CAM Lab Manual 2019 PDF

Parul Institute of Engineering &
Technology (Diploma Studies),

Limda.
Department of Mechanical Engineering
LAB MANUAL
COMPUTER
AIDED
MANUFACTURING
(CAM)
(3361901)
th
6 SEMESTER
Head of the department: Prof. B. S.Thakkar

Prepared by: Rajshree Kokate, Abrar Cinemawala Page 1
Mechanical Engg. Dept., PIET (Diploma Studies)
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr./Miss

___________________________________ , Enrollment number
_________________________ studying in 6th semester of
Mechanical Engineering department of Parul Institute of Engineering
and Technology (Diploma studies) 1st shift, has satisfactorily
completed and submitted the course of subject (with code) Computer
Aided Manufacturing(3361901) during the Academic year________..
Date of submission:___________.
Signature of Subject In charge:_______.
Signature of Head of the Department.____________.

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INDEX
Sr. Date Page Sign.

Title of Practical
No. No.
1 Study and demonstration of Constructional features

of CNC machine.
2 Part programming of CNC turning for simple turning
with steps.
3 Part programming of CNC turning for turning with
tapers.
4 Part programming of CNC turning for turning with
circular interpolation.
5 Part programming of CNC turning for turning
Canned cycle.
6 Part programming of CNC machine centre for simple
counter milling.
7 Part programming of CNC machine centre for
Counter milling with circular interpolation.
8 Part programming of CNC machine centre for
counter milling with drilling/tapping.
9 Part programming of CNC using Sub programming
10 Study and demonstration of CAD/CAM integration.
11 Industrial Visit report. (If any).
Teacher’s Sign:

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DATE: _____________
Practical No. 01:

Aim: - Study and demonstration of CNC machines, operations, Parts etc.
Objectives:-
Students will be able to:
-Identify Types of machines, parts and different operations.
-Understand use of different tool holders.
-Realized purpose of sensors/feedback devices.
-Understand meanings of Symbols on display.
- State interfacing standard used.
Pre-requisites:-
Students should have through knowledge of conventional machining process, tools and
operations, conventional machining tools and tool holding devices, basic electrical
engineering and control systems.
Theoretical Background:-
Computer Numerical control (CNC) is the numerical control system in which a dedicated
microprocessor is used to perform basic and advanced NC functions.
(A) Types of CNC machines:
1. CNC Mills:
These machining centers use computer controls to cut different materials. They are able to
translate programs consisting of specific number and letters to move the spindle to various
locations and depths. Used to make 3D prototypes, moulds, cutting dies, printing plates and
sights.
2. CNC Lathes:

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They cut metal that is often turning at fast speeds. CNC lathes are able to make fast, precision
cuts using indexable tools and drills with complicated programs. Normally, they cannot be
cut on manual lathes. They often include 12 tool holders and coolant pumps to cut down on
tool wear.
3. Turning Centre:
Turning Centers are capable of executing many different types of lathe cutting operations
simultaneously on a rotating part.
4. CNC Grinder:
Grinding metal process uses a coated wheel that slowly removes metal to create a part.
Through the years, grinding was done on a manual machine, but with the advent of CNC
technology, the grinding process has advanced
5. CNC Drilling:
Drilling is commonly used for mass production. The drilling machine (drilling press) is used
to create or enlarge holes. Drilling machine for different jobs; the bench drill: For drilling
holes through raw materials such as wood, plastic and metal The pillar drill: A larger version
that stands upright on the floor. As the bench drill, it can be used to drill larger pieces of
materials and produce bigger holes.
6. CNC Boring:
Process of enlarging an existing hole or internal cylindrical surface. This can be

accomplished on a lathe or a machine tool specifically designed for the process, such as a
horizontal boring machine.
7. Electrical Discharge Machines (EDM):
Wire EDM machines utilize a very thin wire (.0008 to .012in.) as an electrode. The wire is
stretched between diamond guides and carbide that conduct current to the wire and cuts the
part like a band saw. Material is removed by the erosion caused by a spark that moves
horizontally with the wire.
8. Laser Cutting Machines
The machine utilizes an intense beam of focused laser light to cut the part. Material under the
beam experiences a rapid rise in temperature and is vaporized. Laser cuts with a minimum of
distortion, no mechanical cutting forces.
(B) Different Operations:

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1. Cutting 6. Bending
2. Drilling 7. Spinning
3. Milling 8. Pinning
4. Welding 9. Gluing
5. Boring 10. Sewing
(C) Mounting of job and tool in CNC machine tools:
1. Mounting of jobs:
CNC machine tools are also general purpose machine tools distinguished for;
-Flexible through programmability enabling quick change to view products.
-Versatility
-Ability to machine complex geometry
-Dimensional accuracy
-Computer control.
Successful accomplishment of the aforesaid of CNC machines necessitates the job- tool and
their mounting to have some assential characteristics.
2. Characteristic of Job mounting:
- Easy, quick and accurate locating and clamping.
- Quick and easy loading and unloading of unfinished and finished job to and from the
machine tool, preferably by robots.
- Avoidance of jigs and fixtures.
- Ability to cover wide range of size and shape of the blanks.
- Identification of fixation of datum surfaces.
In CNC lathes turning centres, job are mounted on the spindle by using quick acting collet
chucks operated pneumatically or hydraulically. In CNC milling and drilling machines the
job are clamped directly or in a vice on the table.

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3. Characteristics of tool mounting:
- Easy, quick and accurate locating and clamping.
- Large tool bank.
- Quick tool change.
- All the tools to be used in a specific machine tool must have same shank of standard
dimensions.
The sophisticated and precision CNC machine tools essentially characterized by quick and
accurate mounting rigid clamping of the cutting tools and also proper and rigid mounting of
the blanks in appropriate positions.
(D) Different Sensor/Feedback devices:
The feedback unit is essentially a measuring system, which continuously monitors the
position of slides or speed at which the motors are running. Information from feedback unit
are continuously transmitted to the CNC controller. There are two types of feedback systems
used direct and indirect.
The direct feedback system uses linear scales which are mounted directly on the slides. The
measurements are not affected by slide play or backlash in the ball screw.
The indirect feedback system generally uses resolvers or rotary encoders. The feedback
system is mounted on the motor itself which measures the movements of the motor and not
the slide. In this case, error due to backlash needs to be compensated. Positioning errors, due
to all fixed mechanical errors such as backlash and ballscrew pitch errors, can be
compensated through the axis calibration feature of the controller.
Encoders can generally be recognized into optical encoders, magnetic encoders and
mechanical contact types. Optical encoders are widely used in precision tools due to their
high accuracy, reliability and relatively low cost. There are two basic types of encoders:
rotary and linear. While the technical principles behind them are similar specific applications
differ widely.

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(E) Display of Fanuc 18-M:
(Just for student’s information, it is not mandatory to draw in lab report)
Student activity:
1. Major Parts of CNC machine:
List major parts of CNC in tabular format.
2. Specification of CNC machines:
Write specification of CNC taken for demonstration.

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3. Sketch important tool holders as per given format.
Sr. Tool holder name Sketch of Tool holder

No.
4. Tabulate sensor/ Feedback devices with type, specification and purpose in given format:
Sr. Name of Types Specification Purpose of use

NO. Device
5. Sketch display and explain meaning of different symbol used.
6. List different interfacing standards used in CNC machine.
Related Questions:-
1. Differentiate between NC/CNC machine tools.
2. Write down limitations of NC/CNC machine tools.
3. Why welded steel structure is not preferred for CNC machine tools?
4. Explain ATC Automatic Tool Changer (ATC).
5. Differentiate between an open loop and closed loop control system.
6. Suggest the type of encoders for the following applications. Justify your suggestion
in each case.
(i) Digital vernier
(ii) Rotary table
(iii) Index table with index angle in multiple of 45 degrees.
(iv) 100 station ATC of a milling machine.

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DATE: _____________
Practical No. 02:

Aim: - Part programming of CNC turning for simple turning with steps.
Objectives:-
- Learn different types of coding systems.
-generate numerical codes using geometrical data.
Pre-requisites:-
Students should able to:
-Identify machining process and tool requirement for that process.
The NC programs are to be written in coded form and fed to the controller. The Machine
Control Unit (MCU) interprets and executes programmed information.
A frequently used coding system is the binary Coded Decimal or BCD system. A newer
coding is the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII). Because of its
wide acceptance, it has become the International Standard Organization (ISO) code set.
The three primary NC block formats used in industry are;
1. Fixed sequential format: In fixed sequential format, each block consists of exactly the
same number of words entered in a specific order. Each word consists of a fixed
number of digits.
For example,
0050 00 + 0025400 + 0012500 - 0010000 0000 00
0060 00 + 0025400 + 0012500 – 0010000 0200 08
2. Tab sequential Format: The Tab sequential format is essentially the same as the fixed
sequential format, but the difference is that the TAB character precedes each word

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within a block, except for the first word. In the TAB sequential format, Tab character
for a specific word does not need to be followed by a number if the number is not
required in that block.
For example,
0050 TAB 00 TAB +0025400 TAB +0012500 TAB –0000000 TAB 0000 TAB 00 E0B
0060 TAB 01 TAB TAB TAB – 0010000 TAB 0200 Tab 08 E0B
3. Word Address Format:
The word address format is used in all modern CNC machine tools. It is much easier to
use than other two formats. A word consists of a letter followed by associated numeric
data. Normally, only the negative sign has to be entered if required. Different words have
different numbers of digits. A part programmer should know the format specification for
the machine tool that will use the program. Following is an example of word address
format.
For example,
N110 G01 x131.4 y-36.65 F0.15
A CNC part program is essentially a string of characters. The following is a set of valid
characters for a part program.
(i) Alphabet: A-Z
(ii) Digits: 0-9
(iii) Operators: Plus (+), Minus (-), Equal (=), Multiply (*), Divide or slash (/)
(iv) Special characters:
(a) Bracket ( )
(b) Decimal point (.), Comma (,), Colon (:)
(c) Percentage (%), Dollar sign ($), Hash sign (#)
(d) Space, Carriage Return (CR), Line feed (LF), TAB.
Resources required:-
Computer system with CNCSimulator Pro/Swansoft CNC Simulator.

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Procedure:-
1. Open CNC simulator from computer system as per instruction given by your lab
teacher.
2. Select material as per requirement from simulator.
3. Select tools required for operation.
4. Select proper measuring standard as per requirement.
5. Complete part program.
6. Run part program and observe each and every steps of operation.
7. Take a screen shot of selected raw material and final work piece for lab report.
8. Save part program, screen shots in proper folder instructed by lab teacher.
9. Shut down system properly and leave the lab after permission of your lab teacher.
Student activity:
Prepare the process plan and write the part program for the parts shown in figures. Assume
suitable raw material size.
Figure-1:

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Figure-2:
Example:
G21 G97 G98;

G54;
G28 U0 W0;
T0505;
M03 S1200;
G00 X32 Z1;
G90 X28.5 Z-40 F60;
X28;
X27.5;

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G28 U0 W0;
M05;
M38;
M10;
M30;
Observations:-
Comments few words of your observation during simulation of part program.
Results:-
Attached part program and screen shots of raw material and final workpiece in your lab
report.
Related Questions:-
1. Explain absolute and incremental positioning of a tool.

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DATE: _____________
Practical No. 03:

Aim: - Part programming of CNC turning for turning with tapers.
Objectives:-
Pre-requisites:-
Linear Interpolation:
The G01 function is called linear interpolation, linear cutting or straight cutting, it is used to
cut segments of a straight line between two points.
Syntax:
Absolute programming:
G01 X__ Z__ F__
Where, X and Z are coordinates of end point.
Incremental Programming:
G01 U__ W__ F__
Where, U and W are incremental distances from start point to end point.
F is feed rate

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For machining a tapered or chamfered surface of the work piece, the tool is required to move
to a position specified by both X and Z addresses. In order to move along a perfectly straight
line to reach to the programmed end point, the controller must perfectly synchronize the X
and Y axes movements. Moreover, feedrate must also be specified to carry out machining
along the path. This requires linear interpolation.
Procedure:-
teacher.
Student activities:
Figure-1:

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Figure-2:
Example:
G21 G97 G98;

G54;
G28 U0 W0;
T0505;
M03 S1200;

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G00 X32 Z1;

X29;
G90 X26 Z-20 F60;
X25;
X24;
X23;
X22;
X21;
X20;
G00 X29 Z-20;
G90 X27 Z-35 R-1 F60;
X27 Z-35 R-2;
X27 Z-35 R-3;
X27 Z-35 R-3.5;
G28 U0 W0;
M05;
M38;
M10;
M30;
Observations:-
Results:-
report.
Related Questions:-
1. What is the purpose of rapid traverse and when it is used?

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DATE: _____________
Practical No. 04:

Aim: - Part programming of CNC turning for turning with circular interpolation.
Objectives:-
Pre-requisites:-
The G02 and G03 words are used for circular interpolation in which the tool cuts an arc or
even a full circle. The tool is moved on the two axis simultaneously. The arc can be cut in a
clockwise (G02) or counterclockwise (G03) direction.
The following information is required to program an arc in circular interpolation:
(1) Cutting direction (G02 or G03): the cutting direction tells the controller in which
direction to move the tool. G02 specifies the clockwise circular interpolation and G03
specifies the counter clockwise interpolation.
(2) Arc end point coordinates: the arc end point coordinates, which tell the controller
where to move the tool from its present position, may be specified in absolute or
incremental programming.
(3) Radius of arc or centre of arc.
There are two possible methods by which circular interpolation can be programmed.
Method-1: Radius of arc programming:
Syntax:

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G02  X _  Z _ 
  R_ F _
G03  U _  W _ 
Where X, Z are coordinates of end point.
U, W are incremental distances from arc start point to end point.
R is radius of arc.
F is feed rate
Method-2: Centre of arc programming: The centre of arc is specified as the incremental
distance from the arc start point to the arc centre. On the turning centre, I and K addresses
represents incremental distances in the X and Z axes respectively.
Syntax:
G02  X _  Z _ 
   I_K_ F _
G03  U _  W _ 
Where X,Z are coordinates of end point.
U, W are incremental distances from arc start point to end point.
I, K are incremental distances from the arc start point to the arc centre in X, Z axes
respectively.
F is feed rate.
Procedure:-
1. Open CNC simulator from computer system as per instruction given by your lab teacher.

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Student activity:
Figure-1:
Figure-2

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Example:
G21 G97 G98;

G54;
G28 U0 W0;
T0505;
M03 S1200;
G00 X9 Z1;
G01 X6 Z0 F60;
G03 X8 Z-1 R4;
G00 X9 Z1;
G01 X4 Z0;
G03 X8 Z-2 R4;
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G00 X9 Z1;
X2 Z0;
G03 X8 Z-3 R4;
G00 X9 Z1;
X0 Z0;
G03 X8 Z-4 R4;
G00 X9;
G28 U0 W0;
M05;
M38;
M10;
M30;
Observations:-
Results:-
report.
Related Questions:-
1. Explain interpolation. What is the purpose of linear interpolation?
2. List the information required for circular interpolation with
(i) Radius of arc programming and
(ii) Centre of arc programming

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DATE: _____________
Practical No. 05:

Aim: - Part programming of CNC turning for turning Canned cycle.
Objectives:-
Pre-requisites:-
Cylindrical turning and taper turning are two basic operations on a turning centre. After the
tool is positioned, the programmer has to write four blocks of motion for a typical single cut
cylindrical or taper turning operation.
The four distinct tool movements are:
(1) G00 Rapid traverse to depth of cut
(2) G01 Turning the external surface with specified feed rate
(3) G01 Retract the tool with feed rate since the tool is in contact with the job
(4) G00 Return to the point where the tool was initially positioned.
Thus, a single cut involves first move at rapid traverse rate, next two moves with feed rate
and final move at rapid traverse. Such sequential motions can be combined into a single NC
block. A canned cycle combined multiple moves in a single NC block. Moreover, only the
values to be changed are required to be specified for specified for repetition since these
canned cycles are model. The main advantages of a canned cycles are reduced program
length, reduced programming time and lesser chances of error.
The three main canned cycles for a turning centre are:

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(1) G90 Rectangular turning cycle
(2) G92 Thread cutting cycle
(3) G94 Facing cycle
Procedure:-
1. Open CNC simulator from computer system as per instruction given by your lab teacher.
Student Activity:
Prepare the process plan and write the complete part program using G71 Canned cycle for
turning the part shown in figure.

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Figure-1:
Figure-2:

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Observations:-
Results:-
report.
Related Questions:-
1. Differentiate between G90 (turning cycle) and G94 (facing cycle).
2. With the help of neat schematic diagram, explain the turning cycle (G90) to be
used when the turret is on the operator side.

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DATE: _____________
Practical No. 06:

Aim: - Part programming of CNC machine centre for simple counter milling.
Objectives:-
Pre-requisites:-
Vertical Machining Centre (VMC) are used for flat jobs, such as plats, where the majority of
machining is done only on one face of the part in single setup. Horizontal Machining Centers
(HMC) are versatile machines and are used for cubical parts, where machining is required on
more than one face in a single setup. Horizontal boring machine closely resembles a
horizontal machining centre. The horizontal boring machine has a specially designed spindle
to facilitate boring operation. It has an additional axis which is parallal ,to Z axis, called the
W axis. The spindle axis is Z and the table axis parallal to spindle axis is W.
From the programming point of view, there are many unique differences, mainly relating to
the job setup, automatic tool changer, indexing table and automatic pallet changer. However,
writing a program for HMC is no different than writing a program for VMC. Programming
procedure for horizontal boring machine is very similar to horizontal and vertical CNC
machining centers.
Typical vertical machining centre has three axes, namely X, Y and Z with 2C, L control. It
enables tool positioning and controlling. The positive Z is along the spindle axis and
increases the clearance between the tool and the workpiece. For the vertical machining
centre, the positive X axis is to the right of the operator whereas the positive Y axis is away
from the operator.

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Procedure:-
teacher.
Student activity:
Prepare the process plan and part program for profile milling of the parts shown in figure.
Assume plate thickness to be 10 mm.
Figure-1:

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Figure-2:
Example:
G21 G94 G91;

G28 X0 Y0 Z0;
M06 T1;
M03 S1200;
G90;
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G43 H01;
G00 X-30 Y30 Z100;
Z2;
G01 Z-2 F20;
G91;
G01 Y-60 F60;
X60;
X-60 Y60;
G00 Z100;
M38;
M10;
M30;
Observations:-
Results:-
report.
Related Questions:-
1. What is the need for cutter radius compensation? How do you decide the use of
G41 and G42?

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DATE: _____________
Practical No. 07:

Aim: - Part programming of CNC machine centre for Counter milling with circular
interpolation.
Objectives:-
Pre-requisites:-
Circular interpolation can only be executed on a plane. Hence, it is necessary to select a plane
for circular interpolation using plane section commands (G17/G18/G19). Plane section is
always made in the preceding block or in the block where a specific cutting instruction is
programmed. If the plane is not specified, controller assumes that the arc is to be cut in the
machine basic plane (G17), which is parallal to the machine table. When programming for
the turning cetre, it is not necessary to select the plane because there is only one plane. All
plane selection commands are modal and belong to one group.
The circular interpolation can be programmed using either radius or centre of arc methods.
Method-1:Radius of arc programming
Syntex:
G 02
G17 X _Y _ R _ F _
G 03
G 02
G18 X _Y _ R _ F _
G 03
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G 02
G19 X _Y _ R _ F _
G 03
Where X, Y and Z are coordinates of the end points in absolute or distance of end point from
start point in incremental mode.
R is radius of arc.
F is feed rate.
Mehod-2: Centre of arc programming
The centre of arc is specified as the incremental distance from the arc start point to the arc
centre. On the machining centre I, J and K addresses represents incremental distances in the
X, Y and Z axis respectively.
Syntax:
G 02
G17 X xY y I i J j F f
G 03
G 02
G 03
G 02
G 03
Procedure:-
teacher.

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Student activity:
Prepare the process plan and part program for profile milling of the parts shown in figure.
Assume plate thickness to be 10 mm.
Figure-1:

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Figure-2:
Example:
G21 G94 G91;

G54;
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G28 X0 Y0 Z0;
M06 T1;
M03 S1200;
G90;
G43 H01;
G00 X10 Y-20 Z100;
Z2;
G01 Z-2 F20;
G02 X20 Y-10 R10 F60;
G03 Y10 R10;
G02 X10 Y20 R10;
G03 X-10 R10;
G02 X-20 Y10 R10;
G03 Y-10 R10;
G02 X-10 Y-20 R10;
G03 X10 R10;
G00 Z100;
M05;
G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0;
M38;
M10;
M30;
Observations:-

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Results:-
report.
Related Questions:-
1. Explain the resultant tool movements in the following cases:
(i) G90 G28 X0 Y0
(ii) G91 G28 X75.0 Y100.0
(iii) G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z50.0

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DATE: _____________
Practical No. 8:
Aim: - Part programming of CNC machine centre for counter milling with drilling/tapping.
Objectives:-
Pre-requisites:-
Creating hole is the most common machining operation on a machining centre. Machining
centers have many holes making cycles including spot drilling, reaming, deep hole drilling,
peck drilling, taping, boring etc. turning centers may also have hole making cycles. Drilling
cycles for machining and turning centre are usually very similar.
The five operations in sequence in a drilling canned cycle are:
1. Rapid positioning of the tool to the given XY position in a plan parallal to the XY
plane.
2. Rapid transverse in the Z axis to the R level, if the tool is not already at the R level.
3. Hole machining by moving in the Z axis at the specified feed rate.
4. Operation at the bottom of the hole depending on the canned cycle.
5. Retraction of the tool in the Z axis either at rapid traverse or with federate and either to
the initial level (G99) or to R level (G99).
[1] Drilling Canned Cycle:

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Syntax:
G90  G98 
 G _ X _ Y _ Z _ R _ Q _ P _ K _ F
G91  G99 
G is drilling mode
Y is y coordinate of the position of the hole in XY plane
Z is depth of hole
R is R level
Q is pecking amount with G73/G83, and shift amount with G76/G87
P is dwell time at the hole bottom
K is repeat count for the canned cycle
F is feed rate for cutting
Procedure:-
teacher.

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Student activity:
Prepare the process plan and part program for machining the holes and slots in the plat as
shown in figure.
Figure-1:
Prepare the process plan and part program for machining the holes on the pitch circle
diameter in the part as shown in figure.
Figure-2:

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Example:
G21 G94 G91;

G54;
G28 X0 Y0 Z0;
M06 T2;
M03 S1200;
G90;
G43 H02;
G00 X0 Y0 Z100;
G73 G99 X50 Y25 Z-5 Q3 R2 K1 F50;
X70;
G98 X90;
G80;
M05;
G91;
G28 X0 Y0 Z0;
M38;
M10;
M30;
Observations:-

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Results:-
report.
Related Questions:-
1. Find the location of holes drilled by the following NC blocks.
(i)G90 G00 X0 Y20
G91 G80 X22.0 Y20.0 Z-10.0 R5.0 F0.05 K5
(ii) G90 G00 X0 Y20
G80 X22.0 Y20.0 Z-10.0 R5.0 F0.05 K5
2. Explain the difference between the following cycles with respect to spindle rotation and
tool movements.
(i)G73 and G83
(ii) G74 and G84

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DATE: _____________
Practical No. 9:
Aim: - Part programming of CNC turning for turning with sub routine.
Objectives:-

Pre-requisites:-
A subprogram is a fixed sequence of operations which can be programmed by the user and
called from within a program or another subprogram. A subprogram is like a canned cycle
because it is used for repetitive operations. It can also be used for programming frequently
repeated patterns. Canned cycle are fixed cycles built into the controller and pass values
which control the tool location and depth whereas in a subprogram, the tool movements are
user defined and fixed for a specific application.
Writing a subprogram
The subprogram is stored as a normal program under a specific program number specified by
the letter O. To facilitate the controller to return to the calling program, an M99 command is
written as the last block of the subprogram.
e.g. N70 M99

N70 Sequence number
M99 Return to the block in the program which called subprogram.
If the subprogram being called is stored in the main directory, then it is accessed by using an
M98 command followed by the subprogram number preceded with the letter P.
e.g. N090 M98 P1234

N090 Sequence number

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M98 Call subprogram
P1234 Subprogram number

Computer system with CNC Simulator Pro/Swansoft CNC Simulator.
Procedure:-
teacher.
Student activities:
Figure-1:

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Figure-2:
Example:
G21 G94 G91;

G54;
G28 X0 Y0 Z0;
M06 T1;
M03 S1200;

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G90;
G43 H01;
G00 X0 Y10 Z100;
Z2;
G01 Z-2 F20;
M98 P6;
G01 Z-4 F20;
M9 P6;
G01 Z-6 F20;
M98 P6;
G01 Z-8 F20;
M98 P6;
G01 Z-11 F20;
M98 P6;
G00 Z100;
M05;
G91;
G28 X0 Y0 Z0;
M38;
M10;
M30;
Subprogram
O0006
G01 Y30 F60;
G02 X10 Y40 R10;
G01 X30;
G02 X40 Y30 R10;
G01 Y10;
G02 X30 Y0 R10;

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G01 X10;
G02 X0 Y10 R10;
M99;
Observations:-
Results:-
report.
Related Questions:-
1. What are the advantages of sub programming?
2. What case must be taken while using sub programming facilities?

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DATE: _____________
Practical No. 10:

Aim: - Study and demonstration of CAD/CAM integration.
Objectives:-
- Understand the function of generating part programs from the geometric data contained
within CAD models.
Pre-requisites:-
-Students should be aware about CAD models and part programming of CNC machine.
Individual CAD and CAM modules integrated and operate on the same database. Hence, the
problems associated with the transfer of CAD models do not arise. The most widely used
CAD/CAM system are CATIA, Unigraphics, Pro-Engineer etc.
A typical CAM software
1. possesses modular structure to create NC programs for 2 to 5 axis milling machines,

turning centers, wire EDM, water jet profile cutting machines, laser cutting, plasma
cutting, etc.
2. has a library of postprocessors to translate the tool path data into an NC program suitable
for a specific controller.
3. is capable of computer simulation of the production process which helps in finding

incidential errors in NC program such as collision of the CAD model and the tool.
CAM software follows 3 steps for generating the part programs:
(1) Input of geometrical and technological data:
i. Geometrical data describe what has to be produced (CAD model)
ii. Technological data describes how to produce the part (process plan)

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(2) Calculation of the tool path and creation of the tool paths:
These tool paths then can be edited and simulated to result in the most efficient and
economical machining.
(3) Translation of the tool paths to a part program:
This step is called post processing. A library of post processors for commonly used
controllers is part of the CAM software. Moreover, integrated simulation software animates
the tool path so that part programmer can avoid accidental collisions of the tool with work
piece or fixtures.
One of the limitations of the CAM software is that human input is essential for the selection
of cutters and defining various parameters and strategies to generate an efficient tool path. It
is also generates the part program for the lowest capable machine tool with limited use of
canned cycles. Sometimes, the software requires manual editing before running the part
program.
For the purpose of explanation, Pro/Manufacturing which is an integral system of

Pro/Engineer software is considered. The general methodology followed in
Pro/manufacturing is shown in Figure and is explained in subsequent steps.
Diagram:

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Step--1 Create the manufacturing model:
A CAD model represents the finished part that consists of features, surfaces, edges and
vertices. The manufacturing model consists of the design model which represents the product
after machining. If a simulation of the material removal is required, a workpiece has to be
created from the CAD model by either modifying or suppressing some of the features and
adding the machining allowances. The design model and workpiece are then assembled
together to form a manufacturing model. Pro/Manufacturing removes the excess material of
the workpiece to create the reference part.
Step-2 Setup the manufacturing data base and operations:
The manufacturing database contains the description of the machining operations. The
manufacturing information that is to be specified consists of:
(1) Tooling data: The details of cutting tools available on the machine tool.
(2) Machine tools/Work cells: type of machine tool , machine parameters.
(3) Fixture setups: The workpiece remains fixed in the position on the machine tool during
an operation. Hence, an operation is defined in terms of a set of tool paths that will be
executed on a specific machine tool in one fixture position.
(4) Operation setup: it includes definition of the user coordinate system in which
coordinates of the tool paths will be calculated. The UCS on the CAD model reflects
the actual coordinate system on the machine tool.
It is mandatory to define a machine tool and a program coordinate system before creating
machining features.
Step-3 Define the NC sequences:
A sequence is a tool path with its geometrical and technological data. These data includes the
type of tool, surface to be machined and speed at which the tool is to operate and the tool
path. This includes:
(1) Defining the machining features: Machining features establish what material needs to
be removed from the stock to achieve the reference model geometry. Each closed
volume of material to be removed comprises a separate machining feature.
(2) Defining the sequence of machining features: For each machining feature defined,
the system allocates appropriate material to be removed and calculates the subsequent
feature geometry based on existing machining features.

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Step-4 Create the toolpath:
Once the NC sequence are defined, the tool path can be created and displayed on the screen.
Cutter location file is also created. The CL file contains the information of the positions of
the tool based on the part geometry, machining parameters, and other logical data. This CL
file can be simulated and edited for optimizing and machining.
Step-5 Post processing:
The post processor is a part of the CAM software that translates the CL file into the part
program for a specific machine tool. Every machine tool controleer has its own post
processor. A general postprocessor available with Pro/Manufacturing can be customized for
specifc machine tool controller.
Related Questions:-
1. Carry out technical evaluation of CAM software available in the market.

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DATE: _____________
Practical No. 11:

Aim: - Industrial Visit report. (If any).

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G & M CODE
G00 Positioning (Rapid traverse)
G01 Linear interpolation (Cutting feed)
G02 Circular interpolation CW
G03 Circular interpolation CCW
G04 Dwell
G107 Cylindrical interpolation
G10 Programmable data input
G11 Programmable data input cancel
G112 Polar coordinate interpolation mode
G113 Polar coordinate interpolation cancel mode
G17 XpYp plane selection
G18 ZpXp plane selection
G19 YpZp plane selection
G20 Input in inch
G21 Input in mm
G27 Reference position return check
G28 Return to reference position
G30 2nd, 3rd and 4th reference position return
G31 Skip function
G32 Thread cutting
G40 Tool nose radius compensation cancel
G41 Tool nose radius compensation left
G42 Tool nose radius compensation right
G50 Coordinate system setting or max. spindle speed setting
G350 Workpiece coordinate system preset
G250 Polygonal turning cancel
G251 Polygonal turning
G52 Local coordinate system setting
G53 Machine coordinate system setting
G54 Workpiece coordinate system 1 selection
G65 Macro calling
G66 Macro modal call
G67 Macro modal call cancel
G70 Finishing cycle
G71 Stock removal in turning

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G72 Stock removal in facing

G73 Pattern repeating
G74 End face peck drilling
G75 Outer diameter/internal diameter drilling
G76 Multiple threading cycle
G80 Canned cycle for drilling cancel
G83 Cycle for face drilling
G84 Cycle for face tapping
G86 Cycle for face boring
G87 Cycle for side drilling
G88 Cycle for side tapping
G89 Cycle for side boring
G92 Thread cutting cycle
G96 Constant surface speed control
G97 Constant surface speed control cancel
G94 Per minute feed
G95 Per revolution feed
G90 Absolute programming
G91 Incremental programming
M00 Program stop

M01 Optional stop
M02 End of program
M03 spindle rotate in cc
M04 spindle rotate in ccw
M05 spindle stop
M30 program stop and return to the start point
M98 Calling of subprogram
M99 End of subprogram
M198 Calling a subprogram


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Parul Institute of Engineering &

Technology (Diploma Studies),

Head of the department: Prof. B. S.Thakkar

This is to certify that Mr./Miss

Head of the department: Prof. B. S.Thakkar

Sr. Date Page Sign.

1 Study and demonstration of Constructional features

10 Study and demonstration of CAD/CAM integration.

11 Industrial Visit report. (If any).

Head of the department: Prof. B. S.Thakkar

Practical No. 01:

Students will be able to:

-Identify Types of machines, parts and different operations.

-Understand use of different tool holders.

-Realized purpose of sensors/feedback devices.

-Understand meanings of Symbols on display.

- State interfacing standard used.

(A) Types of CNC machines:

Head of the department: Prof. B. S.Thakkar

Process of enlarging an existing hole or internal cylindrical surface. This can be

7. Electrical Discharge Machines (EDM):

8. Laser Cutting Machines

(B) Different Operations:

Head of the department: Prof. B. S.Thakkar

5. Boring 10. Sewing

(C) Mounting of job and tool in CNC machine tools:

-Flexible through programmability enabling quick change to view products.

-Ability to machine complex geometry

2. Characteristic of Job mounting:

- Easy, quick and accurate locating and clamping.

- Avoidance of jigs and fixtures.

- Ability to cover wide range of size and shape of the blanks.

- Identification of fixation of datum surfaces.

Head of the department: Prof. B. S.Thakkar

3. Characteristics of tool mounting:

- Easy, quick and accurate locating and clamping.

- Large tool bank.

- Quick tool change.

(D) Different Sensor/Feedback devices:

Head of the department: Prof. B. S.Thakkar

(E) Display of Fanuc 18-M:

(Just for student’s information, it is not mandatory to draw in lab report)

1. Major Parts of CNC machine:

List major parts of CNC in tabular format.

2. Specification of CNC machines:

Write specification of CNC taken for demonstration.

Head of the department: Prof. B. S.Thakkar

3. Sketch important tool holders as per given format.

Sr. Tool holder name Sketch of Tool holder

Sr. Name of Types Specification Purpose of use

5. Sketch display and explain meaning of different symbol used.

6. List different interfacing standards used in CNC machine.

1. Differentiate between NC/CNC machine tools.

2. Write down limitations of NC/CNC machine tools.

4. Explain ATC Automatic Tool Changer (ATC).

5. Differentiate between an open loop and closed loop control system.

(i) Digital vernier

(ii) Rotary table

(iii) Index table with index angle in multiple of 45 degrees.

(iv) 100 station ATC of a milling machine.

Head of the department: Prof. B. S.Thakkar

Practical No. 02:

Students will be able to:

G01 X Z F__

G01 U W F__