cassettes
13:CO - ;3:05 Record voice 12:40- 17:50 h p r r i m e n t M371
1335 - 13 25 E x w r i m n t r i l l 0 12:50- 1d.50 Ex~erlrnentMI10
I
13:70 - 13.30 Crwriment NO71
13.25 - 13:35 t x & & t H071
113:3S - 11.50 Prepare breakfast b : 5 O - 14:ZO Eai m d f a s t
13:M - 13:55 Eat breakfast 1 14:i11 - 14:55 . -
Systems liousekeepinq
13.55 - 14:04 s e t up for so'ar
experfwent
14:04 -
-
14:42 P e r f o m solar experiment
- -
14:55 - 17:55 Review plahs for extravehicular a c t i v i t y
-- --- -.
:55 - 18:05
18:05 - 19:05
--F
Systems housekeeping 17:55 --
18:40 Eat lunch
-- --- -
I-
Lunch and experlnlrnt
TOO3 l@:10 - 19:lO Systems housekseping 18:40 - i9.00 Earth observdtlons
19:05 - 19:25 I n s t a l l ?xperiment I 19:OO - 15:lC Personal hygiene
SO19 :ilm
19::s - 19 49 Pcrsonal hygiene 19:10 - 21:30 Exwriments MO92. MI71 19.:0 - 21:30 Qbserve e ~ p r r l m e n t sM092. MI71
19:40 - 19:M Systems housekeeplrg 21 :30 - 21.45 Personal ?ygiene 21:30 - 21:45 Systems housekeeping
20:00 - 20:31 Set up f o r s o l a r 21:45 - 22:10 Stow experiment SO19 f i l m
experiment
20:09 - 20:40 Perform s o l a r experiment
20:10 - 20:45 System housekeeping
?0:45 - 21:45 Expe-;rent $019
02.45
03:00
- 03:OO
- 11 .W Presleep
sle?p
-
activities
UO:15 - 02:20
1--- --
02:ZO O2:45
Fresleep a c t i v i t i e s
Conference w i t h g r o w d
I--- 00:15
03:30
00:49
01:30
- 00:30
- 00:49
- 01:35
- 02.20
Preslrep a c t i v i t i e s
Prepare f o r s o l a r experiment
Perform s c l a r experiment
Prepare f o r solar expenmelt
I
--
Ac~ivity
- Manhours ! Percent
Medlcal experiments 145.3 7.5
Solar observatory experiments 117.2 6.0
Earth observation experlments 71.4 3.7
Corollary and student experiments, a i d detailed t e s t o b j e c t t v : ~ 65.4 3.4
Sleep, r e s t , o f f duty 675.6
Pre- and post-sleep a c t f v i t y ( 2 mehis Ir.::~&dj
Lunch
Housekeeping 103.6
Physical trainlng and personal hygtene 56.2
Other operations (extravehicular a c t i v i t y , actlvatlon and deactl- 232.3 12.0
vttlon, televisfon)
40 41
h
' 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77
Saturn Workshop mission day
The second crew was launched a t 1 1 : l O Gmt I Day 75 from Launch Complex 39B
a t Kennedy Space Center. The crew consisted of Captain Alan L. Bean, USN, Com-
mander; D r . Owen K. G a r r i o t t , Science P i l o t ; and Major Jack R. Lousma, USMC,
P i l o t . The o r i g i n a l plan was t o launch the second crew on Day 96. However,
because of the degradation of t h e r a t e gyros and the possible d e t e r i o r a t i o n of
the thermal s h i e l d , i t was d e s i r a b l e t o return a s soon a s possible. Upon the
s a t i s f a c t o r y assksement of t h e f l i g h t e f f e c t s on t h e f i r s t crew, preparation of
the launch vehicle, assembly of r e p a i r m a t e r i a l s , and the completion of necessary
crew t r a i n i n g , t h e crew was launched on Day 76. The second manned period w a s
extended 3 days beyond t h e planned 56 days t o allow more work time and permit a
more favorable splashdown area.
3.5.1 Activation
3.5.2 Operations
The pressure i n t h e primary laboratory coolant loop became s o low on Day 102
t h a t the pump was shut o f f . Flight data indicated t h a t the secondary loop was
leaking hut was s t i l l operational and providing t h e required cooling. Ground sup-
port personnel began t r y i n g t o determine the best method f o r r e s e r v i c i n g t h e p r i -
mary loop i n o r b i t . This l e d t o the development of a r e s e r v i c e k i t t o be c a r r i e d
by t h e t h i r d crew. Carbon dioxide sensor c a r t r i d g e s from t h e carbon dioxide re-
moval system were returned f o r a n a l y s i s t o determine whether o r not coolant was
present. The theory w a s t h a t t h e coolant loop leaks were s o small t h a t t h e cool-
a n t was evaporating i n t o the laboratory atmosphere a s soon as i t . leaked. Exami-
nation of the carbon dioxide sensor c a r t r i d g e s subsequently established this.
3.5.3 Deactivation
Saturn Workshop d e a c t f v a t f o n I
satirrn Workshop closeout r
Uwock!np r
Splashdown
I
76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85% 102 103
% 131 132 133 134 135
Saturn Workshop mfsslon day
On Day 174 c o n t r o l gyro 1 wheel speed decreased from 9123 t o 9060 rpm. The
c u r r e n t i n one motor winding increased s l i g h t l y . After 1 hour, t h e wheel speed
and c u r r e n t r e t u r n e d t o t h e normal reading.
perations
135 137 163 165 167 172 174 184 186 188
Saturn Uorkshop missfon day
3.7.1 Activation
3.7.2 Operat i o n s
-
T
mc !ZVOUS
Rer
Doc ing
v turn Wo
I
a
i
Operations
I I
Extravr?bicular a c t i v i t y 2
; 1 I . I mlxtravehl
~ x t r a v e h l i u l a ra c t i v i t y 1
ion
- L
189 191 193 195 ' 226 230 ' 266 268 270
Saturn Workshop mission day
Tests Results
Control gyro 1 spinup attempt. Control gyro 1 wheel d i d not overcome the
bearing f r i c t i o n .
Control gyro 2 and 3 bearing drag Control gyro 2 was w i t h i n l i m i t s but was s l i g h t l :
tests. higher than normal and gyro 3 was normal.
Laboratory power rondi t i o n e r b a t t e r y Laboratory power conditioner b a t t e r i e s exhib-
capacity tests. i t e d very 1i t t l e degradation.
-
Seco. Jary r e f r i g e r a t i o n system opera Cycling o f the r a d i a t o r bypass valves i n both
the primary and secondary r e f r i g e r a t i o r system
t i o n and an attempt t o get both the
prlmary and secondary loop r a d i a t o r loops f a i l e d t o r e t u r n the loops t o t h e i r
bypass valves returned t o the normal o r i g i n a l performance.
mode o f operation.
Rack r a t e g y m turned on t o provide The rack r a t e gyros which exhibited excesrive
data on the heater control c i r c u i t s . d r i f t rates e a r l i e r continued t o do so.
Laboratory secondary coolant loop Inverter 1 i n the laboratory secondary coolant
troubleshooting. loop had f a i l e d .
Operation o f the secordary pulse code Tests on system which had n o t previously been
modulation d i g i t a l data acquisition used showed the systems t o be f u l l y operational.
sys tern.
Operation o f the secondary data storage Tests on systems which h d n o t previously been
interface u n i t . used showed the systems t o be f u l l y operatlonal.
Testing o f laboratory 10-watt transmit- The f s i l e d transmitter d i d n o t recover.
t e r A.
Memry load u i i t t e s t using the program Tests on systems which had n o t prevlously been
tape. used showed the systems o. be f u l l y operational.
72 k i l o b i t s per second uplink t e s t . Tests on systems which had n o t previously been
used showed the systems t o be f u l l y operational.
r B a l l i s t i c coefficient, kg/m 2
Predicted l i f e t i m e , days
Premlsslon
122
2360
Mlsrlon
170
2970
Mission end
207
3610
a r e a and t h e mass from t h e v a l u e s used i n t h e premission c a l c u l a t i o n s . The l o s s
of t h e meteoroid s h i e l d a l s o reduced t h e mass. Other changes which o c c u r r e d were
t h e e x p e n d i t u r e of consumables and v e l o c i t y r.har.ges made t o g i v e t h e d e s i r e d
ground t r a c k . A t t h e end of t h e t h i r d manned p e r i o d t h e o r b i t a l a l t i t u d e of t h e
S a t b r n Workshop was i n c r e a s e d , u s i u g t h e r e a c t i o n c o n t r o l t h r u s t e r s of t h e com-
mand and s e r v i c e wodule. A f t e r t h e f i n a l crew l e f t , t h e S a t u r n Workshop was ro-
t a t e d t o t h e g r a v i t y - u r a d i e n t a t t i t u d e , w i t h t h e docking a d a p t e r away from t h e
E a r t h and t h e s o l a r o b s e r v a t o r y t r a i l i n g . These two changes a f f e c t e d t h e f i n a l
e s t i m a t e of t h e o r b i t a l l ~ f e t i n i eshown i n f i g u r e 3-21; t h i s e s t i m a t e r e f b e c t s t h e
refinements made i n t h e mathematical m-del and t h e d a t a o b t a i n e d on s o l a r a c t i v i t y
d u r i n g t h e mission.
-. -. - --2-
N .
-.
1- I
f . . .
. . .
I . -. -
1I +
-/ - --I
I
1 - I
.
- -
m hl m
- - - -
OD 0 d
m
h
m
.r
oI
2
m % t.
m
t.
m
I
.
m
OD
m
m
m
m
m
OD
m
,-.
.-
? 7 7 7
%-
m
z
cn Time, year
Figure 3-21. - S a t u r n Workshop p r e d i c t e d o r b i t a l decay.
3.11 ACCOMPLISHMENTS .
hvr
r,*
Ptlot
kfentlst pilot
~runchts
II Charles tonrad. k.
Paul J. Ycitr
Joseph P. h l n
rrw n. i9n.
9:00 M Edt
Alan L. ikrn
Jack 2. Louos
Qn, It. b r r i o t t
6 m l d P. Or*
Y f l l i u R. Pogw
€hard G. Gibson
ll~rab 16.~ 1973.
9:01 IV1 Lst
k Totals
Rctorcrlcr
I Jnnt 22. 19n.
9:49 M Edt I kptskr 25. l9?3.
6:19 PW Edt I Fckuary 8. 1974.
ll:17 U Edt I
S r m IB
ktwn v
llly 14. 1973. 1:30 PH Edt
no#orlrtely 435 k i l a t e r s
bbfUl f n c l i n r t l m 50 dcc~rr?cs
-
@*Itat period
I Ilpppximtcly 93 mfnutes
Orblrl distrbca 26,515 miles
Distancf b'rveld
-- bmad)
11.5 i l l1 24.5 m f l l i a mlles 34.5 mflllon miles
I 70.5 mfllfon ofles
Extravehicular
actfvltfes
d stn& 'lq ( h y 25. 1973,
a d m f c e mdule) 37 mirutes
1 Ju 1, 1973. -st 6, 19?3. N~abcr22. 1973.
3 wts. 30 minutes 6 hours. 29 mfnutes 6 hc~rs,33 =im*
2 June 19. 1cJn. August 2% 1973, Dccslbcr 25, 1913.
1 hour. 44 mimtes 4 han. 30 mimt?s 7 hcm. 1 mlnute
3 kptskr 22. 1973, Dccaba 29. 1973.
2 hours. 45 minuter 3 hnrrr. 28 minutes
4
Totals
-
13 hours. U s h t a
Percent
C m1 C m 2 Crew 3 Total Planned Actual deviation
Solar physics * 117.2 305.1 519.0 941.3 8(Wt 1 941' 7.1
Life science
Englncalng a d technology
Ilrterials x l m e and
mwfacturlng i n space
Student
- Totals
Film, frmes
" Film. frucr
13sgnetfc tam?. feet
The c a p a b i l i t y t o conduct longer manned missions was conclusively demon-
s t r a t e d by t h e good health of t h e t h i r d crew a f t e r they had stayed i n space
f o r 84 days. The e f f e c t i v e n e s s of the crews exceeded a l l premission expecta-
tions. Their a b i l i t y t o perform complex r e p a i r tasks was instrumental i n rc-
covering the f u l l mission c a p a b i l i t y , and a l s o contributed g r e a t l y t o f u l i i l l i n g
planned operations throughout t h e extended period. They exceeded t h e o p e r a t i o n ~ l
and experimental requirements placed upon them by the premission f l i g h t plan i n
addition t o overcoming the numerous problems encountered. The t h i r d crew per-
formed a number of s c i e n t i f i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n s and demonstrations not i n i t i a l l y
scheduled, including t h e Comet Kohoutek study and s e v e r a l science demonstrations.
4.1 STRUCTURES
4.1.1 Primary S t r u c t u r e s
t observatory.
The docking adapter i s subjected only t o i n e r t i a l l o a d s during launch, s i n c e
i t i s surrounded by t h e shroud. The l a r g e s t loads a r e t h e impact l o a d s t h a t oc-
cur during docking. Loads a c t i n g on t h e docking adapter a r e transmitted t o t h e
s t r u c t u r a l t r a n s i t i o n s e c t i o n and through t h i s t o t h e a i r l o c k t r u s s e s , which a l s o
support t h e a i r l o c k , s o l a r observatory, n i t r o g e n s t o r a g e tanks, b a t t e r i e s , and
o t h e r components. The i n e r t i a l load a s s o c i a t e d with maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n is
c r i t i c a l f o r both t h e s t r u c t u r a l t r a n s i t i o n s e c t i o n and t h e a i r l o c k t r u s s e s .
These loads, a s w e l l as t h e shroud loads, a r e t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e f i x e d a i r l c c k
shroud, and from t h e r e t o t h e instrument u n i t s t r u c t u r e . The combined load
reaches its highest v a l u e a t t h e time of maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n . Loads o t h e r than
those due t o i r i t e r n a l pressure o r r e a c t i o n s a r c transmitted from t h e instrument
u n i t t o t h e forward s k i r t of t h e workshop, through t h e c y l i n d r i c a l s e c t i o n of t h e
tank t o t h e a f t s k i r t , and from t h e r e t o t h e launch v e h i c l e i n t e r s t a g e . I n ad-
d i t i o n t o compressive and bending loads c a r r i e d through t h e instrument u n i t , t h e
W ~ K S ~ must O ~ c a r r y i t s own i n e r t i a l and aerodynamic loads, and i t must with-
stand t h e i n t e r n a l pressure necessary t o give s t r u c t u r a l s t a b i l i t y t o t h e cylin-
d r i c a l s e c t i o n . The e f f e c t s of bending predominate, and t h e maximum aerodynamic
load during ascent e s t a b l i s h e s t h e c r i t i c a l design load f o r t h e workshop.
Only l i m i t e d d a t a a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r q u a n t i t a t i v e v e r i f i c a t i o n , b u t t h e i n -
t e g r i t y of t h e Saturn Workshop's primary s t r u c t u r e s was demonstrated by success-
f u l performance. Data from sensors on t h e Saturn Workshop ~ n dlaunch v e h i c l e
showed s t r o n g disturbances when t h e meteoroid s h i e l d was l o s t ; a rate-sensing
gyroscope i n d i c a t e d a clockwise r o t a t i o n with a maximum r a t e of 3 deglsec, and
an accelerometer showed a shock with a maximum amplitude of 17.2 g's. Although
t h e s e values exceeded t h e design c r i t e r i a , c a l c u l a t i o n s based on d a t a obtained
from t h e launch v e h i c l e i n d i c a t e d t h a t s t r u c t u r a l design l o a d s of major compo-
nents were not exceeded. No evidence of y i e l d i n g was reported by t h e crews, nor
i s any apparent i n photographs taken from t h e command module. There were no d a t a
on i n t e r n a l sound l e v e l s . External sound-pressure l e v e l s during launch were l e s s
severe than had been expected. tow-frequency v i b r a t i o n i z t a from two p o i n t s i n
t h e Saturn Workshop showed no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t s on t h e s t r u c t u r e .
I
I
4-1 7
t
2.4 2.3 Pos I 2.4 2.4 Pos 11 2.4 2.4 Pns 111 2.4 2.4 Pos 1V
'59 60 61 62 63 64 65
Range t i r e . seconds
tunnel p r e s s u r e differential. --
.- P o s t f l i g h t z & l y t ~ c a l stwiies using
a f i n i t e element model indic-ated t h a t t h e d e f l e c t i o n of the auxiliary'cuonel and
s h i e l d asay from t h e w o r k s h e tends t o become d i v e r g e n t - That is, as a n a r e a of
t h e s h i e l d becomes exposed to.a -d i f f e r e n t i a l b u r s t p r e s s u r e , t h e s h i e l d l i f t s up,
exposing a d d i t i o n a i a r e a , which r e s u l t s in .Curther l i f cing- - ~ x ~ e r i m e n t stuGies el
were a l s o made using an air bladder t e s t r i g r o g e c e r a t e b u r s t p r e s s u r e s over t h e
forward edge of r 3%: a u x i 1 i a . q tunnel a r e a and crush p r e s s u r e s over t h e r e a r . The
conclusion of both of t h e s e e f f o r t s is thac t h e meteoroid s h i e l o and a u x i l i a r y
tunnel were q ~ . i t elimp and e a s i l y ' s i f t e d from t h e workshop i n t o t h e s l i p s t r e a m .
A burst pressure of about 0.5 p s i was founc!:to-be s u f f i c i e n t t o e f f e c t t h i s f a i l -
u r e mode.
I
Sia8tlon a t 62.79 su
Slturtion a t 62.85 su
m1
am1
i
S l t u r t l m a t 63.70 sa:
Situation at 63.4 sa
--
40.12 seconds.- Metexoid s h i e l d l i f t a f f and l o c a l i n f l a t i o n - in' t h e viclhity
of rhe a u x i l i a r y tunnel w s s ' i n d i c a t e d by a s m a l l s h i f t in p o s i t i p a - o f t h e & r s i o u
~
.-
63.73 seconds Y e s h i e l d c ~ n t i n u e dt o unwind and whip u n t i l 63.70 sec-
onds, when it reacheo a i r a y wing 1. As the s h i e l d began t o wrap around t h i s
wing, a negative r o l l torque resulted. The s h i e l d then ripped a p a r t frcm top
t o bottom a t the 1ongi:udinal j o i n t adjace2t t o wing 1, p u l l i n g a portion of
t h e j o i n t assembly over t n e ving as t h e s h i e l d s e c t i o n departed. However, it
did 'not p u l l t h e .dug loose. From t h i s point on, t h e vehicle showed normal re-
sponse t o its roll control system. Figure 3-10 is a photograph which shows a
portion of t n e meteoraid s h i e l d t h a t r w a i n e d and hov i t was attached t o array
vlag 1.
~ c m i n l n~~ r ; a win?
~ 1
meteomid
shield
Figure 4-22.- Retrorocket impingement force s-hematic.
The time sequence of observed changes i n the affected measurements is
shown i n figure 4-23. The response of the vehicle and the corrective action of
the attitude control system may be seen in figure 4-24.
-1 ------------
Mnan - Ibnoml
1.grloS
28x102
r r A r r a y beam
rotation
1-4 ,t 'unit
aund
The data systems collect, code, fonuat, and tranmit data throughout the
Saturn Workshop to the ground stations. All transmitted uata are pulse code
modulated. This method reduces the effect of noise on data accuracy during
;tansmission. Sensors, s i g n a l c o n d i t i o n e r s , m u l t i p l e x e r s , t r a n s m i t t e r s , an-
tennas, and r e l a t e d c i r c u i t r y a r e used t o yerform t h i s operation. The Saturn
Workshop d a t a systems sampled 2060 sensors a t various r a t e s and coded t h e i r
o u t p u t s i n t o 8- o r 10-bit words, producing 123,200 d a t a b i t s p e r second. While
i n cont&.ct with t h e ground s t a t i o n s , a b u t 32 percent of t h e t i m e , a l l RF d a t a
..ere t r a n s m i t t e d i n r e a l t i m e . Curiug t h e 68 p e r c e a t of t h e f l i g h t tfme when
t5ere was no s t a t i o n c m t a c t , s e l e c t e d d a t a were recorded onboard f o r subsequent
transmission. These d a t a c o n s t i t u t e d approximately 40 percent of t h e t o t a l d a t a
t r a n s m i t t e d , The s o l a r observatory, including i t s d a t a transmission system, i s
enclosed by t h e shroud during launch, and measurements required f o r launc!~ and
early-deployment performance information a r e processed through t h e l a b o r a t o r y
system. I)ynamics and a c o u s t i c measurements during launch were t r a n s m i t t e d through
t h e launch v e h i c l e system, which had analog d a t a transmission c a p a b i l i t y . T~iagraus
of t h e d a t a systems a r e shown i n f i g u r e s 5-2 and 5-3.
Transmitter select
diplnmr
Caufrl
Digteal at. switch
Oisplayl
I
Day -4
tage
7-
1 Launch I Day 135 1
Remote multiplexer 3
Remote mu1ti plexer 3
Remote mu1t i p l e x e r 6
Remote mu1ti plexer 5
Multiplexer A1
Multiplexer A1
I Quanti ty
Component used A n w l ies Problem node
Laborator
Enco& .
Low-leir. I multiplexers
Hone
Intenni t t e n t throughout mission;
steering diode f a i t u r e suspec-
ted (1). Noisy; second level
t i e r switch f a i l u r e (1). Noise;
.
f i r s t 8 channels o f each u n i t
Reference voltage problem sus-
pected (6).
High-level mu1tiplexers I I
Solar
- Observatcty
I I i
2
I
Enccders
Hultip!exen 4
Remote analog submulti- 6 0
plexers
Digital mu1ti plexers 6 0
ewatlc operation.
Replaced Day 253-
antenna
Deployable antenna
45 degrees from
-2 toward +Y
Coverage contact'
U lnutes
---
me
Percent
Station
Yamurrd S h i ~
~a&&
hdrtd
Goldstonc
Honeysuckle C m k
Merri tt Island
Texas
Canary Island
Carmwon
Hawai l
Gum
Ascension lsland
Total contact 36.08
Station overlap 4.42
Cunulrtlvt nonoverlappinq station coverage 32.46
time o f no contact 67.54
'ffssion duratfon 100.00
Predicted coverage
Fl rst urnanned and manned periods 33.2
Sucnd urrnanned and manned perlods 33.3
T h i A umnned and manned Deriods 32.7
t%-T.
i I
Receiver Sensi t i v i
I I
L_r".i
Receiver t mwgi n --
i
-108.0
I 8.1 1
F i g u r e 5-6.- Laboratory t e l e m e t r y l i n k c a l c u l a t i o n s .
IW
.
93
92 Rl t? 101
01 to 103
f o r t h r e e e s s e n t i a l f u n c t i o n s . These com-
lm
95
93 tr lo7
1 84 tu 151 mands a r e used f o r system c o n t r o l and
9a .
98
to 107
I 90 tc 101 o p e r a t i o n , f o r updating t h e time r e f e r e n c e
98 / 91 to 127
89 83 t; 98 system, and f o r messagzs c o n t a i n i n g in-
formation and i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r t h e crew
t h a t a r e produced by a n onboard t e l e p r i n t e r . These commands a r c p r i m a r i l y t r a n s -
m i t t e d from t h e ground s t a t i o n s ; however, t h e crew a l s o may i n i t i a r e c o n t r o l com-
,man& fiom the c o n t r o l and d i s p l h y p a n e l s . The system u s e s comy.'.ett redundancy
t o ensure r e l i a b i l i t y .
Timing
L Ce!ay
-
units
cI I Individual
comnands
Each of t h e 4 r e l a y u n i t s c o n t a i n s 8 l a t c h i n g r e l a y s , which p r o v i d e s a t o t a l
o f 32 r e a l - t i m e channels. Each r e l a y p r o v i d e s an o u t p u t t o t h e t e l e m e t r y system
t o indicate its position.
F i g u r e 5-:f.- S o l a r o b s e r v a t o r y command s y s t e m .
t h e o t h e r is mounte2 on s o l a r a r r a y wing
wings.
-l h i s geometry g i v e s a q u a d r a t u r e r c pl aetripoennsdhiicpu l between
a r t o t h e ~ i a n ecf t h e
t h e two a n t e n n a -
patterns. The d i p o l e s e x h i b i t ~ r e d o m i n a n t l pl i n e a r p o l a r i z a t i o n , o m r ? i d i r e c t i o n a l
c o v e r a g o , a n d a 20-megahert 2 bandwidth.
Secausi. 2 1 t h e l a u n c h a n o m a l i e s and t h e i e s u l t i - n g h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e p r o b l e m s ,
the coramnd s y s t e x was used much more t h a n a n t i c i p a t e d d u r i n g L,,L e a r l y d a y s o f
t h e m i s s i o n , b u t no ~ r c b l e mwere e n c a u n t e r s d . Both p r i m a r y a r d s e c o n d a r y d i g -
i t a i c o m d n d s y s t e m s were o p e r a t i n g n o r m a l l y , w i t ' : no i n d i c a t i o n s of d e g r a d a t i o n ,
a t t h e end of r h e m i s s i o n . T a b l e 5-X i s a summary of t h e c o a n a n d s .
Number o f
System control l e d
- comaands per system
F i g u r e Z -1 1 .- Audio s y s t e m .
A c!lannel s e l e c t o r s w i t c h on t h e i n t e r c o m p a n e l a l l o w s s e l e c t i o n o f t h e "ON"
and "SLEEP" mode f o r e i t h e r c h ? n n e l . The c h a n n e l s e l e c t c s w i t c h i n t h e "ON" mode
l i n k s t h e i n t e r c o m t o a n a u d i o l o a d c o m p e n s a t o r . The s e l e c t o r s w i t c h i n t h e l l ~ ~ ~ ~ p t l
mode d i s a b l e s t h e s p e a k e r o u t p u t o f t h e i n t e r c o m e x c e p t wher. a "CALI," s i g n h l o r
ground-commanded crew a l e r t i s r e c e i v e d . The i s t e r c o m c a l l s w i t c h must be m a n u a l l y
m a i n t a i n e d i n t h e p u s h - t o - t a l k p o s i t i o n . The c a l l s w l t c t i e n a b l e s t h e i n t e r c o m l o o p
on b o t h c h a r i n e l s by s u p p l y i n g t h e microphone s i g n a l t o b o t h a u d i o l o a d compensa-
t o r s s i m l l l t a n e o u s l y . The l a b o r a t o r y h a s 1 3 i ~ t e r c o m s , some o f which d i r e c ~ l yfac.e
crew was s t i l l an annoyance d u r i n g t h e second manned p e r i o d . Less feedback oc-
c u r r e d d u r i n g r e a l - t i m e v o i c e t r a n s m i s s i o n , however, because of improved i n t e r -
con c o n f i g u r a t i o n c o n t r o l .
i
I
251 and 253 Third
Third I
.
board spare).
Channel B earphone a m p l i f i e r noise.
Channel B audio load compensator earphone a m p i i f i e r
1
254
210 I Third
failure.
Audio system deactivated.
5.4.1 Laboratory T e l e v i s i o n
control asseubly
rn
F i g u r e 5-13 .- le?z-:isinn system.
Cdutian and
Caution (41) Inhibit rzrni ng
warni ng ( 2 3 ) electronics
sensors panel unit display
Remote
Conmand and s e r v i c e module display
I -
swi tch
panel
b
Emergency
electronics
unit
4 LA
T
I Control and
display
1
Kl a w n
horns ( 2 )
The c a u t i o n and w a r n i n g s y s t e m p e r f o m l a n c e w t a l l r n i s s i o ~ i r r : j u i r e r u e n t s .
The a l a r m g e n e r a t e d were c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t e l e m e t r y d a t a and p r o v i d e ? a good
c r o s s check of s y s t e m s t a t u s . A l l a l a r m s were - s p l a i . n d b l e and most were ex-
p e c t e d . Ground c o n t r o l l e r s s t u d i e d eacil d a i l y f l i g h t p l a n , housekeeping and
t r o u b l . e s h o o t i n g p r o c e d u r e , ar,l maneuvering. and v e n t i n g o p e r a t l . -1, and a l e r t e d
t h e crew t o pending a l a r m a c t i v a t i o n s . Being a b l e t o r e c a l l t h e a l a r m s o u r c e
and t o i n h i b i t z x p e c t e d a l a r m s e n s o r s e n a b l e d t h e crew t o p e r f o r m t h e planned
a c t i v i t i e s w i t h o u t unnecessary i n t e r r u p t i o n .
5.6 TIMING
F i g u r e 5-16.- L a b o r a t o r y t i m e r e f c r e n c e system.
Canputer Address
decder
I S o l d r 0bserv3'cry
Scimitar
antennas
Display
v
Di p l exer Oiplexer
Cmpu t e r Helix
antenna
Range kceiver
demodulator 296.E FHz 296.8 %r Transmitter
C .--
I J
Transceiver assembly
Oissone actenna l i g h t s
Docking t a r g e t ( 4 ) 0.7 w a t t bite
l i g h t s ( t y p i c a l 2 places\
5.8 ANOMALIES
5.8.6 T e l e v i s i o n Monitor
L-
/
/
/'
-
/ iw b t t sunrise po!nt
Z local
Ibnmver
verttca:
c m p l eted
At n r b i t midnight
F i g u r e 5-1 .- T y p i c a l o r b i t a l geometry
i l l u s t r a t i n g two a t t i t u d e s .
- :1
a t t ~ t u d e . The o u t p u t s may be b i a s e d t o
provide an o f f s e t p o i n t i n g c a p a b i l i t y 01 up t o 4 d e g r e e s from t h e s u n l i n e .
The Sun s e n s o r i s designed t o be com-
pletely redundant w i t h two independent
systems o p e r a t i n g a t all times.
61
'.-uf&" ?
,&
*;-
A t t i t u d e i n r o l l about t h e sun- -z. 7 '
l i n e i s neasuzed by a s t a r t r a c k e r .., \
. .
mounted on t h e s o l a r o b s e r v a t o r y ur
n
. I
i n g mode, o r i n a s h u t t e r closed-hold
mo6e. When t h e s t a r t r a c k e r i s t r a c k -
i n g a known r e f e r e n c e s t a r , t h e con- .$"
p u t e r uses t h e o u t e r gimbal p o s i t i o n i
A t t i t u d e R e f e r e n c e . - The a t t i t u d e referent? i s a f o u r - p a r a m e t e r c o m p u t a t i o n
based on ~ u i e r ' s r o t a t i o n a l e q u a t i o n s . The computation i s used t o c a l c u l a t e t h e
a t t i t u d e w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h c a t t i t u d e r e f e r e n c e coc r d i n a t e s y s t e m and t h e o r i e n -
t a t i o n of t h e a t t i t u d e r e f e r e n c e c o o r d i n a t e s y s t e m w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e s o l a r
i n e r t i a l c o o r d i n a t e system. S a t a r n Workshop a n g ~ l a rv e l o c i t i e s a r e used f o r t h e
computation of t h e e q u a t i o n s . LLlring o r b i t a l day i? t h e s o l a r i n e r t i a l and s o l a r
o b s e r v a t i o n modes, t h e Sun s e n s o r o u t p u t s a r e used f o r u p d a t e s . Once p e r o r b i t ,
at m i d n i g h t , i n f o r m a t i o n from t h e s t a r t r a c k e r o u t e r gimbal i s a170 u s e d t o up-
d a t e t h e computations.
> '
RAte,?eaedgt
'.
C t: i tude error
. h!sc r$on
Full-on region
!
;ate I d g c
k - f ~ r eregio?
..
.n?"icm-l+!se-iit-r.ji; r&31&
... .. .. . . . .. .."....-- ..
F i g u r e 6-10.- Thrtist-er c o n t r o l l a w p h a s e p l a n e .
Ttiird Manned Period.- On Day 190, t h e crew modified t h e lower body nega-
t i v e p r e s s u r e vent s o t h a t i t vented i n t o t h e waste tank i n s t e a d of d i r e c t l y
overboard. This decreased t h e d i s t u r b a n c e torque which t h e venting caused.
On two o c c a s i o n s , c e r t a i n e v e n t s t h a t o c c u r r e d d u r i n g o r j u s t b e f o r e i n i t i a -
t i o n of g r a v i t y g r a d i e n t d e s a t u r a t i o n r e s u l t e d i n l o s s o f a t t i t u d e c o n t r o l . Since
t h e l o s s e s of c o n t r o l occurred d u r i n g t h e a c t i v e p , x t i o n of t h e g r a v i t y g r a d i e n t
maneuvers, they were r e f e r r e d t o as g r a v i t y g r a d i e n t d e s a t u r a t i o n problems. The
f i r s t l o s s of c o n t r o l occurred a f t e r a Z-axis r a t e gyro discompare w a s - d e t e c t e d
d u r i n g t h e d e s a t u r a t i o n maneuver. The second l o s s of c o n t r o l r e s u l t e d from a c t i o n
taken because of unexpected v e n t i n g t o r q u e s d u r i n g an e x t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t y . A
s i g n i f i c a n t condition e x i s t e d d u r i n g b o t h i n s t a n c e s of c o n t r o l moment gyro s a t u -
r a t i o n . Once t\e systen; becomes s a t u r a t e d , t h e c o n t r o l l a w a t t e m p t s t o a l i g n t h e
t o t a l momentum v e c t o r along t h e t o r q u e command v e c t o r . Also, because of propor-
t i o n a l s c a l i n g , any a d d i t i o n a l t o r q u e requirement i n t h e a x i s of t h e l a r g e s t
command w i l l reduce t h e comrnand i n t h e o t h e r a x e s , a l t e r i n g t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e
torque command v e c t o r . Momentum w i l l , t h e r e f o r e , change i n a l l a x e s because of
t h e momenttun v e c t c r 's swinging t o r e a l i g n w i t h t h e t o r q u e command v e c t o r . The X
a x i s is t h e most s e n s i t i v e a x i s i o t h i s phenomenon because of t h e lower c o c t r o l
g a i n s , s m a l l e r moment of i n e r t i a , and less momentum a t r a t e l i m i t d e s p i t e t h e
l a r g e r r a t e caused by t h e d e s i r e t o p r e v e n t r a t e gyro s c a l e switching. This
c o n d i t i o n I s r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e X-axis momentum siphon e f f e c t . The r e l a t i v e
d i f f e r ~ n c ei n rhe momentum change among t h e t h r e e a x e s is small, but because of
tb.e small amount of i n e r t i a i n t h e X a x i s , t h e v e h i c l e r a t e about X i s an o r d e r
of magnitude g r e a t e r t h a n about t h e Y and 2 axes.
6.2.1 System D e s c r i p t i m
Canist~r / / 1 stop
Ro?
S o l a r obstrva tory s t r u c t u r e
packages
LO t h e s o l a r o b s e r v a t o r y s t r u c t u r e by f o u r r o l l e r b e a r i n g s , and i s d r i v e n by an
e l e c t r i c motor t o r o l l t h e c a n i s t e r . The i n n e r r i n g i s a t t a c h e d t o t h e o u t e r r i n g
by two f r i c t i o c l e s s f l e x - p i v o t b e a r i n g s w i t h f2 d e g r e e s freedom and i s d r i v e n
about t h e up-down a x i s by redundant a c t u a t o r s . The c a n i s t e r i s a t t a c h e d t o t h e
i n n e r r i n g by two f r i c t i o n l e s s f l z x - p i v o t b e a r i n g s w i t h 5 2 d e g r e e s freedom and i s
d r i v e n about t h e l e f t - r i g h t a x i s by redundant a c t u a t o r s . O r h i t a l l o c k s c o n s t r a i n
t h e r i n g s a ~ dt h e c a n i s t e r w h i l e t h e s o l a r o b s e r v a t o r y i s n o t b e i n g used. A r o l l
s t o p l i m i t s t h e r o l l t o +I20 d e g r e e s , t o avoid damage t o e l e c t r i c a l c a b l e s . Launch
l o c k s p r o t e c t t h e assemb1.y from damage d u r i n g launch. A r o l l r e s o l v e r p r o v i d e s
experiment r o l l p o s i t i o n i n f o r m a t i o n t o t h e a i g i t a l computer.
Figure 6-14 is a diagram of t h e s o i a r o b s e r v a t o r y f i n e p o i n t i n g c o n t r o l
system. Redundant f i n e Sun s e n s o r s a r e mounted on t h e s p a r t o provide up-down
and l e f t - r i g h t e r r o r s i g n a l s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e a n g u l a r displacement from t h e
I 1
: y : : ~ ~ ~ p~ i t c~h r~a t e
r a t e gyros
Spar mounted
12:::' I7j
electronics (dc t o r q w
::::hers
motors)
I
I
Yaw r a t e
yaw v
r a t e gyros actuators
(dc torque
motors)
Pitch j t t i t u d e
I I------, ,-,
I =
and
7 Offset pointing
conscls
- 1
a
To r o l l p o s i t i o n r e a o c i t s
eyA'
I
To p i t c h and yaw
IY Star tracker
Solar
observatory
computer
T
Q
'21 1 posit~un
I
1 T Manual gimbal d r i v e 1
I Wedges po,i t i o n information
s u n l i n e , f g r p o i n t i n g t h e s p a r a t the c e n t e r of t h e s o l a r d i s k ( f i g . 6-15).
Rotucable q t i c a l wedges a r e i n s t a l l e d on t h e f r o n t of each f i n e Sun s e n s o r
o p t i c a l channel t o p r o v i d e an o f f s e t p o i n t i n g c a p a b i l i t y . Wedge p o s i t i o n is
t r a n s m i t t e d t o t h e c o n t r o l and d i s p l a y p a n e l and t h e d i g i t a l . compi~tert o p r o v i d e
experiment o f f s e t p o i n t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n . Maneuver e r r o r i n f ~rmation i s t r a n s m i t -
t e d from t h e f i n e Sun sensor t o t h e experiment p o i n t i n g e l e c t r o n i c s . Redundant
r a t e gyros ~ o u n r e don t h e up-down and l e f t - r i g h t axes of t h e s p a r provide angu-
l a r r a t e information.
'ledge readout
/encoder detectors
/
Band pas; fi1:er
0.P to 1.0 nqcrsn
Sear t r a i n
/
Mask I t i tude
Chopper errors
*1wal
; ~ t c h CK*i-~Mt i " q
prim-j rnc sccauf.ry
--tP hertz
demui'tor
(21,
'
-
Bulfer
rwliftcr
-
(2);
I
Ii * P:t:h
1
I --9!*l
fine
v r i l r r y or
Sun sensor.
suowry
Star tracker i n n r
~ i g r t r l;caputrr I
I
t
I(rlual pointing controller pitch channel
I
d I
'(dwtl pointing )Yaw fine Sur sensor.
f l u cmrund. 800 hCrt z 6uffe. primary w secondary
;.-ira-v aw seco~~~~-, dbOdu1ator
(2)
acplffier
(2)
I, S > r tracker
outer oimbal
6.3 ANOMALIES
6.3.3 S t a r Tracker
--
F i r s t Unmanned Period t a c t o r had f a i l e d i n t h e open p o s i t i o n .
Attempts t o c l o s e t h e c o n t a c t o r by ground
Equipnent I Load, watts and manual commands were unsuccessful.
Airlock This reduced t h e a v a i l a b l e power by 5.5
1 heaters ( 1 5) percent.
Coolant punps (1 of 6)
Telemetry transmitters, 10-watt (3)
During t h e f i r s t unmanned period the
-rs (8)
Docking port heater t o t a l load v a r i e d from 4400 w a t t s average
Spare docking port heater per o r b i t in t h e s o l a r i n e r t i a l mode t o
Tunnel heaters (2)
Solar Observator 2400 w a t t s a t t h e 60-degree p i t c h a t t i -
-&ansmitters i2) tude. The s o l a r observatory average load
Valve control assembly
Pump i w e r t e r assembly f o r t h i s period was approximately 1600
- w a t t s . Since t h e s o l a r observatory power
system w a s providing a l l t h e power, t h e remaining 800 t o 2800 w a t t s was t r a n s -
f e r r e d t o t h e l a b o r a t o r y t r a n s f e r buses.
15 o f f
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
S a t u r ~Workshop mission day
Figure 7-4.- S a t u r n Workshop power c a p a b i l i t y .
Man
sol
Sunset
tenni nator
Update o f a t t i t u d e
reference when Sun
Solar i a w t i a l
,'/ Sionlearrt i a l comes i n t o view
O r b i t a l midnight
p e r c e n t of d i s c h a r g e w i t h i n a c c e p t a b l e l i m i t s . Power c a p a b i l i t y f o r E a r t h obser-
v a t i o n p a s s e s i s p r z d i c t e d by computing t h e w e r a g e o f t h e power a v a i l a b l e from
s o l a r a r r a y s and b a t t e r i e s from t h e s t a r t o f t h e maneuver t o Z l o c a l v e r t i c a l
a t t i t u d e through t h e f i r s t n i g h t p e r i o d a f t e r r e t u r n t o t h e s o l a r i n e r t i a l a t t i -
tude.
Earth
observdtion
Number o f o b s e r v a t i c n s
--I-----
First I SecondT-~l~,TI---- Ft;'
I
battery
d i s c h a r g e , average
-- --
--/ I/
attitude, Duration, manned manned manned M i s ! i o n Solar
degrees minutes pel i o d period period total Laboratory
-- obsrrvatory
0 t o 50 0 to 13
50 t o 75 13 tc 19.5
75 t o 100 19.5 to 25.8
106 t o 125 25.8 to 32
125 t o 150 32 to 39.5
150 t o 175 39.5 Lo 45.2
200 t o 250 57 to 64.5
350 t o 400 91 to 103
400 t o 450 103 to 116
Subtotals
The cornnand and s e r v i c e module f u e l c e l l s were d e a c t i v a t e d cn Day 32, and
t h e S a t u r n Workshop e l e c t r i c a l power system began t o p r o v i d e i t s power r e -
quirement. Its average load was approximately 1200 w a t t s w"th a peak l o a d of
2200 w a t t s average f o r a 2-hour p e r i o d d u r i n g t h e e n t r y s i m u l a t i o n s . During
a n e x t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t y t o r e t r i e v e f i l m from t h e s o l a r o b s e r v a t o r y cameras
on Day 37, a crewmen a p p l i e d a mechanical shock t o ii p r e s c r i b e d h c a t i o n Qn t h e
case of s o l a r o b s e r v a t o r y power c o n d i t i o n e r 15 and i t resumed normal o p e r a t i o n
upon command.
To p r e p a r e f o r t h e second crew's a r r i v a l , t h e t h e r m o s t a t s e t t i n g f o r t h e
docking a d a p t e r w a l l h e a t e r s was i n c r e a s e d t o t h e 21°C p o i n t by ground cormand
on Pay 75, r e s u l t i n g i n an i n c r e a s e d load of approximately 500 w a t t s . A t t h i s
p o i n t t h e average l o a d was 3600 w a t t s . AdditTonal l o a d s were added a s t h e dock-
i n g l i g h t s , t r a n s p o n d e r , and t r a c k i n g l i g h t s were sequenced t o s u p p o r t t h e ;en-
dezvous and docking maneuve7-s. The average l o a d s of t h i s p e r i o d d i d n o t exceed
3900 watts, and s i n c e t h e average power c a p a b i l i t y was 5500 w a t t s , a n q s i t i v e
power margin of over 1600 w a t t s was maintained. A f t e r f u l l o p e r a t i o n : began,
t h e t o t a l average l a a d requirement was 4800 w a t t s u n t i l Day 95, when m e command
module's f u e l c e l l s were d e a c t i v a t e d , i n c r e a s i n g t n e average load r e q u i r e l ~ i e n t t o
5850 w a t t s . The l a b o r a t o r y power system's r e g u l a t e d v o l t a g e was changed; at t h e
high b e t a a n g l e a t t h i s time and w i t h t h e change i n v o l t a g e , t h e t o t a l c a p a b i l i t y
was 7060 w a t t s , p r o v i d i n g t h e n e c e s s a r y power m a r g i c . A s t h e m i s s i o n p r o g r e s s e d ,
i t was n e c e s s a r y t o a d j u s t t h e power s h a r i n g p e r i o ~ l c a l l yt o e n s u r e t h a t t h e
power margin was maintained and t h a t t h t b a t t e r y d i s c h a r g e c o n s t r a i n t s were. n o t
violated.
A f a i l u r e of t h e c h a r g e r i n t h e s o l a r o b s e r v a t o r y ' s power c o n d i t i o n e r 5 03
Day 1 2 3 a g a i n reduced power system c a p a b i l i t y , b u t o u l y by approximately 100
w a t t s . With t h e e x c e p t i o n of t h e c h a r g e r f a i l u r e , t h e f i r s t manned p e r i o d f a i l -
u r e of s o l a r o b s e r v a t o r y r e g u l a t o r 3 , and t h e off-normal performance of power
cond1.tioner 1 7 , a l l subsystems c o r t i n u e d t o o p e r a t e normally d u r i n g t h e second
manned p e r i o d .
Solar Solar
panel group
( 1 of 18)
BUS i
Eus Trans Fet- bus or ?
Regulator
cl
Battery
The l a b o r a t o r y e l e c t r i c a l power s y s t e m o p e r a t e d n o r m a l l y d u r i n -
g the entire
t h i r d unmanned p e r i o d . The a v e r a g e l a b o r a t o r y e l e c t r i c a l l o a d d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d
was 1100 w a t t s and t h e c a p a b i 1 i ; y of t h e system v a r i e d from a minimum o f 2900
w a t t s t o a maximum 3600 w a t t s . The r e s u l t f n g l a b o r a t o r y b a t t e r y d i s c h a r g e f o r
t h e 1100-watt l o a d o v e r t h e range o f b e t a a n g l e s e n c o u n t e r e d d u r i n g t h e unmanned
p e r i o d v a r i e d from 6 t c 8 p e r c e n t . The s o l a r o b s e r v a t o r y e l e c t r i c a l power s y s t e m
o p e r a t e d n a r m a l l v , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f p o h e r c o n d i t i o n e r 1 7 . Because o f t h k
off-normal o p e r In o f t h i s subsystem, i t s c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e t o t a l o u t p u t was
80 p e r c e n t l e s s i n t h a t of t h ~ r e m a i n i n g 15 power c o n d i t i o n e r s . On Day 1 5 1
power c o n d i t i o n e r 17 was rem -d from t h e load bus f o r a p e r i o d of 20 hours.
A f t e r i t was r e t u r n e d t o t h e load bus i t began t o f u n c t i c n p r o p e r l y , and f o r
t h e r c ~ a i n d e rof t h i s p e r i o d i t s c o n t r i b u t i m t o t h e t o t a l power c a p a b i l i t y
was e q u a l t o t h a t of the o t h e r 1 5 a c t i v e power c o n d i t i o n e r s . The average l o a d
requirem. a t was 2000 w a t t s , and t h e average system c a p a b i l t t y v a r i e d from a
minimum of 3800 w a t t s t o a maximum of 4900 w a t t s . The r e s u l t i n g b a t t e r y d i s -
charge f c r t h e 2000-watt load over t h e rang? of b e t a a n g l e s encountere,1 d u r i n g
t h e unmanned period v a r i e d from 12 t o 14 p e r c e n t .
51rt
..-
W? .I.,
U l U DW . t q
mln err w l r r rmb,
c.111 -1.
227"
0.014 t..
-80
0
L I
1
'Sunrise
2
I
3
I
4
I
5 6 7
I I
8
Time. hours
-.-
6.
L P m i s s i o n requirement-7
/
a
5.
Aphelion Perihe1ion
I I
25 75 125 175 225 t75
Saturn Workshop mission day
Figure 7-12.- Performance of s o l a r array wing.
L
u 90,
-I-
---- -C_
-- --
a-
0
ae 80-
70C
Sunset Sunrise
Time, minutes
A l l e i g h t b a t t e r i e s were d i s c h a r g e d t o 30 v o l t s d u r i n g t h e end-of-mission
t e s t p e r i o d . I n a d d i t i o n , b a t t e r i e s 6 and 8 r e c e i v e d a second f u l l c a p a c i t y
d i s c h a r g e d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d . Three d i s t i n c t d i s c h a r g e p r o f i l e s were found t o
e x i s t . Figure 7-15 d e p i c t s t h e d i s c h a r g e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a l l t h e b a t t e r i e s
The effect.'veness df t h e i n d i v i d u a l r e g u l a t o r s i n s h a r i n g t h e l o a d s e q u a l l y
is shown i n t a b l e 7-V, which t a b u l a t e s t h e power p r o ~ i d e dby dach powzr c o n d i t i o n e r
Table 7-V.-- Battery-Regulator Ferfarmance f o r One O r b i t a l Night
- - -.
h s r.u.-mer
Yeyul a tur C ~ t t e r y -.. 5 t ~ r - to f a
\'c:!;d .. , '
t ~
Correzt.
c - --
Voi
i n 9 3 f discharge
t ~. t ai .p . a rt u r r ei.n~ .
t -T.. - sp t a~'t er of
~T ~ r~ ~ t
ar:wrel a ~ p res
e charge
-
, 1
I
3 ? .78 9 75 38.32 9.44 88.5
1 2 41.75 6 / 38.23 9.37
1
i
41.39
42.38
G.37
38.23
3E.23
3M.W
9.38
P. 39 I
2 41.68 :.. 39 3c.23 ,
> 7 41 .YR 5.39 37 83 13.97
, 9 1 61 .IF 9.53 37.93 11.27 86.3
d u r i n g t h e da:k p o r t i o n of an o r b i t . As t h e b a t t e r y v o l t a g e decreased n e a r t h e
end of d i s c h a r g e , t h e c o n s t a n t power demaiid of t h e r e g u l a t o r s caused t h e d i s -
charge c u r r e n t t o i n c r e a s e . B a t t e r i e s supplyi,lg t h e i n p u t power t o thes: regu-
l a t o r : e x h i b i t e a a u n i f o m i t y of v o l t a g e - c u r r e n t performance which made a d j u s t -
ment of f i n e t r i m p o t e n t l o n e t e r s u n n e L s s a r y d u r i n g t h e f i -st mr.x.4 period.
S e v e r a l adjuscmects of t h z f i n e trir p o t e n t i o n e t e r s were made d u r i n g t h e seccnd
manned period fox t h e pur2ose oE r e e l a c i n g t h e h a d demand w i t h r e s p e c t t u t h e
a v a i l a b l e ar av power. KO f i n e t r i m p o t e n t i o a e t e r a d j u s t 3 e n t s were made neces-
s a r y , however, b;t power modl~lef a i l u r e , v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n d r i f t , o r i n s t a b i l i t y .
7.2.3 Power 2 i . t r i b ~ - i o n
1 ?aer
condi t i o n c r
Electrical 1
R e l u l a t o r bus .-.I
I
--&--
Airlock
1
I
electrical 1
LJ
6
1 Sequential
(0
I
Deployment
,--.-A-- 1
Sclar
observatory1
I
I Earth
gervation
10 Tape
I recorde-s
IZI II
I
I 1caCc I I 5 o i a r array I 10 Earth I
Laboratory 1
1
!
I
%ctir,y
aCaoter
loads
1
1
I
I c . ,;r
;ePletroroi.i
array
I
I
I oh;ervatior.
sewon I
I
I I snieJd
I I I
7.3.1 S o l a r Array
Each llborld p u l
has 10 h l n 104.3 in. long. 104.5 In. wi&
arrulgml as s ) a a !46 Ib. (Including w e 1 f r m )
( h a l t gar source) a ilnborrd -1s a n u i n I0 .o(*ln
4;ira
623 m a t h ( a t 55.C a t b q i m i y of m i s s l a )
572 w a t h ( a t 55.C a t ud of mission)
Pam!
a d d i t i o n a l p a n e l t e m p e r a t u r e s e n s o r s became f a u l t y , n e c e s s i t a t i n g e s t i m a t i o n o f
t r u e temperatures by use o f i n d i r e c t means. The f a u l t y s e n s o r s were on p a n e l s 2
and 13.
Item - Value
0
0, 40
-3 -...---x-,-
Q
m
C,
35.
2
w
C,
C)
I
I
l- I
I
--"'Y'-""'-9
Voltage tripback
( l o w charge r a t e )
----
A
S t a r t o f n i g h t cyc e -
( b a t t e r y discharging;
0
Time, minutes
Figure 7-24. - B a t t e r y charge method .
A f t e r t h e power systems were p a r a l l e l e d on Day 1 and a l l l a b o r a t o r y o u t p u t
power was disconnected from t h e buses, t h e s o l a r o b s e r v a t o r y power system pro-
vided a i l t h e power u n t i l Cap 25. During t h i ; time, t h e b a t t e r i e s were managed
with energy b a l a n c e a s t h e g o a l ; however, t h e b a t t e r i e s were allowe,' !o go below
energy b a l a n c e d u r i n g many o r b i t s . The a t t i t u d e was colistrained . m g the f i r s t
unmanned p e r i o d s o t h a t t h e b a t t e r i e s were recharged b e f o r e r e s l ...,A n & t h e pre-
f e r r e d thermal a t t i t i. .
Deepest u i s c h a r g e s were observed on Day I7 fol1owir.g t h e f i r s t E a r t h observa-
t i o n pass with b a t t e r y 11 d i s c h a ~ g i n g54 p e r c e n t . B a t t e r y 11 a l s o experienccd
t h e maximum b a t t e r y d i s c h a r g e rat:e t h a t occurred d u r i n g t h e mission (14.2 am-
p e r e s ) . The maxi.mum allowa.ble r a t e w a s 20 amperes. I n this p e r l o d 4 regula-
t o r s had been s h u t ~ F I , and t h e remaining 14 b a t t e r i e s provided a l l of t h e
r e q u i r e d power.
The e v a l u a t i o n of t h e c a p a c i t y l o s s r e q u i r e s t h e d e f i n i t i o n of two f a c t o r s ,
memory and fading. Memory i s a ~ a p a c i t yl o s s which h a s been demonstrated t o be
r e c o v e r a b l e . The msmory v a r i a b l e s a r s temperature and d i s c h a r g e . Fading i s
Table 7-VI1.- B a t t e r y Capacity T e s t s
4
255
268
;io d a t a
10.0 j 10.9
11.4 1.4
1.8
6 270 7.7 I 9.5
7 269 6.2 1.0
7.5 1.4
8.3 1.7
7.2 4.7
d.3 1.7
9.c' 2.1
t40 d d t d
No d a t a
10.1 1.5
6.9 1.8
No d a t a
7.8 3.7
7.3.3 Power D i s t r i b u t i o n
The i n t e n t of t h e o r i g i n a l open c i r c u i t v o l t a g e s e t t i n g w a s t o l i m i t t h e
mirimurn debth of discharge t o 30 percent on t h e s o l a r observatory l ~ a t t e r i e sa d
1 5 percent on t h e l a b o r a t o r y b a t t e r i e s . The l e s s e r depth of d i s c h a r g e allowed
f o r t h e l a b o r a t o r y b a t t e r i e s was s p e c i f i e d because of t h e l o s s of the s o l a r
a r r a y wing 2 power. To ensure t h a t t h e s e depth-of-discharge c o n s t r a i n t s would
not be v i o l a t e d , a n open c i r c u i t v o l t a g e s e t t i n g of 29 vdc was se'iected. The
t o t a l c a p a b i l i t y of che e l e c t r i c a l power systems a t this s e t t i n g was adequate
t o supply t h e t o t a l load requirements o t t h e f i r s t manned period w i t h a SGO-watt
p o s i t i v e power margin. This s e t t i n g was r e v i s e d a t v a r i o u s i n t e r v a l s throughout
t h e mission t o s a t i s f y load requirements under changing c o n d i t i f ~ n s ,
7.5 ANOMALIES
System or.
Chrqer on
Charger off Contml
Rtgulator on-
Regul ,tor o f f
Emlttance = 0.9
Emittame - 0.05
Emlttance = 0.0;
Insulation
.. h i m ud<-ev
Analyses i n d i c a t e d no s i g n i f i c a n t
DDub1.l
change i n p r o p e r t i e s of t h e polyurethane
(hcmn cloth! V.IW*CT foam during t h e mission. Apparent h e a t
l o s s e s t o t h e waste tank from t h e work-
shop through t h e common bulkhead were
less than p r e d i c t e d , which was p a r t i a l l y
t h e r e s u l t of higher temperatures i n t h e
waste t ~ n kthan had been a n t i c i p a t e d .
The a i r l o c k f i b e r g l a s s c u r t a i n s e f f e c -
t i v e l y l i m i t e d h e a t t r a n s f e r t o t h e de-
s i r e d v a l u e s , a s i n d i c a t e d by a c c e p t a b l e
w a l l temperatures. The i n n e r s u r f a c e of
t h e docking a d ~ ? t e ra l s o remainei a t ac-
Figure 8-2. - Multilayer i n s u l a t i o n . c e p t a b l e temperatures, i n d i c a t i n g chat
t h e i n s u l a t i o n was s u i t a b l e . The thermal
conductance of t h e workshop i n s u l a t i o n co-.ld be c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g f l i g h t tempera-
t u r e s and c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e s of h e a t f l u x through t h e foam on t h e inner sucface.
The values determined a t s e v e r a l p o i n t s on t h e forward dome ranged from 0.0061 t o
0.01 ~ t u / h r - f t 2 - O F , a l l l e s s than t h e allowable maximum v a l u e of 0.02 ~ t u / h r - f t ~ - ~ ~ .
The d i f f e r e n c e s f r o s estimated values were probably due t o v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e mech-
a n i c a l f a s t e n e r s holding t h e i n s u l a t i o n i n place.
Forward
skirt
Inactive side
Position plane
I faces Sun Rteoroid
shield
( v h i t e epnxy
enawl)
Aft
skirt
Yhite t h e r r u l
paint
Aft face o f
radlatsr pdlnte Aft
white interstage
I
~os!tion ~os!tion Position ~osltion ~os:tion
111 IV I1 I11
Paint p a t t e r n - s h ~ nf l a t (undeployed neteoroid shield)
I4 ---
r,
0 n
I
0 0 0 0 0
F i r s t unmanned period --
I
s h i e l d deployed
k ~ i r S ' -t '
Attltude n v r m v c n
I manned
period
5 10
Saturn Workshop mission day
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
Saturn Yorlshoo n h s l c r , day
A low-viscosity s i l i c o n e e s t e r c i r c u l a t i n g f l u i d , Coolanol 1 5 , t r a n s p o r t s
h e a t from t h e i n t e r i o r t o a n e x t e r n a l r a d i a t o r through two independent, p a r a l l e l ,
n e a r l y i d e n t i c a l l o o p s , d e s i g n a t e d t h e primary and secondary c o o l i n g loops ( f i g .
-6). The c o o l a n t flows through h e a t exchangers f o r c o o l i n g and dehumidifying
t h e atmosphere, through c o l d p l a t e s a t t a c h e d t o equipment, and through a r a d i a t o r
f o r r e j e c t i n g h e a t t o space. There a r e a l s o a d d i t i o n a l h e a t exchangers i n which
t h e c o o l a n t removes h e a t from f l u i d used i n a u x i l i a r y c o o l i n g loops t h a t have no
e x t e r n a l r a d i a t o r s of t h e i r own. The c o o l a n t l o o p s a l s o t n c l u d e such n e c e s s a r y
items a s pumps and v a l v e s . Wax-filled thermal c a p a c i t o r s s t o r e h e a t d u r i n g t h e
d a y l i g h t s i d e of t h e o r b i t when t h e r a d i a t o r o u t l e t temperature i s wanner than
t h e wax i n t b e c a p a c i t o r . E i t h e r loop can f u r n i s h t h e r e q u i r e d c o o l i n g , and c r i t -
ical i t e m s i n each loop a r e d u p l i c a t e d t o .increase r e l i a b i l i t y and f l e x i b i l i t y .
Regenerative S u i t c o o l i n g loop
B a t t e r y treat exchanger, heat e r c h a n g e r 7 [heat exchangers 7
Capacitor o u t l e t s
~nwber
C a p a c i t o r crc:s section
8.2.1 S u i t Cooling
'1.
frw rupp:enenta;
batter) :w!ing
hea: erclanger - radtato~ bypass L To laboratory
heat loads
F i g u r e 8-8.- S u i t c o o l i n g system.
5 ps?? n i t n g e n
Check
/valves
Laboratory
coolant loops
I *
Water
j_J Hea:
exchanger
v
obserw t o r y
selector
1 1
\
ncl i c f valve 9
-Flow limiting
orifice
Earth resources e q u f p e n t
F i g u r e 8-9. - Equipment c o o l i n g loop.
8.2.3 Refrigeration
---
Radfator bypass
valve
*
Them 1
cipaci tor
..
I Food storage
freezers
Wardman
food f reozers
Urine
freezer
A
v
Yank wall p a
Wardroom fwezer
Urine freezer
Wardroom table- Urine chi1 ler
Water chiller
I -__
Thermal capacitor-
Raaiator
thermal
control - -Ground heat exchanger
~adiator
The rate a t which the coolant gains heat v a r i e s with temperatures in the
workshop. Ch~zrefore, when t h e meteoroid s h i e l d wz; l o s t and temperatures i n the
workshop rose t o 130°r c u r i n g t h e i n i t i a l unrn?z.=.zdperiod, the r a d i a t o r had t o
d i s s i p a t e a:.: i\!uch a s ZOO0 Btulhr. However, t h e coolant remained cold enough
throughout t.h.is period t o keep t h e warmest frozen-food compartment below the
s p e c i f i e d minimum temperature of 0°F. A f t e r the f i r s t crew a r r i v e d and turned
on more equ.inment, including v e n t i l a t i n g f a n s , t h e amourit of h e a t t o be d i s s i -
pateti increase3 somewhat and t h e temperature of t h e warmest compartment r o s e t o
O.S°F. T h e r e a f t e r , a s temperatures i n t h e workshop decreased, t h e r a d i a t o r was
nevel. a liml ti13 f a c t o r i n m e t i n g t h e requirements f o r ref r i g e r a t i o n .
r
Car i stcr
1
c h a n i c a l components, i n c l u d i n g c o n t r o l
gyros, c o n t r o l computers, r a t e gyros,
b a t t e r i e s , and Sun sensors. These compo-
n e n t s generate h e a t when o p e r a t i n g and
are a l s o heated by thermal r a d i a t i o n from
t h e Earth and t h e Saturn Workshop and by
r e f l e c t e d s u n l i g h t , although an annular
s h i e l d p r o t e c t s them from d i r e c t sunzight.
The components t h a t generate t h e most h e a t
a r e around t h e o u t s i d e t c enhance h e a t re-
jection. Low-heat-generating componeats
a r e l o c a t e d i n bays which a r e covered with
r a d i a t i o n s h i e l d s and mcsaic m u l t i l a y e r
insulation t o control heat rejection. I f
necessary, components a r e furnished with
thermostatically controlled heaters.
Multilayer i n s u l a t i o n covers t h e o u t e r s u r f a c e of t h e c a n i s t e r , i n c h d i n g
t h e end f a c i n g t h e Sun. There i s an a p e r t u r e through t h e i n s u l a t i o n i n l i n e with
each of t h e s o l a r instruments i n t h e Sun end of t h e c a n i s t e r . Doors covered with
r m l t i l a y e r i n s u l a t i o n s e a l t h e opening of each a p e r t u r e when t h e instrument is
n o t i n use. The 10-inch overhang a t t h i s end of t h e c a n i s t e r keeps s u n l i g h t from
f a l l i n g d i r e c t l y on t h e r a d i a t o r panels mounted around t h e circumference of t h e
c a n i s t e r . The r a d i a t o r panels are p a r t of t h e h e a t - t r a n s f e r loop ( f i g ; 8-12).
Four panels containing i n t e g r a l flcw passages provide a t o t a l r a d i a t i n g a r e a of
80 f t 2 . A t the designated o p e r a t i n g temperature, t h e r a d i a t o r can r e j e c t 500
watts. The r a d i a t o r and a h e a t e r s e c t i o n provide a l t e r n a t e flow paths f o r t h e
f l u i d . For l e s s cooling, some o r a l l of t h e f l u i d i s d!.vertrd t o t h e h e a t e r sec-
t i o n , which has two h e a t i n g elements of 250 w a t t s each. I f t h e t e n g e r a t u r e o f
t h e f l u i d f a l l s below 47.7OF, t h e f i r s t h e a t i n g element t u r n s on automatically.
A f u r t h e r temperature decrease t o 47.0°? a c t i v a t e s t h e second h e a t i n g element.
An i n c r e a s e i n t h e f l u i d temperature t o 48.5OF causes t h e h e a t i n g elements t h a t
a r e operating t o be turned o f f .
Radiator flow path
selector valve
F i g u r e 8-12.- S o l a r o b s e r v a t o r y c o o l a n t loop.
I n s i d e t h e c a n i s t e r and d i v i d i n g i t i n t o q u a d r a n t s i s t h e s p a r , a c r u c i f o r m
s t r u c t u r e t h a t s u p p o r t s t h e s o l a r ixist r u m m t s . M u l t i l a y e r i n s u l a t i o n c o v e r i n g
t h e aluminum s p a r a s s i s t s i n m a i n t a i n i n g a uniform temperature. To i s o l a t e t h e
s p a r and f u r t h e r minimize temperature g r a d i e n t s t h a t might cause misalignment o f
o p t i c a l i n s t r u m e n t s , t h e s t r u c t u r a l c o n n e c t i o n s between t h e s p a r and t h e c a n i s t e r
have low thermal conduc tancc.
8.4 ANOMALIES
L a t e r , b o t h v a l v e s were f r e e d by a l l o w i n g t h e v a l \ z s e n s o r c a r t r i d g e t o warm
up u n t i l t h e expansion o f t h e c a r t r i d g e f r e e d t h e v a l v e . To p r e c l u a e a r e c u r -
r e n c e of t h e same problem, t h e e x t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t y v a l v e was l e f t i n t h e by-
p a s s p o s i t i o n continuously. I t was found t h a t c o o l i n g c a p a b i l i t i e s were adequate
i n t h i s mode. I n t h e second manned p e r i o d , when i n a d e q u a t e c o o l a n t was a v a i l a b l e
due t o leakage i n t h e nrlmary l o o p , one e x t r a v a h i c u l a r a c t i v i t y was accomplished
by u s i n g a high f i o w r a t e of oxygen f o r c o o l i n g . The second crew c a r r i e d along a
h e a t e r , which was designed and b u i l t d u r i n g t h e unmanned p e r i o d , t o h e a t t h e w a t e r
i n t h e s u i t c o o l i n g system s h o u l d i t be r z q u i r e d . A v a l v e d i d s t i c k on a l a t e r
o c c a s i o n , but t h e r e s u l t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e s could be t o l e r a t e d s o t h e h e a t e r was n o t
used.
Leakage.- On Day 8 4 , a primary loop accumulator low l i m i t warning o c c b r r e d .
There was no way of measuring d i r e c t l y t h e amount of c o o l a n t i n e i t h e r lo*.)?, but
an a n c l y s i s of t h e p r e s s u r e s , temperatures, and volumes showed slow l e a k ~ g ei n
both t h e primary and secondary loop. C a l c u l a t i o n s showed t h e l e a k a g e from t h e
primary loop t o be from 0.08 t o 0.12 pound of c o o l a n t each day. P r e s s u r e a t t h e
pump i n l e t a l s o showed a c o n s i s t e n t d e c r e a s e . The pump i n l e t p r e s s u r e on Day 84
was s t i l l h i g h enough t o p r e v e n t c a v i t a t i o n ( l e s s t h a ~3 p s i a i n t e s t s ) , s o t h e
pumn was allowed t o c o n t i n u e running. By Day 102, t h e pump i n l e t p r e s s u r e w a s
o s c i l l a t i n g anti had decreased t o 5.8 p s i a . Should c a v i t a t i o n have o c c u r r e d , i t
could have become s e r i o u s enough t o damage t h e pump, s o t h e primary loop was s h u t
down. The secondary loop provided a l l c o o l i n g from t h a t time u n t i l t h e primary
loop was recharged i n t h e t h i r d manned p e r i o d . During t h e t h i r d unmanned p e r i o d
when only t h e secondary l o o p was o p e r a t i o n a l , i t s c o o l a n t l e a k e d c o n s i s t e n t l y a t
a r a t e of 0.09 l b / d a y .
8.4.2 R e f r i g e r a t i o n Loops
Contincous v e n t t n g of t h e w a s t e t a n k i s r e q u i r e d i n o r b i t t o m a i n t a i n t h e
p r e s s u r c '>elow t h e t r ~ p l e - p o i n t p r e s s u r e of w a t e r . The v e n t d u c t s a r e diamet-
r i c a l l y opposed i n o r d e r t o c a n c e l any t h r u s t produced by t h e e f f l u e n t . Ventrng
s t a r t s In o r b i t approximately 1 0 minutes a f t o r launch, when p n e u m a t i c a l l y oper-
a t e d c a p e a t t h e ends of two v e n t d u c t s a r e r e l e a s e d . By 40 minutes a f t e r launch,
t h e p r e s s u r e had decreased t o 0.02 p s i a . Except f o r a few s h o r t p e r i o d s when un-
u s u a l l y l a r g e quantities had been drunyed i n t o t h e w a s t e t a n k , t h e p r e s s u r e t h e r e
Figure 9-2.- Workshop depressurization during launch.
remained below the triple-point pressure throughout the mission. Thi.s low pres-
sure is s e d to transfer fluids from the water system, washcloth squeezer, waste
processor, and condensat c svstem to the waste tank (fig. 9-31. It also serves tc
remve any coolant leakage in t' 2 refrigeration-pump enclosure. To eliminate the
! Y d S t r tank
l b o motor-operated, 4 - i n c ? ~v a l v e s , connected in s e r i e s to e n s u r e t h a t v e n t -
i n g could be stopped, vent t h e docking a d a p t e r d u r i n g launch. A t launch, t h e s e
v a l v e s were open, s o t h a t p r e s s u r e i n s i d e t h e d o c k i n g a d a p t e r and a i r l o c k would
n o t exceed ambient p r e s s u r e enough t o c a u s e s t r u c t u r s l damage. Both v a l v e s c l o s e d
on command 288 s e c o n d s a f t e r i a u n c h . They were n o t used a g a i n , and t h e f i r s t crew
capped them.
Se1ec:w v j l v e
(desort, p,%i t,on\
/ Vacum jacket
w ta,
tnw r!
-- , canister
l f e l t exchanger
Overboard
F i g u r e 9-12.- Adsorbent c a n i s t e r .
Condensate hedt
exchanger uni tr 01stributiun
pdrtment charcoal
cdnlster a l d fan
C i r c u l a t i o n i s provided by 27 i d e n t i c a l f a n s . There i s a c l u s t e r o f f o u r
f a n s i n each of t h e t h r e e d u c t s l e a d i n g t o t h e plenum i n t h e workshop. Two f a n s
c o n t r o l l o c a l v e l o c i t i e s i n t h e docking a d a p t e r , and one f a n d e l i v e r s g a s from
t h e docking a d e p t e r t o t h e command module w h i l e a crew is aboard. Seven f a n s
o p e r a t e i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h c a b i n h e a t exchangers t o s u p p l y cooled g a s ; t h e s e
f a n s , f o u r supplying t h e workshop and t h r e e supplying t h e docking a d a p t e r , oper-
a t e a s r e q u i r e d . Another f a n draws gas f r o r t h e waste management compartment
and d i s c h a r g e s i t t o t h e workshop through a c h a r c o a l f i l t e r t o c o n t r o l odor. 4
f a n i n t h e d i s c h a r g e d u c t from t h e molecuiar s i e v e a s s e m b l i e s d i r e c t s g a s t o t h e
mixing chamber. The ~ e m a i n i n gt h r e e f a n s a r e p a r t of p o r t a b l e fdr' a s s e m b l i e s
t h a t a l s o i n c l u d e s c r e e n s and n o i s e - s u p p r e s s i n g m u f f l e r s . These f a n s were de-
s i g n e d f o r an e a r l i e r program which r e q u i r e oilly a s h o r t o p e r a t i n g l i f e t i m e .
A 1 1 t h r e e crews used a p o r t a b l e f a n some of t h e time t o i n c r e a s e gas flow t o the
h e a t exchangers t h a t supply c o o l gas t o t h e workshop. The f i r s t crew used a
p o r t a b l e f a n t o provide more c i r c u l a t i o n i n t h e workshop. k p o r t a b l e f a n was
sometimes used t o cool a crewman o p e r a t i n g t h e ergometer, and one was u s e d t o
h e a t e r s t u r n o f f . The h e a t e r s were n e v e r used d u r i n g t h e m i s s i o n , s i n c e t h e l o s s
of t h e meteoroid s h i e l d i n c r e a s e d t h e r a t e o f s o l a r h e a t i n g o f t h e workshop.
During t h e t h i r d manned p e r i o d , t h e c o n t r o l u n i t a a i n t a i n e d t h e f u l l c o o l i n g
mode u n t i l Day 199. A t t h a t ~ i m e , t h e t e m p e r a t u r e was 71°F. The crew changed
t h e s e l e c t t e m p e r a t u r e t o 73.3OF and a l l h e a t exchanger f a n s were t u r n e d o f f . On
Day 207, when t h e t e m p e r a t u r e had r e a c h e d 75"F, t h e crew changed t h e s e l e c t tem-
p e r a t u r e t o 71.1°F and a l l h e a t e x c h a n g e r s were t u r n e d back o n . All. h e s t ex-
changer f a n s c o n t i n u e d t o r u n t h e rest o f t:re m i s s i o n e x c e p t when turnec! o f f f u r
t h e e x t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t y p e r i o d s . The a u t o m a t i c c o n t r o l u n i t was d e a c t i v a t e d
on Day 248 t o a i d i n r e d u c i n ~t h e i n t e r n a l h e a t g e l & e r a t i o n i n t h e workshcp.
A f t e r t h e workshop, t h e d o c k i n g a d a p t e r i s t h e s c e n e o f t h e g r e a t e s t amount
.,.- crew a c t i v i t y . Three f a n s i n t h e s t r u c t u r a l t r a n s i t i o n s e c t i o n s u p p l y c o o l e d
,as through t h r e e h e a t e x c h a n g e r s . Fixed d u c t s c a r r y t h e c o o l e d g a s t o t h e dock-
i n g a d a p t e r , and g a s can a l s o f l o w i n t o i t from t h e m o l e c u l a r s i e v e a s s e m b l i e s .
There i s no d i r e c t c o n t r o l of t e m p e r a t u r e i n t h e a i r l o c k and s t r u c t u r e 1 t r a n s i t i o n
s e c t i o n , b u t r e t u r n flow from t h e workshop and doc.king a d a p t e r p r e v e n t s tempera-
t u r e s i n t h e s e r e g i o n s frcm d i f f e r i a g g r e a t l y from t h o s e e l s e w h e r e .
10.1.1 Crew S t a t i o n s
\ ' - \ ~ //watev
Urine flush
systm
Water tanks
C a t i o n c a r t r i d g e and
r e c l r c u l a t ' u n pump -
Water system Warjroom c h i l i e r , h e a t e r ,
pressurization p a ~ e ! dispensers
ilardroon w a t e r
system ----r
Was tr management compartment
P o r t a b l e t a n k launch h e a t e r , d i s p e n s e r s , washcloth
locztion squeezer
Water purificationd/.'
eqd ipment
11 ';--
-
,1.-
Water dump
1 ines
Waste tank
10-9.- Workshop w a t e r s y s t e E .
Water
--- P u r i f i c a t i o n . - EquipmentLs provided f o r sampling, a n a l y z i n g , and
y u r i f y i n g t h z water ~ s i n gi o d i n e a s a b i o c i d e . The water p u r i f i c a t i o n equipment
c o n s i s t s of water samplers, reagenr con' -iiners, i o d i n e i n j e c t o r s , i o d i n e con-
t a i n e r s , a c o l o r comparator, a waste si,mple c o n t a i n e r , and a c a t i o n c a r t r i d g e .
Each of t h e 10 water t a n k s i s charged b e f o r e launch w i t h an i o d i n e con,- e n t r a -
t i o n of 12 ppm. The crew p e r i o d i c a l l y samples t h e i o d i n e l e v e l s and determines
t h e amount of i o d i n e r e q u i r e d t o keep t h e l e v e l above 2 ppm. The p o r t a b l e t a n k
i s przcharged w i t h i o d i n e t o p r o v i d e a c o n c e n t r a t i o n of 100 ppm when f i l l e d w i t h
water. This s o l u t i o n i s i n j e c t e d i n t o t h e wardroom water d i s t r i b u t i o n system a s
a b i o c i d e soak d u r i n g a c t i v a t i o n for t h e second and t h i r d manned p e r i o d s . A
d e i o n i z a t i o n c a r t r i d g e , c o n t a i n i n g approximately 66 in. 3 of toll exchange r e s i n ,
is provided t o remove m e t a l l i c i o n s from t h e p o t a b l e w a t e r .
N i t r o y n supply
Uater heater :
Gas pressure
regulators
! I 1-- 60C
Water c o n t a i n e r
i- - -- -
m
i \
pounds
expel l a b 1e w d t e r
\ Mashcloth
squeezer
7' Hygiene water
valve
I Pressure
~ransducer
dispenser
1 '
F l r r t waste mnagcment t a l k . f l r s t and serond
1 m n n d perlods
s i o n a l l o c a t i o n f o r t h e v a r i o u s Skylab
!
8 Second waste management tank, second a d t h l r d
manned
Reserve yer:ods
f o r w a r d r a m o r u a s t e m u g e m e n t and
w a t e r t a a k s i s shown i n t a b l e 10-11.
I
1 10
extravehicular tiwi t y s u i t l r o p
Second w a r d r a m tank. secund rmnned p r r l o d
T a b l e 10-111 shows t h e w a t e r budget
p l a n n e d b e f o r e t h e m i s s i o n f o r t h e ward-
room and w a s t e management compartments,
T a b l e 10-111. - Water Rudget a l o n g w i t h o t h e r Skylab s y s t e m r e q u i r e -
men t s .
Fun, t l o n
There were no problems a s s o c i a t e d
f l e t d b o l l r tanks w i t h w a t e r management d u r i n g t h e m i s s i o n .
Comdnd nndulr teeurn
xetabol i c The crewmen used a t o t a l o f 3990 pounds
U d i d r o a , systen b l e e d
(?n( o f m m e d p r r l ~ d l of water ( l e s s than a l l o t t e d ) , slthough
Wdrdrcon sy5tem
m i r o b 1 0 l ~ ! l l ~ dflu'h
! t h e y drew 60 pounds o f w a t e r fzdm t a n k
!>tar: u f r r a n n ~ dp e r i o a
l o d i c e sampling number 7 t h r o u g h t h e w a t e r h e a t e r in;a
t h e wastr3 t a n k i n a n a t t e m p t t o t l ~ a w t h e
Warte nanagement w a s t e management compartment w a t e r dump
compartmnt tan) 5
Systen bleed p r o b e . The o n l y w a t e r used from t a n k
(end ,f rdnncd ii€r.;,d!
tl",sekeeplng number 9 was f o r ; e r v i c i n g t h e l i f e s u p p o r t
Persondl hyglerr.
Sioher u m b i l i c a l s before e x t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i -
I o d i n e sdmpl l n u t i e s . F i g u r e 10-12 shows t h e w a t e r used
d u r i n g t h e m i s s i o n and t h e amounts remain--
l l r l n e Sepdrat(lr taf8r i n g . I n d i v i d u a l d r i n k i n g w a t e r consumption
Urlne f l u s h
Urine sppardtor bleed was r e c o r d e d d a i l y , and t h e amount used by
L i f e support u n b l l l c a l
rr.,erv?cinq e a c h crewman i s p r e s e n t e d i n f i g u r e 10-13.
Solar o b s r r v d t o r y
console rechdrqe L i q u i d s were a v a i l a b l e , however, from o c h e r
Condensing heat ex-
Changers r e s e r v l c r n q sources such a s s o f t drinks, s o t h a t f i g u r e
M479 ext1ngu;shing
I o d l n e san4r6ing 10-13 d o e s n o t r e p r e s e n t t h e t o t a l f l u i d
i n t a k e . T h i s and d i f f e r e n c e s among i n d i -
v i d u h l s could a c c o u n t f o r +.he c o n s i d e r a b l e
d i f f e r e n c e s s h w n i n t h e w a t e r consumption
o f t h e crewmen. The S a t u r n ;Jorkshop s y s -
t a n o t water s t o r a g e , p r e s s u r i z a t i o n ,
t r a n s f e r , and g e n e r a l mariagement was c o m p l c t e l y s a t i s f a c t o r y , and i s f e a s i b l e
f o r a w a t e r system whe;e weight i s n o t a c r i t i c a l problem.
1 40 60 80 700 !2U 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 263
Saturn Workshop n l c s i u n days
F i g u r e 10-13.- I n d i v i d u a l d r i n k i n g w a t e r consumption.
-Fecal C o l l e c t i o n . - Equipment f o r f e c a l c o l l e c t i o n i s d e s i g n e d t o c o l l e c t
a l l c o n s i s t e n c i e s o f f e c z l matter and t o remove o d o r s through a r e p l a c e a b l e
Z i l t e r . The hinged s e a t provide; a c c e s s t o t h e mesh l i n e r t o p e r n i t i r ? s t a l l a -
t i o ~of a f t c a l bag. The s e a t i s contour2d a22 c o n t a i n s a i r f l o w h o l e s t o a l l o w
cabin a' t o be drawn i n t o t h e 1-liter c a p a c i t y f e c a l bag. A i r i s exhausted
through t h e b a g ' s vapor p o r t , throngh t h e mesh l i n e r , i n t o t h e f e c a l c o l l e c t i o n
r e c e p t a b l e , and t ? ~ e nthrough the t i l t e r b e f o r e r e c i r c u l a t i o n back i n t o t h e
cabin by t h e blower. A d d i t i o n a l backup o r contingency f e c a l bags a r e provided
f o r c o l l e c t i o n of f e c a l m a t t e r i f t h e c o l l e c t i o n f a c i l i t y cannot be u s e d , and
f o r t h e c o l l e c t i o n of vomitus. The crew u s e s t h e f e c a l c o l l e e t ~ o nsystem by
p o s i t i o n i n g themselves on t h e f e c a l c o l l e c t o r ' s contoured s e a t , much i,. t h e
same manner a s i n an Earth environment. To compensate f o r t h e z e r o - g r a v i t y
/Airflow holes
/ _
Rubber cuff
-I
I
Urine receiver
ff adapter
plate
Feat sink p l a t e
plate
Urine drawer
hoses were pinched &*en caught behind t h e separrztor motor. This was eliminated
by properly positLoning t h e hose before c l o s i n g t h e drawer. The s e p a r a t o r motors
were removed as p l a n e d a t t h e end of each manned period, and no motor f a i l u r e s
occurred. The n i n e c o l l e c t i o n water f l u s h system w a s never raquired. The only
evidence of urir. odor from t h e c o l l e c t i o n system occurred l a t e in t h e t h i r d
manned period'and i n d i c a t e d a f a i l u r e i n t h e odor c o n t r o l f i l t e r . The f i l t e r ,
which was designed f o r 28 ciays of o p e r a t i o n , had been used f o r 51 days. The
crew changed t h e f i l t e r , but during t h e l a s t veek of t h e mission t h e odor in-
creased, i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e problem w p s in t h e blower. The blower was n o t re-
placed, although s p a r e s were a v a i l a b l e onboard,
A t o t a l of 840 r e u s a b l e , 12-inch-square w a s h c l o t h s a r e p r o v i d e d f o r p e r s o n a l
h y g i e n e and g e n e r a l c l e a n i n g . They a r e stowed i n d i s p e n s e r s c o n t a i n i n g 28 wash-
c l o t h s each. Three d i s p e n s e r s , o n e f o r e a c h crewman, a r e l o c a t e d i n t h e w a s t e
management compartment and p r o v i d e a 14-day s u p p l y a t a usage r a t e o f two v s h -
c l o t h s p e r day p e r man. Nine l o c k e r s i n t h e wardrocm c o n t a i n r e s u p p l y wash-
c l o t h d i s p e n s e r s . A t o t a l o f 420 r e u s a b l e , 14-by-32-inch, individually r o l l e d
and banded t o w e l s a r e p r o v i d e d f o r s k i n d r y i n g . D i s p e n s e r modules, c o n t a i n i n g
1 3 t o w e l s e a c h , a r e l o c a t o d i n tile w a s t e managemeqt compartment and wardroom.
Each module p r o v i d e s a 6-aay s u p p l y a t a usage r a t e o f o n e t o w e l 2 e r man p e r
day. A d d i t i o n a l t o w e l s a r e stowed f o r r e s u p p l y . Both t o w e l s and w a s h c l o t h s
t r e made o f rayon p o l y n o s i c t e r r y c l o t h , w i t h c c l o r e d s t i t c h i n g f o r i n d i v i d u a l
crewman c o l o r code i d e n t i f i c a t i o n .
10.1.5 Sleep
A. Towel n o i d e r s
B. Light baffle
C. Genera! i l l u m i n a t i o n li~!!
D. Intercom
.S 1eep
restraint
Clothin*) f \
Corner l o c k e r
\tordgP
Ijurk5 Pv~vacy sleep r e s t r a i n t
Air d i f t u s e r cdrtdin Air d4ffusrrs equi p e n t
Light B a f f i c s . - .; n o n r e 2 l e c t i v e f a b r i c l i g h t b a f f l e is provlded in t h e
c e i l i n g of each s l e e p i n g a r e a t o p r e v e n t l i g h t e n t r a n c e from t h e forward com-
p a r t s e n t w h i l e a l l o w i n g flow-through v e n t i l a t i m ( f i g . 10-25). It is supported
by mating snaps and Velcro on t h e c e i l i n g , w a l l s , and l o c k e r s . The b a f f l e i n
t h e c e n t z r s l e e p i n g a r e a h a s a s e c t i o n t h e s i z e o f t h e emergency escape e x i t
a t t a c h e d w i t h Velcro t o a l l o w breakaway eaergency e g r e s s .
rarrarC c a O I r t r n L
food storage locatlOnS
Co.
Food wercan
F a d can
urdrrrm food freezer locltlon L
\ In".
atu door
"' -
Food khagement .-
E'ood t r a n s f e r and resupply i s Tart of t h e process re-
quired i n ranaging t h e food system. The crew t r a s f e r s bundles of food from
th:- forward compartment food stowage c o n t a i n e r s every 7 days t o resupply t h e
wardroom pantry. A t t h e beginning of each manned period, food c a r r i e d i n t h e
command modvle is a l s o t r a n s f e r r e d t o she pantry f o r crew consumption.
10.1.7 Housekeeping
TJPICJI trash
Sleep caprr-t
Trash a i r l a k
-Roil 3 tirs
f l a p and integral
SCQS IMP S h l t
(4 p1a-es)
of g e t t i n g t h e t r a s h i n t o t h e tank and
t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of e x t e r n a l contamina-
t i o n , t h e waste t a l k d i s p o s a l concept
was s a t i s f a c t o r y .
10.1.9 Debris C o n t r o l
10.1.10 M o b i l i t y - S t a b i l i t y Aids
Fecal-urine collector
I- handholds ( 2 )
Actual frequency o f
Planned performance d u r i ng
frequency manned periods
Task description of
ycrfonmnce First
--
T9olt.- The t o o l s and equipment onboard t h e S a t u r n Workshcp a r e provided t o
support n o t only i n f l i g h t maintenance, but a l s o a c t i v a t i o n , o p e r a t i o n , and deac-
t i v a t i o n of systems and experilnents. Because of t h e l i m i t e d stowqge c a p a b i l i t y ,
t h e m a j o r i t y of t h e t o o l s a r e s e l e c t e d t o perform s p e c i f i c t a s k s . A s a r e s u l t ,
f u l l s e t s of wrenches, s o c k e t s , hex wrenches, and s c r e w d r i v e r s a r e n o t provided.
However, some s p a r e t o o l s a r e provided where j u s t i f i e d by t h e number of a p p l i c a -
t l o n s and t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y of t o o l s t o l o s s o r breakage. The complement of
t o o l s and maintenance equipment i s p r i m a r i l y contained i n f i v e k i t s . Most of
t h e s e a r e l o c a t e d i n t h e workshop stowage l o c k e r s . A l o c k e r i n t h e docking
a d a p t e r c o n t a i n s t o o l s t h a t mey be needed d u r i n g p e r i a d s when t h e workshop i s
i n a c c e s s i b l e , such a s b e f o r e workshop a c t i v a t i o n and d u r i n g e x t r a v e h i c u l a r ac-
t i v i t i e s . A t o o l box l o c a t e d on t h e forward s i d e of t h e docking a d a p t e r a x i a l
h a t c h c o n t a i ~ st o o l s t o disassemble t h e h a t c h in t h e event of l a t c h i n g mechanism
jamming. A r e p a i r k i t i n t h e borkshop c o n ~ a i n st h e m a t e r i a l s n e c e s s a r y t o
p a t c h l e a k s w i t h i n t h e h a b i t a t i o n a r e a and m i s c e l l a n e o u s f a s t e n i n g m a t e r i a l s ;nd
d e v i c e s , such as t a p e , Velcro, ana snaps. A d d i t i o n a l s p e c i a l purpose k i t s ,
t o o l s , m a t e r i a l s , and equipment a r e l o c a t e d a t v a r i o u s p l a c e s i n Skylah. These
i n c l u d e a command module t o o l k i t , t o o l s f o r experiments, e x t r a v e h i c u l a r m o 3 i l i t v
u n i t and p r e s s u r e garment maintenance k i t s , w a t e r system s e r v i c i n g equipment-,
and miscellaneous s p a r e t o o l s and maintenance items. This i n v e n t o r y was S U ~
mented d u r i n g t h e missicn w i t h items n e c e s s a r y t o i n s t a l l a u x i i i a r y hardxa .
t o support contingency i n f l i g h t maintenance, and t o r e p l a c e l o s t o r broken
E x t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t i e s a r e p e r f o n r e d d u r i n g t h e -.armed p e r i o d s of t h e
Skylab mission t o r e t r i e v e and r e p l a c e f i l m i n t h e s o l a r o b s e r v a t o r y cameras.
With one exception, a l l of t h e sola: o b s e r v a t o r y e u y e r i x e n t s c o l l e c t d a t a on
photographic f i l m enclosed i n magazines t h a t r e q u i r e p e r i o . replacement. The
hardware d i s c u s s e d i n t h i s s u b s e c t i o n i ~ ~ c l u d ea sl l major equ-&ment r e q u i r e d f o r
t h i s t a s k . Evaluation of t h e p r e s s u r e s u i t and crew perforrrance i s c o n t a i n e d
i n r e f e r e n c e s 3.5, 16, and 17.
The r o t a t i - o n c o n t r o l p a n e l o p e r a t e d s a t i s £a c t o r i l y d u r i n g a l l f i l m r e t r i e v a l
activities. The p r o t e c t i v e scree:: k e p t t h e crewman away from t h e moving c a n i s t e r
equipment w i t h no i n t e r f e r e n c e o r s i g n ? 'f i c a n t l o s s o f n o b i l i t y f o r f i l m r e t r i e - : s l .
X h i n g e d o r removable s c r e e n , however, would have been p r e f e r a b l e f ~ perform- r
a n c e o f contingency r e p a i r s o r s e r v i c e on e x p e ~ i m e n thardware, s u c h as tile f i l t e r
wheel manual p o s i t i o n i n g . A l l f i l m a c c e s s d o o r s o p e r a t e d as e x p e c t e d w i t h o n e
exception (4.2.2). No problems o c c u r r e d i n s t a l l i n g t h e f i l m m a g a t i n e s i n t h e
e x p e r i n e n t r e c e p t a c l e s o r rcinoving them a f t e r t h e f i l m w a s used. k e f u l n e s s and
o p e r a t i o n of t h e o t h e r work s t a t i o n equipment was a d e q u a t e f o r a l l f i l m r e t r i e ; r a i
activities.
S o l a r O b s e-
-- r-v a t o r x- Sun-End and --- T r a n s f e r Work S t ---
ations.- Removal and r e p l a c e -
ment a f two f i l n : magazines i s accomplished a t t h e Sun-end o f t h e t-xperiment can-
i s t e r . Access d o o r s , f i l m magazine9 and r e c e p t a c l e s , temporary stowage c o n t a i n e r s ,
a c l o t h e s l i n e b r a c k e t , h a n d r a j . l s , l i g h t s , and a f o o t r e s t r a i n t p l a t f o r m a r e pro-
v i d e d f o r t h i s t a s k . S i n c e t h e Sun-end work s t a t i o n is around t h e c o r n e r from t h e
a i r l o c k s h r o u d work s t a t i o n and t h e r e f o r e i n a c c e s s i b l e t o t h e f i l m t r a n s f e r hoom,
t h e t r a n s f e r work s t a t i o n b r i d g e s t h i s gap and p r o v i d e s a p o s i t i o n f o r r e m v i n g
t h e f i l m magazines from t h e boom. Except f o r a s t a n d a r d f o o t r e s t r a i n t , t h e t r a n s -
f e r work s t a t i o n c o n t a i i ~ sno s e p a r a t e crew equipment. A crewman a t the t r a n s f e r
work s t a t i o n removes t h e loaded f i l m t r e e from t h e boom and p l a c e s che t r e e i n a
r e c e p t a c l e on t h e s u n s h i e l d f o r a c c e s s a t t h e Sun-end work s t a t i o n . The work s t a -
t i o n is a l s o used f o r deployment o f t h e c l o t h e s l i n e and c l o t h e s l i n e b r a c k e t f o r
f i l n r e t r i e v a l . The two f i l m r e t r i e v a l a c c e s s d o o r s ( f i g . 4-10) can be opened w i t h
one gloved hand by r o t a t i n g a Iiandle w i t h a muslirooni-shaped p u s h b u t t o n l o c k .
F r i c t i o n h i n g e s h o l d t h e d o o r s open a t any d e s i r e d p o i n t . The e x p e r i m e n t a p e r -
t u r e d o o r s , which c o v e r t h e a c c e s s d o o r s i n t h ? i r ciosec! p o s i t i o n , a r e opened
from t h e c a n i s t e r r o t a t i o n c o n t r o l p a n e l . The f i l m magazines a r e i n s e r t e d i n t o
t h e c a n i s t e r r e c e p t a c l e s w i t h one hand, and e a c h magazine u s e s f l a g i n d i c a t o r s ,
d e t e n t s , and s t o p s f o r p o s i t i o n and l o c k i n g s t a t u s . Alignment a r r o w s and i n -
s e r t i o i r g u i d e s e l i m i n a t e f i n e p o s i t i o n i n g reqttirernt+nts f o r t h e crew. A box-
l i k e temporary stowngc. c o n t a i n e r , w i t h f o u r f l e x i b l e r e t a i n i ! l g f l a p s , s e c u r e s
t h e unexposed f i l m magazines w h i l e t h e e x w s e d magazines are removed from
t h e c a n i s t e r r e c e p t a c l e s and p l a c e d i n t h e magazine c o n t a i n e r s . The f i l m
magazines are moucted i n t h e c o n t a i n e r s f o r p r o t e c t i o n from t henna1 e f f e c t s
and c o n t a m i n a t i o n . The c o n t a i n e r s are s e c v r e d t o t h e f i l m : lee, which a t t a c h e s
.I .'
a 3.
t o t h e f i l m t r a n s f e r boom hook ( f i g . 10-50). The f i l m tree i s t e q o r e r i l y
stowed i n a r e c e p t a c l e i d e n t i c a l t o t h e one a t t h e f i x e d a i r l o c k shroud work
s t a t i o n . The c l i t h e s l i n e a t t a c h b r a c k e t i s a two-part f o l d i n g boom mounted
on t h e s u n s h i e l d . The boom is unlocked by r e l e a s i n g a b a l l - l o c k p i n and swung
i n t o p o s i t i o n where l a t c h e s hold i t i n p l a c e . L i g h t s , h a n d r a i l s , and f o o t re-
s t r a i n t s are s i m i l a r t o t h o s e a t t h e f i x e d a i r l o c k shroud u o r k s t a t i o n .
;
:
;
:,*-
tl,.,t..
.lltI"M ...I
~ " l r ~ ,am
V.IL
l
!,
,.,w:s,*.
atr::..
,
.m,YI\I
I*.
d l *
1 a t e r vawr
k c 1 1 M$ ws. o ~ y ' j e n . frozen urlne. urlne v.pur
!-dl bay 911. 0 1 , 9 ~ c . froze.8 UI lnd. brtne vapor
.ce. u t ~ ndaplr, nyamy*t w t a s i l w n h , d m r l b
S l l ~ c o n cr4bbcr a.13 ~edlanl,. rll1.a t l b w
i
IbdrJpm, crygnl nltn;yen. w t . l s s l m h j d l v n l d ~ .adtcl
Llu.ld h,&oyen
LIu41d n * , p I l
Wnw
O * Y ~
h e - - e u r l n g Iauttrh
i r h r . p r r l m t L ~ ' Le
C hltrugm
Scrttered n t r l . . n t r l rr,ar%. ~ ~ I ! L
~ c I~ c
I
~ UI I.W~ ~I C~S I C
1 I
Catrrvehicular d c t i v i t i e s
(tncludes lock depress valve
m d s u i t overboard vent)
( r u l e uaived f o r 5149. T025,
5020. or YO1 i f d c o l o n d an
Service m d d l e r e a c t l o r
contml s v s t n ! ' I
Yater dump (unbagged) I n t c
u s t e tank --+
.. -
Cordensate system (contingency)
( k g i n a f t e r o r b i t a l midnight;
c m p l e t e t w t ~ r esunrise cross- 1 1
i n g or e l s e double constraint
timr. I* not I n solar
I n e r t i a l a t t i t u d e . vent i n
direction of negatlve v e l o c i t y
-----
vector)
. --
C m n d and servlce module
(tncludes steam duet. u r l n e 1 1
duw. u s t a water d w . and
fuel c e l l purger)
----- ----
m c k i n ~adapter
emerimemts
1u7r I I
-
' )1551,
-- 1653
bbrkrhop 11)92
experinants R1,l
Condensate holding U n k
(gas r i d e ) 1 I
I. Conplete v m t l n g I S minuter before e r p r r i a m t e.posure.
2. Conplete venting 30 minutes b r f o r e eaperlmmt expasure.
3. C w l e t e overboard rmtl..g I 5 minutes before e x ~ r i n n rerposure m i t h articulated m i r r o r %)its R c m s t r a i r l for w n t l n g i n t o waste tank
4. Cowlete ventlng 15 minutes k f x e i n s t a l l a t l a , o f e a p r l m m t I n -2 I;lmtific airlock
5 Caplete v m t i n g I 5 minutes k f o m e r p r i m t e r w s u r e r i t h w t a r t l c u l a t n l m i r r o r r y s t m o r 30 minutes w i t h n l r r u r .
6. i o q l e t e venting 15 minutrs before experiment expowre w i t h a r t ! c u l a t d mtrror s p s t a .
7. :owlet* v m t i n g I 5 minuter Y f o r e installat:on o f e a p r i m n t . If i n r t a l l c d . e r t m d seven r d s and place t r u n n l m t o r a m .
8. Close cassette covers during and f o r I 5 minut-s rftrr c o g l e t i o n o f cabfn a(ssp)ure venHng, o r I 2 h r s a f t e r wrkshop f i n a l b l w d o n .
9. Close c r s r r t t e covers during and for 1: minutes #furcorpletlun o f v m t i h p .
10. w l e t e venting X) minutes before o a p r i m m t axpasure w i t h a r t i c u 1 r t . d a l r m r sy-tea. No c o n s t r a i n t f o r e a t r r v e h i c u l w erposL..e.
-
The e f f e c t i v e n e s s and n e c e s s i t y of t h e o p e r a t i o n a l c o n s t r a i n t s wen? demon-
s t r a t e d through t h e mission. There were f i v e i n s t a n c e s where c o n s t r a i n t s were
v i o l a t e d . During t h e f i r s t manned period a prolonged v e n t i n g of t h e wardroom
water purge Into t h e waste tank occurred i n which t h e t r i p l e p o i n t p r e s s u r e may
have been ~ n e n t a r i l yexceeded, a h a b i t a t i o n a r e a vent malfunction checkout
produced p a r t i c l e s observed by t h e SO52 v i d e o d i s p l a y , and t h e s e r v i c e module
r e a c t i o n c o n t r o l engine8 f i r e d t 9 h i l e t h e T027-SO73 photometel was deployed
through t h e s c i e n t i f i c a i r l o c k . During t h e second mawed p e r i o d t h e r e was a
Table 11-IV. - E f f e c t s o f Vents Having Operational Constraints
I Scheduled (S) o r
I
ww
Vent Unscheduled (U) . Effect
Docking adapter
ground l i g h t o r cause f a l s e stars. S l t g h t increase
Debris frm experiment
i n molecular coluirn densities
vent can ( c cause
l e a r i n gincreased
i n less back-
than
15 minutes).
Uorkshop experiment
vacuum vent I S Gases vented increase t h e molecular column densities.
i
A lr van: No controls. Cmtlnuously open t o vent the space between the rommnd nodule meteorold
s b i e l d and rressure hul I.
- - - .. .--- --. .- . .~.---
I
1 Uncontrolled vonting (high i n r t i d l f l w r a t e of 4 I b / h r f o r l n l t i a l 7.5 hours o f f i r s t
manned pcriud) !olloucd by contlnwus water v.pr venting a t a rate o f abaut 0.1 I b l h r
/ b n t i l water i s r..hausted (1000 hours).
+ - .- .- - -.-.-.-.- .... .- ..- . -- -- - -
1 The n m l e c ~ l asieve
~ vents arc alternately operated continuous vents. Each 15-mln vent
/ cycle cruses r t n p o r d r y increase (approximately 2 min) i n erternal pressure i n the
'1 v k i n i t ) o f the vents.
Nitmgen vent Autorat i c regulator overpressure vent
Aft overpressure vent Autonuric overpressure ve:t valve cracking pre\sure appruximately 6 ps!d).
Forward overpressure vev: #t;!anitic overpressutv vent valve [cracking pressure approximately 6 psid).
Airlock Overpressure vent Autonar.~ overpressure vent valve (cracking p r o s u r r a ~ p m x i m a t e l v5 psid).
-- . - - . . . - . . . - .-. - .- - ..- .-- -.- ..-- ... .- - - - -. -
I
~ . - - ..- - - -
I
o w n position.
Trash a i r l o c k 1 Each operation vents a s.mII w u l t o f cabin atmrphere i n t o the waste tank with negli
e f f e c t on the nonpmpulsive vent f l a r a t e . l o l i d s are contained by r c j l i n d r i c a l sere
k c d l pmcesror I, Fecal processor o p r r t i o n exhausts gasrs i n t o the waste tank wlth n e q l i g i b l e e f f e c t on
iI
mnpmpulsive vent f l w r a t e .
Refrigerat i o n p u w R m v c s any r e f r i g e r a n t lerkage from the puw w i t h n e g l i g i b l e effect on the ~OnpPapulS
container vent flourate.
S c l e n t i f i ~airlock vent, Scientific airlock vents evacuate each experiment and the space between t t - r x p e r i m n t
fblo*dm) the airlock b t f o r e cover cmninq. Effluents are n e q l i q i b l e except i n the imnedirte v i
hovever, the venting ends b e f o r i experiment drplo+nt:
Pneuutic b o t t l e vent Bleed d m vent to m ~ t m v e m t r c valve actuation s u ~ ~ bl ovt t l e s t the beainninq o f t
The i n s t r u m e n t s t h a t a s k i s t i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e e x t e n t and e f f e c t s o f t h e
induced atmosphere i n c l u d e t h e q u a r t z c r y s t a l microbalances, which measure dep-
o s i t i o n ; t h e T027-SO73 photometer and t h e TO25 coronagraph, which measure l i g h t
s c a t t e r i n g e f f e c t s ; and t h e TO27 sample a r r a y , which samples and measures dep-
o s i t i o n . A l l of t h e s e i n s t r u m e n t s e x c e p t t h e microbalances had been planned f o r
u s e w i t h t h e +2 s c i e n t i f i c a i r l o c k , but t h i s a i r l o c k w a s n o t a v a i l a b l e d u r i n g t h e
m i s s i o n because of t h e thermal s h i e l d i n s t a l l a t i o n . A l i m i t e d amount of d a t a on
d e p o s i t i o n and t h e l i g h t s c a t t e r i n g and a b s o r p t i o n p r o p e r t i e s of t h e induced
a t n o s p h e r e was g a t h e r e d by exposing t h e TO27 sample a r r a y and t h e T027-SO73
photometer t o space through t h e -2 s c i e n t f f i c a i r l o c k . A d d i t i o n a l experiments,
such as D024, S149, and S230, provided c o r r e l a t i v e a a t a oq t h e contaminant atmos-
phere.
The second T027-SO73 photometer measurements were mark on Day 82. T h i s was
d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d i n which t h e t-X and -X v i e w i n g m i c r o b a l a n c e s u,easured a h i g h e r
tha? a n t i c i p a t e u d e p o s i t i o n r a t e . The photometer r e a d i n g s i n d i c a t e d a s c a t t e r e d
b r i g h t n e s s r a t i o of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 x 10-12 BIBO. These b r i g h t n e s s l e v e l
r e a d i n g s are c o n s i d e r a b l y below t h e l i m i t s o f t h e Satu: i i Works!~op cxperimen ts
e x c e p t f o r t h e SO73 e x p e r i m e n t , which measures g e g e n s c h e i n a t a r a ~ i oo f 1.0-13.
I t was c o n c l u d l d t h a t t h e h i g h e r b r i g h t n e s s l e v e l s of t h e c o n t a m i n a n t c l o u d
coulf: tre a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e a d d i t i o n o f t h e r e a c t i o n c o n t r o l s y s t e m o x i d i z e r t o
t h e i;;c!uced atmosphere, and t h d t t h e s t a t i c induced atmosphere s c a t t e r e d b r i g h t -
n e s s r a t i o i s p r o b a b l y 1 0 - l 4 B/Bg w i t h s m a l l t r a n s i e n t s dependent upon operil-
tional activities.
. - - - --.- -- -..---- !.ight s c a t t e r i n ~e f f e c t s of p a r t i c l e s
1 -...4--7*;;; ..-. - I- -.'?
:-' a were o b s e r v e d by t h e s o l a r o b s e r v a t o r y ex-
1
p e r i m e n t s . P a r t L c l e s were o b s e r v e d i n t h e
I -
f i e l d o f view of t h e w h i t e l i g h t corona-
I g r a p ! ~ ( S 0 5 2 ) v i d e o ciisylay and wei-e a l s o
t r a c k e d by t h e star t r a c k e r . These r a n g e d
from i n d i v i d u a l p a r t i c l e s on Day 1 7 ,
through p a r t i c u l a t e s t r e z m s on Day 24, t o
*I
snovstnrrns" on Day 33.
The ; r t i c l e s a b s e r v e d d u r i n g t h e
F i r s t ~ a n n e dp e r i o d were e s t i m a t e d t o bc
from 20 t o 140 m e t e r s from S k y l a b wken ob-
s e r v e d . T h i s was d e t e r ' n e d from t h e de-
gree t o which t h e p a r c ; 2 s a p p e a r e d L O b e
o u t o f f o c u s . T h e i r . . r e n t v i s u a l mag-
n i t u d e s ranged from + 1 . ~ to b r i g h t e r than
F i r 11-3.- C c r r e l a ~ i o no f lrodel -5.4 because o f t h e forward s c a t t e r e d
prediction.; ~ 2tih LX viek-ing micro- l i g ~ l tf r m t h e Sun. These c o r r e s p o n d t o
balance i ? t a . s t a r magnitudes r a n g i n g from +6 t o b r i g h t e r
t h a n +I. Given t h e d i s t a n c e and a p p a r e n t
b r i g h t n e s s , t h e p a r t i c l e s i z e w a s c a l c u l a t e d from s i m p l e d i f f r a c t i o n t h e o r y .
T h e i r s i z e s r a n s e d from about 1 0 microns t o s e v e r a l hundred microns. The p a r t i -
c l e s 311 c r o s s e d t h e SO52 t e l e v i s i o n camera from t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e worksliop,
t r a v e l i n ? torcard t h e c o m ~ a u d;znd s e r v i c e n o d u l e . However, t h e i r t r a c k s d i d nor:
appzar t c wn-;erge t o a c c m o n l o c a t i o n . The p a r t i c l e s p a s s e d t h r o u g h t h e c a m e r a ' s
f i e i J i.i view zt a n g u l a r r a t e s r a n g i n g from 0 . 2 t c " 3 d e g / s e c , which c o r r e s p o n d
t o v e l o c i t i e s of 0.5 t o 6 m/sec ~ e r p e c d i c u l a rt o t h e c a m e r a ' s a x i s . Ass~nning
t 5 e p a r E i c l e s c r l g i n a t e d - r o a + h e Skylab, t h e r e s u l t a n t v e l o c i t y must have been
g r e a t e r t!lm 1 . 1 n/sec. On Day 2 1 , t h e s e p a r t i c l e s were d e s c r i b e d a s concamina-
Lion i ~ a i - jc r o s s i n g tile f i e l d o f view. T h e r e were t i m e s when t h e o b s e r v a t i o n
o f s; ch p a r t i c l e s appcared t o b e t i e d t o e.lents. On Day 20, i t w a s r e p o r t e d
t h a t n strean! of p a r t i c l e s was s e e n as t h e m o l e c u l a r s i e v e c y c l e d . On Day 29,
an enormous q ~ t s ntit! of p a r t i c l e s was o b s e r v e d a s t h e h a b i t a t i o n a r e a s ~ l e n o i d
venc -:alve was opened, v e n t i n g c a b i n atmosphere. On Day 33, a s t o r m o f p?r-
t i i l e s rias renoi-ted, which ;,ay have been
a s s o c i a t t d l.i c!i t h e v e n t i n g of tile com-
mand and s e r v i c e ;nodule hydrogen t a n k .
Additional inforinatisn r e l a t i n g t o these
c t s e r v > t i m s by t h e 5052 experiment i-
p r c s r n t e J ii: 11.4.1.
Visual o b s e r v a t i o n r e v e a l e d o n e
ucexpec t e d , though n o t s e r i o u s , s o u r c e
of l i g h t s c a : t e r i n g p a r t i c l e s : con-
rie:lsed rlitrogen from t h r u s t e r a t t i t v d e
c o n t r o l system i i r i ~ g s . k h i l e docking
t h e f i r 5 t conmand a n d s e r v i c e madule,
t h e crew saw a t h r u s t e r plume, g r a y o r
c o l d b l u e i n c o l o r , each time t h e wo;k-
shap , i t t i t u d e contrcjl t h r u s t e r s f i r e d . F i g u r e 11-4.- Quertz c r y s t a l
I t is tlstimsted tb,ac t h e plume milst rnicrobal nncc mass nccumulntion
have 'lccu 10-7 R/iI*, to be z a n i l y recor~l.
v i s i b l e . A computer a n a l y s i s performed on t h e t h r u s t e r s i n d i c a t c d t h a t as much
a s 40 p e r c e n t of t h e exhaust p r o d u c t s could have condensed, and p a r t i c l e s i z e s
up t o 0.16 micron diaineter could have r e s u l t e d from homogeneous n u c l e a t i o n dur-
i n g expansion in t h e n o z z l e . A p a r t i c l e t h i s s i z e can produce s c a t t e r e d l i g h t
which is v i s i b l e w i t h proper background c o n t r a s t . The b l u e c o l o r i n d i c a t e d
t h a t t h e condensed p a r t i c l e s were in t h e submicron range. S i n c e t h i s c o n t r o l
system was n e v e r used d u r i n g s o l a r o b s e r v a t o r y o r E a r t h o b s e r v a t i o n experiments,
i t d i d n o t a f f e c t d a t a from t h e s e experiments. O t h e r experiment d a t a taken
along t h e a f f e c t e d l i n e - o f - s i g h t were n o t degraded d u r i n g t h e s e f i r i n g s , s i n c e
t h e plumes c l e a r e d in l e s s than a minute.
The s i n g l e m g s t s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t o f contamination is t h e d e g r a d a t i o n of
r e s u l t s of experiments t h a t a r e dependent on o p t i c s . To a l e s s e r e x t e n t , con-
tamination may degrade t h e d a t a from h i g h energy p a r t i c l e c o l l e c t i o n experiments
and c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e d e g r a d d performance of systems which are a f f z c t e d by ex-
t e r n h l induced p r e s s u r e s . Contaminant d e p o s i t s on o p t i c a l experiment s u r f a c e s
cause l i g h t a t t e n u a t i o n by a b s o r p t i o n o r s c a t t e r i n g o r both. Noise can be i n -
troduced i n t o o p t i c a l experiment d a t a by f l u o r e s c e n c e , s c a t t e r i n g , o r wave f r o n t
d i s t o r t i o n s . I n t h e c a s e o f c o l l e c t i o n experiments, d e p o s i t i o n o f contaminants
c o m p l i c a t e s t h e a n a l y s i s o f t h e c o l l e c t i o n s u r f a c e s . A d d i t i o n a l l y , t h e induced
atmocphere may r a i s e p r e s s u r e s i n high v o l t a g e e l e c t r i c a l components, l e a d i n g
t o power l o s s e s o r corona.
11.4.2 E a r t h 0 b s e r v a t . i o n Lxyeriments
The E a r t h o b s e r v a t i o n e x p e r i a e n t s i n c l u d e t h e n u l t i s p e c t r a l p h o t o g r a p h i c
f a c i l i t y e x p e r i a e n t (SlgOA), t h e i r l f r a r e d s p e c t r o n e t e r e x p e r i m e n t (S191), t h e
mtiir i y z c t r a l s c a n n e r e x p e r i m e n t (Sl92) , t h e microwave r a d i o m e t e r , s c a t t e r o m e t e r ,
a i d a1t i m e t e r e x p e r i a e n t (S 133) , and t h e L-band microwave r a d i o m e t e r e x p e r i m e n t
(S 194).
To p r e c l u d e f a i l u r e o f t h e S191 a p e r t u r e d o o r i n a c l o s e d p o s i t i o n , i t was
l e f t open from Day 9 1 u n t i l Day 131. The m i c r o b a l a q c e s r e c o r d e d an i n c r e a q e d
contan; t i o n environment j u s t b e f o r e t h e door-closing d i f f i c u l t i e s . There i s a
p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e s e r v i c e module o x i d i z e r l e a k c o n t r i b u t e d i o t h e problem by
o x i d i z i n g t h e l u b r i c a n t on t h e door hinge. P r e l i m i n a r y review of t h e S191 d a t a
taken d u r i n g t h e f i r s t manned p e r i o d i n d i c a t e s t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of some depos!tfon
or t h e e x t e r n a l o p t i c s because of t h e r e f l e c t i o n c f o u t g r s s a n t s by t h e ambient
atmosphere. U n t i l f u r t h e r d c t a r e d u c t i o n i s completed, no c o n t a m i n a t i o n - r e l a t e d
c o x l u s i n n s can be made.
11.4.3 S c i e n t i f i c Airlock
w-
I
r:
,
m
1
shop s c i e n t i f i c a i r l o c k i n c l u d e t h e ultra-
,e,
o.,:.,
,I
e,
-.%,tc-
v i o l e t . s t e l l a r astronomy experiment (S019),
t h e u l t r a v i o l e t airgl-ow horizon photography
F i g u r e ;1-5. - S193 Feedhorn experiment (S063), t h e gegenschein and
d e p o s i t i o n model p r e d i c t i o n s . z o d i a c a l l i g h t experiment (S073), t h e ul--
t r a v i o l e t panorama experiment (S183). t h e
u l t r a v i o l e t e l e c t r m o g r a p h i c camera experiment (S201), two contamination measure-
ment experiments (TO25 and TO27), t h e p a r t l c l e c o l l e c t i o n experiment ( ~ 1 . 4 9 ) , and
t h e Earth t e r r a i n camera (Sl90B). The S149 and S201 experiments wers a l s o per-
formed from l o c a t i o n s o u t s i d e of t h e workshop and a r e discussed f u r t h e r i n
11.4.4.
There i s a s t r o n g p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t contamination d e p o s i t s on t h e m i r r o r
degraded t h e SO13 d a t a from t h e second manned period. Analysis of t h e d a t a
i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e s i g n a l i n t e n s i t y received from a s p e c i f i c star f i e l d i n t h e
1500-angstrom s p e c t r a l region, when measured during t h e second manned perioc!,
had degraded a p p r o x l m t e l y 50 percent a s cospared t o a measurement of t h e same
s t a r f i e l d a t t h e s.:art of t h e f i r s t mancad period. Because of t h i s d e t e r i o r a -
t i o n i n u l t r a v i o l e t r e f l e c t i v i t y and p l a n s f o r e x t e n s i v e use of t h e m i r r o r , a
replacement mirror w a s i n s t a l l e d by t h e t h i r d crew. Preliminary review of SO19
d a t a from t h e t h i r d manned period shows no obvious e f f e c t s due t o contamination.
Since no known anomalies r e l a t e d t o t h e replacement mirror occurred, no degra-
d a t i o n is expected i n d a t a taken with t h i s mirror.
During o p e r a t i o n of t h e T027-SO73
photometer on 3ay 33, l a r g e numbers of
p a r t i c l e s were s i g h t e d on t h e SO52 white
l i g h t coronagraph video d i s p l a y . Excep-
t i o n a l l y higk b r i g h t n e s s could r e s u l t from
l i g h t s c a t t e r i n g by such p a r t i c l e s . The
conmand and s e r v i c e module hydrogen and
oxygen v e n t s may s t i l l have bee2 emit-
t i n g at t h i s time s i n c e t h i s venting
s t a r t e d on Day 32 and continued f o r sev-
e r a l days. On Day 33 t h e condensate hold-
i n g tank (cabin a i r s i d e ) w a s evacuated
through t h e -2 s c i e n t i f i c a i r l o c k vacuum
vent. To avoid any p o s s i b l e e f f e c t n t h e
photometer, t h e photometer w a s exte,..,'
and pointed d i r e c t l y along t h e -2 a x i s .
On Day 34, t h e photometer-was extended
Figure 11-6.- TO27 sample a r r a y d .ring t h e s e r v i c e module r e a c t i o n c o n t r o l
deposition model p r e d i c t i o n s . system t r i m maneuver. Because of t h e
l a r g e d i s t a n c e md t h e f a c t t h a t only t h e
+X r e a c t m c o n t r o l system t h r u s t e r s f i r e d , t h e r e was no d e p o s i t i o n on t h e i n s i d e
of t h e photometer sunshade. Hawever, s c a t t e r e d l i g h t from t h e r e a c t i o n c o n t r o l
system plume w a s d e t e c t a b l e . As measured by t h e T027-SO73 photometer, t h e r a t i o
of t h e b r i g h t n e s s of t h e plume t o t h e b r i g h t n e s s of t h e Sun was 4 x 10-14, a t a
90 degree Sun angle, with p o s s i b l y b r i g h t e r t r a n s i e n t s . This was n o t b r i g h t
enough nor of s u f f i c i e n t d u r a t i o n t o provide s e r i o u s contamination.
During thd second manned p e r i o d , T027-SO73 photometer d a t a were o b t a i n e d
only on Days 80, 81, and 82. On Day 83, a f t e r a l l a t t e m p t s t o r e t r a c t t h e ex-
periment equipment f a i l e d , t h e experiment was j e t t i s o n e d , r e s u l t i n g i n t h e l o s s
of r e f e r e n c e p h ~ t o g r a p h swhich would have a i d e d i n t h e a n a l y s i s o f c o l l e c t e d
d a t a . The e v a l u a t e d b r i g h t n e s s l e v e l from Day 8.2 d a t a i n d i c a t e d a s c a t t e r e d
b r i g h t n e s s r a t i o of approximately 2 x 10-12 BIB@. 'l"t& l e v e l i s o r d e r s o f mag-
n i t u d e h i g h e r than t h a t s e e n d u r i n g t h e f i r s t mamed p e r i o d . I t i s p r e s e n t l y
concluded t h a t t h e s e r v i c e module r e a c t i o n c o n t r o l system o x i d i z e r l e a k , whic!~
occurred d u r i n g t h i s d a t a col.lection p e r i o d , was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e change i n
b r i g h t n e s s l e v e l s . I n g e n e r a l , t h e S073 photographic d a t a o b t a i n e d i n conjunc-
t i o n w i t h t h e photometer d a t a were e x c e l l e n t . The b a s e fog was low, w i t h some
r e t i c u l a t i o n and s t a t i c d i s c h a r g e observed. However, t h e f i l m d a t a and s c i e n -
t i f i c c o n t e n t were good.
11.4.5 Windows
o f t h e SO63 a n d S2:2 e x p e r i m e n t d a t a a r e a s y e t t o o i r , c o m p l c t c t o a s s e s s t h e
e f f e c t s of t l ~ ewlndow c o n t a m i n a t i o n . A s shown i n f i g u r e 1 1 - 9 , t h e d e p o s i t i o n
math model c a l c u l i l t i o n s r e v p a l e d a l o s s o f l i g h t t r a n s m i s s i o n c a p a b i l i t y d l ~ r i n g
the mission.
1.1.4.5 S t a r Tracker
C o n t a n ~ i n a t i o n a f f e c t s t h e i i s e f u l n e s s o f t h e s t a r t r a c l t c r d!!e3n t h e i n s t r u -
ment , 7 c q u i r e s , l o c k s o n t o , and t r a c k s 3 p a r t i c l e i n t l w i ~ ! J a i ' c d a t m o s p h e r e i n
l i e u 0:- t h e s t a r . The s t a r t r a c k e r c a n abandon a t a r g e t s t a r and l o c k or1t.o a
contam..nant p a r t i c l e i f t!lL, p a r t i c l e i s i n t h e s c a r t r a c k e l ' s f i e l d of view ;ind
i f t h e a p p a r e n t mgniLucie of t h e p a r t i c l e is b r i g l l t t r t h a n t h e s t a r t r a c k e r ' s
minimum : h r e s l ~ o l d . T h i s i s p r e s e t a t a m a g n i t u d e o f 1 - 1 6 , which i s 0 . 5 mngni-
t u d e b e l o w the d i n m e s t t a r g e t s t a r . TI-~ea u t o m a t - i c g a i n c o n t r o l i n t l i c v i d e o
a m p l i f i e r r e j e c t s s i g n a l s g e n e r a t e d i n t h e s t a r t r a c k e r pl;oto:u!c! by object:;
dimmer t h a n 1 . 1 6 m a g n i t u d e . When t r a c k i n g a 11rigl1tt.r s t a r , t11c ; ~ u t o m ait c g a i n
c o n t r o l d e t e r m i n e s 3 I ~ i g h e r t h r e s h o l d , w h i c h d e c r e a s e s t h r p o s s i b i l i t y o f :IC-
q u i r i n g c o n t a m i ~ a n tp a r t i c l e s .
The samples were exposed t o t h e space environment when t h e shroud gas jet-
t i s o n e d from t h e S a t u r n Workshop. They were r e t r i e v e d by t h e crewman d u r i n g
e x t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t i e s o a Days 37 and 132. These samples were r e t u r n e d t o
E a r t h i n t h e coomend module and d e l i v e r e d t o t h e s c i e n t i s t s w i t h i n 4 daqs o f
splashdown from each manned period. Because o f contamination found on chese
samples, one new p a n e l of each sample and a r e t u r n c o n t a i n e r = e r e launched and
deployed d u r i n g t h e t h i r d manned period. The new p a n e l s were deployed d u r i n g
e x t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t i e s on Day 1 9 3 and r e t r i e v e d on Day 266. These samples
were t h e r e f o r e not exposed t o c o n t r o l rocket e x h a u s t s d u r i n g docking, undocking,
and flyaround maneuvers by t h e cormnand and s e r v i c e module. When t h e c o n t a i n e r
with t h e new samples w a s r e t u r n e d t o t h e s c i e n t i s t s i t w a s found t h a t atmospheric
p r e s s u r e e x i s t e d i n s i d e t h e c o n t a i n e r , n o t space vacuum as intended.
. -
The hardware f u n c t i o n e d properly under normal c o n d i t i o n s . However, t h e
crewman experienced d i f f i c u l t y i n deploying t h e r e s u p p l i e d sample p a n e l s . The
hardware design had n o t provided f o r i n s t a l l a t i o n i n o r b i t by a s u i t e d crewman;
n e v e r t h e l e s s , i n s t a l l a t i o n was s u c c e s s f u l . The crewman f a i l e d t o c l o s e t h e l i d
on t b 3 r e t u r n c o n t a i n e r a f t e r stowing i t a d j a c e n t t o t h e newly deployed p a n e l s ,
and t h e open l i d allowed s o l a r r a d i a t i o n t o impinge on t h e c o n t a i n e r seals f o r
73 days. When t h e c o n t a i n e r was r e t u r n e d t o t h e l a b o r a t o r y , i t had n o t main-
t a i n e d t h e space vacuum as intended. The crewman r e p o r t e d t h a t some of t h e
t\ermal c o n t r o l sample d i s k s from t h e second manned p e r i o d appeared t o be coming
debonded. This c o n d i t i o n wzs n o t e v i d e n t when t h e samples were r e t u r n e d t o t h e
s c i e n t i s t s back on Earth.
~ ~_I
sequence
- L
~ ~ :
Panel 1 Panel 2
Filter insert
F+ 1 te* i n s e r t arotective
container container
A l l dimensions i n inches
Ant
A temperature-induced f a i l u r e i n t h e i n s t r u m e n t c a u s e d t h e o u t p u t s o f a l l 8
p r o t o n c h a n n ~ l sand 2 o f t h e 3 e l e c t r o n c h a n n e l s L O be d e g r a d e d ; t h u s 10 of t h e 1 2
d i g i t a l c h a n n e l s d i d n o t p r o v i d e d a t a as e x p e c t e d . I t h a s s u b s c q u e n r l y been de-
termined t h a a d e s i g n e r r o r w a s mide i n Lhe e m i s s i v i t y v a l u e o f t h e t h e m s l shroud
o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t . The v a l u e o f 0.05 was used i n t h c model r a t h e r t h a n t h e
c o r r e c t v a l u e of 0.88. The f i r s t d a t a r e c e i v e d from c h e s e c h a n n e l s r e v e a l e d t h a t
t h e problem e x i s t e d , s o tile e x a c t time o f o c c u r r e n c e i s r!.-'aown. The t e m p e r a t u r e
o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t was -25OC when i t was t u r n e d on 8 h o u r s ' a t e r than p l a n n e d , and
t h e temDerature c o n s t r a i n t would have been v i o l a t e d had t k i n s t i a m e n t n o t been
t u r n e d on a t t h a t time. The d a t a from t h e r e m a i n i n g c h a n n e l s a r e good. From
t h e s e i t w i l l be p o s s i b l e t o measure t h e t o t a l f l u x l e v e l s and d o s a g e l e v e l s
e n c o u n t e r e d . D i f f e r e n t methods f o r p r o c e s s i n g t h e degraded d a t a from t h e a f f e c t e d
c h a n n e l s a r e b e i n g e x p l o r e d i n an e f f o r t t o o b t a i n t h e most i n f o r m a t i o n p o s s i b l e .
12.5 STUDENT INVESTICATIONS
Postulated o r b i t o f i n t r a -
\
Mercury body (0.1 AU radius) \,
L' L e g i r i ~ swhere observations
o f oody w i l l be possible w i t h
5052 white 1 i g h t coronagraph
F i g u r e 32-58.- Observation r e g i o n s .
k t d contaiwr L % d plaflr-r
-
On Day 237, t n e seea., were p l a n t e d in all compartments except i n compartment
2, and i' container was i n s t a l l e d i n t h e wardroom.
foot-candles.
I l l u m i n a t i o n measured 5 t o 20
The container w a s discovered a f t e r t h e mission t o have been s h i f t a d
someghat from its c o r r e c t l o c a t i o n . Photography w a s performed 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8,
12, 16, and 22 days a f t e r seed p l a n t i n g . The g l a s s cover p i a t e s sad f i l t e r s =ere
remcved on Day 263 t o expose t h e p l a n t t o ambient atmosphere.
r:
Wicking and c a p i l l a r y a c t i m f a i l e d t o occur t h e modules w e r e activated. .+ -
Inspection of t h e stowage a r e a by t h e crew revealed evidence of f l u i d leakage. :
A procedure t o r e f i l l t h e r e s e r v o i r s w a s s e n t up, but the crew had discarded t h e %i
The i c e was removed from t h e container using a dry swab t h a t had been frozen
i n t o f a c i l i t a t e handling. The i c e cylinder was then attached t o tape while the
melting process was observed. Photographs were taken a t 5-minute i n t e r v a l s
throughout t h e approximately 3 hours required t o melt t h e ice. Liquid shower
soap was then applied t o t h e s i d e of the r e s u l t a n t water globule. However, the
soap spread s o rapidly o % e rt h e surface of t h e globule t h a t no shape change was
detected. A few drops of grapejuice were added with no apparent change t o the
globule. The crew then e l e c t e d t o i n j e c t a i r i n t o t h e globule, and discovered
t h a t small, r e l a t i v e l y uniformly sized bubbles were formed. As air was i n j e c t e d
more bubbles formed u n t i l t h e globule was f u l l of l i t t l e bubbles. As more a i r
was i n j e c t e d individual l i t t l e bubbles broke through the surface, sending l i t t l e
b i t s of t h e l i q u i d i n t o t h e workshop environment.
The crew began t h e demonstration on Day 243 and performed 26 runs u n t i l the
conclusion on Day 247. The demonstration was s e t up a s expectea except t h a t some
undesirable wetting of t h e d i s k edges occurred. This was controlled by applica-
t i o n of Krytox grease t o t h e edges. Video data were s a t i s f a c t o r y except t h a t
procedural oversights i n t h e t e l e v i s i o n system operation resulted i n the l o s s of
video d a t a f o r s i x runs. The i n s t a b i l i t y of the l i q u i d zones a t liicreased
r o t a t i o n a l v e l o c i t i e s was generally manifested by the e n t i r e zone's taking on a
"jump rope" shape t h a t swung around t h e axis of r o t a t i o n . The e f f e c t o f a r t i -
f i c i a l gravity created by c e n t r i f u g a l force in the r o t a t i n g l i q u i d zone was
observed on i c e and a i r bubbles. These bubbles moved toward t h e a x i s of rota-
tion.
12.6.8 Depositiou of S i l v e r Crystals (SD21-TV106)
The demonstration was performed on Day 256. Using water, t h e crewman could
expand t h e two-dimensional frame t o 1.5 t o 2 inches i n diameter. Using a 40:l
soap and water s o l u t i o n , he could obtain 3- t o 6.5-inch diameters. With the
three-dimensional frames, it was b e s t t o remove t h e frame from t h e l i q u i d slowly.
It proved d i f f i c u l t t o remove a l l of the c e n t e r globules of l i q u i d and s t i l l
r e t a i n a film t o each of t h e sides. The three-dimensional frames produced films
t h a t were r e l a t i v e l y short-lived. The crew reported a maximum f i l m l i f e t i t r e of
1 minute with t h e cube frame. The video d a t a were of f a i r q u a l i t y and could
?erhaps have been improved by b e t t e r l i g h t i n g and use of t h e accessory closeup
lens on the t e l e v i s i o n camera.
:)
The crew t r i e d many times t o make a cloud form in t h e cnamber, but t h e re-
. ', e u l t e were negative. Droplets formed on t h e chamber walls, but a cloud i n t h e 9
.
;.
. j gas was never v i s i b l e . Supersaturation of t h e gas and a wide range of compressjm
i
hold times were t r i e d without success. Since a cloud was never observed,
photographs and a p p l i c a b l e crew comments were never made.
-
Marshall Space F l i g h t Center: MSFC Skylab I n s t r u m e n t a t i -1 and Communicatloo
System Mission Evaluation Report, NASA M 'I X-64819, June 1374.
-
Marshall Space F l i g h t Center: MSFC Sky! 3b Corollary Experimerts Systems
Mission Evaluation Report, NASA TM X-64820, Septembar 1974.
-
Marshall Space P l i g h t Centei: MSFC Skylab S t r u c t u r e s and llechanical S y s t e m
Mission Evaluation Report, NASA I'M X-64824,
- Systems
Marshall Space F l i g h t Center: MSFC Skylab Contamination Control
Mission Evaluation Report, NASA TM X-64826, May 1974.
-
Kencedy Space Center: Sky l a b 1 Post-Launch Report, RCS 76-0000-00048,
June 1973.
-
Johnson Space Center : SkylaS Mission Report, F i r s t VL i t , JSC-08414,
August 1973.
34. X s r s h a l l Space F l i g h t Center: R e t e n t i o n and A p p l i c a t i o n of Skylab Experiment
-
Experiences t o Future Programs, NASA TM I!-64839, May 1974.
37. Marshall Space F l i g h t Center : XSFC Skylab Operations Strmraary Report, NASA
RI X-64845, June 1974.
39. -
Marshall Space F l i g h t Center: MSFC Skylab Systems S a f e t y C h e c k l i s t , NASA
RI X-64850, Hay 1974.
42. ,Harshall Space F l i g h t Center: MSFC Skylab Film Vault Evaluation Report,
NASA RI X-64854, November 1974.
45. Marshall Space F l i g h t Center: MSFC Skylab Ground Based Astronomy Program,
NASA M X-64582, November 1974.
21. -
Marshall Space F l i g h t Center: MSFC Skylab Apollo Telescope Mount F i n a l
Technical Report, NASA TM X-64811, June 1974.
24. Marshall Space F l i g h t Center: MSFC Skylab Apollo Telescope Mount Summary
Mission Report, NASA IM X-64815, June 1974.
30. Kenned:- Ppace Center : Skylab 4 Pos t-Launch Report, RCS 76-0000-00048,
December 1973.
32. -
Marshall S?ace F l i g h t Center: MSFC Skylab Kohoutek Experiments Mission
Evaluation Report, NASA TM X-64879, September 1974.
MSFC
SKYLAB MISSION REPOIF - SATURN WORKSHOP
The information in this report has been reviewed for security classifica-
tion, Review of any information concerning Department of Defense or
Atomic Energy Commission programs has been made by the MSFC Security
Classification Officer. This report, in its entirety, has been determined to
be unclassified.
This document has a l s o been reviewed and approved for technical accuracy.