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PAGE }

21

h
b ra nc of Sout Austra li a

Mollusca n Fa una
h h
PR O F . R . T ATE A Ce nsus of t e of Austra li a

PRO F . R
h
wit D e scripti on
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D . B . AD AM SO N O n e e l e sc0 pic E pie ce s

PR O F . R O . T ATE : T e G a stropods of t e l de r T e rt a ri y of Austra li a

Pa rt II .
(pla te s ii . to x

RE V . T . B AC K B U
L RN : D e scri ptions of Ne w Spe ci e s of Austra lia n

h h
Col e opte ra

WALTE R
t h e Murra y
H O W C H IN O nt O e ccure nce of Coa l . D e i
tr tus in t e Va l l e y of

DR . M . C . COO K E L
it s of Fungi co lle cte d ne a r L
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Ab stra ct of Proce e di ngs

Annua l R e port

L
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R e por
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-

D ona ti ons to
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R e port of t
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Microscopica l
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Se cti on
.

2 22
 By
mm
mm T

J AME

m
H E

I NF
D R A I NA G E

S JAMIE SO N M D
LU E NC E

,
.
O

.
,
O F

H
AD E
T H E
LAI D E A ND
D E A T H - R AT E

ealth Officer City of Melb o urne

,
(
IT S

m
( R e a d Nov e ber Ist,

In the co u rse of a recent visit to A delaide I was greatly i

m
ressed by the evidence o f clea nl iness everywhere and the freedom

m
p
fro smells T e system of drainage adopted appeared to b e
.

excellent in its workings and I wa s anxious to discover what had

m
,

been the effect on the public health resulting from its int roduc

m
~

tion Accordingly I obtained by the courtesy of D r W hittell

.
,
.
,

the R egistrar G eneral a se t of the annual reports on the vital

-
,

statisti cs of South Australia for the years 1 882 to 1 886 e b ra c

m
,

ing the period j u st before and that j ust following the completio n
o f the deep drainage system .

At the first glance it a ppears as if the result in reduction of ,

the death rate had been very a rked A ccording t o the reports
-
,
.

the death rate for A delaide and suburbs which had average d
-
,

21 8 8 per in the ten years 1 875 84 and had never been —

,

less than in fell suddenly in to and

h
( 1 885 i n
1 886 to Such an extraordinary reduction in the ra te of
mortality suddenly produced is probably unprecedented in t e
, ,

h
sani tary history of any city or town of similar pop ulation and is ,

h
calculated to excite su spicion that some fallacy has been allowe d
to creep in T e possibility of error is of course admitted by
.
, ,

the R egi strar G eneral who says ( R eport for 1 886 )

-
,
T e “

peculiar circumstances of the colony during the last two or thre e

y
ye a rs have caused fluctuations in different distri cts a nd to wns ,

h h
which a lead to some error in the estimates which cannot be ,
”

h
adj usted till a new census has been taken .

T e probabili ty of err o r suggested by the very fa ct of t e ,

death rate having fallen to such an extent is confir e d by t e

-
,

circumstance that in the sa e years ( 1885 and 1 886 ) there wa s

y
likewise an almost equa l lowering in the birth rate Now t o -
.
,

whatever c a u se this a have been due it cannot be supposed to ,

have resulted from the sani tary improve ents to which a redue ,

tion in the death rate ight be ascribed A s regards the lowered

-
.

birth rate there can hardly be doubt that its cau se is to be fo und
-

in the com e rcial depression whi ch has for so e time existed in

South Au stralia and which has probably affected chiefly and
,

most severely the capital .

 m
m
m
mm
m
m
m
m
mm
m
It may be assumed as certain that there has b een so e drifting

m
o f population fro Adelaide and its sub urbs But as the

m
.

R egistrar G eneral had no data enabling him to determine how

—

great had been the loss of popula tion so prod uced he wa s co

m
h
,

y
e l l e d to follow the usual course in fra ming his esti a tes ye a r by
p
ear T e population of the city and s uburbs is th u s represented
.

as having increased fro in 1 881 the census year to

m
, ,

in 1 886 It is more than prob a ble that there has been

h
.

h
no such increase a nd I venture to suggest a e a ns of ca lculating
, ,

t an approximation to accuracy what the act u al pop ulation

m
,

nu b ered in 1885 and 1886 T e calculation is based on the .

y
a ssumption that the birth r a te is nearly a fixed quantity from

m
ear to year and as a matter of fact the fluctuation between

h
, , ,

1 881 and 1884 was only fro to per of the

population T e sudden fall to 336 1 per in 1 885 and to

mm
.
,

yy
282 4 in 1 886 can hardly therefore be taken as correctly r e pr e
, ,

senting the tru e condition It is true that h a rd times a le ad .

to a lowering of the birth ra te in part directly tho ugh chiefl

m
, ,

by lessening the n u b er of arriages but such an effect is not

likely to be so rapid or so a rked in Au stral ia as in co untries
less favo urably situated W ithou t claimi ng absol ute ac cura cy
.

for the calculations here presented I venture nev ertheless to i n ,

sist that they o ffer a nearer approach to the tr u e numbers than

o fficial esti ates T aking the pop ulation and the nu b er of
.

h
births in 1 881 as S howing the tru e proportion and assuming tha t ,

there was a similar proportion existing in 1 885 and 1 886 a ,

si p le r ule of three calculation gives the following results T e .

bi r ths in 1 881 to the nu b er of

,
corresponded to a popu

y
lation of and therefore b irths in 1885 and ,

births in 1886 a be taken as representing a population of

in 1885 and ,
in 1 886 And having Obtained an .

a pproxi ately correct population basis we a re in a position to

calculate with a si i la r approxi a tion to acc uracy the tru e
, ,

de a th rate in the sa e years v i z per in 1 885 and

,
.
, ,

21 5 9 per in 1886 If the two years are taken together

.
,

to eli inate accidental variations the rate is fo und to h a v e ,

averaged or rather less than the a v erage of the three

previo u s years 1 882 84 which was
,
-
and a l o st the same as
,

the most favourable of the ten previous years v iz 1 877 with a ,

.
, ,

rate of
W hile it see s probable therefore that there has been so e , ,

redu ction in the death rate in 1 885 a nd in 1 886 it must also be

—
,

regarded as certain th a t the red uction has not been nearly so

gre a t as is shown in the o ffici a l esti a tes .

y y
B ut the influence of sanitary i p ro v ements on the he a lth of
the population a be shown in a di fferent wa T here are cer .
 m
mm
m
mm
m
m
mm
3

t ain diseases whose prevalence a nd fa tality are generally taken

m
y y
a s safe tests of the s a nitary condition of a town or distri ct and

m
,

in particular of the p urity of the wa ter suppl and the complete

m
n ess and perfection of the drain a ge syste T hey a be depen .

y
h y
dent in greater or less degree on other conditions 5 b ut the or
,
—
,

tality caused b the a be expected to vary with those j u st

mentioned T e diseases which may be regarded as dependent

mmm
.

for the degree of their preva lence more than al o st any others , ,

on the sanitary condition of a district are typhoid fever and the

group known as the di arrh oe al diseases B a d drainage filthy .
,

surroundings and saturation of the soil with fo ul water are gene

,

r ally regarded as favouring their occ u rrence while the opposite ,

h h
conditions in si i lar degree tend to li i t their prevalence other
, , ,

y
things being equal Now in Adelaide I do not understand that .
,

y
t here a s been an ateri a l change in t e water supply of late

y
ears a nd a marked diminution in the fatality fro the diseases
,

named a if found be fairly put to the credit of the improved

, ,

drainage I have endeavoured to ake a comparison of the or

.

tality returns of the last few years with the view of discov ering ,

whether or not this has been actually the case For that pur .

pose however it has been necessary to adopt a different basis

, ,

from that supplied by the total area described as Ade l a i de a nd

su b u r b s since tho ugh the deaths are i ven according to the regis
, g ,

t ra ti on distri cts in which they occurred it is not possible to make ,

o u t what the distri cts are which go to ake up that are a It .

has been necessary therefore to have recourse fo r purposes of , , ,

«co p arison to the registration district of Adelaide whi ch seems
, ,

t o be wider in extent than the city of A delaide though s a ller ,

than the full etropolitan a rea described as Adelaide and sub urbs .

T his arrange e nt is I ventu re to suggest a little confu si ng to , ,

those who consult the annual reports witho ut possessing the

h
adv antage of local knowledge Still it is possible to a ke a .
,

h
co p arison of the mortality for a series of years in the sa e dis
t rict a nd that corresponding closely with the area which a s been
efficiently provided with sewers T e following table shows the .

t otal mortality in the A delaide registra tion district for ea ch of

the years 1882 86 with the deaths in the s a me years from typhoi d
h
-
,

h h h
a nd fro diarrh oe a dysentery and cholera
h
, ,

De a t s fro
T o a t l de a t s . De a t s fro T yp oi d . D i a rr oe a l D i se a se s .

1 882 .

1 888 .

1 884 .

1 885

h
.

1 886 . 76
is unnecessary to discuss again whether the red uction in
'

It t e
 m
mm
m
m
m
total number o f deaths is in itself a proo f that the mortality rate -

has been lowered in the l a st two years I wish rather t o point

y
out the fact that there has been a marked red u cti o n both a b so ,

l ute l and relatively in the mortality from the diseases selected

m
,

for consideration W hile in the three years 1 882 84 the deaths

.
—

from typhoid amounted to per cent of the whole they

m
.
,

for e d only per cent of the total mortality in 1885 86

.
-
.

Again in 1 882 84 the diarrh oe al diseases were responsible for

,
-

per cent of the total mortality while in 1885 86 th a t per

.
,
-

centage wa s only
T hese figures appear to show very satisfactory res ults b ut it i s

m
m
.
,

necessary to admit that they may fairly be sub jected to criticis

before being ac cepted as proof of the benefits following sanitary
impro v e e nts It may b e alleged with referen ce to the lowered
.

h
death rate fro typhoid that it is s i p ly due to the fl uctuations
- .

observed to occ ur in the prevalence of this disease And with .

h
reference to the diminution in the n u b er of deaths from t e

m
diarrh oeal class of diseases it may be insisted that the red uction is
,

the consequence of t e lowered birth rate o st of the death s

m
-
,

from these diseases occ urring among infants .

T hese criticisms are fair and m u st therefore be fairly

, e t and ,

that which applies to the lowered mortality from typhoid can I ,

h
think be fully met though it must be admitted that the figures
, ,

referring to the diarrh oe al death rate cannot be taken as very -

conclusive evidence T e general validity of the conclusions may

.

be tested in the following way If the lessened o rtality in —

1 885 86 was simply owing to accidental fl u ctuations the result of

—
,

seasonal or other infl uences not clearly ascertained then there ,

:

h
ought to hav e been a so e what similar range of fl uctuation in
other districts For the purpose of discovering whether or not
.

this was the case I have c o nstructed the fol l ow g table t e

, ,

figu res in which apply to the whole of So uth Au stralia excl u sive

h
,

of the registration district of A delaide

h h h
.

De a t s fro
De a t s fro T yp oi d . D i a rr oe a l D i se a se s .

64 30 8
30 5

W hen rates are calculated as before it appears that while , , ,

h
typhoid c a used per cent of the total o rtality in 1 882 84
.
-
,

the percent a ge was in 1 885 86 In the two periods the per -

.

centa ge of the genera l death rate fro the di a rr ce a l diseases wa s .

a nd respectively .
 m
m
m
mm
m
m
m
m
mm
m
h y

m
T rates for each of the districts co p ared be thrown
h h
e a

i nto a table th u s
P ce nta ge of de t s P e r

h a e rce

h
nta ge of de a t s

m
fro T yp oi d . fro D i a rr oe a l D i se a se s .

1 882 84 -
1 885-86 1 882 -84 1 885-86

Adelaide District

m
R est of S A ustralia .

I a n ot inclined to lay stress on the reduction in the relative

death rate from the diarrh oeal dise a ses since there was a redu e

m
,

t ion in both di stricts and to an extent so e wh a t proportional to

,

the lessened nu b er of births But the figures referring to .

typhoid cannot admit of any explanation applying to both .

T hough the mortality fro typhoid is on the a verage greater in

mm
h
, ,

Adelaide than in other parts of the colony there has been in the ,

former a reduction of abo ut one fourth while in the latter there —

,

has been a sli g t increase in the second period 1885 86 If ,

.

climatic or any other general conditions had been the cau se of

, ,

the lowered rate of mortali ty fro typhoid in Adelaide it i s ,

h
difficult to se e why they should n ot have shown their effect a t ,

h
least to some extent in a si ilar way in other p a rts of the ,

c olony T e presumption rather is that the true cause of the

.

h hh
lessened death rate in Adelaide a s been the improvement in the -

drainage syste .

If t e re fore t e re a s been a distinct if not very great redu e

'

, , ,

t ion in the general rate of o rtality and a arked reduction in ,

that resulting fro typhoid the disease above all others a e n

—

a ble to the influen ce of sanitary improve e nts it is a fair infer —

ence that these improve e nts have had the effect which might
reasonably have been anticipated Fu rther experience may be .

needed to ake this conclusion incontrovertible b ut the proof is ,

y
sufficiently strong to encourage the authorities in other cities a nd
towns to follow the exa p le of Adelaide M hope is that it .

may strengthen the hands of those who are endeavou ring to

obtain for Melbourne a simi lar boon since I have long been per ,

sua de d and often de clared that it is chiefly fro

,
the a doption of
,

a proper system of drainage that we can expect to have a decided

check given to the prevalence of typhoid which has for many ,

years been a constant scourge .

In conclusion may I venture to s uggest that it is the duty of

,

the G overn e nt of So uth Au stralia to have such a censu s taken

of the population of Adelaide as will allow of an a cc urate ca l cu
lation of the death rate so that we may not be in uncertainty
-
,

h
whether or not the system of drainage recently adopted has
a ctually lowered the death rate o f the city to an extent at all a

p roa c i n
g that brought out in the official reports
—

need not be great and the matter is one of no s all i p ortance

,
T e expense
p
. h .

a nd sh ou ld not be waite d fo r til l 189 1 the regular census year .

,
m
m
m
mm
mm
m
m
6

S
h
SU PP LEME NT AL R EM AR K .

[ R e a d D e ce
h
b e r 6t ,

Many thanks fo r your [ D R W ] c o urtesy in sending

i tt e l le
’
s

m
a n a nalysis of the paper which you have prepared for the nex t

m
ee ting of the R oyal Society I do not know th a t it is possibl e

m
.

y
for me to add u ch to what wa s said in my paper though I am

m
,

s ufii ci e ntl well a ware of its imperfections and indeed confessed ,

t o a liability to error from want of lo cal knowledge I was not .

l o ng in Adelaide on the occasion of my recent visit till I heard

, ,

the clai a de that it is not only the cleanest but the healthiest
city in Australasia the o rta lity being as low as about 1 4 pe r
,

m
h
I could not help the suspicion that there was a fallacy
s o mewhere and a s ou know had begun collecting infor ation
, , ,

befo re I left A delaide to return home By your kindness I o .

t a ine d a set of the retu rns of the vital statistics of Sou th Au s

tra l ia for a few years back and proceeded to analyse these with
,

the hope that something useful might result

m
.

y
So far as I can j udge from the rather incomplete newspaper
report of the discussion which followed the readi ng of paper ,

h
there had scarcely been sufficient heed gi ven to the savi ng clause s
which it contained .

T e first part of the paper was taken up with an endeavo u r to

arriv e at some conclusion about the nature and extent of the
fallacy which I supposed to exist in the esti ate given in the
annu al report of the R egistrar G eneral that the death rate of

h
-
,

Adelaide a nd sub u rbs had been only in 1 885 and in ,

1 886 . T e first and most natural supposition was that the

p opul a tion had somehow been over estimated and this was con ,

fir e d by the circumstance that the calculated birth rate had

come down in about the sa e proportion as the death rate Both .

red u ctions would e et with their explanation on the s upposition

of an ove i esti ate of the population while sani tary i p rove ,

e nts cap a ble of lowering the death rat e could scarcely be sup

h
, ,

posed to influence the birth rate unfavourably and in about e qual

degree T e n umber of the population mu st always be to some
.

extent unce rta in at periods remote from the previous census year ,

h
and a s was very di stinctly brought out at the censu s of 1 881
, ,

there is al ways a specia l liab ility to ov er esti a te the number .

T hen there wa s the undoubted fact that Sou th A ustralia

h
a d

been passing through a period of seriou s depression leading to an ,

excess of departures o v er arrivals T e n umber of persons .

le a v in g by sea cannot be known wi th certainty and there can b e ,

h
little accu rate infor ation about those crossing the border .

W ithout claimi ng absolute acc uracy for its results I believed ,

t at by taking the nu b er of birt hs as a fix ed basis it would b e ,

 mm
m
m
m
m
mm
possible to reckon back to the true popula tion rate I ad itted .

the fallacies to which the e thod was liable but fa iling a proper

m
,

census I do not know of any other e thod of checking the

,

results obtained by adding to the pop ulation of the previous year

m
the births and ded ucting the deaths .

I wa s awa re that the deep sewer system had not been ex

tended to the whole a rea embracing A del a ide and suburbs and ,

the discussion as to the popul a tion and death rate was purely of
, ,

a technical kind ; it wa s for the statistician pure and si p le , ,

and not for the practical sanitarian W hen the inquiry came

m
.

actually to be as to the probable influ ence of the drainage system

h
on the public health it was necessary to li i t it as closely as
,

y
possible to the population within the drained area I knew th a t

m
.

the whole of the Ci t of Ade l a i de a d been drained but the de

m
,

tailed returns of cau ses of death were not giv en for the city
separately and if the inquiry was to be continued at all I had
, ,

no choice but to take the retu rns for the r e gi str a ti on di str i ct of

m
Ade l a i de I had no e ans of knowing the area of that district 5
.

and though it wa s apparent that its population was greater than

that of the city it was also certain that the city population
,

formed the large a jority It was a fair assumption that any .

cau se ( e g drainage ) which affected to an appreciable extent the

. .
,

health of the large ma j o ri ty would ake that effect to be seen in

y
the total Clearly there were fresh possibilities of error intro
.

duce d b ut I c o uld only u se the figures a t disposal and thes e s

were for the Ade l a i de r e gi str a ti on di str i ct I would not have .

been so much inclined to place confidence in the reduced mor

tality fro typhoid in th a t district in 1 885 86 as tending to show -
,

the beneficial infl uen ce of the drainage b ut for the fact that there ,

had been no si ilar redu ction in other districts of South Au s

t ra l ia rather a slight increase as shown in table of my paper
, ,
.

T hough the proportion of deaths from diarrh oe al diseases had also

been reduced I did not feel warranted in laying much stress on
,

y
that circumstance as it was capable of explanation in another
,

wa v iz the s aller n u mber of infants who supply the chief

,
.
, ,

vi cti s of these diseases .

But it may be said if the subject wa s surrounded with such

,

difficulties and if the conclusions arrived at had to be so c a refully

,

guarded by saving clauses why did I e ddle it all ? In reply I , ,

ca n only plead that the s u bj ect was a very interesting and i p or

tant one If fu rther put on my defence I would have to say
.
,

h
that in the first insta nce the question was not raised by e the ,

claim being openly a de that the morta lity in Adelaide had been
reduced to a bout 1 4 per as a result of the adoption of t e
drainage system But after a l l it must be admitted that I had
.
, ,

anothe r obj ect in view H ere in Melbourne we are in the

.
, ,
 8

cussi on could best be follo wed up by the me

m
m
m
throes of discussion as to the desirability of forming a Metr o
politan Board of W orks with power to take in charge the drain
,

age of the city and suburbs and I was anxio u s to find whether
,

evidence of a reliable kind co uld be obtained from your experience

which co uld be add uced in s upport of that e asure As the dis

S o ciety I ventured to bring the paper before the

,
.

b ers of your R oyal

,
and I a
gratified to learn that my endeavour which wa s at least well
,

meant had been met in such a friendly spirit

,
.
 m
m
m
mm
m
m
O N E F FE C T DE D R A I NAG E N

mm
'
T H E O F E P O T H E

R AT E O F MO R T A LI T Y IN AD E LA I D E A ND
SU B U RB &
W H I TTELL M D
h
By H .
,
. .

m
[ R e a d D e ce b e r 6t ,

At the last meeting of the Society a paper by Dr J a ie son

m
.

h
was read on the e ffects of deep drainage on the mortality of

m
Adelaide and suburbs O n that occasion I made s ome com e nts
.

which the Co uncil a s been good enough to request me to reduce

to writing with a view to their being read at this me eting as an
,

introduction to a discussion which it is believed will be of interest

m
to most members of the Society .

It will be reme b ered that in dealing with his subject Dr .

J a i e son adopted two methods of investigation .

h
First H e compared the returns from the R egi stration O ffice
—

of the population and deaths in Adelaide and suburb s during

periods j ust before and j ust foll owing the completion of t e
d rainage .

Second H e drew a comparison of the o rtality from spe cial

—

f orms of disea se ( typhoid fever and diarrh oeal diseases ) with

h
the mortality fro o ther diseases occurring during the same
periods in the registration di strict of A delaide .

T e conclusions on the whole were favo u rable to the system

, ,

of deep drainage and those of us who advocate the extension o f

,

the system i ght accept the without co e nt if it were not ,

that our silence might be misconstrued and leave us open to the ,

charge of accepting a favourable conclu sion although we know ,

that the premises are incorrect I have examined the d o ctor s

.
’

figures with some care and although I am at one with him in his
,

conclusio ns I cannot accept his calculations as having any i p or

,

tant bearing on the subj ect of discussion In saying this I wish .

it to be understood that I have a high appreciation of Dr .

J a ie son s qualifications for the task he undertook and also of

’

h
the neighbourly interest he has manifested in his endeavour to
assist us in deter i ning a question which is o f some i p orta nce
t o the whole of the Australian colonies T e errors into which .

the doctor has fallen are due to a want of knowledge of our

l ocalities and t o no other cause
, .

R eferring to the first series of figures in which the ratios of ,

o rtali ty in Adelaide and suburbs are c o mpar ed during periods

mm
m
m
mm
10

j ust before and j ust following the completi o n of the deep drainage ,

the doctor says that he finds a sudden fall from an average d uring
the old system of per population t o in 1885

m
and in 1886 the latter two being the years since the new
,

system wa s completed T e doctor questions the accuracy of .

these figures and gives reasons for the inference that the official
,

estimate of population for the last two years is incorrect By a .

method of calculation explained in his paper he arrives at the

concl usion that the pop ulation of Adelaide and suburbs was over
estimated to the extent of about in 1 885 and of in

m
1 886 o r in other words that when c o p ared with 1 884 A delaide

m
, ,

and suburbs lost in 1885 as many as of its pop ulation and ,

in 1 886 a further number of aking in two years a los s

of about nearly one third of the estimated popul a -

tion for 1884 I need but re i nd you that if a population b e

mm
.

over estimated the rate of o rtality per

-
will appear to be
less than it really is and the locality will stand out as bette r
,

from a sanitary p oint of view than places where the esti ate is
more c o rrectly made H aving satisfied hi s elf that Adelaide and
.
_

su b urbs is over estimated and having worked out other fig ure s

-
,

for himself Dr J a i e son calculates the ra te of mortality on the

, .

basis of his new figures and he arrives at the conclusion that ,

according to his first mode of comparison the deep dra inge has
produced s ome slight diminution in the rate of o rtality I leave .

the question of population for the present becau se although i ,

h
portant it need not be discu ssed in connection with the obj ecti o n
,

I have to make against any conclusions either for or against deep

drainage being drawn from the doctor s calculations T e funda ’
.
~

mental error into which D r J a ie son has fallen is the assumption .

that the drainage area and the area of Adelaide and suburbs a re
co extensive In 1 885 and 86 the only places served by deep ’
-
.

drainage were A delaide H ind arsh and T hebarton A delaide

, ,
.
“

”
and suburbs as explained in the R egistrar s report for 1 886
,
’
,

means Adelaide and places within a radiu s of ten miles of it .

T his area includes Adelaide H indmarsh and T hebarton but it , , ,

also includes Port A delaide Norwood Kensington U nley , , , ,

G oodwood St Peters Mitcha

,
. Burnside G lenelg Se a phore
, , , , ,

h
Cra fers Prospect a nd other smaller towns none of which except
, , , ,

a small part of St Peters and Kent T own is connected with the

.

y
deep drainage T e population of Adelaide and sub u rbs in 1 884
.

a be se t down in ro und nu b ers at that of the

drained part was about It is therefore obvio u s that any
calculations on the e ffect of drainage based on the returns for
Adel a ide and s uburbs can only be inconclusive and i sleading I

h
.

fear that the R egi stration O ffice must take some part of the
blame for D r J amieson s mistake T e published returns were
.
’
.
 m
mm
m
m
mm
m
12

that there is an error in the ofiicia l figures and that the popul a ,

tion for the latter years wa s over esti ated T his re arkable

m
.

fall in the ratios has attracted the notice of others Mr H ayter

m
. .
,

in publishing the figures in the V ictorian Year Book appended a ,

m
note suggesting that the area to which the respective figures re
ferred had been altered T his was also the opinion of some
.

gentlemen in Adelaide O thers supposed with D r Ja ie son

. .

y
that the population was over estimated I became R egistrar .

G eneral in 1 885 a few o nths after Mr Cleland

,
predecessor .
, ,

had calculated and published the estimated population for th a t

y
yea r At the year s end when the ratios were calculated and
’

m
.
,

m
this falling off in the rate of o rtality beca e apparent ,

first i p ression was that the pop ulation for the year had been
se t down at too high a rate Against this I had the knowledge

mm
.

that Mr Cleland had been fa iliar with the vital sta tistics of
.

South Australia from the early times that his calculations had

m
,

stood the test of census retu rns as well a s and perhaps I should ,

be correct if I said m u ch better than those of the statisticians of ,

other colonies and that an error on his part was improbable

,
.

I soon found that Mr

y
T his di d not preven t an investigation . .

H a te r s surmise was incorrect there had been no alteration in

h
’

the area T wo changes had however occurred in the early part

.
, ,

of 1885 either of which ight affect the estimate T e first

,
.

change was made in the Office U p to the end of 1 884 Mr . .

Cleland pub l ished his returns of local population in accordance

with the census of 1 881 without taking into account any i n,

crease or decrease of numbers after the c e nsus was taken T his .

was stated at the head of so e of the quarterly returns but on ,

exa i ning the figures I find the state e nt was not strictly
accurate T hat part of the table which referred to A delaide city
.

was evi dently based on an esti ated pop ulation of the whole
area of A delaide and s uburbs and every one who knows any ,

thing abo ut vital statistics will agree that this was a wi se and
proper change to i ntrodu ce H e not only did this but he caleu .
,

lated the back ye a rs and prepared a u ni form ta ble of results so

,

as to furnish a means for co p arison T his wa s a delicate opera .

tion in which an error ight e a sily creep in It was on these

,
.

new esti ates that the ratios for 1885 were cast and it was in ,

this year that the lessened mortality commented on by D r .

J a i eson was recorded Since my appointment to the office of

.

R egistrar G eneral Mr Cleland has explained to

y
-
. e his mode of

calculation and I can only sa that a fter a prolonged exa i nation

,

of such data as were available I could find no error which would

have j ustified me in putting aside the figures which Mr Cleland .

had so carefully prepared In preparing the estimate for 1 886

.

we b o th agreed that it wo uld not be safe t o follow the usual o de

m
m
m
m
mm
m
mm
m
m
13

o f calculation and a reference to our returns will sh o w that we

h
,

a de only such a trifling addi tion at the begi nning of 1886 a s

our altered circu sta nces appeared to warrant T e second

m
.

m
ch a nge in 1885 was more important In that year for the first
, ,
.
,

ti e within knowledge the e igration from South Australia ,

l a rgely exceeded the immigration and this continued to be the

m
,

c a se during the whole of the following year In 1 885 the excess

m
.

was In 1886 it was 7 9 27 T hese were the losses by se a ,

. .

W e have no e ans of knowing the increase or decrease of popu

y
la tion by land b ut we shall probably be near the mark if we se t
,

down a s the total loss of the col on during two years by

excess of emigration As a atter of fact we did not suffer a

m
.

di i nution of pop ulation because the excess of births over deaths

,

during those years a s nearly as possible balanced our loss Al l .

this was taken into account and dealt with in our estimates for

mm
the whole colony b ut when we co e to the esti ation of local
populations our difficulties begi n In hard ti e s there is a con

m
.
,

sta nt migration of the people fro o ne place to another Me n .

tra vel to any part of the colony when there is a chance of obtain
ing work and the esti a te of numbers in any one locality can

m
,

m
only be regarded a s a pproxi ate U ntil a new cens u s be taken .

h
it will be impossible to guarantee a strictly accu rate retu rn .

D r J a i e son suggests a
. o de of esti a ting local population
w i ch he thinks would be o re reliable than that u sually fol
lowed H e proposes to make the nu b er of births in a gi ven
.

period the basis for calculation H i s meth o d of procee di ng from .

y
the known to the u nknown is this we know that in the census
year there wa s a certa in population sa in Adelaide and suburbs

h
,

we know also that in the same year there was a certain nu b er

of births If we want to get an approximate esti ate of t e
.

pop ulation in any futu re year we have only to take the births ,

during the year and assu ing there is a fixed relation between
,

the births and population we can esti ate from the births what ,

the popula tion for that year ought to be In other words sup .
,

posing that In the census years it required 24 people to produce

one b a by we have only to u ltiply the births In any other year
,

y
by 24 a nd the product will gi ve u s a fai r estimate of the popul a
tion It will occ u r to ou that the ac curacy of the result u st
.

depend so much on other factors that this mode O f ca lculation

cannot be accepted as reliable W e wa nt to know so ethi ng .

o re a bout the 24 people H ow any of them are children . .

H ow a ny u nmarried and of those th a t are mar ri ed how

,
any
have the depressed ti e s separated the wife bein g left in charge —

at home while the hu sband 1 s fa r away working or seeking work , ,

to support his fa ily In a nor a l steady going condition of

.
-

society Dr J a i eson s method ight giv e fa irly accura te results

.
’
,
 m
mm
m
m
m
14

but in this c olony subj ect to all sorts of fluctuation I should b e

rel ucta nt to adopt it L

m
, ,

e t u s take the city of A delaide as a test

. .

In the census year 1 88 1 the population was in round numbers

, ,

the births were Ass uming that the births are a

mm
safe index the population fell in 1 882 to a bout
,
In the
next year 1883 it bounded up to It remained the sa e

m
, ,

1 884 and in 1 885 it fell to

,
T hose of u s who reside
in Adelaide know full well that there were no s uch upward and .

d o wnward leaps as those indicated Nothing o ccurred in 1881 .

to 1 882 to justify the be l ief that Adelaide lost people nor ,

h
was there anything i 11 1882 to 1883 to account for the s udden
a ddition of

T e q u estion still remains H a ve we a t present any data to —

enable us to determine the e ffect of deep drainage on the p ublic

m
m
health l I use the words at present advisedly bec a u se I believe
”
.
,

we sh a ll have to wait several years before we sh a ll experience the

full benefits which out i p roved system will confer on u s T hose
°

mm
.

who h a ve a de A delaide their ho e will re e b er the condition

of things A few years ago Adelaide could properly be described
.

as a city of stinks T here were hundreds of privies with cess

h
.

pools th a t were simply holes in the gro und and from these the ,

s ubsoil was saturated with filth of the o st o ffensive kind T e .

o nly escape for house slops was into the public gutters -
a n d we

all re e b er the abominable pools of filthy liquids which existed

h
fro one end of the city to the other D eep drainage has put an .

end to these nuisances but it has not removed from the s ubso il
,

the filth w i ch has been accu ulating there for years T here is .

a co o n idea that e a rth is the great purifier for excretal

ma tters and so it is if there be plenty of vegetation to u se up the
,

aterial b ut without vegetation the e a rth soon beco e s satu

,

rated and a fterwards the changes become so slow that it is

,

difli cul t to kno wwhen the dangers arising fro t his earth poiso ni n g -

w ill end T wo or three years ago there were so e extensive altera

.

tions being made at the b a ck of a drapery establish e nt in

R undle street-
O ne of these required the excavation of earth for
.

a large undergro und wareho use O ne o rning the contractor .

called at the Board of H ealth O ffices and invited me to go down

to this work where I should find something to interest me
, .

W hen I went there I fo und th a t a l ong excavation had been

a de fro the back of the B undle street shop in a dire ction to -

wards North terrace J ust at the ba ck of the shop there had

-
.

formerly been an old privy with a cesspool behind it T his had ,

.

not been u sed for sev eral o nths b axi ng been e p tied and filled

h
,

u p as required by the H ydra ulic D ep a rtment when connection

wa s a de with the se wers T e excavation had brought to n e w
.

. a long wedge shaped mass of earth below the s u rface differing in

—
,
 m
m
m
mm
m
mm
m
m
10

olour fro the rest several feet thick j ust below the old closet and

h
c , , ,

tapering off towards North terrace to a thickness of a few inches

-
.

T e length was 24 feet and any part of this even at its apex
, , ,

when re o ved had a fecal s ell as distinct as though it had j ust

been taken from beneath the cesspool T his was only a section

m
.
,

m
b ut the work e n told me that the whole part excav a ted had a
si i lar layer of stinking earth I could not learn how long this
.

privy had been in use but we can readily i agi ne the filthy con
,

d ition of our subsoil when we re e b er that hundreds of si i lar

ce ss ool s have been in use in a l l parts of the city during some 20
p
e

t o 30 years Al l this pollution has to be paid for the p u rification

mm
.
,

«
of su ch soil will be slow and until it is e ffected we cann ot fairly
,

stima te the advantages of having adopted a cleaner system .

In dealing with figures it is easy to fall into mistakes and the ,

risk of this is increased when we hav e to draw conclusions fro

mm
y
compara tively low nu b ers B ut after aking allowance for

m
.

this and ta king ca re to give the weight of a n do ubtful point

against rather than in favour of the new system I believe the ,

experience of A delaide so far as it has gone has been altogether

m
, ,

on the side of deep drainage At the time of the census the

.

population of the city was about one seventh and a h a lf of the

wh ole colony It is safe to assume that the ratio remained about
.

the same down to 1 884 and also that the R egistrar s esti ate of
,
’

the city population for that year was correct After 1884 the .
,

h
year when the city drainage was completed the loss by excess of ,

h
emigration a s we have already seen was for the whole colony
, ,

during two years T e proportionate loss for the city

.

wo uld therefore be T e excess of births over deaths in

A delaide during this period was leaving a net loss of say
b ut seeing that it is probable th a t the proportionate loss
by e igration was greater in A delaide than in other parts of the

h
c olony we will assume that do uble this n u
,
b er represents the
loss tha t actually o ccurred T his would reduce the Adelaide
.

population to abo ut T e R egistrar s c a lc ulations of the

’

ratio of morta lity of Adelaide hav e been made and p ublished

during the last three or four years on two distinct bases In one .

the nu b er of de a ths oc curring in the city is co p ared with the

h
esti ated pop ul a tion . In the other the rate is calculated after
exclu ding all deaths in hospitals and public institutions of p a tients
w o have not up to their illness been residents in the city For .

our present purpose it is not of uch i p orta nce whi ch of these

calc u lations we a dopt If we take the latter the ratio of or
.
,

tality d uring two years ( 1883 a n d 84) was a bout per’

the ra tio for the two years since the deep drains were co pleted ,

ca lc ul a ted on the ass u ption that the pop ulation fell to

wa s If we take the first ethod the a verage of the ratios
was

,
.
m
mm
16

T his is a most welcome diminution .

their legitimate use we want a longer time and larger numbers

before we can draw positive concl usions Meanwhile we may

,
.

fairly assume that the abatement of city nuisances the speedy

,
h
fro m the c e nsus to 1884 was 245 In 1 885 and 86 t e ave rage
’

You will have

noticed that in drawing this c o p arison I have n o t closely fol
lowed the Official estimates but have allowed a wide margin for
,

adverse factors I am not anxious to strain these figures beyond

rem o val of fil th from our pre i ses and the blessing of pure air
have produced the beneficial results we are entitled to expect fro
them and that a large part of the remarkable reducti o n o f mor
,

tality in Adelaide is due to the completion o f o ur new syste m o f

drainage .
 mm
m
17

m
O N so E SO -
CA LLE D SOU T H AU ST R A LI AN R U B IE S

m
.

By PROFE SS OR E . H . R ENN I E , D Sc . .

[ R e a d Ma y Ist, 1 888 ]

As is well known considera bl e contr o versy has arisen in A de ,

m
laide as to the nature o f the red stones recently found in large

m
m
quantities in the northern interior of S o uth Australia some ,

h
stating that these st o nes are genuine rubies o thers that they a r e ,

m
spinelles others that they are garnets while others still imagine

m
, ,

t hat they are something quite new T e latter n o tion has aris e n .

chiefly I think from statements made that they are infusible and
, ,
’

harder than garnets though scarcely hard enough for rubies It , .

h
has o ften occurred to me that it is somewhat strange that so far
n o results of any chemical exami nation of these stones have been

y
published such an exami nation being in my o pinion t e crucial

mm
, , ,

test of their nature B the courtesy of various gentle e n s ome .

o f these st o nes fro m three of the Compani es viz McD onne l l ,

.
,

R anges H ale R iver and Maude have lately been placed at my

, , ,

disp o sal B efore stating the results obtained it may be well t o

.

state briefly the nature of the various minerals above all u ded t o ,

viz , rubies spinelles and garnets and to S how that they difie r
’

, ,
.
,

widely from one another I n chemical composition .

1 Ru b i e s
. T hese c o nsist essentially of alu i na but there may
.
—
,

be present small quantities o f impurities especia lly magnesia and ,

s ilica .

2 Spi ne l l e 8
. T hese consist essentially of an alu i nate of
.
—

magnesia but there may be present according to Dana fr o m

, , ,

ab o ut 14 t o 53? per cent of sili ca with o ccasionally c o nsidera ble

1
.
,

quantities of lime and oxide of iron .

3 Ga r ne ts
. T hese vary greatly in composition but are in all
.
—
,

cases silicates I have only been able to find two cases in which
.

the silica is belo w 35 per cent and in those cases the percentages .

are about 34 and 31 respectively T hey may be silicates of li e and .

alumina of iron and alumina of magnesia and alu i na of man

, , ,

ganese and alumina of li e and iron of li e and chromium , , ,

with varying small quantities of other c o nstituents .

T o co e now to the results of analysis Al l the speci e ns I .

have exa ined have proved to be silicates of alu i na and iron ,

h
with small quantities o f oxide of manganese li e and magn e sia , , ,

and hence are undoubtedly garnets as Mr Streeter says of the ,

.
,

Al a ndi ne variety ”
T e following are the quantitative results
.

Obtained by the analysis o f some of the st o nes fro the H al e

R iver
m
m
mm
m
18

Silica ( Sio ) per cent

m
z

Alu i na ( A1 0 )

m
m
2 3

Ferrous oxide ( Fe O )
L
.

ime ( Ca O )
Magnesia ( MgO )
O xide o f manganese ( Mn

m
O) °
35

In this an a lysis all the ir o n has been reckoned as protoxi de ; i n

all probability some is present as peroxide and this would ,

account for the low t otal Another sample from the Maude
.
:

Company yielded 39 per cent of silica with large quantities of

'

mmm
.
,

alumina and oxide of iron and smaller quantities o f lime and

,

agnesia .

A word o r two now with reference to hardness and infusibility

m
.

First with reference to hardness U nfortunately I have no r e

mm
.
,

liable specimens at hand with which to test hardness b ut let us ’

take for granted that the hardness of some of these stones is 8

and th a t is I understand the highest that has been given D ana
, ,
.
,

on e of the greatest if not the greatest,

i neralogical authority , ,

places the hardness of garnets at from 6 5 to 75 Between the :

latter nu b er and 8 there is a very small margi n and no one ,

with any knowledge of the great difference in physical properties .

produced by comparatively small vari a tions in chemic a l co p o

position will lay any stress upon this small excess of hardness .

In connection with this it may be noted that the analyses above

h
g i ven S how rather larger proportions of alu i na and less of O xid e

of iron than are contained in o st of the speci ens of thi s

v ariety of garnet analyses of which are i v en by D ana t e si l ica
, g ,

h
being about the same It is quite possible that this slight di f
.

ference in co p osition may account for the increased hardness

T hen as to alleged infu sibility V ery much depends u pon t e .

method of testing T hese stones will not fuse if they b e tested

.

by the blowpipe as they are found b ut let them be powdered ,

first and the powder fuses easily into distinct globules T his wi ll
,
.

never happen with true rubies 0 1 spinelles .

In conclusion it must be u n derstood that my statements relat e

,

only to those speci ens handed to e which however I a , , ,

assured are representatives of the v ast aj ority of stones sent t o »

E u rope . It would be rash to say that no r ubies have been found .

y h
Fu rther I ha v e brou ght this
,
atter before the Society si ply a s
of so e little scientific interest and re a rks must not b e ,

y
t a ken as having any reference to the v al u e of these stones W at .

y
t hey are worth from a co e rcia l point of v iew I cann o t sa 5 it .

a be much or it may be little .

 m
m
m
m
h
20

T instrument I have d e signed c onsists of a c o pper float

e

which rises or falls with the water in the strea i n which it

m
floats freely attached to this float is a rod carrying a pencil

m
which is pressed by a spring against a cylinder on which is fixed
a sheet of graduated recording paper Inside the cylinder is .

placed clockwork to turn it o n its vertical axis and constructe d ,

As the cylinder is turned by the clockwork

h h
t o go fourteen days .

the pencil attached t o the float marks the height of the water on
t e paper graduated to inches and decimal parts T e whole of .

h
the apparatus is intended to be enclosed in a w o oden case and
a ttached to a post driven into the bed of the river and fenced

round for its protection T e instrument is designed on a

.

p rinciple similar to that of instruments for recording a ut o a ti

h
cally other kinds o f Observations but so far as I know n o , , ,

h
p revious instrument has been designed for river gaug i ng .

yh
T e following are the advant a ges of the instrument

y
Ef
fi ci e n c T e record of
— the instr u ment will be continu o us

y
d a and night T e present system of taking such observations
.

sa only twice a day is very i p erfect a s in the intervals floods

, , ,

may come down the river and pass the gauge unrecorded and in , ,

y
this way all present river gaugings are more or less inaccurate
, .

2 E con o
. As p ointed out this gauge can be fixed o n a
.
—
,

stream and left in operation and only requires to be visite d once

,
’

in fourteen days ; for this reason the expenses of an official in

constant attendance can be dispensed with As to the cost of .

the instrument a leading instrument maker of Adelaide has

,

estimated the cost at about twenty pounds .

3 Sa vi ng of T i e
. T his instrument if adopted wo uld facili
—
, ,

tate the i p ortant work of gaugi ng the flow of water in our

rivers as by fix ing an instrument on each stream a large num b er
, , ,

c a n be gauged simultaneously 3 in fact the work co uld be carried ,

o n with accuracy and inexpensiveness and the records collecte d ,

and sent in as regularly as o ur rainfall observations are now

taken throughout the colony .

I will only add that I have handed over my invention to the

'

G overnment of this colony with the hope that it may be utilized

,

by them in the important work which has now been undertaken

of taking gaugings o f the flow of our streams in South Australia .
 m
m
m
m
mm
m
PR E LI MI NAR Y NO T E S O N A NE W AU ST R A LI AN
MAMMAL .

C ST I RL I NG M A M D L

m
By E . . ecture r on Physiology in the
,
. .
,
. .
,

A delaide U niversity .

h
[ R e a d Se pte b e r 4, 1 888 ]

A few days ago , through kindness of Mr A Mol ine ux of t e . .

,

A delaide a small mole l ike animal which appears to be new t o

,
-
,

science was forwa rded to the South A ustralian Museum It was

,
.

found on the Idra cowie Ca ttle Station at a distance I understand , ,

iles from the Charlotte W aters T elegraph Station

h
of about 1 0 0

m
m
,

o n the overland line fro A delaide to Port Darwin but the exact '
,

circumstances of its capture are not yet to hand T e collector .

,

h
however reports that it must be of rare occurrence a s on qu es

m
, ,

t ioning the aboriginals of the locality there wa s only one old ,

h
woman who said s e had seen it before and that upon a single ,

It is evidently an underground burro wing animal r e

hh
occa sion .
,

se b ling somewhat t e Cape Mole ( Chrysochloris ) in its general

e xternal appeara nce but differing in any respects T e total ,
.

length is 1 3 c inclusive of the tail which is two c long T e

.
, ,
. .

head rel a tively shorter than Chrysochloris has a rounded muzzle

, , ,

the dorsal s u rface of which is c o vered by a horny shield Nostrils .

y
transversely slit like N0 eyes visible the skin passing uninte r
-
.
,

r u te dl
p over the ocular region but on reflecting the skin in on e ,

side of the fa ce a small circular pigment spot is visible on the

position of the eye No apparent bony orbit T ongue fleshy . .
,

broad at the base and tapering to a blunt point N0 external

h
.

ears but the ear openings distinct one

,
wide and covered
—
,
.
,

over with fur T e fore limbs are short resembling somewhat

.
,

th o se of a mole b ut the manus is folded so that the large nails of

, ,

the fourth and fifth digits only are visible in the natural position
of the limbs O f these nails the fourth is 1 5 mm long and of a
.
,
.
,

u ni form width of four mm ending very bluntly the fifth is v ery .

,

h
slightly shorter th a n the fourth broad at the base ( eight ,

tapering rapidly to a blunt point the two together forming an

o utline rather like that of a goose mussel ( L
,

epas ) T e nai l s of -
.

the third second and first digits very much s all er for a
, , ,

series gradually diminishing in size in the order na e d and con ,

stitut e a se cond row on the inside of the fourth and fifth by ,

which a s stated they are co pletely concealed from view W hat

, ,
.
m
m
mm h
c o rresponds to the palm is the cleft between the two rows of

m
digits T e hind limbs are also short with the soles turned out

mm
.
,

wards W hat appears to be the fifth ( anterior ) digit is very S hort

m
.
,

with a short broad and strong nail 3 the fourth is armed with a
, ,

l o ng ( seven narr o w curved and sharp claw ; while the

, ,

claws o f the third second and first are broad flat rounded at

m
, , , ,

h
their points and j oined together by a membrane which extends
,

nearly to their points O n the sole there is a hard elongated

.
, ,

m
horny tubercle crossing it transversely T e tail two c long .
,
.

and five mm wide at the inserti o n tapers to three mm and ter

.
,
.
,

ina te s in a knob like tip .

About 15 mm in front of the vent ( 2cloaca ) there I s a p o uch

m
.

in the integu e nt about 4 mm wide with the opening directed

m
.
b

b a ckwa r ds and having a depth in a forward direction of from

m
4 to 5 mm T e surface of this pouch is devoid of hair but the

m
.
,

bare area is surrounded by thick fawn coloured fur with a slightly

h
reddish tint It is however possible that this reddish tint is
.
, ,

h
due wholly or in part t o some ferruginous looking sand which is
much ixed up with the fur T e body generally with the .
,

exception of the lower two thirds of the tail w i ch is bare is -

, ,

covered with fur of a rather lighter tint .

W ith regard to the internal parts it is unfortunate that the ,

h
speci e n came to us completely eviscerated and in a bad state of
preservation generally b ut in a small part of the lower bowel
,

which was left remains of ants were found T e bowel termi n .

ates a t a wide vent ( 2cloaca ) and I can find no trace of a sepa rate
genita l aperture nor of s u ch openi ngs into the supposed cloaca
,
.

I have not yet had ti e to exa i ne with i nuteness the

skeleton which unfortunately is also considerably da aged
, ,

especially about the occipital region but fro a cursory examin a ,

tion of the recently skinned body I can note the following points ,

y
with I believe acc u racy
, ,
Crani u r elatively large 3 no bony
—

orbits 3 z go a ti c arches present

0 W ell developed shoulder .

girdles with slender clavicles Pectoral muscles large Pelvis . .

large and strong with a rather wide pubic sy p hysis but n o

h
, ,

h
epipubic bones either actual or rudimentary R ibs 14 Angle .
,
.

of lower j aw markedly inflected T e teeth are peculiar and .

,

require a more extended descripti n t a n I can give at present

but the for ula appears to be 1 o c f2 this how . .
l
s
’

.
,

ever may require so e modification as j ust post e ri or and external ,

to the praemolar ( or first olar) of the right ramus of the

mandible there is a s all rudimentary conical tooth which is not

h
t o be fo und on the opposite side 0 1 at corresp onding positions in °

the maxilla .

U ntil a m o re extended examination has been made of t e

skeleton and teeth of this animal I purposely abstain from ex ,
 mm
m
m
m
m
mm
m
m
h
23

p ressing a definite opinion as t o its nature and a fii niti e s and t e ,

f o llo wing remarks must be taken as provisional only .

T hough the integumentary po u ch a nd marked inflection of the

a ngle of the mandible point to its marsupial natu re there is n o

h
,

trace even in a rudimentary form o f epip ubic or a rsupial bones

m
, , ,

which are nearly always present in the a rs upia lia O n t e .

o ther hand the a bsence of a separate urgo genital orifice ( if this

,
-

h
s hould be confi rmed s uggests that it is a new e b er of the
)
o rder Monotrem a ta
: of which the Platypus and E chidna s are the
,

o nly known representatives T e chara cters of the manus and

m
.

pes the well developed shoulder girdle and relatively large pec
,
—

mm
t oral u scles together with the a bsence or extremely r udi
,
entary
condition of the eyes are plainly suggestive of the subterranean
, ,

b urrowing a nd probably nocturnal ha b its while the character

, ,

m
h
o f the teeth and the actual contents of what little there was left
of the lower b owel prove it to be insectivoro u s in its feeding .

T e dentition is certainly re a rka b le and both in the shape of ,

hh
the ma ndible and in the general chara cters of the teeth there a p
pears both to Mr Zietz and myself a strong resemblance to the
.

pictures of the fossil j aws of the extinct A p it e riu figured in

the works of O wen and others If this resemblance should be .

h
h
c o nfir e d by closer exa ination the discovery of this ani al , ,

apart fro i ts mole li ke characters will be of high zoologi cal

-
,

interest inas u ch a s these j aws of A p it e riu f ound in the

,

lower O olite at Stone sfie l d in O xfordshire associated with the

, ,

remains of Plesiosaurs and Pterodactyls are among the e a rlie st ,

remains of the class Mammalia known to the geologist .

O n the interesting points which a re raised by this supposed

resembl a nce it is however unsafe to speculate at present nor as

h
, , , ,

will have been seen are we yet in a position to define with cer
,

tainty its relation to existing types I merely sub it to t e .

Society these preliminary and necessarily inco p lete notes in

deference to the interest which has been excited by the anno unce
ment of the discovery of this very interesting animal singular ,

e ven in this land of curious and antiqu e types .

T o Mr Zietz assistant Mu seu

.
,
Director I am much indebted ,

f or valuable assistance in the prepar a tion and examination of

the spe ci e n .

Since the above notes were in type Mr A Mol ine ux has been

h
, . .

g ood enough to forward me an extract from a letter recently

r eceived by i from his nephew Mr Charles Benh a who
,
.
,

originally found the animal Mr Benha w rites a s follows

. .

I found it during daylight about 4 p on a big sand hill I . .

,
.

t racked it for abou t fifteen yards but sa w no burrow It would

,
.

c rawl o r walk a few feet and then scratch a very small h ole
, ,

:then g o o n again and scratch another hole T here was no kn ow n .

 m
m 24

h
hh
wate r within ten i les o f the place wh e re it was found but th e re

h
,

is a prickly bush with water in its r oo ts growing o n t e sand hills

T e animal seems t o be very scarce as this is the first that
,

been seen by white men about here and there was only one o ld

name which s o unded like Aura c a a te r

a n p ouch.
,

black woman who said she had seen it before She called it by a

y
.
.

”
.

a s

I did n o t n otic e
 mm
25

NO T E S O N T H E SU R F AC E FE AT U R E S A N D R O CK S
or NU R IO O T PA AN D IT S NE I G H B O U R H OO D .

By J . G . O T E PP ER
. .

h
[ R e a d April 3rd , 1 888 ]

Nuriootpa a small t ownship on the eastern b o undary o f t e

,

H undred of Nuriootpa is on the banks o f the North Para R iver

,
.

A lmost level flats surro und it extending eastward to the foot of ,

the Angaston H ills which are an extension of the Barossa R anges

h
, ,

cul inating in Mount Kaiserstuhl feet In this di recti o n ,

.

the width of the flat plain is about three iles W estward t e .

G reenock and Mappa hills bound it at a di stance of one to two

mil es Northward it extends to within a mile or so of Stockwell

h
,
.

and north westwards stil l further for so e six or seven miles

-
,

being fin ally blocked by the junction of t e Kapunda and T ruro

hills Southward it gently rises to a low ridge at the western
.
,

y
end of which T anunda is situated and descends rapi dl y t o a ,

lower flat in which B e ta n is situated and through which in a

, , ,

t ransverse di rection i e east to west T anunda Creek flows

,
. .
, ,
.

h
From here the same formation of the ground is repeated that is —
,

the flat between the river which here as far the greater part of , ,

the way fro m Nuri o otpa to T anunda skirts the hill s on t e ,

western side and the ranges to the east gradually rise cr o ssed by
—
,

a number o f deeply excavated creeks until gradually terminated

-
,

by spurs from the eastern hil l s Beyond these spurs the same .

feature is again repeated where intersected by the Pewsey V al e

r oad 3 but the flat is now d

e astern flat is at first narrow

i vided into two by a narrow range of
hills stretching in a curve fr o m north to south chiefly T e
containi ng a t the foot of the ,
. h
s teep first hills a smal l permanent lagoon of o val form and about ,

ten acres in extent Beyond a narrow l o w ridge formed by a

.

h
spur from the last mentioned hill-
the flat widens and contains , ,

the sha ll o w H offnungs lagoon of irregular form and an area

o f about 1 20 acres T e southern end of this flat is traversed by
.

a creek some seven or eight feet above the level o f the lagoon ,

h
and finally narrowing to about o ne sixth of a mile j oins the
L
-

h
,

yndoch V alley flat .

T o the west of the range of b il l s just mentioned and at t e ,

n o rt ern end the flat i s interrupted by a somewhat rapid descent

o f ab o ut 20 0 feet t o the L
.
,

yndoch V alley which i s a nearly level ,

fl a t

m
m
s ome four o r five miles long by about a mile to two mile s

h
wide thro ugh which a rather large creek flows and which in
26

m
, ,

fo rmer times was famous for its great fertility of s o il .

T e hills dividing the two flats or wide valleys as well as those

,

0 11 east and south consist o f micaceous and h o rnblen d

, i c schists ,

m
and S how here and there remarkably steep inclines T hose o n .

h
the west are much younger and exhibit ferrugi nous shales and ,

conglomerates Spurs extend far into the flat here and there
. .

T e s o il of the latter is on the surface near the centre a black

m
,

h
tenacious clayey mould but much more sandy nearer the margin
,
.

B elow this 1 s a dense extremely sticky grey o r white clay with ,

numerous fantastically for e d calcareous concretions T is .

changes into sandy ferruginous loam with l i e nodules which , ,

has not been pierced by wells at a depth of 70 to 80 feet 3 b ut

near the southern extre ity at 40 feet and less pure sand and

m
, ,

c oarse gravel was reached bearing fresh water T hese various

m
m
.
,

flats present semblances of the bottoms of a chain of lakes drained

by the bursting or wearing away of comparatively narrow barriers
of hard rocks and the flat at L

h
,
yndoch shows these features of

h
s uch lacustrine origin much more conclusively than the larger and

less i ll bound ones

-
.

T e surface soil in the flat at Nuri ootpa township along the

h
c ourse of the river is a rich black mould many feet in thickness 3

h
f arther to the north a more or less adhesive clay prevails as like ,

wise towards the east from Nuriootpa T e township itself .

stands upon a fertile sand gradually merging i nto the san d ill s
,

west and north westward South and south east m o re or less

-
.
-

loose either fertile or al o st barren sand prevails to within a

,

mi le of T anunda Below the sand and mould which are of

.
,

y
slight thickness at places or mi ssing altogether follows first a
yellowish sandy and gravelly cl a fI n many places su fficiently
,

h
'

, ,

p ure and plastic for bricks and fro 20 to 4 0

,
feet or more thick .

U nderlying this and occasi o nally rising to the surface I s a w i te 6

a nd blue very adhesive clay here and there s tain ed deep r usty , ,

h
a n d which is remarkable on account of includ ing layers of i p u re
s alt which were first observed in a bank of the river towards
,

T anu nda associated with t i n hard layers of a ferruginous cement ,

subsequently traced at various other places No doubt this is .

the cause why so many saline S prings exi st along the ri v er E ven .

the wells become brackish and finally undrinkable in those areas

y
As no fossils have been found the

h
which have this for ation .

a
g e is do u btful but I thi
,
nk a be ass u e d to be either the

h
latest T ertiary or early Pleistocene T e thickness seen varied .

f rom about two feet to over five but as this was near the edge of ,

t e basin it must be much thi cker in the i ddle .

U nder the blue clay fo ll o ws a white yell ow o r red sandst o ne , , ,

 mm
h h
28

m
that of the west sid e o f t e anticline was 77 westerly T e protru °
.

sio n of the granite is in the line of strike of this anticline and

northward Near this place cyanite a rather rare mineral is
.
, ,

found in quartz veins A fine grained very hard white sand! .

,

stone occurs in sections 554 and 6 83 forming a bank trending ,

—

nearly east and west cleaving into almost right angled blocks ,
-
,

and quite local Ma gnesian limestone and a seam of very hard

.

kaolin were noticed near Moppa and a vein of baryta on the road
.

mm
,

near G reenock .

At T anunda between sections 43 and 38 the river has broken

, ,

through q ua rtz ite s sa ndstone s and micaceous slate which proba ~

, ,

, ,

bly was the original barrier above which the waters of the upper
lake were confined By the strike o f intervening masses of
.

S imilar rocks they appear as a c o ntinuation of those forming the

highest ridge between G reenock and Nuriootpa Another barrier, .

very thick occurs north of J acob s Creek and beyond R o wlands

,
’

h
Flat the banks of the river become high and precipitous attaining ,

h
from its sharp south easterly bend for se v eral il es an elevation-

of about 20 0 feet T e base is formed of the old rocks dipping

.

at steep angles mostly easterly ,

T e greater part above i s ,

formed of conglomerates gravels clay and sand At the ford at , , ,

.

B oth s Mill sections 56 0 and 180 6 and farther past the village
’
, ,

h
at R osenthal clay slates frequently very fin e grained and fissile
, , ,

co e in and reach to the summits of the hills rising 20 0 to 30 0 ,

feet above the river bed and narrowing it extre e ly T e ,

.

gradual wearing through these hills obviously opened a way fo r

the escape of the waters accumulated o v er the L yndoch V alley .

Above the clay slates and intercalated with them occu r , ,

thinner or thicker seams of crystalline limestone mostly of a ,

bluish or grey tint and also iro n spar with perfect cleavage is
, , ,

y
met with In the bed o f the creek about section 1 70 0 a per
.
, ,

fe ctl black co a rse slate is found locally and in section 1 6 9 2 a ,

dyke occurs of volcanic or pseudo volcanic rock being formed of -

,

large and s aller angular fragments united by a homogene o us

cement It is traceable in the direction of its strike south west
.
,
-

and north east for several hundred yards and has a width of 20
-
, ,

h
o r 30 yards In the neighb o urhood also occur j asper and chalee
.
'

d o ny in large blocks now no longer to be seen i n si tn but re

, ,

moved for road me tal or lying along t e fences About section .

80 6 the highest point is reached for this part called Schoof s H ill
’

,
.

It is composed of a highly indurated silicious S late rock with ,

very imperfect cleavage flanke d eastward by a ridge of s o ft mica ,

c e ous S lates .

North of this in sections 1 0 1 and 1 0 2 this li e st o ne assume s

, ,

large proportions forming a hill O n which the W heal Nitschke

, ,

C opper Mine wa s worked .

 mm
m
m
mm
m
h
29

m
y
surface soil o f all these hills is a deep brown or red clay
T e

m
,

m
h
very fertile ; in fact a great p a rt is the fa o us B a of Biscay
,

.soil H ere and there where thin it is mixed with stones the
.
, , ,

h
f ragments of the base rocks T e higher ridges are usually
.

c rown ed by soft t ravert i ne in patches gradually broken up re , ,

moved and the grou nd turned into w e a tfie l ds

,
.

O f the above rocky and hill y cha racter is all that eastern part
of the d i strict of Nuri ootpa between the riv er in the east and
R osenthal in the south and the Nuriootpa Flat and D aveyston
,

in the north developing further on into the Mappa H il ls north

,

e a stward of G reenock and the Belvidere R anges west the whole ,

h
of this part of the di strict besides the very narrow strip a long
—

the river being drained by the Salt Creek and the smal ler Ne w
—

Mecklenburg Creek T e for e r havi ng received its na me fro

.

the sali ne chara cter of its numero u s s a ll but permanent springs

i n the lower two—thirds of its course .

At the foot of this hi lly regi on in the west extends a wi de flat ,

the surface for e d of red or yellow clay and below of the sa e ,

kind of sandy calcareous loam or marl for i ng the precipitous

.
,

banks of the T orrens at the Botani c Bridge It dries lo o se in

: .

ummer deep cra cks forming in a ny parts and when heavy

, ,

showers give rise to sudden floods deep crevices are formed in a

short time .

W est of thi s flat which formerly was a lmost wholly covered by

,

h
dense mallee growt h of which but s all re n ants are left the ,

y
land rises into gentle undulations the surface covered by red ,

“
clay and B a of Biscay ground T e neighbourhood of the river .
,

is flanked by hills of the old rocks on both S ides while the su ,

its and S ides bear mostly the same c o vering of red clay .
 mm
m
m
mm
30

m
NO T MU IT

m
E S O N T H E DDY CR E E K B E D S, W H
B R IE F R E M AR K S O N O T H E R T E R T IAR Y ST R AT A
O F SO U T H WE ST E R N VI C T O R I A .

By J O H N D E NNANT ,
Corr Me . b .

[ Re a d Otb c o e r z ud,

L
P AT E 1 .

m
I INTRODU C T I ON
. .

Perhaps there are no fossiliferous deposits in Australia which

have been o re frequ ently visited than the Mu ddy Creek beds
y
not only b ge ol ogi sts b ut also by those led thither by curiosity
O
,

merely T heir S hort distance fro H amilton the beauty of t e

.
,
h
,

s cenery the ease with which the fossils can be obtained and last
, , ,

but not least the warm welcome accorded to visitors by the pro

mm
,

ri e t or s of the land w

h
p here the beds are situated co b ine to mak e ,

Muddy Creek an especially pleasant place for a day s outing ’

.

U p to the present ti e however no atte p t a s I believe , , , ,

been made to describe the strata tho ugh the fossils the s elve s ,

have engaged the attention of our ablest pa l ee ont ol ogists Many .

years ago the R e v J T W oods worked industrio u sly at the beds

,
. . .
,

and to him we are indebted for a knowledge of a large n u b er of

'

the most characteristic forms found in them S ubsequently Pro .

,

fe ssor T ate spent some time at Muddy Creek and a de an exte n ,

sive collection of fossils including a ny new species Since then

,
.
,

o wing to the labours of variou s collectors the material awaiting ,

description has been gradually accu mulating A perusal of the .

T ransactions of this Society for the last few years will S how that

y
Professor T ate has made great progress in dealing with it espe ,

ci a l l of late in his systematic revision of the Australian T ertiary

,

Moll usca three instalments of which have already appeared In

,

y
.

the Prodromu s of the Pal ae ontology of V ictoria Professor McCo ,

has published excellent drawings and descriptions of about 35

species found in the Mu ddy Creek beds D escriptions of any .

species have a lso been given by the R e v J T W oods in . . .

,

h
the T ransactions of the principal Scientific Societies of the
c o l o nies.

Nor have t e E nglish geologists been behindhand in the inte

h
rest taken in these and other A u stralian T ertiary deposits the ,

Q uarterly J ournal of the G eological Society containi ng valuable c

me o irs upon the Corals and t e E chinoder ata by Professor M

D uncan and up o n the B ry o z o a by Mr A W W ate rs F G S
,
. . .
,
. . .
m
m
m
mm
m
m
m
31

y
M remarks i n this article will refer principally to the position

m
of the beds to their relation to
,
dj oining strata and to the di ffer a ,

ence in geologic a l age which I con ceive to exist between certain

h
,

portions of the shell deposits As full a list of the Mollusca a s .

ca n be m a de o ut at present will be added as necessary for t e ,

ill ustra tion of the point last named

m
.

In its course towards the W annon the G range Burn i s j oined ,

by two tributaries viz Muddy Creek and V iolet Creek

m
,
.
, .

Although a l l three a re insignificant strea s and confined now in

mm
,

narrow channels yet the valleys through which they flow are not
,

only wide b ut depressed considerably below the level of the sur

,

rounding country I have not observed any fossil outcrops in

.

the Violet Creek which is the o re remarkable as they occur in

, ,

a ny places in both the G range Burn and Mu ddy Creek

m
so .

It a be e ntioned here that the term Muddy Creek beds “ ”

is used by common consent as a convenient na e for the whole

m
,

series of fossil iferous strata in this locality and must be under ,

stood therefore to include not only the deposits of Mu ddy Creek

m
, ,

itself b ut a lso those of the G range B urn close at hand

, ,
.

T e distance of Muddy Creek from the se a i s about 40 i les ,

while the fossil bearing strata ( in the place a rked a in the

-
“

are feet above sea level M r S Mason s house o n the

’
a
p) 385 . . .

y
ta ble land overlooking the creek is 130 feet higher or 51 5 feet
-
,

above sea level T his

. a be regarded as the general elevation

h
of the country in the neighbourhood the slope to the sea coast ,
-

being very gra dual T hese and the other levels given later on
.

are a neroid e asu re ents of my own T e meteorologi cal station .

at H a i lton abo ut five miles distant which is exactly 6 40 feet

, , ,

abov e sea level has been adopted as the starting point for the
,

observations a de in the neighbo urhood of Mu ddy Creek In .

h
other localities either the se a itself or some known elevation has
, , ,

formed a basis to work fro .

G oing northwards from the G range Burn no outcrops of t e ,

h
a rine tertiaries occur in the whole of the county of Dundas ,

except a s all o utlier towards its extre e western bo undary on ,

the argin of the R iver G lenelg T his regi on lying betwee n t e ,

,

G range B u rn and the W annon on the so uth and the G lenelg on ,

the north forms a plateau occupied by pal ae ozoic granitic trap

, , , ,

pean and etamorphic rocks and probably stood at too great an

, ,

elev ation du ring tertiary ti e s to be submerged .

T o the north and north west of the G lenelg however the -

, ,

marine beds again appear and continue al o st without interrup

,

tion over a vast extent of country the river in this part of its ,

course arking a well de fine d geological boundary -

.

By going along the G range Burn to the westward we soon ,

lose sight of the tertiaries the mesoz o ic strata which they no,
—
,
 32

m
d oubt immediately overlie in that directi o n appearing as the
,
—

surface rocks T e intervening country between the tertiary and

.

the mes o zoic o utcrops is o ccupied by basalt and drift accumul a

tions so that n o actual j uncti o n of the tw o formations can be
,

found A little to the west o f Merino however I have gathered

.
, ,

casts in ironstone of characteristic Muddy Creek shell s in the

h
immediate vici ni ty of the underlying secondary rocks Further .

west still on the G lenelg R iver the mes o zoic strata entirely dis
, ,

appear the marine tertiaries alone being visible not only to t e

, ,

border of the colony but far bey o nd it T hese dep o sits are in ,
.
,

fact found o nly as a fringe on the eastern southern and weste rn

, , ,

margins of the mes o zoic area its central and northern porti o n s ,

S howing no signs of them and it is doubtful therefore wheth e r , , ,

the fo rmation as a whole was ever covered by the tertiary se a

, , .

It has been thought by s o me geologists whose opini o ns a re ,

entitled to great respect that the mesozoic beds pass under the ,

h
tertiaries right d o wn to the coast and als o for l o ng distances ,

h
b oth to the east and west T here appear to me t o be s o me ob j e c .

tions to this theory w i ch I will now state ,

.

.1 T here i s no outcrop whate ver of mes o z o ic strata in t e

h
wh o le of south western V icto ria except in the limited area o f
-
,

the W annon V alley .

.2 T e shales sandstones and silici o us li mes to nes of which

, , ,

the secondary beds consist are either horizontal or nearly so , ,

wherever I have examined them while in order to pass as sup , ,

p o sed co p letely out o f sight under the tertiary beds they would
, ,

require to assume all at once a high inclination T hus near .

,

Merino the mes o zoic strata are found at an elevation of 39 6 feet

h
,

above se a level while on the cliffs of the G lenelg o nl y a few

, ,

miles to the west a thickness of more than 10 0 feet of t e,

.

h
t ertiary strata is exposed the river having hollowed o ut its ,

channel to a great depth below the general level o f the country .

H ere there is n o S ign of the mesozoic strata w i ch we sh o ul d ,

c ertainly expect to find if such horizontally disposed beds ex

tended far in a westerly direction Again at H eywood ( se e .

,

section fig ,
the tertiary strata have been bored into to a
.
,

h
depth of 1 90 feet below se a level in sea rching for water with , ,

out di scovering any change in the formati o n .

h
.3 T e mesozoic stra ta are I believe of no gr eat thickness in , ,

this part of V ictoria and therefore n o t li kely to prevai l over a , , ,

wide area T e rocks underlying them viz mi caceous quartzose

.
,
.
, , ,

h
a nd felspathic schists the so called meta morphic rocks of the
( —

d istrict) crop U p at n o great depth in two local ities known to me

, ,

one of w i ch is about eight miles north of Coleraine in the b e d ,

of the K oroit e Creek towards the northern margin of the forma ,

t ion and the other at ab o ut its centre o n the ba nks o f the

, , ,

W ann o n near the W inninb urn h o mes te ad

,
.
 mm 33

m
T o the s o uth s o uth west and south east of Muddy Creek t e
,
-
,
-
,

mm
t ertiary beds crop o ut in v ario u s places as at Branxhol me
Arra ndoov ong Creek Byaduk L
, ,

ake Condah Mount E ccles

y
, , , ,

H eywood Bessiebelle Portland &c and it

,
a therefore b e
, ,
.
,

affir e d with tolerable certa inty that the formation is continuou s

a t no great depth bel o w the surface right down to the coast .

h
From the vario us locali ties mentioned fossils have been obtained

m
, ,

many of which I have examined Between the G range Burn .

and the sea several lava flows m o re recent than any of t e

, ,

tertiary deposits conceal the sedimentary strata b ut when well s

, ,

have been sunk a layer of shells has usually been met with at a
,

moderate depth .

O n the east of the Muddy Creek beds the country is so com

p l e te l
y covered by lava that the underlying strata are i,
nvisible
,

h
and I can offe r n o opinion as to the extension of the tertiaries i n
that dir ection .

T e shell deposits of Muddy Creek are seen in some places a t

a con siderable height above the surface of the water b ut in ,

h h
o thers they appear to sink quite below the bed of the stream
, ,

and thu s become invisible reappeari ng perhaps at the next bend

h
, ,

i gh up on the bank T e difference in the level of the fossil

.

h
sections is no doubt due in a great measure to the action of t e , ,

creek itself which after working its way through the supe rin
, ,

cumbent basalt and thus reac i ng the tertiary stra ta has erode d
, ,

them also carryin g away the more friable portions and leaving
, ,

h
minor depressions in their surface which in the course of ti e , , ,

have been fil l ed up by the loose soil a nd boulders washed down

fro above T e gently sloping banks on the shores of Mu ddy
.

Creek where no fossil beds are in sight have probably been

, ,

formed in this way .

In one place however this stream flows o ver a mass of basalt

, ,

in its bed forming a mi niature waterfall and here the igneou s

, ,

rocks must be in their original position whi ch i s a go od dea l ,

below the level at which they are found when seen in contact ,

wi th the fossil outcrops close at hand and their presence at su ch ,

a depth can o nl y be acc o unted for by supposing that the se di e n

tary deposits had been hollowed out prior to the igneou s outfl o w .

It shoul d be noted that the tertiary strata are horizontal not ,

o nl y at Muddy Creek but throughout the whole of the district

, ,

so that any i rregularity of their surface can only aris e fr o

denudation .

II T H E FO SS I L I FE R OU S BED S

h
. .

In both the Muddy Creek and G range Burn sections the shell s ,

are usuall y embedded in argillaceous and calcareous bands t e ,

c o lour o f which varies a go o d deal the former having often a ,

 h h
34

bluish tinge while t e latte r are re ddish t e depth of the tint

m
, ,

h
depending upon the degree of oxidati o n of the ir on they c o ntain .

V ery fine and perfect shells are o ften fo und am o ngst the bluish
c ol o ured clays especially large vo lutes and cowries T e bands
, .

a re h o riz o ntal and though they n o doubt indicate s ome slight

,

di fl e re nce in the deposition of the sediments similar S hells occur

'

b o th in the blue clays and the red calcare o us lay e rs It is tru e .

h
that some of the bands c o ntain m o re f ossils than others but still ,

S h e lls can be obtained in a greater o r less quantity in any part of

t e strata .

I have hitherto sp oken of the fossiliferou s strata of the Muddy

and G range Creeks as a whole without indicating definite ly the ,

di stin ction as to age which undoubtedly exists among them So .

far as the Muddy Creek itself is c o ncerned all the beds kn own ,

consist of the clayey and calcareous layers already noticed but ,

in the G range Burn fossiliferous strata o f a di fferent characte r

,

h
a ppear which have not I think been referred to by any previ ous
, , ,

geological writer T hey form a rather friabl e rock compose d

.
,

mai nl y of bryozoan remains with spines of ec i ni and occasi o nal , ,

shells chiefly pectens

,
scattered thr o ugh it In o utward appear
,
.

ance it resembles almost exactly the strata on the Crawford

,

R iver about half way between Muddy Creek and the south coast

h
,

of V ictoria Somewhat similar strata are als o found at Apsley

.
,

on t e western boundary of V icto ria and also at Na rra coorte in

h
,

South Australia T hose at the last named place are described by

.
-

”
Professor T ate under the name of polyz o al rock which in is ,

classification of the Australian T ertiaries he has placed a s ante

h
c e dent in age to the Muddy Creek shell beds

r o ck appeared to underlie the shell beds

In o ne place o nl y
ave I seen the strata in cl o se proxi i ty and there the polyzoal
As h owever I was un .
,
.

, ,

a ble t o trace their actual contact I am not prepared to spea k ,

definite ly on the point As said before this rock is nowhere

.
,

v isible in the Muddy Creek but it abounds in the G range Burn

hy
, ,

not only above but also for a long way below i ts j unction with
,

Muddy Creek T e identifiabl e shells in it are few and these

.
,

e ven are with difli cul t extracted whole so that its thorough ,

e xamination will be a work of time As my own labo urs so far .

, ,

have been almost entirely restricted to the S hell beds I can do -

,

l ittle more at present than direct atte ntion to thi s inte resting
f o rmation .

a ? As is well known geologists a re n o t en tirely in accord concern

s
,

ing the relative ages of the various te rtiary strata of Victo ri a ,

S o uth Australia and T asmani a Professor Duncan j udging from

,
.
,

h
the evidence o f the corals and echin o dermata advises that they ,

s h o uld all be called cainoz o ic simply with o ut attempting further ,

s ub d i vision T e m o llusca h o w e ver te l l a much m o re certa in

.
, ,
 mm
m
m
m
36

m
T
°

rito n t e x til is Pleur o to ma Claree

Ma nge l ia bidens
h
t ortirostris
Fusus cra spe dotus Cl a v a tul a fusilla
D e nna ntia Ino Da p ne l l a gra cil l i a

Nassa T atei ConuS R alphii

y
V oluta a ntisca l a ri s

h
p u l l ul e sce ns

McCo ii Cypraea contusa

m
mm
m
stro
p o d on Murra v ia na
W e l dii T ri via a ve l l a noi de s

h
p olita Cassis exi gua
sarissa Se i ca ssi s transenna
L
yria a r
pul a ri a Natica gibbosa
Marginella W oodsn
h
polita
propinqua S o la ri um acutum

h
iner i s Cerithiu a p e l e s
W interi L
i ti o a R ob l ini
W e ntwort Minol i strig ta
h
i a a

h
Ancil l a ri a pse uda ustra l i s E l i s a nnul a tu
nta
E nta l is Mantelli L
y
i opsi s B e l c e ri

y
C l ic na exigua Pectunculus ca inoz oicus
T erebratula v i tre oi de s McCo ii
W a ldheimia G a rib a l di a na Cucul l a e a Cori oe n si s
'

hy
D imya dissimilis T rigonia se iundul a ta
Pecten Murra

h
a nus Cra ssa te l l a D e nna nti

y h
l e n si s
Y a Cardita gr a cil i costa ta
Lima J e ffr e si a na Corbula e p a il l a
Spondylus p se udora dul a Pl a cotroc us deltoideus
Leda vagans elongatus
It is important to note the relative elevation of these outcrops .

By aneroid observations I make Clifton bank 385 feet and

, ,

Forsyth s bank 420 feet abo v e se a level gi ving a difference of

’

, ,

35 feet in the heights of the two places .

h
Fro a co p arison of the fauna in the two beds and fro ,

other evidence to be adduced directly I conclude that the deposit ,

at Forsyth s belongs to a later epoch than that at Clifton T e

’
.

t wo zones which are now genera lly recognised in the Muddy

h
, ,

Creek S hell beds are in fact well typified in these local ities viz
, , ,
.
,

the upper 0 1 younger at the first and the lower or older at t e

°

h
second .

It was on the G range Burn that I first beca e conv inced of

t e distinction between the two sets of shell beds but the evi ,

dence at Mu ddy Creek i s in reality far more conclu sive for

, , ,

At the

h
t here we a re enabled to se e their actual j unction .

h h
Clifton S ection o nly the lower beds are visible b ut a few chains
, ,

higher up the stream the upper beds crop out j ust under t e
,

basalt on t e face o f a steep bank T e upper half of this bank

,
.
,
t h
e

m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
h
total height O f which is about ten feet was cut down some
years a go in searc i ng for ce totol ite s and other ceta ce a n re ains
when a b a nd of nodules and fra gments of whales bones mixed
with upper bed shells was reached but the strata then becoming
,
,

hard a nd apparently unproductive of fossils the re a ini ng

portion was not uncovered As I had seen lower bed shells in .
37

,
,

,
’

’
,
,

m
h
c lose proxi i ty to this place I e p loyed a a n to c ut down the ,

m
whole of the bank and thus give a perpendicula r section T e
, .

re sult wa s gratifying T e nodule band which is only a few

.
,

inches in width prov ed to be the actual division between the

,

m
upper and lower deposits Above it the o st characteristic shell s .
,

o f the upper zone were found in profusion beneath it the specie s , ,

o btained were almost without exception

,
those pec uliar t o the ,

lower zone .

In the top o st strata in addition to many other characte ristic

,

species nu e rous and very fine examples of the followi ng occur :

h
,

Solen sordidus Z e na ti opsi s angustata

D osini a Jo nstoni Nucula tu i da
Barnea tia ra L eda acin a cifor i s
Mactra a x i ni for is Cra ssa te l l a oblonga

hH a i l ton e n sis Cytherea pa uciruga ta

h
h
T e inferi o r beds are not nearly so well represented here as a t
Clifton B a nk and other places lower down the cr e e k t e S hells
, ,
°

being fragi le and not very abunda nt T e following a o ngst

, .
,

other typical for s were collected im e di ately beneath the

h
,

nodules
V oluta str op odon D imya dissimil is
a nti sca l a r i s L eda vaga ns
Conus R a lphii T rigo ni a se i un dul a ta

h
T erebratula vi tr e oi de s

Farther up the strea

L ucina a ra ne osa
T e elevation of the nodule band is 4 1 0 feet ab ove sea level
and therefore at a higher level o nl y the
, ,
.

superior beds are in sight Fro a fine outcrop of these ( marked .

”
“
c on map ) a la rge collection of fossil s has been made chiefly by
, ,

Mr McDona l d the result being the discovery of several new

.
,

species peculiar to the upper zone a s

h
,

V oluta Ma soni E l ig ope D e nna nti

Sip O na li a spa ti osa Pecten sub conv e x us
Nass a sub l i re l l a T riton ov oi de us

h
Pe l i ca ria corona ta Pectunculus conv e x us &c
T e fossilifero u s strat a crop out al o st continuously on the
banks of Muddy Creek between t i s spot and the falls but w e r h
,
.

h
h
,

ever examined they are found to consist of either the upper or

,

l ower beds accordi ng as they lie above or below the level of t e

,

nodule band .
 mm
h
38

h
T S ame can I think be said for the G range Burn but as
e , , , ,

with the exception of the one quoted the secti o ns are n o t go o d , ,

they have n o t o ffered the same attractions t o the c ollector as t e

more produc tive ones of Muddy Creek and are therefore not , so '

well explored I have on several occasions searched the banks of

.

this stream fro m Forsyth s down to the j unction gathering shells ’

,

m
wherever t hey c o uld be found At o ne place the height o f which .
,

is 390 fee t above se a level and thus 20 feet l o wer than the n o dule
,

band I dug o ut a tolerable number o f shells but they were in so

, ,

fragile a condition that only a small pr o p o rtion remained wh o le

,

when t o uched A s the elevation led me t o expect the deposit

.
,

p r o ved to belong t o the earlier f o rmation n o ne but l o wer b ed ,

f o ssils being found Amongst o ther characte ri stic form s c o llected

.

may be mentioned
V o luta a ntisca l a ris
h L
L
eda vagans

h
strop odon ucina a ra ne osa

y
T rigoni a se iundul a ta Cucul l ae a Cori oe nsis
L
h
ima J e ffre si a na Pl a cotroc us deltoideu s
T e section bears a very close resemblance t o that I m e di atel
beneath the nodule band at Muddy Creek Id e ntical fo ssils .
y
o ccur and in both the shells are c o mparatively scarce as well as

hy h
, ,

fragile

h
.

T e onl pl a ce in which the n o dule band is well seen i s at t e

s p o t mentioned on the Muddy Creek where it a s been laid bar e

f o r a distance o f about 30 feet along the face of the bank L

,

ik e .

the beds which it divides so sharply it is horiz on tal wh il e its , ,

width varies little if any right across the section As it is only

, , .

ab o ut six feet a bove the water s edge it cannot be trac e d much ’

farther either up o r down the stream since in the first case it

h
, ,

s oo n passes under the bed o f the creek as this rises with the sl o p e ,

o f the ground w i le in the latter both it and the beds overlying

, ,

it have been rem o ved by denuding agencies the lowe r beds a lone ,

cr o pping out as the altitude decreases

h
.

O n the G range Burn at ab o ut an equal elevation si i la r , ,

h
n o dules whales bones &c are fo und in the actual bed of t e
’
.

,
.
, ,

s tream and though the layer is much thicker than at Muddy

,

Creek it probably belongs t o the same deposit

,
T e G ra nge .

B urn layer is the favourite hunting place for sharks teeth whi ch
’
, ,

a re so numer o us in it that one man lately obtained as many as 30

h
by a few hours w o rk O ther curious remains are fairly abun
’
.

dant at t e same place as ear bones vertebrae and sn o ut b one s

, , ,

o f whales fish palates 81 0 T hese are sometimes min e ralised but

h
.
, , ,

n o t unfrequently the bony structure is well preserved

h
.

T e nodules themselves are rolled fragments of ma ny sizes a nd

shapes but all m o re o r less r o und e d
,
T heir col o ur w i ch is dark .
,
 L
,

h h
Ce p
m
,

m
O h h
H
G a ste ropoda

h h
Pte ropoda
B ra c

a
m
m
m
m
m
m
,

l
m
m
bro wn is due to the iro n they c o nta i n E nclo sed in them a s a n
e ssential part of their mass there are

m
m
m ,

a opoda

i opoda
e lli b ra nc
h

T
Sip

i a ta
ota
i nute pieces o f shells a nd
a n abundance of foraminifera the presence o f the last pointin

to their derivati o n from the l ower beds Dr J E T aylor

who vi sited Muddy Creek with me wa s much interested in these
n odules saying they reminded i
,

In the fol l owing summary and table of species belonging to

the respective beds I have taken account onl y o f the Mollusc a

T ate the R e v J T W oods and others

h h
. .
,

proper T e brachiopods pteropods a nd with one or two e x ce p

tions the bivalves mentioned have been described by Professor
T e gasterop o ds are a s

Cl a sse s

l t a ta
i s
o os o
t

l
o b
.

yet only partially described and I hav e to thank Professor T ate

fo r per i ssi on to quote i s a nuscript names for a large nu b er
of them T e li st I s not exhaustive as there are many species
yet to be exa i ned
.

As so e species are only kno wn fro

onosto
.

examples obtained befo re the distinction between the two deposits

wa s recogni sed and the fo ssils from each kept separate it is not
possible to refer them to the partic ular bed in which they occur
until fresh specimens are found and they are th e refore fo r t e
present merely rec o rded as Muddy Creek shells
g

of the so call ed copro li te beds

at the base of the R e d Crag in Suffolk and advised me to test
them for phosphates A specimen was accordingly analysed but
.

the phosphoric acid a o unted o nly to 1 1 9 per cent the main

i ngredients being carbonate of lime ferric o x i de and alu i na

m
,

m
,

I SUMM ARY OF S P E CI E S

ra nc i a ta
-
.
.

a ta
,

,
39

,
-

386
.

.
,

9
8?
wr
“
a

1 42
-

0
0

s
d 9
h

—
.

“3
,
.

2
,

. 93 0

0
0
5

8
a

8
0
0

30
.

U,

s
S
wa g
“

O
Z
33
5 2-
.
,

'

35
o c

U
g

S“
n
fi

“!
,

'

'

as
,

a:

3
4
'
,

T
,

ota
.

59 3
,

l .
,
 m
m
40

II . L
IST OF MOLLU S CA FOUND I N T H E MUDD Y CR FE K B ED S .

0 older ( lower ) beds 3 Y y o unger ( upper) beds ; (1 O o r Y

m
, , ,

( c o lumn 4 of summary ) .

wgggfégnd
s
,
N f Sp i a e o e c e s
.

C E PH ALO P ODA .

O Sepia sp .

0 Aturia australis 111 0 0 0 3

1 ,

0 Nautilus sp

h
.

GAS TERO P OD A
y y
.

T p is McCo ii T Woods ,
.

di sj unctus T a te ,

laciniatus T a te ,

e v a r i cosus, T a te
Murex ve l ificus, T a te

h
trinodosus, T a te
didymus , T a te
l op oe ssus, T a te

y
De nna nti, T a te
a b l ce ra s, T a te
i rre gul a ri s, T a te

h
H a il tone nsi s, T a te

y
asteriscus , T a te

y
h
a c stir us, T a te
p
E re i, T Woods
.

troc i spira , T a te
a l v e ol a t us, T a te

y
cra ssil i ra tus, T a te

ca
pl t r o i s, T a te
p
a s e r ul us, T a te
p
T r o ph o n polyphyllus , T Woods .

b re vi ca uda tus, T a te
s
p .

R a pa na aculeata , T a te
V itul a ri a curta nsa ta , T a te
R i cinul a sub re ti cul a ta , T a te
Purpura a b j e cta , T a te
R anella Prattii , T Woods .

T riton ov oi de us, T a te
W oodsii , T a te

c h
y
gibbus , T a te
p u s, T a te

t e x til i s, T a te
inte rc o stali s, T a te
a nne cta ns, T a te

rote nsus, T a te
p
w h
h riton
Bd
e
ic
s

0
o
in
found
T
.

m
m
tu

m ul osus,
tortirostris, T a te
T a te
Na e of Spe cie s.

m
y
o g e u l a t us, T a te

Q uo i , R e e ve

h
o E pidro us t e nui costa tus, T .

a l e ptoske l e s, T a te
a cit a r e l l us, l a te

o t e x tura tus, T a te
o turritus, T a te

m
h
o Fusus b ul b ode s, T a te
o a cifor i s, T a te
o e x a ona l i s, T a te
g

y
fl du e tosus, T a te
o di ct oti s, T a te

hh
O simulans , T a te
o fo liaceus , T a te
o a ca nt oste
p e s, T a te

h
o cra s e dotus, T a te
p
o senticosus , T a te
o e ni cus, T a te

o Fa sciol a ria T e ni soni , T Woods .

o e x il i s, T a te

o decipiens , T a te

y
a cristata , T a te
o cr
p pto l oca , T a te

o rugata, T a te
o fusilla , T a te
o Pe riste rnia lintea, T a te
E a
pp rox i a ns, T a te

o succincta , T Woods .

fl p pu r uroi de s, T a te

o interlineata , T a te
o sub undul osa , T a te

O Siph o l a b rosus, T a te
o cre b ri ra nosu s, T a te
g

y
o a s e r ul us, T a te
p
Woods

h
O st l ifor i s, T .

O Pse udov a rici a mirabilis , T a te

O Sip ona l ia sub re fl e x a , T a te
O l ongi rostri s, T a te
R s a ti osa , T a te
p
E s
p .

S s
p .

T udicul a turbinata T a te ,

angulata T a te
,
h
ififié fi
w

0
0

0
Y
0
O
O

Y
O
0
Y
fl
na

Y Pisa nia
Y
Y
Y
Se

m
De nna ntia

u
p p
m
mIno T Woods

icosta ta
ob l i que costa ta

brevis T a l e ,

r uroide s,
,

rostrata T a te

Cominell a crassina T a l e
E burna a ul ocoe ssa T a te
Zemira prae cursoria T a te
Phos v a ricife rus T a te
t a rdicre sce

tub e rcul a tus, T a te

co i ne l l oide s, T a l e

Nassa T atei, T Woods .

cra ssi ra nosa , T a te

g
,

T a te
ns,
.

,
,

,
Na

Jo
,
e

h
T

,
of

a le

nston
i
spe c e s.

y
Y sub l i re l l a , T a l e

0 V o luta a ntisca l a ri s, McCo

y
O s arissa , T a l e

0 McCo ii, T Woods .

Ma soni, T a l e
y
Y
H a nna fordi, McCo

h
0
McDona l di, T a l e
y
O
0 st r o
p od on ,
M c C o

O W e l dii, T Woods .

0 coste l l ife ra , T a l e

0 Mort oni, T a te
O a nci l l oide s, T a l e

h
0 p se udol i r a t a , T a l e

0 cra ssil a b ra , T a l e

0 l irata , J o n ston
0 a l ti costa t a , T a l e

h
0 c o noidea, T a te
O el l ipsoidea , T a te

h
O ca t e dra l i s, T a l e

0 polita, T a l e“

0 Lyria a rpul a ria , T a te

Y gemmata, T a te
O M itra a l okiz a , T Woods .

Woods

h
0 dictua , T .

y
0 De nna nti, T a te
Y a t
p a , T a le

0 ligata , T a te
Y conoi da l i s, T a te

O a tra ct oide s, T a te

O e x il is , T a te
 m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
hh B

m
m
ds i n
w ic
e
found.
N a e of Spe cie s .

O Y C o lumb lla e a tra tae for is, T a te ,

0 sub s e ciosa , T a te ,
p s . .

Y ca i noz oi ca , T Woods .

Woods
y
o se icosta ta , T .

Woods

h
Y O x l e i, T .

o funicul a ta , T Woods .

o cl a t ra ta , T a te , s . .

o oryza , T a te , s . .

o a ci cul a ta , T a te , s .

0 ol igosti ra , T a te , s . .

Q cr e b ri costa t a , T Woods

m
.

Y b i ca rina ta , T a te , 9n s . .

o co in e l l oi de s, T a te , s . .

Y e x opta t a , T a te , s . .

o se
p t e cost a ta , T a te , s . .

o Ca nce l l a ria . e pidr o ifor i s, T a te

o v a ri cife ra , T Woods .

o l a ti costa ta , T Woods .

o p se uda ustra l i s, T a te

o se i costa ta , T a te
o ca il l a ta , T a te
p
0 gradata , T a te
Y W a nnone nsi s, T a te
Y
o
o
hhh
T ric otropi s sp
modestina , T a te

Pusione l l a e iot one , T a te ,

.

. s .

y
Y T e rebra ca te nife ra , T a te
.

o p l a t s i ra , T a te
p
simplex , T Woods

h
o .

Y ge n i cul a ta , T
'
a te
Y sub s
p e cta bi s, T a te
Y dditoide s, T
a . Woods 2 ‘
.

0 truncata , T a te
o Pl e ur otoma pe ra ra ta ,
T a te , an s . .

0 Mu rnda l i a n a ,
T . Woods

hh
o H aastii , H u tton
0 Cl a rae , T Woods .

Q e ipsil a , T a te , on s . .

d consuti s, T Woods
'

Woods

h
o Sa ue l i , T .

N rhomboidalis , T Woods

h
.

o pa ra ca nt a , T W oods .

o J o nstoni , T Woods .

O p s .

O Y Dril l ia T re v ori , T
. . Woods
 m
m
m
m
m
m
m
i ggi d
wl ig f
s
t n
Na e O f S pe ci e s .

Y D ril I
ia columb a T a te

m
. s , , . .

-
stiz e T Woods
s

.
,

integra T Woods

m
O ,
.

O five species

m
M s
p .

m
s
p .

O Me nge li bidens T Woods

m
s , .

O s1 x s
p e cl e s

fl s
p .

fi three species
O Bela , scul
pti l i s, T a te
O pulchra ,
T a te
O cra ssil i r a ta , T ate

O ca in ce fl a ta , T . Woods
O Cl a v a t ul a fusilla T
‘

,
a te , . s .

h
O asperula , T a te , . s .

O te x tura ta , T a te , . s .

N Cl a t ur e lla s
p .

h
O two species
N S
P
O Da p ne l l a t e nui scul pt a , T W ods . o
O g ra cil l i a , T Woods .

fragilis T a te , ,

(fi g
a ra cil l i a
)
inorna ta T a te s , ,
. .

h h
two species
B orsoni a . a rginata T Woods ( T hala ) ,
.

Woods ( Mitra )

h
R a p ito a da n e l l oi de s T
,
p , .

y
Conus p p i l l ao sus, T a te , s . .

pt c ode r i s, T a te , s . .

co p l i ca tus, T a te , s . .

pu l l u l e s ce n s, T W oo ds .

0 H a il tone nsis, T a te , . s
.

R a lphii , T Woods .

sca l a r i s, T a te , s . .

d
fi H a i l t on e n si s
)
dfl p p
f a i l l o sus
)
y j p
y )
a f u l l u l e sce ns

C prse a eximia , Mc Co
y
.

gigas , McCo
y
cont sa M y
y M
h h
p l at
pb i a ,
o Co

hy y
Co

h
u ,
c

M
y y y
’
l e ptor nc a ,
oCo

p l at r M nc a ,
c Co
M u rra v i a na , T a te ,
 m
m
m
m
m
m
m
h
h

m
Bd
e s in
Na e of Spe cie s.
w ic fou nd .

Y Cypr e a a Archeri , T . Woods

0 dorsa ta , T a te , s .

y
0 six species

m
a v e l l a noide s, W
'
0 T rivia ICCo
0 sp .

0 Cassis exigua T Woods

m
, .

0 Se i ca ssis transenna T a te ,

Y Muelleri T a te ,

T Woods
'
Z suffl a t a ,
.

0 Ca ssida ria gradata T a te

m
,

O Y Nat1 ca auriculata T a te s , ,
. .

W intl e i T Woods ,
.

perspectiva T a te nu s , ,
.

O gibbosa H u tton ,

limata T a te s , ,
. .

H a il tone n si s T Woods , .

polita T Woods

hh
.
,

y
p l u di n ae for
a i s, T a te , s . .

T roc ita ca l ptrae for i s, T Woods

o r
y sa , T a te , nu s

Crepidula ( a fii C unguis, a ) .
.

L .

g
y
Ca pul us tu1 oina ta , T Woods

h
O .

0 H ippon x foliaceus , Q a n d G . .

Amalthea conica , Sc u

h
.

y tw
O Aste l e sp .

h
Y Ziz p inus sp .

0 o species
0 E uc e l us sp .

Y s
p
Xen o ph o ra a ggl utina ns L
.

h
0 a ,
.

O S o larium acutum T Woods ,

.

o e p a il l a , T a te
o W a nnone nsis T ,
. l VoodS
s Scalaria triplicata T a te , ,
. s.

o seven species
o Ci rsotre a three species ,

s s
p .

o Crosse a parvula ,
T . Woods

y
o p s

O s T urrite l l a pl a t s
pi ra , T . Woods
o S
P -

s
. S
P
Me sa l ia
y
Y s
p .

0 T orcul a Murra a na , T a te
 m
m
h
i i ig
w
eis

m
m
m
m
m
m
m
l fc nd
Si quaria
O
O

m
0
0

m
O
Y
s
fl
o

m
a
o
s
s
n
o
o

m
2
E
li

Acte e op
Pyra
m
m
m
m
uli ma

O dosto i a
y
De
two species
Nis o psila T Woods

re

della
s

,
q
Woods
u
nse
a

m
.

T urb oni l l e ( of T H ofif e nni )

,

i s sp

curta T a te nu s
two spe e i e s
two species
Pl e ne x i s ( of P mollis )
Pe l i ca ria cor o nata T a te
Cerithium a p e l e s T Woods
e us fli e T
p

h
Woods
T

.
ul
.

,
.

tride ns, T a te , nus

ni sofor i s, T a te ,
three species
s

,
if e re
N a

.
,
,
e

T
O f

.
S
te ,
pe cie

.
s .

.
s
.

s
.

m
,
.

o cr e b a ri oide s T Woods ,
.

Woods

h
o Sa l te ri a ne T ,
.

two species
o Ce ri t i opsis two species ,

o T rifori s W il kinsoni T Woods , ,

o sul ce te T Woods ,
.

o pl e na ta T W ood s

L
.
,
-

fl a ni a rubricata T a te
a
p s , ,
. .

a R issoa chrysali da T a te s , ,
. .

e two species

h
s R issoine punctife re ,
T a te , . s .

h
Y two species
Y Nerita e l a not ra gus, S it
0 Li e ostra ce Jo nstoni a ne ,
T a te
O Math ilda two species
,

0 Astre l i u Fl inde rsi, T . Woods ?

Y B iloma cre ssil i ra ta , T a te , . s .

0 1 fl %

y
0 two species
2 C cl ostre a ce rina ta ,
T . Woods
0 s
p .

Phasianella three species ,

2 Gib b ul e e e quisul ca ta T Woods ,

.

0 Coll oni a infre l ine a te , T a te , nu s .

Cl e ncul u s princeps , T a te , . s .

hh
De nn a nti, T a te , . s .

s
p .

T roc ococ lea antique ,

T a te , s.
 m m
m
m
h
lg l s
fi ig
w i l fc
M
nd .
Na
Woods
of Spe c i e s

h
O inol ia strigata T

m
, .

0 s
p .

Woods

h
0 T e l otia exigua ,
T .

12 E lenchus s
p .

0 Ce nt a ridus, three species

h
0 Dial e b ul i oide s, T a te , 7n s . .

Y T urb o p a ucigre nose ,

T a te
Y g E t
i ,
T W oo d s e ri d e .

y
Y E l i g ope D e nna nti, T a te , nu s
L
.

Y e io r a cingulat e , T a te , nu s
p g .

O T r o chus , eight species

h
Y s
p .

2 three species

y
0 De l p inul e e ster T Woods ,
.

H aliotis n se v osoide s McCo

y
Y ,

Y Fissurella ni grita Gr a ,

0 malleate T a te ,

O H e ito a occlus e T a te nu s

m
.
, ,

O E marginula candida T a te nu s

m
,
.
,

y
Q transenna T ate nu s , ,
.

O c b iu , T a te , nu s .

O Ac se a , two species

Y Siph o naria ,
s
p .

0 Chiton sp ,
.

0 Y E nta l is a nnul a tu ,
T a te
O Y Mantelli ,
Z i tte l
O e cri cul
T a te u ,

O sub fissure , T a te

h
3 D entalium bifrons T a te
‘
,

y
O e ra tu , T
a te

2 l e cte un , D e s a e s i
0 Ca dul us mucronatus , T a te
O Scaphander fragilis , T a te , nus .

O T orne te l l e scrobiculate , T Woods .

0 b i orna te , T a te , nu s .

h
2 T orna ti ne , two species

h
Y V ol v ul e , sp .

y
0 R ingui cul e lactea, Jo nston
0 C l i c na exi gua , T Woods .

0 three species
0 U mbrella austrin e T a te nu s , ,

y
P TERO P ODA .

O St l iol e R angiana T a te ,

O Spiralis t e rtia ri a T a te ,

0 Ve gine l l a e l ig ost o a , T a te
 m
m m
m
m
m
h
h
w
Bd
e
ic
s in
fou nd
BR AC H I O P ODA
Na e O f S pe cie s .

m
.

Terebratula v i tre oide s T Woods , .

W aldhei i a insolite T a te ,

T e t e a na T Woods ,
.

y
G a rib a l di a na , D a v i dson
Cori oe n si s, fll cCo
Me ge se l l a co pte , Sow .

Ma ge se l l a W oodsia na , T a te
T erebra tulin e Sco ul e ri , T a te

h D e vi dsoni , E t e r i dg e h

m
T e cidi u a ustrale , T ate
R hynchonell e squ e ose , H u tton

hy
O str eaL
a
LAMELL IB R ANC H I ATA
oti s,

nub ri a
i nn
ta , T
.

ate

m
y
Di ya dissimi lis T ate ,

Pl e cun e no i e Ione Gr a ,

y
sella T a te ,

Pecten Murra a nus T a te

h
,

h
Sturt i e nu s, T ate
Woods

h
Y a l e nsis, T .

Foul c e ri , T Woods
y
.

po l o r
p o i de s , Z i tte l

Zitt e l i , H u tton
de for i s, T a te ,

sub con v e x u s, T a te

Li a B e ssii , T Woods .

y
l i ngul ifor i s, T a te

hy
J e ffr e si e n a , T a te
Li e e transenna , T a te
Spondylus pseudo radul e , l cCo -
’

Pl i ca tul e , sp .

Me l e e grina cra ss1ca rdie , T a te

Pern e sp,
.

Pinne sp ,
.

Mytil us H a i l t on e n sis, T ate

l ingua tul us, T a te

de pe r ditu s, T a te
Se ptife r fenestratu s , T a te
Modi ol e ria singul a ris, T a te

h
Crenella gl ob ul a r i s, T a te
Nucula tu i da, T Woods .

Atkin soni , J o n ston

Mor undia na , T a te
L e da ob ol e l l e , T a te
‘
 m
m
m m
m
h
ig d
w g
l

L
is
l f nd
Na e of Spe cie s

m
.

utto ni T Woods
.

edaO B , .

M acinaciformis T a te ,

O ve gans T a te ,

h
% p re e l on
g a , T ate

M W o odsii T a te
L
h
,

% i opsi s e urit e B r occ , i

M
h
B elc e ri , Ada s (fl R e e re

y
% Pectunculus inoz oi cus, T
ca . Woods
McCo ii, Jo nston
@ sub t ri ona l i s, T a te
g

m
% conv e x us, T a te

O B e rb e tia crustate , T a te
0 ce l l e o re ce e , T a te
p

m
0 % c onsuti l i s, T a te

O simulans , T a te
O pumila, T a te
O Ma crodon ca inoz oicus, T a te

m
y
O Y Cucul l ae a Corioe nsis, 111 c
O T rigonia se iundul a ta , cCo M

y
o tubulifera , T a t e

y
e e cut i coste t e , rl c o

a H owitti, flc o
Cra ssa te l l a oblonga , T Wood .

o De nna nti , T a te
o a st e rt ifor i s, T a te
d Ca rdite l l e polita , T a te

y
o ul ti l e e l l e , T a te

M til ice rdie c ompte , T a te

Cardita pecten , T a te
co e cta , T a te
p
sce b r ose , T ate

g ra cil i costa t a , T Woods .

de l i ce tul e , T a te

h
solid e , T a te
ce l v a , T ate

L ucina l e uco o orp e , T a te

proj ecta, T a te
araneose , T a te

y
de spe cte ns, T a te
O Cr pt odon e ctre e for is, T a te
0 D ipl odonte subquadrate , T a te
O S e cchi a sub orb icul e ris, T a te

h
O cre
p i d ul ee for i s,
T a te , nus .

y
Kellie ice ns, T a te
Y P t ina , sp .
 m
m m
m
m
52

m
w h
h B eds i n
ic fou nd
Na e of Spe cie s .

m
.

Y Solen didus, T a te
sor

h
O Sol e curtus D e nna nti, T ate

m
h y
Y Barnea tiara ,
T a te

y L
O T eredo H e a p i , Z i tte l
O H u p re i a lirata , T a te
O Saxicava arctica , i nn .

A few fossils abundant in the lower zone but only known in

h
:
,

the upper by an occasional rolled and worn example are I think

m
, , ,

derived for s and they h a v e not therefore been noted in t e

,

abo v e list as belonging t o both beds At the actu a l j unction of

m
,
.

the beds owing prob a bly to a partial reconstr uction of the stra ta
, ,

h
there is for a s all space both above and below the n odule band , ,

m
a slight inter ingling of the characteristic species of the two ,

zones T his is not noticeable with the larger shells but wa s o

m
,
.

s er v ed to be the case for the smaller forms by Professor T ate

when exa i ning so e parcels of fossiliferous earth which I for ,

m
w a rded to him a few o nths a go Professor T a te gives the fol .

lowing as the result of his s iftings of the earth sent

W orking at the gatherings fro the two beds I have so far

h h h
“

found the following species in common

I C a r a cte r i sti cf ossi l s of t e upp e r b e d pa ssi ng down i n to t e
.

of t e l owe r se r i e s
Chione sub rob ora ta s all a nd rare ,
h .
.

propinqua s a ll and rare ,

.

Pectunc ulus conv e x us small and very rare ,

.

Pl a cun a no i a Ione s a ll and very rare ,

.

y
lV Ia rgine l l e usca r oi de s rare
Le i op rga cingulate common b ut s a l l
.
,

,
.

Monta cute sericea one perfect valve

h
,
.

R issoa sp ,
.

T e following are dou btful constit u ents of the fauna

An cil l a ri a papill a t e one rolled frag e nt ,
.

T erebra genic ulat e two rolled exa p les ,

.

Phasianella both species rolled one of each

, ,
.

Colu b ella t ri de ns one rolled ,

.

R i ssoin e sp one rolled .

,
.

T ellina te quil a t e ra one fra gment ,

.

Psa ob i a H a il t on e n si s one fragment

h h
.
,

Barne a tiara one frag e nt ,

.

II Fossi l s of t e l owe r se r i e s pa ssi ng to t e upp e r se r i e s

.
~
.

S e cchia sub orb icul a ris one exa mple s all

L
.
, ,

u cina de spe cta n s one exa p le s all

, ,
.

E rato min o r several e x a pl e s worn

, ,
.
 m
m
mm
mm
mm
m
53

m
Marginella propinqua two broken and worn , .

Na tica polita one worn ,

.

Marginella W oodsii one worn

m
.
,

m
O l iv e a ng ustata , a rolled frag e nt

m
.

T erebratuline Da v idsoni , any b ut all worn

mm
h
,
.

m
Ia u ch inclined to rej ect those species whi ch I have e t

h
t only rarely and in a rolled condition Certainly the .

aj ority of the fossils obtained u nder the nodule b a nd belongs to

”
t e lower fa u na .

mm
h
Amongst the nodules a n d bone re a ins perfect examples o f

m
,

some of the stronger shells belonging to the upper beds are

a b undant e g
, Cr a ssa te l l a ob l onga C i on e su b r ob or a ta Na ti ca
. .
, , ,

g i b b osa Pe ctu n cu l u s con ne x u s &c Fragi le shells are a bsent

L
.
, , ,

though they a re p lentifu l enough in the strata a bove ower .

bed shells hav e not been noticed in the nodule band which would ,

see t o indicate that this was l a id down not when the deposition ,

of the older beds ceased but when that of the yo unger ones com ,

e nce d .A s said before the beds both above and below the ,

n odules a r e horizont a l so that there is here simply a gap in the ,

s uccession of the tertiary strata

h
.

A u ch larger number of species occur in the lo wer than in

:t e upper beds especially a ongst the siphonosto atous uni
,

v alves while the br a chiopoda are al

,
o st confined to them It is .

g enerally ad i tted that their fossils co u ld only have lived in seas

war e r than those of the present coasts of So uthern Australia .

O n the o ther hand the shells of the upper beds indic a te a ne a rer
,

a pproach to the existing te p erature of our waters Bivalves .

a nd holosto ato u s univalves predo inate in them and tho ugh , ,

h
a s co p ared with the lower b eds the nu b er of species is s a l l , ,

h
indivi du a l exa p les are usually o re abundant O itting for .

t e present the shells referred to in colu n 4 of the su a ry ,

t e total nu b er of spe cies recognised in the lower beds is 4 1 6 ,

and in the upper 1 74 O f these 81 species in the lower and 37 .

, ,

in the upper beds h a ve not been fully examined By deducting .

the we get 335 species belonging to the lower a nd 137 to the

, ,

upper zone which have r e ceived distinctive na e s and which

, ,

may ther efore be regarded as a uthenti cated species In the lower

h
.

beds five l iving species a re known viz

y h
,
.

oti s L Saxicava a rctica L

h y
O strea inn inn
‘

L
.
, ,
.

i opsi s a urita B r occ i H ippon x foliaceus Q i ( t

h
.
, ,

B e lc e ri , Ad 8 R .
:
.

h
T percentage of recent to extinct for s is thus only 1 5
e ,

which would place the beds low down in the eocene division of
t e tertiaries .
m
m
m
mm
m
m
m
mm
m
54

In the upper beds the existing species am o unt to nine eight of

'

h
,

which are found in the Australian seas viz

y C a ostre e albida L
h
.
,

y
h
T riton Q uo i R e e ve

m
,
a ,
.

Nerita e l a notra gus S i t

m
h
Pl a cuna no ia Ione Gr a
L
h
, ,

i opsis e u rit e B r occ i Fissu rella nigrita Sow

, ,
.

y
B e l c e ri Ad cf: R A a lthea conica Sc u

h
.
, ,
. .

T rigo nia a cuticosta te McGo ,

T e percentage of recent shells in these beds is therefore only 6 5

mm
.

which would assign the t o the Oligocene period

m
I doubt h o w .
,

e ver if the percent a ge syste

,
o f classification ca n be safely a p
plied to either set of beds while s o many for s remain unde s ,

h y
crib e d In the lower z one nu m ulites occur a nd its eocene

m
,
.

character a possibly be confir e d by further exploration .

h
T e geological age of the u pper b eds cannot well be estimated
at present since many species of mollusca obtained from them
,

h
h
a v e yet to be critically examined T e general character o f the .

h
shells is certainl y against their belonging to so early an epoch a s ,

the Oligocene and I thi nk it improbable t a t they are older than

,

i ocene In the case of several which a v e received di stin ctive

.
,

names their affinity to existing species is so great that hesitation

,

is felt by palaeo ntologists in separating the In the fol lo wing .

h
table a list is given of the fossil and living species which are
,

most clos e ly allied For fuller infor ation the reader is referred
.

t o Profess o r T ate s description of the s e l l sfi

’ “

Spe ci e s Fossil in U ppe r B e ds . L

i i ng v Ana l ogue s .

M urex trinodosus M . Angasi , Gr osse

R i ci nul a sub r e ti cul e t a P urpura reticulata Q f G
c:

P te x til osa L
.
,
.

Purpu ra abj ecte . a ,

.

T riton ov oide us T . B a ssii ,Anga s

Pe ri ste rn i a a
pp rox i a ns Trophon Pe iv ee , Gr osse
Marginella s
p . M ovulum Sow
.
,
.

Nassa sub l irella N lirell a B e ck

.
,

Pecten sub conv e x us P conv e x us Q a nd G

M hirsutus L
. . .
,

Mytilus H a il tone nsis

h
. a ,
.

M chorus Mol i na
y
de pe rditus .
,

Cardita s olida C bimaculata D e s a e s

Leda acinaciformis Lcrass e H i n ds
.
,

y ,

L
.

M til i ce rdi a co p ta M
y
. cra ssi cost a ta , a .

Chi o ne sub rob ora t a C roborate

.
,
H a nl e

Mero e gib b e rul a M Al i ci ae , Anga s

L
.

V e ne r upis pa upe rt i ne V exotica a

L
.
.
,

y
Tellina a l b ine l l oide s T . al b ine l l a , a .

Cytherea pa uciruga t a C rutila, H a rt l e

h
.

T ra nsa cti ons R oya l Soci e ty of Sout Austra li a , 1 885-6 -7 .

m
m
m
mm
m
m
mm
m
h
55

Mactra H M poli ta
yy
a i l tone nsi s C e

m
.
, .

Solen sor didus S Sl oa ni i , Gr a

m
.

h
Barnea tiara B . l a si ee , Gr a
a u st ra

y
T erebra sub spe cta b i l i s T :
spe ctabilis , H i n ds
a ddi t oide s ustulata D e s a e s T
L

m
.
,

Crepidula sp . C unguis a .
, .

Pl a ne x i s sp . P moll i s Sow .
,
.

It will be ne cessa ry here for the sake of co p arison to refer , ,

y
briefly to so e of the other arine tert iary deposits of V ictoria .

O n the shores of P o rt Phillip B e outcrops of such strata

m
,

occur a o ngst other places at Mornington between Mou nt E l iz a

m
, , ,

a n d Mo u nt Martha a nd at Mordialloc

y
,
and fossils fro b oth ,

localities h a ve been described by Professor McCo in the Prodr o

u s of Vi ct or ia n Pal ae ontology As fa r as can be j u dged from .

m
the comp a ra tively s a ll number of species yet recorded the de ,

posits of Mornin gton are represented in the lower a nd those of ,

Mordi alloc in the u pper Mu ddy Creek beds .

At Portland Bay a n d a lso on the G lenelg R iver two sets of

m
‘

, ,

s tra t a are exposed viz a lower one co p osed of friable li me

m
.
, ,

stone in which brachiopods e chi nodermata and fora ini fera are
, , ,

the prevaili ng fossils and an upper one consisting almost entirely

,

o f oyster shells Con cerni ng the age of the former of these there
.

is considerable difference of opini on a ongst geologists some con ,

tendi ng that it is older than the Muddy Creek beds while others

h
,

regard it as younger .

T e upper deposit or ostre a limestone has been noti ced as a sur

, ,

h
face for ation e t v a rious places not onl y near the coast but als o , ,

for some distan ce inl a nd and it u st at one time have ex ,

tended ov er a wide a r e a T e o st interesting outcrop of it

.

known to me is at the W h a ler s Bl uff Portland where its j unc ’

, ,

tion wi th the older for ation is clearly seen R ising from the

h
.

water s e dge the latter easi ly recogni sable by the fossils it con
’
, ,

h
tains re a c e s a bout 40 feet up the cli fi when the ostrea limeston e
, ,

appears resting upon it T his extends for the next 1 2 or 1 5 feet

.
,

h
a nd is there overl a in by igneo u s rocks w i ch contin ue up to the ,

su it of the cli ff a height of a bout 10 0 feet

,
.

W ile exploring here a few o nth s ago I made the curious ,

discovery th a t the two sets of stra ta are a ctually separated by a

pebble b a nd of a few inches in t hickness horizontally disposed

h h
, ,

a n d di sti nctly tr a ceable not o nl y on this cliff b u t also on an a d

, ,

j oining one T e pebbles ve ry in size fro a di ameter of a bout

.

one a nd a h a lf inches to t a t of a few lines onl y T hey are of a .

light brown colour a nd very irregula r in shape some being nearly

-
, ,

y
circular so e fla ttened and some elonga ted ; the edges of all are
, , ,

however o re or less rou nded fro which it a be concluded

, ,

that they are rolled fragments just as the nodules at Muddy ,

 m
mm
m
m
mm
56

C reek are T heir percentage comp o siti on is not uniform b ut

.
,

lime alumina ir o n silica and carbon dioxide were found in all

, , , , , ,

though in varying proportions in di fferent sa pl e s analysed T hey .

differ from the Muddy Cre e k nodul e s in containing a smalle r _

amount o f iron and no phosphoric acid Although the pebble .

ba nds of Muddy Creek and Portland Bay are thus in some res
e cts unlike they nevertheless a rk a distinct break i n the suc

h
p , , ,

c ession of the strata at both places .

T e most abundant fossil in the O strea limestone is O str e a

A

h
a r e ni col a
( T ate ) which is closely allied
,
to 0 ng a si a living .
,

h h
h
species In addition I have collected the following chiefly from
.
, ,

y
t e exposures of the strata on the G lenelg cli ffs z Pe cte n e r i di a —

ti l u s c or u s ( Molina )

m
h
n a l i s ( T ate ) il l , C t a l a u s ste l l a tu s ,

( Poli ) P ,
l a cu n a n o i a Ion e
( G ray ) Z e n a ti o si s a ngu sta ta
p ( T ate ) , ,

o f which all but the last are living species T e O strea li e .

s t o ne u st either belong to the late miocene or early pliocene

period probably the l a tter the next o lder formation being I
, , ,

think the upper Muddy Creek beds

,
.

III ASS O CI ATED R O CK S AND T HICK NE SS or STRATA

‘

. .

As mentioned in the introduction we do not know what fo r ,

.
a tion the great body of the tertiaries in south western V ictori a -

rests upon E ven at Muddy Creek, which cannot be far fro m

.

their northern boundary the fossiliferous beds have not been ,

pierced and what underlies them has yet t o be discovered A

,
.

f e w years ago two energetic fossil hunters determined to solve

,

t his question by sinking a shaft in the bed of the creek U n .

fort u nately their geolo gi cal knowledge was not equal to their
,

enthusiasm as they chose a spot quite near the top of the upper
,

beds so that tho ugh they went down a good distan ce they never
, ,

e ven reached the lower beds many feet of which are exposed in ,

natural section on the banks of the strea a few chains farther ,

down I would ventu re to suggest that the work of piercing

.

such important beds as these should be underta ken by the Survey

D epartment of V ictoria W hether boring operations here and .
,

i n the neighbourhood would be likely to lead to discoveries which , ,

c o uld be turned to profitable use or not I cannot say but the , ,

s cientific value of the information gained would be great I had .

s ome gro u nds for thinking at one ti e that the expense of sink , ,

i ng a shaft wo uld be defrayed by the Ballarat School of Mines ,

a proposal to that e ffect having been at first very fav o urably

received In the end however other counsels prevail ed and it
.
, , ,

was decided that no funds were available for such a purpose .

It is true that at many places on the G range Burn certain

, ,

y
r ocks appear j ust beneath the tertiaries but they a r e of igne o u s ,

o rigi n and have penetrated through some earlier sedi menta r

,
 m
m
mm
m
m
mm
m
m
57

m
f orm a tion . L
ithologi
all y they are a quartz felspar porphyry
c ,
-
,

c onsisting of a felsp a thic a tr ix enclosing well dev eloped

-
-
,

m
c rystals of q uartz and orthoclase From the presence of these

m
.
,

the rocks have a characteristic speckled appearance which is ,

very arked on the surface of a fresh fracture T heir colour i s .

va ri o us the ma trix a nd the porphyritic felspar ranging fro

,

white to a reddish brown ; the quartz is usually black when

m
-

l ooked at in the mass of the ro ck but in a mi croscopic sli de it ,

m
appears beautifull y transparent and polarizes with the o st vivid ,

h ues. O rthoclase is the only felsp a r present no plagioclase ,

having been found in any slice prepared In structure the rock .

is eminently prismatic T his is v ery plainl y shown in several

.

”
sections but especially at the spot m a rked d on the map
, ,

m
where a series of nearly perpendicular though short colu n s , ,

e xtends right across the strea At the margin of the bank on .

,

e ither side the porphyr y is overlain by about 10 or 1 2 feet of

,

h h
the polyzoal rock the j unction of the two forma tions being very

mm
,

c learly marked on acco unt of their totally di fferent ch a racte r

,
.

T e o u tline of the country in t i s pla ce i s irregular and I a ,

inclined to think that there must have been a trough or narrow

h
depression in the porphyry before the deposition of the tertiary
s trata upon it R e sti ng upon the polyzoal rock is the basalt and
.
,

t e strea h a vi ng cut its way thro ugh the two upper o st forma
,

t ions has exposed the underlying trap which now forms the bed
, ,

y
of the creek H igher up the stream the upper beds li e im e
.
,

dia t e l upon it and frag e nts of the rock a r e occasionally un

,

h
e arthed when di gging for foss il s T hese porphyries a r e unknown .

anywhere to the so uth of the G range B u rn b ut they can be traced .

i n a north e a sterly di rection fro —

it for fully 30 i les T e .

width of the o utcrop varies b ut in the neighbo u rhood of the ter ,

t ia ri e s the rock is seen onl y in the G range B urn there being no ,

S ign of it in any part of Muddy Creek neither i n si tu nor as ,

fragments a o ng the fossil deposits It is unl ikely therefore .

, ,

that the porphyry wo uld be e t wi th in sinking below the bed

h
of the last na e d stre a -
and the question as to what the under
,

lying for a tion really is has yet to be solved .

T e presence of the porphyry aids in determi ning the thickness

o f the u pper beds As the G range B u rn is followed upwards a

h
,
.

point is reached where this rock j ust ce a ses to be covered by the

tertiaries the basalt instead resting i
,
e diately upon it T e .

e le v ation of this spot is 450 feet above se a level and therefore , , ,

4 0 feet higher than the nod ule band at the base of the upper
zone .

No esti ate can be formed as to the thickness of the re aining

p ortions of the tertiary series viz the lower beds of M uddy ,
.
,

C reek the polyz o al rock and the Portland beds

, ,
Near the top .
 mm
m
58

of Mo unt E
ckersley at an elevati o n o f 31 9 feet ( see section
, ,

fig . there is an outcro p of limes to ne which I take to be an ,

outlier of the Portland beds By adding this height to the depth .

of the H eywood bore 1 9 0 feet below se a level we get a vertical

m
m
, ,

thickness of 50 9 feet but as the b a se of the formation is not then

,

h
”
reached it is impossible to say how much lower the strata ex
,

tend .

T e Muddy Creek tertiaries and for the most part those to , , ,

'

the south of the right down to the se a coast are overlain by

, ,

basaltic rocks O n the G lenelg and in the co u ntry to the west

.
,

of it these are a bsent and the tertiaries there are so e ti e s

, ,

seen on the surface though they are usually covered by drift

m
,

sand .

Many of the vents thro ugh which the lava sheets have issued , ,

h
are still represented by volcanic cones of moderate height as ,

Mounts Bainbridge Pie rre point Napier E ccles E ckersley &c

, , , , ,
.

T e Portland Bay beds were probably covered by an outflow

m
from the extinct crater at Cape Bridgewater Some of the lava .

overlying the Mu ddy Creek beds may have come from eithe r
Mount Bainbridge or Mount Pie rre point extinct volcanoes about ,

seven miles distant A portion of it however wa s probably .

, ,

ej ected closer at hand Mention has before been made of the .

miniature falls over which the Muddy Creek flows j ust before ,

its j u nction with the G range Burn H ere massive basaltic rocks .

extend right across the strea completely concealing the ,

fossiliferou s strata which do not appear again till the j unction i s

,

passed A few chains from the falls on the north side of the
.
,

creek there is a low conical hill with a ring of basaltic boulders

, ,

surrounding it and there can be but little doubt as to this being

,

the spot fro which the lava in the i m ediate vicinity proceeded .

W herever seen from Portland to the foot of the Serra R ange

, ,

h
the basalt is essentially the same rock viz a true dolerite with ,
.
, ,

olivine triclinic felspar and augite as its chief constituents

, ,
.

T e age o f this rock is I am aware a o ot point some assign , , ,

ing it to the pliocene and others to the pleistocene period I .

h
prefer to regard it as not older than pleistocene for the following ,

reasons
1 T e l a va flows fro
. Mounts Napier and E ccles are even
now most striking features of the landscape look ing like rivers ,

of stone as they wind along ov er miles of country till they reach

, ,

the se a coast while the rocks S till present such sharp angles th a t
,

to attempt to walk over them would cut the sto utest boots t o

h
«

pieces in a few hours E ven supposing these to be of later date .

t e n the others e ntioned the difference of age cannot be great , ,

tertiary fossils being alike found under all the basalt from Port
and Bay to Muddy C reek .
 m
m
60

DE SCR I P T IO N S O F S O ME NE W SPE C I E S O F
MA R I N E MO LLU SC A F R O M S O U T H AU ST R A LI A
AN D V I C T O R I A .

B y PROFE SS OR R AL PH T ATE ,
FG S

m
. . .

[R d O t b ud e a c o er z

m
T ere d o fra g i l i s p Pl a te i figs 1 3 13 , s ec . x .
, . a — e .

h
T ube fragile slender simple constricted at frequent intervals

m
, , , ,

but not septated internally ; siphonal end incompletely divi ded

len gthwise T e shell o ffers no distinctive character
. .

Ani a l with united siphons furni shed with two small S helly ,

e l e v a t e pallets the stalk u ch attenuated the enlarged somewhat

, ,

co p ressed upper portion crowned with a cartilaginous crust ,

which has a proj ecting horn at each end

L
.

D i e n si ons engt h 6 5 ; diameter of circular aperture 4 2 5

—
, ,

y
mill imetres
Loca l i t Burrowing with the grain of the w oo d of the wharf
.

—
.

piles at Port A delaide .

C oe l od on p a tu l u s, p
s ec . Pl a te x i .
, fig . I .

Shell thin pellucid white compressed inequilateral ine q ui

,
-
, , ,

v alve
; right valve slightly convex left valve flat in the dorsal ,

region concave v entrally

,
Anterior side short subacutely .
,

ro unded posterior side prolonged patulously extended ventrally , ,

h
trunc a ted Post dorsal li ne nearly straight or sli ghtly inc u rved
.
-
, ,

bounded by a slightly depressed linear lanceolate area U mb o -

.

depressed rather acute situated in the anterior one fift

, ,
Sur —
.

face distinctly concentrically wrinkled .

D i e n si ons Antero posterior diameter 1 6 5

.
— dorso ventral
-
,
—

diameter 9 5 sectional di ameter of both valves 1 millimetre

Loca l i ti e s Dredged in life from 1 0 fathoms at W ool Bay St
, .
,

—
.
,

V incent G ulf ( McD ouga l l and Ma tthews ) ; dead shells dredged

from deep water Investigator Straits ( South Australian Mu seu )
,

If Pa ndor a tr i l i ne a ta R eeve fro C eyl o n be a Coe l odon t e

present shell may have to be referred to it as the o nl y external
, ,

,
, ,
h .

differential characters are a slightly different shape ( a straighter

hinge line and a more acute posteri o r margin) and the absence O f

h
a nodulose dorsal rib

h
.

Ma ct ra Ma tt e w s i p non Pl a te x i fig 4

h
, s e c. . .
, . .

Shell ovately trigo nal nearly equil ateral subtruncated be i nd , , ,

o btusely rounded in front T e p o st d o rsal margin is straight .

—
m
m
m
mm
m
m
m
m
mm
m
m
61

and so e what sloping the a n te rO dorsal one is slightly incurved

h
-
,

y
the v entral argi n is nea rly stra ight but slightly insin uate pos

h
e

m
T e u

h
t e riorl mbo is sma ll and a cute
.
.

T e shell is th i n concentrically c oarsely stri a ted or folded the

,

m
c olour is yellowish w i tish or pi nk usually va ried with brown
, , ,

m
mm
rays those at e a ch extre ity are broader and more frequently
,

present .

D i e nsi on s Antero posterior dia e ter 1 8

.
-
umbo ventral -
,
-

h
di a eter 1 1 5 sectional di a eter O f united valves si x milli
, ,

hy
metre s

m
L
.

oca l i t Co o n on the beach at R oyston H ead ( rll a tt e ws)

— .

T i s spe cies u st not be co nf ounded with M Ja ckson i e nsi s ,

from which is distinguished by its co a rse orna e nt less arched

m
,

y
v entra l m a rgin its bl u nt posterior a rgi n the less defin ed post
, ,

dorsal area and t e e quil a t e ra l it Fro 111 pu si l l a A Ad a s . .

,
.
,

it differs by not being a cu in ate a t both ends .

; spe c Pl a te
''

R a e ta e r i di on a fi s . n on . x i .
,
fig 3
. .

y
Shell whi tish very thin tra nslucent ovately sub ob l ongy , ,
»

mm
o derately convex a nt e e dia l l posteriorly gaping ; u b o sub ,

a c ute curved forward S ituated i n the a nterior three sevenths

h
-
, .
,

Anterior a rgi n regularly ro unded ventral a rgin strongly ,

a rched dorsal line sloping 0 11 both sides o re so in front t a n ,

b e hind posteri or side narrowed and depressed i ts a rgin so e ,

what squarely truncated and slightly reflected T here is an ill .

de fine d depressed post dorsal area b ut no u b onal ridge —

, .

Sinus widely ro u nded horizontal reach ing to the centre v isible , , ,

on the exterior .

S u rface a rked by fine lines of growth which become mor e ,

conspi cuo us and finely wavy wrinkled on the post dorsal area -
,

D i e nsi ons Antero posterior dia e ter 35

. umbo ventral
- —
,
-

y y
diameter 30 ; se ctional dia e ter of left valve eight il l imetres
Loca l i t O ne valve collected by Mr Ma ga re on the beach of
, , .

y
'

—
.

Aldinga B e .

V e n e ru p i s i ri d e sce n s p Pl te i fig 1 0 , s ec . a x .
, . .

Shel l rho b oidal subdepressed ; post dorsal line straight ; ,

-

anterior side very short and narrow slightly concave in front O f

'

the depressed acute u mbo posterior side long expanded , ,

squ a rely truncated at its a rgin b ut rounded off post ventrally ,

—

there is no defined u b onal ridge ; ventra l margin having a

slight o utwa rd c u rve in its posterior hal f thence rapidly ascend ,

ing to the roundly attenu ated front umbo in about the anterior
third .

Colou r dirty white irides cent with a few spots of reddish , ,

brown O rna e nt of concentric la inae ( abo ut 15 conspicu ous

.

ones ) and three or fo u r concentric rounded threads in the inter

,
 m
m
mm
mm
h
62

spaces ; the interstitial l irae and the umbonal aspect of t e

h

m
l amin ae are crossed by fine close stri fe T e lamin ae are erect ,
.
,

sh o rt with an acute sligh tly and irregularly b roken edge

, ,
.

D i e nsi ons Antero p o sterior diameter 1 45 ; umbo ventral

.
— -
,
-

y
diameter 9 5 s ectional diameter of united valve s 6 millimetres

m
L
,
.
,

oca l i t O ne fresh specimen dredged in deep water O ff

h
.
—

Kangaroo Island Spenc e r G ulf ( S Aust Mus ) , . . .

T e only species having concentric striate ornament between

the lamellae and without radial riblets are V tu i da Sow and
, .
,
.
,

V i n te r str i a ta Sow ; the former shell is ventricose and both are

.
,
.
,

very finely striated between the lamellae whilst the present ,

s pecies i s depressed and the interstitial ornament consists of ,

r ound threads other less striking differences can be p o inted out

, .

m
rd i u e r u g a tu
Ca p c non Pl te i fig 6 , s e . . a x .
, . .

Shell obliquely subquadrate about as long as high narr o wed

m
,

h
and rounded in front broadish and curvedly truncate behind ; ,

h
inequilateral moderately convex pure white and ornamente d
, , ,

with about 25 flat ribs much broader than the furrows T e ,

.

medial ribs are wider than t e anteri o r o r posterior ones ; the

anterior ribs bear close transverse compressed scales , ,
.

D i e nsi ons Antero posterior diameter

.
— 13 umbo v e ntral -
,
-

y
d ia e ter 1 25 sectional diameter 7 i llimetres
L
.
, ,

oca l i t A few single valves cast up at R oyst o n H ead

—
,

Southern Yorke Pe ni ns ula ( G F Matthews ) . . .

T his species seems to resemble C D i on oe u Sowerby but it .

, ,

has not the spinosely dentated ribs of that shell .

y
ra d i a t e pe nou Pl te i fig 7
'

Ca r di t e ll a s ub ,
s c . a x .
, . .

Shell mi nute ovately tri gonal inequilateral ,

moderate l , ,

c o nvex umbo large a nt e e di a n ; anterior side rounded a little

, ,

incurved in front of the umbo ventrally rounded p o sterior side

a little produced the post dorsal slope nearly straight inclined at
,
-
,

hh
an acute angle Inner margin of valves distantly and deeply
.

c renulated .

S u rface smo o th S ining radially faintly ribbed and concentri

, , ,

c all y coarsely striate d T e ribs are ab o ut 1 5 in number de .

,

pressed wider than the inte rspaces

,
.

Di e nsi ons An tero posterior diame te r 35

.
—
umb o ventral -
,
-

y
diameter 35 millimetres
Loca ti t Shel l sand R oyston H ead
.
,

— .
.
,

T his new species most rese b les C r a di a ta from the E o cene .

,

beds of the Adelaide district but is inequilateral and has an in , ,

fl a te d umbo It is more triangular than C i nfa ns with fewer

. .

in o rnate ribs .
m
m
mm
m
63

m
e l l i a r oste l l a t a pe non Pl te i fig 1 4
K , s c . . a x .
, . .

m
Shell minute rather thin semi transl ucent broadly heart
, ,
-

shaped a little longer than high inequilateral and moderately

h
, ,

h
convex .

T e dorsal a rgin is oblique on both sides longer behin d than ,

m
h yh
in front and excavated in front O f the beaks T e ventral mar
,
.

m
i n i s r ounded and curves upwards to the narrow and sub r os
g
t ra te d anterior margin T e umbos are pro ine nt ra t e r obtuse
.

m
h
at the a pex approxi a te not c urved in front and situated well
, , ,

in advance of the middle line .

T e surface is finely and closely concentrically striated ; the

c olour is yellowish horn umbos and hinge line brown with a
-
,
-

vertical ray of the sa e colour increasing in breadth from the ’

umbo to the ventral margi n .

D i e nsi on s Antero posterior diameter about 2 5 umbo ven

.
— —
,
-

tr a l diameter 2 ; sectional diameter of united valves 2 milli

, ,

mm
y
metres
Loca l i t D redged in life seven to nine fathoms attached to
.

m
—

m
.
, ,

s eaweed Port Phillip H eads V ictoria ( J B Wi l son)

T his species has a general resemblance to L
. . .
, ,

a sasa r u b ra ; but

a part from the difference of dentition it is distinguished by i ts ,

s ub rost ra t e d anterior S ide .

M o n t a c u te s e i ra di a t e p non Pla te l fig 2 , s e c. . x .
, . .

Shell minute transversely ovate moderately convex ; umb o s

, ,

a nt e e dia n thi ck and rounded ,

anterior and posterior margins
rounded ventral a rgin slightly curved outwa rds posterior slope
, ,

gently descending .

Surface smooth shini ng of a chocolate brown colour o re o r, ,

-
,

l ess tra nslucent white medially with a few dista nt angular -

,

t hreads appearing as pellucid rays radiating fr o m the umbo t o

, ,

the posterior half of the ventral a rgin .

h
D i e nsi ons Antero posteri or diameter 2 ; umbo ventral
.
-
,
-

y
diameter 1 5
Loca l i t Parasitic on E c i noca r di u east of Mud Island
.
,

—
, ,

h
Po rt Phillip in seven to ten fatho s ( J B Wi l son )
, . . .

h
E p i pp o d on t a , g e n non . .

Name in allusion to the c a rdinal teeth riding as it were o ne on

t

s
p
y
e

T
ec
other by their tips and not interlo cking

.
p es Scintilla
n on
lunata
.
—

.
T a te and E i
p pp odont a McDou a l l i
g
,

, ,
h .

h
Shell like Ga l e o a flexible in life b ut brittle when dry with , ,

t wo cardinal teeth in each valve which are o re or less b ifid at ,

t heir su its and Opposed to e a c other and not a lternating a

large cartilage is wedged in between the teeth and the dorsal ,

a rgi n is internally thickened .

 m
m
m
mm
m
m
mm
h
64

m
h
T animal has the mantle lobes free all round to the d o rsal

m
e

line ; in life the anterior margins of the lobes are largely expanded
in a funnel form T e foot is so e what disk sh a ped very v ol u i n

m
.
,

ous and constitutes a broad locomotory surface

,
.

h
T his genus is separable from Ga l e o a and Sci nti l l a by pos
sessing two cardinal teeth in each valve which are in apposition , .

h
T e free antle lobes distinguish it further from Ga l e o a the

h
-

animal of Sci n ti l l a appears to be undes cribed

m
.

T e animal of both species of E p ipp odon ta has the creeping

habit O f Ga l e o a the val v es are flexible and spread out flat
,

when the ani a l is in motion ; indeed while in life the valve s ,

cannot be br o ught to a less angle of divergence than about 70

m
degrees .

Both species live on the ud formed b u rrows of a shrimp shel -

tering beneath large stones between tide marks at E dithburg -

,.

Yorke Peni nsula South Australia

h
.
,

m
E p i p p o d on t a Mc D ou g a l l i , s
p ec . Pl a te x i .
,
figs sat — 56
. .

Shell s all with each valve approximately se i circular in

,

outline subequilateral flat yellowish white d ull

, , ,
-
,
.

U b o inconspicuous Surface of the valves wi th nu merou s .

compressed slender ridges radiating from the u b o about 21 , ,

principal ones regularly disposed with one or two smaller ones

interposed all bearing papillary s cales the margin of the valves
,

with abou t 6 0 equal and equidistant square and deep crenatures

L
.

D i e n si ons engt h of dors a l l ine 1 0 ; u b o ventral di ame

—
,
-

y
te r 6 illimetres
Loca l i t E dithburg St V incent G ulf ( il c ouga l l )
.
,

—
.
,
. .

T his species differs fro its congener by its in conspicuou s

umbo by its conspicuous radial ribs the indented free margin
, ,

of the valves and more regular o utline

,
.

V o l u t a A d c o ck i pe Pl a te i fig 8 , s c
. x .
, . .

Shell oval fu sifor spire o derately elonga ted terminated by

-
,

a papillary pullus ; whorls with a row of transversely elongat e

tubercles on the periphery ( about 1 1 to a whorl ) A perture o v al .

elongate o uter lip thickened internally but bevelled off to a ,

thin edge not reflected colu ella with four oblique plaits in
,

creasing i n size fro t he front backwards .

Colour yellowish white with u ndulate narrow chestnut trans

-
, , ,

verse lines the depth of the plication of the colour lin es being
—

interme diate between V Anga si T ate and V u ndu l a ta L a marck .

, ,
.
,

on the l a st whorl are two so ewhat narrow chestnut spiral bands ,

one in front of the row of nodula tions and in an ali gn ent with
the posterior angle of the aperture the other about i dway to ,

the front on the dorsal aspect .

m
m
m
m
mm
mm
m
65

m
Di the s all exa ple of 5 whorls total length
e n si ons —
O f —

4 1 of apertu re
,
width of la st whorl 1 9 illimetres O f the
31 , .

m
larger exa ple total lengt h by esti ate 53 of aperture 40 ;
—
, ,

y
wi dth of l a st whorl 25 il li etres
Loca l i t O ne exa ple cast up at Middleton ( Mr Adcoclc)

m
.
,

—
,

the species prev io u sly known to Mr Bednall by a n example .

without lo ca lity in the South Au stra lian Mu se um

hh h
.

T his species has the general aspect of V Pa cifica V Kr e u sl e r oe

m
. .
, ,

a nd V T a tc e r i and like the

. has peripheral nodulations in t e
, , ,

hh
arrange e nt of the colou r lines it combines the characteristics of
V B e dna l l i A Brazier and V Anga si T ate It is a much wide r
.
,
.
,
.
,
.

m
shell with a shorter S pir e than either V K r e u sl e r oe or V T a tc e r i . .
,

y
and specially differs from V Pa cifica by its narrow aperture not .
,

wideni ng anteriorl as in that spe cies .

m
y
St l i fe r b ru n n e u s, p
s ec 720 21 Pl a te x i fig 9

m
. .
. .
, .

Shell subglobose spire short a cu i na te l produced ; apex ; ,

m
cylin drical styliform ; the other whorls are convex of o derate
, ,

increase slightly depressed at the posterior s uture ; sutures

L
,

l inear ast whorl large faintly angulated at the base a nd de

.
,

pressed a t the sutu re and in consequ ence having a perceptibly ,

hh
s ubquadrate o utlin e .

y
O uter lip thin regularly c urved acutely angled posteriorly ; , ,

colu ell a t in sl ig t1 elevated defined by a s uperficial groov e

,
‘

behind .

Colo u r dark brown shini ng black brown around the suture , ,

-
,

a rked with i croscopic crowded obliquely transverse lines and

with distant spiral lines .

Ani al with a large expanded disk like antle

h
-

Lengt h 5 breadth
.

y y
D i e nsi ons —
illi etres
Loca l i t Parasitic on Str ong l oce n tr otu s inv ariably on t e
,
.
,
—
,

periproct in eight to ten fathoms Capel Sound Port Phillip ( J

, , ,
.

Wi l son )

h
B . .

T his new species rese b les in its squ a t shape S T u r toni .

,

S a ste r i col a S ov oi de u s and S du b i a ; b ut it a s not the insinuated

.
,
.
,
.

outer lip obtusely angled posteriorly of those species In its

,
—
,
.

y
r eg ul a r cu rved outer lip and general sh a pe it agrees with S Sti
p .

son i V errill
, and S O r b ign a n u s H upe ; b ut the more rapidly
,
.
,

enl a rgi ng whorls and subquadrate last whorl distinguish it fro

them .

U b re l l a c ort i c a l i s p Pl t i fig I I , s ec . a e x .
, . .

Shell orbi cular in outline o dera tely elevated with the apex , ,

h
prominent so ewhat in cu rved and a little excentric ; covered
, , ,

except a pex with a well developed epider i s which extends

, ,

abo ut half a s fa r again a s the shell T e epider i s is raised into .

a bout 20 broad rays diverging fro the apex and is concentri , ,

E
m
m
c ally lamell o se

h
I t is pellucid white but encircled with a band
of maro o n colour c o rresp o nding w

h
.

,ith the edge of the shell ; it is

very to ugh and can be readily rem o ved in one piece
,

T e shell is o f a primrose yell o w colour thin c o ncentrically

s triated and with a few obscure radial ridges
-
66

, ,
.

m
, .

T e an imal is o f a deep port wine colour the fo o t is circula r -

in outline with an extended margin ; the underside o f the mantle

,

i s covered with s all white caru ncul ae .

mm
h
D i e nsi ons T ransverse diameters 1 9 and 1 5
— height 4 , ,

h
illimetres
Loca l i ti e s L
.

ower end o f t e South Channel of Port Phillip

—
,

s even to sixteen fathoms sand and weed

( J B W i l son
) ,
It as . . .

als o been collected more than once in St V incent G ulf

mm
. .

Lob i g e r W i l son i p non Pl te i fig 1 2 , s e c. . a x .

, . .

Animal with the body pr o duced into a very narrow pointed , ,

h
smooth tail of a green colour shortly exte nded bey o nd the shell , .

Foot with tw o oblong rounded and pale green lobes which are som e
— —
,

w a t attenuated int o a b roadish stalk

y
.

Shell thin flexible straw yell o w ; spire rudimentary but i nv o

, ,
-

lute Somewhat p rifo rm slightly attenuated in fro nt and

.
, ,

truncated apically ; aperture narrow ovate truncate behind -

L
, .

y
Surface finely striated ength 8 width 5 mill imetres
L L
,
.
, .

oca l i t ower end o f South Cha nnel of Port Phillip s e ve n

—
,

t o sixteen fathoms ( J B Wi l son) . . .

X PL
ANAT IO N O F P AT E L XI

h
E .

1 Coe l odon pe tul a s, T a te E nl a rge d. .

Monta cute se i ra di a te , T a te Muc e nla rge d

.

h h h
2 . . .

h h
3 . R a e ta e riodiona l is T a te
. Na tura l size . .

Ma ctra Ma tt e wsi, T a te Slig tly e nla rge d

h h
4 , . .

E p ippodonta McD ouga l l i, T a te

h
5 . a , S e ll e nl a rge d b , t e va l ve s l a i d
.

h
op e ne d to di spla y ca rdi na l te e t a nd ca rtil a ge , uc e nl a rge d .

6 . Ca rdia u e ga tu , T a te Slig tly e nl a rge d

. .

7 . Ca rdite l l a sub ra di a te , T a te Muc e nl a rge d . .

y h
8 . Voluta Adcocki, T a te Na tura l Size . .

9 . St l ife r b runne ns, T a te E nl a rge d. .

10 . Ve ne rupis i ri de sce ns, T a te Slig tly e nla rge d

. .

h
II U b re ll a corti ca lis, T a te Na tura l siz e '

L
. . .

ob ige r Wil soni, T a te

h
1 2 . E nl a rge d
. .

h
I3 . T e re do fra gilis, T a te 0 , T ub e , na tura l siz e ; A
.
, a pa lle t uc e nl a rge dz;
c, si p ona l orifi ce of tub e , e nl a rge d .

14 . K e lli e roste ll a te , T a te Muc e nla rge d

. .
 mm
mm
68

22a .

( Af
MAC TR A MAT T IIE WSI
a tt h e ws) .
,
T ate a nte a ,
p . 60 . R oyston H ead

y
2
8a . R AE T A ME R ID O NAL IS, T ate ,
a n te a ,
p . 61 . Aldinga Bay
( T C A,
.Al a ga r e
) . .

46 a . ELL I N A
T A MODE S T Sowerby
Pr o c Zool Soc 1 883 t 7 , ,
. . .
, ,
.
,

fig 1 p 31 A delicate white shining ovate shell with the

m
.
,
. .

posterior side slightly fl e x uous H ol dfast Bay ( D J .

’

. .

Adcock) also Ne w South W ales

m
,

56 a V E NE R U PIS I R I DE S C EN S T ate a nte a p 6 1

. Spencer G ulf , , ,
. .

( S Au st 11l u s )
. . .

76 a C Y THERE A D ISR U PT A S o werby T hes Conch p 1 1 7 t 16 3

.
, ,
. .
,
.
,
.
,

h
figs 20 8 20 9 T ransversely ovate somewhat ac u i nate
.
,
.
,

behind yellowi sh blotched with purple brown in a more or

, ,
-
,
'

less radia ting ann er T e South Au stralian examples are .

of s all siz e about three quarters of an inch with surface — —

m
concentrically sulcated rather than striated Adult examples .

from Ne w South W ales attain to two and three quarter -

inches long Spencer G ulf off Kangaroo Island ( S Au st .

,
. .

Mu s also Ne W South W ales and T as a nia

'

h
-

. .

8 6 a C ARD I UM E R U G AT U M T ate a n te a
. p 62 South Yorke , , ,
. .

Peninsula ( Ill a tt e ws) .

9 8a SACCH IA A D ANS I Angas as Mysia ( B e l a ni a ) in Proc Zool

.
, , ,
. .

Soc 1 86 7 t 44 fig 9 p 9 1 0
. O rbicular depressed ; hinge
,
.
,
.
,
. .
,

plate largely developed grooved for reception of internal

cartilage L
,

engt h and width abou t half an inch R oyston

. .

H ead also Ne w Sou th W ales .

1 1 1 a E PH IPPO D O NT A MCD O U G AL
. LI T ate a n te a p 6 4 E di th , , ,
. .

burgh Yorke s Peninsula ( l c ouga l l )

, Sci n til l a l u na ta
’
i .

also belongs to this new genus

y
.

1 1 4a C ARD IT A BED D OME I E

. A S ith in V o Chall enger ,
. .
,
.
,

t 1 5 f 5 p 21 1 Sub quadr a te with a bout 30 ribs bearing

.
,
.
,
. .
-
,

nu e rous small transverse nodules spotted with ora nge on ,

the medial and posterior a reas sul ci rather narrower than

the ribs L engt h about fiv e eighths by half of an inch
.
-
.

Spencer G ulf off Kangaroo Island ( S Au st Mu s also

h
,

,
. . .

Bass Straits
y
.

CAR D IT A S QU AM I GER A D e s a e sx Ma g Z ool 1 853 p 1 0 ,

.
,
. .

R eeve Icon Con t 4 f 1 4 ,

Broadly cordate very wide . .
,
.
,
. .
,

and tr uncated behind ; 20 narrow ribs bearing sub ere ct ,

—

long scales beco ing arched or t ub ular a t the ventral ma1

g i n L en g th three
. eigh t hs of a n inch ; width quarter of an ,
-
,

y
in ch Spence 1 G ulf O ff K a nga I O o Island ( S Au st ill u s
Localit unkn own ( B e e r e )
,
. . . .

.
 m
m
mm
69

m
1 1 9a L
CAR DITLA SU B R AD IAT A
E T ate a n te a
h p 6 2 R oysto n

m
.
, , , . .

H ead Yorke Pe ni nsula ( rll a tt e ws)

h h
.
,

1 21 U NI O ANGASI Sowerby in R eeve s Icon Conch 186 8 t 55

’

f 282 U S u ttl e wor t i L

.
.
, , , .
,

m
. . e e
. is an older name b ut is pre , , ,

occupied by another Austra lian species described by Kuster

U v i tta tu s L
.

1 22 U NI O E VANS I in R eeve s Icon Conch ’

e e

t 83 see s to represent this sp e cies L

, ,
. . . . .
,

agoons of the R iver

Murray a nd L
.
, ,

a ke Al exandrina Not in Ne w South W ales

1 23 UNI O AU S T R AL I S L
.
.

. amarck R ivers Para and O nka pa ringa

,
.
.

l 23a UNI O AM BI GUU S Philippi Scott s Creek R iver Bremer ’

R i v er Murray L
.
.
, , ,

a ke Alex a ndrina and Mosquito Creek

,
By , .

so e authors this is referred to U a u str a l i s but it differ s

y
.
,

by its S horter a nterior side less sloping anterior dorsa l mar ,

gin and b the less ventricosity especially in the umb o

, ,

y
post ventral region
-
.

1 51 a P I N NA T AS M AN IC A T e ni son W oods in Proc R o

. Soc, . . .

T as a ni a for 1 875 W edge sha ped ribbed ; ribs towards .

-
,

h
the margin furnished with a few irregula rly placed much , ,

raised tubular scales D ead valves dredged in 1 1 to 1 5 .

fatho s off T apley Shoal St V incent G ulf ( ill att e ws and ,

.

i l IcD ou a l l
g ) also V ictoria and T as a ni a .

CL ASS PALL I O BRAN C H I ATA .

MAGASE LLA CU MING I Dav idson 1852 ; R e e ve Conch Icon , , . .

,

T erebratula t 7 f 30 S o oth ovate oblong ventral valve -

much deeper with a produced and inc urved beak L

. . .
, , , ,

h
ength
about one third of an inch L
, .

-
iving exa p les dredged in 1 1 .

to 15 fathoms off T apley Shoal ( rl f a tt e ws a nd McDouga l l ) .

dead shells fro 27 fatho s off E ncounter Bay also Ne w

South W ales and T asmania
 A C E N SU

y
S O F T H E

AU
70

S T R AL

m
MO LLU S CAN FAU
IA .
NA O F

m
B PROFE SS OR R AL PH T ATE , FG S
. . .

[Re a d O ctob e r 2 d, 1 888 ]

y
M obj ect is in this essay t o present a comprehensive vi e w
, ,

of the molluscan fauna of S o uth Australia

of

h
the c nstituents
o

m
( o mitting Polyzoa ) and to indicate their ex o teric relati o nships
,
.

T e acc o mpany i ng tables are based upon a list of S pecie s

S h o wing their occurrences by political boundaries which I have

h
,

b e en c o mpiling for the past ten years partly as the result of bye ,

w o rk in connecti o n with the distributio n of the genera in t e

h
Australian T ertiary deposits T his list cann o t be with o ut faults
.
,

but I think it makes a fair appro ach t o accuracy b o th as to

specific identities a nd distribution I fear however that t e
.
, ,

number o f species is in excess a s some o f o ur Australian worke rs

,
.

have relied too much on ge ographical is olation as an index to

specific di stinction ; still the duplication cannot be very seriou s
,

as t o e ffect the general c o nclusi o ns at which I have arrived and

submitted herein .

It is admitted that terr e strial pro vinces are not necessarily

cO o rdinate with marine ones
-
and it is the m o re desirable to
,

rev iew them independently inasmuch as the terrestrial and

,

fl uv ie til e species of Australia are exclusivel y endemic if we ,

e xcept a few species o f Me l a n i a and Ne r i ti n a .

h T HE MAR I NE MOLLU S CAN OF AU S TRAL I AFAUN A

T e marine fauna admits of gr o uping int o tw o secti o ns— one
o ccupying the tropical shores and largely consisting of i grants
,
.

fro m the O riental Marine Pro vince ; and the o ther belonging to
the temperate waters and largely consisting o f endemic species
,

and possessing several restricted genera W here to draw li ne s .

o f demarcati o n between the two regi o ns is a diffic ulty as no ,

actual barriers to i gration occur on the east the transiti o n is

h
m o re pr o nounced than o n the west c oast and I select the latitude ,

o f Mary b o rough coinciding with the s o utherly termi nati o n of

,

t e G reat Barrier R eef as a convenient point of separation On .

h
the we st c o ast a tropical fauna prevails as far s o uth as Shark

h
Bay whilst at Freemantle the Australian sp e cies are in a n
,

ascendancy n o extensive lists of species a v e been publishe d

’
fro m any one l o cality n o rth o f King G e o rge s S o und so t a t I ,
h
h

Africa

h
the whole .

,
m
ave no guide for deli mitation H owe ver in my list all W est
Australian S pecies from north of Swan R iver have been entered
a s belonging to the Indo Australian Province

T e A ustra lian province

.
e a r u b ra
a sc ,
a s yielded

components of this fauna link temperate Australia and South

-

or 76 per cent are restricted O f the 39 9 extra li mital

.
,

species 57 are igrants to or from Ne w Zealand which is an

,

outlier of the larger Australian province whilst not a few others

e xtend to the South Polynesian area

h
,

species fro the Indo Australian Province

O riental species is reduced to 30 0 or ab o ut 1 8 per cent of

T e Indo A ustral ian Province has yielded

-

whi ch 6 76 or 452 per cent are endemic in Australia so that .

h
.
71

species of which

which has also received

.

T hirteen othe r

T e only cosmopolitan species are Sa x i ca na a r cti ca

T cr e do n i v a l i s L
.

and O str e a e du l i s ( if 0 Anga si b e

not distinct) T hus by these eli minations the actual number of
,

,
,

specie s of
,
,
,

.
,

.
,

,
-

,
,

h
more than half the species are migrants from the O riental
Province .

T e percentage of endemic species fo r the whole o f Australia is

6 4 and for each class as follows
,
Cephalopoda G astropoda
-
, ,

h
Scaphop o da Pteropoda 0
, Conchifera , ,

Palliobranchiata 53 ,
.

T e following ta ble summarises the dis tributi o n o f the marin e

s pecies in each class or large roup
g
 m
m
m
m
m
m
m
73

h U S TRAL I AN GENER IC TYP E S

m
A .

T e following genera are peculiar :

h
CE P HALO P ODA T r i ta sse opu s ( 1 .
—

m
G AS TR O P OD A Ag n e wi a ( 1
.
—
Z e ir a ( 1 Pe l ica r i a
( 1 modified S tr u t i ol a r i a essentially N e w Zea
,

landi an Me sa l i a ( 1 R a u l i ni a ( 1 the only

livi ng representative of a Parisian E ocene type ; A pu l

m
h h
l a r i n a ( 3 sp ) Anga si e l l a ( 1
. Ca se l l a ( 1

h y y
Al lp or ti a ( 1
M oc a a ( 4
y
CON C H I FERA H u p r e i a ( 3 .
—
Ana pa
( 2 E p pp i o don ta
( 2 M se l l a
( 2 T r i goni a

( p)
5

h
s

mm
.

m
PALL I O B RAN CHI ATA Atr e ti a ( 1 .
—

T e following genera have their metr o p o lis in the Australi an

Pr o vince
G AS TRO P OD A Co i ne l l a chiefly confined t o the temperate
.
—

seas of the South H e i sphere ; Vol u ta Australia pos ,

h
sesses half the number of known species whilst the ,

sections A or i a ( 1 0 Vol u toconu s ( 1 and

Ma i l l i a r i a ( 1 sp ) are restricted P a si a n e l l a is con
.

h h h
s i cuous by the large size attained by several of i ts
p
species which are indivi dually of common occ urrence .

T a l oti a Ca n t a r i du s E l e n c u s B a nki ni a and Cr osse a

, , , ,

h
a r e more la rgely represented specifically than in other

h
Provinces .

h
CON CHI FERA . Z e n a ti a C a ostr e a Ca r di te l l a
, , ,

Sol e n e l l a and Modi ol a r ca are chiefly confined to t e

,

cooler waters o f the Southern H e i sphere and t e ,

sa e observation is equally appli cable to the fol lowing

h
genera of Palliobranchiata z Kr a u ssi na ( 2 sp ) and — .

Ma ga se l l a ( 1 O f less restricted genera of Con

c ife ra Cr a ssa te l l a L i opsi s and Ana ti na are con

h
, , ,

s i cuous by the number of their constituent species

p .

T e Indo Australian Fauna presents in its generic assemblage

h
—

yh h
the characteristics of the widely reaching O riental Provi nce b ut -
,

some few typical Australian genera are represented as t e ,

Vol u te s T r igoni a M oc a a Modi ol a r ca

h y
, ,
whilst Pa r a str op i a
,

a nd Wa tson i a a ong G astropods a nd Au stri e l l a and rll r i na

, , ,

a mong Conc i fe rs are peculiar ; also North Australia furnishes

,

the four known S pecies of Pl a cu na two of which are ende i c ,

.

T T ERRE S TR I AL AND FLU VI ATI LE MOLLU S CAN FAUNA OF

h
H E

AU S T RAL I A .

T terrestrial mollusca are in their species very l o cally dis

e

tributed but the genera are nearly all widely di spersed over warm
,
 mm
m
mm
m
74

h
and temperate regi ons O f a t otal of 46 1 speci e s only tw o a re
.
,

extra australian
-
.

T e tropical characteristics of the land snails of N E

h
Q ueens . .

y y h
land are indicated by the presence of the genera R e a l i a Pupi na
L
, ,

Ca l l i a , C p cl o D i p l
or u s,
o a ti n a , e to
p p o a , H e l i ci n a , Ge or i ssa ,

h
T or n a te l l i n a , Ste n og r a , Ste n opu s, Va gi nu l u s, and the g e otr oc oi d
H e l i ce s ; of these Pupi na , H e l i ci na , Ste nopu s, and the section

h
Ge otr oc u s of H e l i x extend in a few representatives into more
s o uthern latitudes .

T e Australasian types ( embracing S Polynesia and Ne w

h h h h h
.

y y
Zealand ) which occur chiefly in our extratropical regions a re
, ,

y
At or a cop or u s Pa r p a n ta R ti da and D ip l o p a l u s and

h
, , ,

C stO p e l ta which is peculiar

,
.

T e Fluviatile Mollusca are also with few exceptions endemic

and of genera o f w o rld wide di stribution it is only in 11 e l a ni a
-
7
1

( 1 S p.
) and ZVe r i ti n a
( p)
5 S that extra australian species
. o ccur -
.

T heir esoteric distribution has not yet been fully worked out and ,

though some species are widely dispersed o ver the eastern half of

h h
the continent yet the maj ority are s o far o nl y known to occu r
,

h
each in its own hydrographic area .

y
T e genera A ni col a ( if correctly identified ) and Gu n dl a c i a

y
are A e rican ; P sopsi s in another species is South African ;
M ce topu s and L a r i n a are tropical whilst T a te a is peculiar .

SUMM AR Y OF T H E T ERRE S TR I AL AND FLU VI AT I LE MOLLU S C A .

T o a tl
Cl a ss . E x tra tropic . T rop c.i E nde ic
.

G astropoda 39 28 46
Pulmonata
G eophila ( operc ul ate ) 5
G eophila ( inoperculate ) 26 1
L i mnophil e 69
C o nchifera 26

T otals
T AB LE S H O WI NG
Cephalop o da
G astropoda
Pulmonata
Scaphopoda
Pteropoda
Conchifera
Palliobranchiata
 m
m
m
m
mm
m
m
m
m
m
m
mm
m
h

m
h
Fa ily Pl euroto idae Fa i ly Sca l a rndae

m
Da p ne lla Scal a ria

m
R a p ito a Cirsotre a

h
Fa il y Ca nce l l e ri dae Crossea

h
Ca nce l l a ri a Fa i ly Sol a ri i dae
T ri c otrO pis So l a ri u
Fa ily Stro bi dae P il i ppia
Stro b us Fa i ly Pyra i del li dae
T ereb e ll u Pyra i dell a

mm
Pterocera s O dosto i a
Pe l ica ria Actae 0 p ra i s

h
Fa i ly Cypraeidae T urb onil l a
Cyprae a E ul i e l l a
T rivia Mat il da
O vul a Acl is
Ne osi ia E ul i a
Mucrona l ia
yh

m
Vo lva

h
Fa i ly Do l ii dae St l ife r

h
D o l iu Fa i ly Ce rit i opsidae

mm
Pyr ul a Ce rit i opsi s
Fa i ly Ca ssi dae Fa ily Ce rit i e ce e
Cassis Cerith iu
Se ica ssi s Ve rta gu s
O ni scia Pota i de s
L
y
Fami ly Na ti cidae a
pa ni a
Natica T pa notonos
Ne v e rita T e r e b ra l i a

y
A e ura T e l es copiu

h
Siga r e tus P ra z us
Nati cine Bitti u
Narica Cerit i de a
Fa i ly Ma rse nia dae T rifori s
Ma rse nia
y y
Dial e
Fami ly Ce l ptrae idae St l ife rina

y
Ca lyptrae a Pl a na x i s
Siga pa tel l e Q uo ia
L
h
Crepi dul a itio a
il y L
p
Ca pul us Fa ittorini dae
L
y
A a t ina ittorina
H ippon x T ectaria
Mitrul a ri a B ise ll a
Fa ily X enophori dae Mo dul us
X enophora B a uli nie

hy
F a i ly V e r i tidae Fossa rus

h
Ver etus Fossa rina

y
B iv oni a Fa i ly H e te rop r os ni dae
T l a code s B a rl e e i a
Si l i q ua ria Fa i l y R is soi dae
Fa il y T urritel l i dae R isso a
T urr ite ll e R issoina

y
T oronl a Sce l i ol a
Mese l ia H drob i a
A ni col a
 m
m
m
mm
m
m
m
m
m
mm
m
m
h
77

m
Fa
h
y
i ly R issoidae Fa ily T r oc n dae

mm
B it ne l l a Aste l e
Pa l udine ll a Di l o e

T a te e Fa i ly H a l i otiidae
B ith yni a Sto a te l l a
Assi ine a Sto e ti a

m
Fa ily Pa l udinii dae G ena
Pa ludina H al iotis

m
h
T e e inotis
Fa i ly V a lva tidae Fa ily Pl e uroto e rn dae
V a lvata Sc is O pe
Fa i ly Me l a nii dae Scis sur e ll a
Mel a nie
h
B a si l issa
Fa i ly Cae cii dee Minos

h
Pa re str op ia Fa i ly Fissurell i dae
W a tsoni a Fi ssure ll a
Coe cu Ma cr oc is a

Fi ssure l l i de e a
ORDE R S C U TIBR ANCHIATA .
E a rginul a

Fa ily Neriti dae T uga li a

Nerita Scutus
Na vi cell a Punctur e l l a
Neritina R i ul a
Fa i ly Liotii dae Z e idor a
L
i ti
o a Fa i ly Pa tell i dae

y
Ade orb i s Patell e

h
C cl ostr e a Na cell e
Cirsone l l a Fa i ly Ac aeidae

h h
D e l p inul e Ac ae a

Fa i ly R ote l l ii dee Scute l l ina

E t a l ia Fa i ly Ia nt inidee
Fa i ly T urb ini dae Ia nthina
Ph a si a ne ll a R e cl uz ia
T ur b o
OR DE R POLY PLACOPHOR A

h
Coll o i a .

Mi cropl ax
h
Ca l ca r

h hh
Fa il y T roc ii dae Ange s i a

y h
T ro chus Ca ll oc iton

h h
Ziz p inus Isc noc iton

h
T urci ca Ca l l i stoc i ton

h hh
T a l oti a C a e topl e ure
Ca nt a ri dus T oni ci e

h
E l en c us C iton
G ib b ul a Aca nt opl e ura

h
hh
Sol a ri e l l a Ste noc iton
Monodonta L
y
ori ca

hh
Pol donte Sc i z oc iton

h
Cl e ncul u s Pl e x i p ora
Moni l e a
hh hh
Ace nt oc i ton
E uc e l us Notopl e x

y
T r oc ococ l e a O nit oc iton

y
B a nkiv i a Cr ptopl a x
Le i op rga
 m
mm
m
m
m
mm
m
78

O R DE R TE CTIB R ANCH IATA Fa i ly

E ol idae

m
.

ZE ol iS
Fa i ly T orna te l l idae Fl abe ll ina

m
Actaeon
Janus

m
G laucu s

m
Fa i ly E ly sii dae
Famil y B ul li dae

hh
E ly si a
B ull a

h
yh
Al l portie
H e minee

y
Famil y P l l i r oi dae

y
Akera
h P l li r oe

m
C l i c na C
CL ASS S APHOPODA .

h
V ol v ul a D ental iu

m
Di a ph a ne E nta l i s
T orna tina Si p ode nta l iu

m
y
U tricul us Ca dul us
M onie

m
y
S apc h nder a
CLASS PTE R OPODA .

y
H al e a

h
Apl ustru
St l i ol e

h
H y datina
Lp
y
oce rcidae
Cuvi e ria
Fa il y o
Lp

m
o oce rcus
C b ul a
Lb ig T i e de a nnia

y
h
o e r
Spiral is

h
C l indr ob ul l a

h
Fa il y P il i ni dae CLAS S PU L M ONATA
P i line
.

Fa il y Auricul i dae
C l i donura
e
Auricul e
i ly Aply sii dae
y
Fa Al exia
Aply sia P thia

h
D ol a b r ife ra

h
Dol a b e l l a Me l a pu s

h
Fami ly Pl e urob ra nc ia dae Ce ssidul a
Pl e urob ra nc us Pl e cotre e
Pl e urob ra nc i di u
U brel l a A pul l a rina
Fa i ly Siphona r ii dae
CHIATA
y h
O RDE R NU B
D I R AN .
Siphona ri a

h
Fa il Dori didae G adinia
D oris Fa i ly O nc idii dee
-

O nc i di u

h
Anga sie l l a
Casell a Fa ily T runca tel li dae
C ro odoris T runca te ll a

yh
G oni doris B l a ndfordi a
Pol ce re Fa i ly Cycl osto i dae
Pl oca op orus
T ri opia

y
Ce ra toso a
Fa il DoridO psidae

y
Doridopsis
Fa il T ritonia dae
B o ella
Me l ib ae a
 m
m
m
mm
m
m
m
m
m
mm
m
79

y
Fa ily Ari onidae Fa i ly So lenidae
C stope l ta Culte ll us
Fa i ly L
i aci dae Sol e curtus
L

m
in r ax Fa i ly Sa x i ca vi dae

m
A a l ia Sa xica va

h
Fa il y Vitrinidae Pa nopae a
i ly My ac i dae

m
y
H e l i ce ri on Fa
Ma
h
Pa r e coc l e a

m
yh yy y
Fa i ly H e l i coide e Corb ul a

h
ti da Cr pto

m
R a

y
Di pl o p a l us Poro a

m
Pa r p a nta Ne er
a a

Fa i ly Z oni tidae Fa ily Ane tinidae

m
yh
Na nine Coe l odon
M
y
hia
Z onite s odora
Ste nopus M oc a a

mm
hh
Fa i ly Succine idae T ra c

Succinea L
y on i s a

At ora cop orus Ana ti na

Fa ily Va ginul idae Fa i ly Mactridae
Va ginu l us Ma ctra
Fa i ly H e li cidae R a ngi a
L

m
Coe l ia x i s utra ri a
Vertigo Z e na tia

y
T orna te l l i na Rae ta

h
Ste nog r a E e stonia
M
h
B ul i us ol dia

y
H e l ix Fa i ly Pa p idae
L
h
Fa il i nae dee Pa p i a
Li n ae a Ana pa
A p i pe pl e a E rvi l ia
B li nus
u Fa i ly Se e l idae

h y y
Ph y sopsis Se e l e
Ancylus S ndos a

h
G undl e c ia Cu ingie
Pl a norb is Fa il y T el l ini dae
Seg entina Asa p is

h
Psa
CL ASS LMELL B
A I R AN CHI ATA
.
ob ia
Sa nguinol a ri a

h
Fa i ly Ga str o c aeni dae H ia tul e

y
Aspergi llu T e ll ina
Metis
h
H u p re i a
Cl a v a ge l l a Ma co a
G a stro c aena Arcopa gia
Fa i ly T e re dinidae Phyll odia
T ere do G a stre na
Fa i ly Pho l a didae Dona x

h
B a rnea Fa ily Petricol idae
Joua nne tia Petri co la
Pa ra p ol a s Na ra nio
Ma rte sia
Fa il y So l eni dae
Sol e n
V e ne rupi s
Sa x i do us
 m
m
m
mm
m
m
m
mm
m
80

Fa i ly V e ne r idee Fami ly Asta rti dae

mm
Venus Ca rdita

y
h
Ch i one Ca rdit e l l a
Cytherea M til i ca r die
Circe T e ca l ia
Meroe
My
Fa i ly U nioni dae
D osinia ce topus

m
Cl e entin e no
U i

m
T a pes Fa i ly T r igonu dee

y
Fa ily G l a uco i dae T ri gonia

y
Gl a uco a Fa i ly Nucul idae
Fa i ly C cl a di dae Nuc ul a
Sph aeri u L
ed a

m
Pisi diu Sol e ne l l a

Cor b i cul a Fa i ly Ar ci dae

m
h
Cyrena Ar e a

m
Fa ily Iso ca rdii dae B a rb a t i a

h
C pri ca rdia Sca p a rca
T r a pe siu T r i si s

m
Cora l l i op a g Pe ctun culus
L

m
Fa ily Cardii dae i opsi s

m
ily Myti li dae

m
Ca r diu Fa
Myti lus

m
Fa i ly V e r ti cor di idae
V e r ti cordi a Mo dio l a
L
h
Fa i ly Cha i dae itho do us
Ch a e Modi ol a ria
C a ostre e Myri na
Famil y T ri dacni dae Se ptife r
H i ppopus Modi ol a rca
T ri dacna Fa i ly Av i cul i dae
Fa i ly L u cini dae Av i cul a
L ina
uc Mel e a grina
L ip
or e s Perna

y
Austri e l l a Cre na tul a

Cr ptodon V ul sell a
Corb i s Mall eus

h
Fa il y U ngul ini de e Fa i ly Pinni dae
Dipl odonte Pinna

y
Sa cc i a Fa i ly Spon dyl i dae
Fa i ly E r cini dae Spondyl us
Monta cute Pl i ce tul a
Le ssee il y L
h
Fa i i dae
L L
y
epton i a
P t ine L
i e a

h
Ga l e o a Fa ily Pe ctinidae
Scintil l a Pe cten

y
E p ippodonta A u si u
M se l l a Fa i ly Ano ii dae
y
Ke l lie Ano i a

y
Fa ily Sol e idse Pl a cun a no i a
Sol e a Fa i ly Pl a cuni idae
Fami ly Astarti dae Placuna
Cra ssa te l l a
Fa

Fa
m
mm
m
i ly Ostreidae

CL
Ostrea
ASS PALLI OB R AN
i ly T ereb ra tul idae
T ereb ra tul a
W a l dhei i a
T ereb ra tul ine
Ma ga se l l a
Me ge rl i a
CHI ATA
.
81

Fa

Fa

Fa

Fa

Fa
i ly T ereb ra tulidae—fi
i ly
i ly
ily
i ly
K ra ussina
R h ynchone ll i dae
Atre tia
Cra niidae
Cra ni a
Di scinidee
O
L
L
rb i cul a
ingul idae
ingul a
 82

AD D I TIO N S T o T H E F LO R A O F T H E PO R T LI NC O LN
D I ST R I C T I N C LU D I N G B R I E DE I PT I O N S

m
, F SC R O F
T W O NE W SP E C I E S .

By PROFE SS OR R AL PH T ATE , FG S . . .

[ Re a d Otb c o e r 2, 1 888 ]

m
m
A hurried excursion occupying a few days in the e a rly part of
No vember 1 887 in the Port L
,

h
,
incoln district brought to my
, ,

knowledge the occurrence of 51 species not hitherto known there .

h y
T e country traversed is well within the wettest part and i s ,

m
t herefore the most typical portion of the ph t ographic district of
Southern E yre Peninsula T e route was from Port L incoln by
way of L ittle Swamp the Fountain to L
.

ake W angary t o Marble

m
, , ,

R ange to K e l l idie Bay ( an extension o f Cofli n Bay ) to Straw

, ,

berry and W inter s H ills on the west slope of the coast range

hh
’

which extends n o rth from Port L

,

incoln a nd back to the seaport ,

.

T e leading physical features are

1 T e
. coast range c o nsisting of metamorphic rocks is , ,

cl o thed with o pen forests of Casuarina and E ucalypts acc o rding ,

t o the nature of the soil .

2 A low depressed area t o the west extends t o the c o a st

”
.
, ,

line on the s o uth west and is interrupted on the north west by

-
,
-

isolated peaks of metam o rphic rocks a s Marble R ange ( a mis ,

nomer a s the rock is a hard highly metamorphic quartzite )

, ,

North B lock &c T owards the se a coast much of this depressed

,
.
-

c ountry i s occupied by swa p s whilst the relatively high ground , ,

y yy
o r rises constitutes heath lands or grass lands interspersed with
, ,

t hickets and light timber particularly of E u ca l p tu s cor noca l a :

Swamps at L
,

y
R anuncul u s aquatilis ittle Swamp and ne a r
.

K e l l idi e B a .

R anunculus l a ppe hickets near Fountain

ce us T
e t heath ne a r L
. .

y
D rosera pyg a ea W ittle Swamp
e t heath nea r L
. .

h
Co e spe r a ca l e a
g ittle Swamp. .

Co e rcon ia T atei
F r il l u e l l e r H eath ground near Fountain
,
. . . .

T his new species is a low di ffus e under S hr ub with t e -

,

branches extending to one foot or more with re a rkably ,

h
reduced cyme only one or two flowers as a rule being
,

y
”
developed .

T o a sia pe ta l oca l x H eath ground Fountain .

,
.

C laytonia calyptrata Marble R ange . .

R umex Brownii Bushy places near Founta in ; Marble R a nge

, .
m
mm
m
m
m
m
mm
L
h hh
J uncus b ufonius . ittle Swamp .

J uncus pallidus . Marble R ange , and towards K e l l idie Bay .

Cladium sc ce noide s W e t e a t , Coo onoge

h
. .

Cladium fil u In a l l the swamps , especially near the

L
.

H e l e oc a ri s a cute ittle Swamp

. .

Isol e pis cartil a gi neus Swamp at Fountain . .

S ch oenus a pogon Swa p at Fountain

. .

Stip e se ib a rb a ta W inter s H ill, and other grassy places on

.
’

the Co a st R ange .

Stip e a ristigl u is W inter s H ill , and other grassy places on

.
’

the Coast R a nge .

Stip e t e r e tifol i e . R ocks by the sea , K e l l idie Bay .

A grostis Solandri H eath ground at Fountain

. .

D anthonia penicillat e W inter s H ill

’

L
. .

Festu ca littora lis K e l l i di e Bay , and towards a ke W angary

L
. .

Swampy ground

h
e t u r u s i n cur v a t us a t Coo on oge
p . .

A spleni um fl a b e l l ifol iu Marble R ange

h
. .

T e following additions have been deter i ned from gatherings

a de by Mr s R i c a rds at Fowler Bay z R anu nc ulus parvi
.
—

y
fl oru s, E pe l te s T a tei , G naphaliu i ndutu , Pterostylis mutic e
a n d at D e ni a l B e ,
O robanche Au straliana .
m
m
mm
mm
m
m
m
PLAN T S O F T H E LAK E E YR E B A SIN .

m
By PR OFE S SO R
h
R AL P H T ATE , &c .

m
h
In address delivered before the Biological Section of t e
A ustralasian Association for the Ad v a ncement of Science a t its
e eting in August I o ccupied y self with t e large question of
,

the influence of cli atologica l and geological changes on the

m
distribution of the constitu ents of the A ustra lian Flora In it I .

g ave s u a ries of facts rather than details and a on g others

those relating to the plants of the L
,

ake E yre Basin T his flo ra .

yh
wil l have some special interest for us and I venture to submit to

mm
,

ou those partic ulars of it whi ch are wanting in my address

T e flora of the L
.

h
ake E yre Basin was selected as best il l ustra t4
ing the cha racteristics of the botanical regi on which I had named
E remian geogra phic a lly it i s only a small se ction of t e region
L
.

a ke E yre is S itua ted nearly in the centre of the continent and ,

h
a t or a little b elow se a l e vel It occupies the centre of the area
.

h
of normally high baro e tric pressure and ini u rainfall i n ,

A ustralia

h
. T e annual rainfall on the south and west does not
exceed five inches though it is a li ttle more on the east b ut t e
,

whole a re a is subj ected to protracted droughts T e are a has .

passed through extreme climatic vicissitudes a nd it offers the v ery ,

h
best initia l study 0 11 the nature and origin of the E remia n flora
a s a whole .

T e basin is vast b ut I restrict y self in this co munication

,

h
to the depressed area around the la ke a n area that probably —

c oincides with the for e r extension of the lacustrine waters ( now

s alt to s a turation e bounding o re elevated lands on the
) T .

south and the Peake ranges on its north west and hence to the
,
-
,

Ma cDonne l l R ange yield as fa r a s botani ca lly known the sa e

h
, ,

type of flora though richer in genera and to some extent

,

specifically distinct T e floral type which preva ils extends a l l

.
, ,

o ver the central region of the continent fro the west of the ,

h h
h
Cordilleras of E astern Australia to the western seaboard between

h
y y
the G ascoyne and De G rey rivers
P togra p i ca l l ,
.

this region isolates the Au toc t oni a n ( S W

Austra lia ) fro the E u r on oti a n ( S E Australia ) the dry inter
H
,
.

v e ni n country presenting an effectual barrier to an interchange

g
of species . If a s I suppose that the L
,
ake E yre basin whi ch is
, ,

now a sandy sa line waste was once occupied by a ve st inland

s e e of fresh water of which L
-
,

akes Blanche and Fro e are out

liers whilst contemporaneously L
,

,
ake T orrens and the system of
m
m
mm
m
h

m
86

m
lakes about L

h
ake G ardner were c o nj oined such extension o f t e ,

h
inland waters must have largely operated in checking i gration
f rom west to east or r i ce ne rsd T e only way of intercourse
’
.

then would a v e been in more n o rthern latitudes which are

h
h
beyond the latitudinal distribution of the related species in the

m
t wo extreme regions It see s probable that the isolation of
.

the Au toc t oni a n flora anted a tes the period of deposition of the
Cre taceous rocks which occupy so vast an area in Central Aus
,

tralia e nd that the E re ia n flora was introduced in compara

,

ti v ely recent times .

In the volumes O f the Flora Austra l ie nsis are recorded many

s pecies fro the L a ke E yre basin chiefly based on the collection s
,

made by Babbage Burke a nd W ills expediti o n the V ictorian

expedition ( in S earch of Burke and W ills ) and by L
, ,

ewis In ,
.

o st cases topographic definition has not been gi ven and where ,

h
ever possible they have been replaced by me in the accompany
ing list by e x a ct localities .

T e collections of plants upon which the bulk of the species i s

h
based I owe to the f ollowing gentlemen
T O Mr J C Chandler a small collection gathere d in the neigh
. . .

b our ood of Peake and received in 1 882

T o Mr J ames McL
.

e od for a l a r e collection made at Inn a

.
g
inka the site of Burke s grave eleven miles west of the Q ueens
,
’

l a nd bo u ndary received August 1 884 a second c ollection by

, ,

the same made in the a utu n O f the following year along the
st o ck road from Inna inke by the Strzelecki to L
y
ake Fro e .

T o Mr Malcolm Murray for a choice collection gathered b

him early in 1 885 on the south and west sides of L
.

h
ake E yre ,

y
between Callana and Anna Creek .

T o Mr E G Mil l a rd for
. . . an species collected by him in t e
S pring of 1 886 at Kalamurina Station on the W arburton R ive r
or L
,

wer D iamantina les south east of owa ri e

( o ) 30 i ,
C -
.

I have also e x amined a collection made by D r Cleland in .

1 886 on a j ourney from H ergott to Stran g w ays ; and also o ne

collected at T ingatingana Station on the Strzelecki Creek
about midway between Inna inke and L
, ,

ake Frome
L
.

h
astly I visited the country about Callana during the winter
,
‘

o f the present year .

T e sign [ 1] which is a fli x e d to localities indicates that I have

‘

h
exami ned authentic specimens and that the specific determina,

tions are mine .

T e list contains the names of 388 species less than half of ,

the known species in the extratropical part of the South Au s

t ra l i a n portion of the E remian regi on but it is almost certain
that some common plants are not included and a very sli ght ex ,

tensi o n of the assumed southern boundary w o uld largely a dd to

it . T h e

m
m
sequence of the orders and the specific name s are a o
c o rding to Baron Mu eller s Census of the Austr a l i a n Flora
’
87

m
.

I n the margin I have indicated the distribution of the extra

h
a ustralasian specie s the abbreviation s employed being as follows

m
,

— 0 O rienta l ; E E thiopia n ; T T ropics ; A Andean

, ,
MED , ,

Mediterranean ; C O S Cosmopolitan or nearly so T e species of

, ,

.
,

e xotic origin n u b er 6 8 which is equivalent to 1 7 per cent of , .

the whole ; whilst for the whole continent the percentage i s .

twelve the figures being as follows

,

I migrant species 9
E migrant species

h h

m
T otal species
T e asterisk prefixed to the species name indicates that t e -

species is essentia lly E remian and the double asterisk that it is ,

peculiarly E re ian

m
.

L ist of localities
So uth side of L ake E yr e Farina H ergott Callana Stuart s —
, , ,
’

Creek Priscilla Springs ; a l l on the G re a t No rthern

L
,

ine of R ailway .

W est side Beresford Strangways and W illiam Springs

h
—
,
.

( tableland adj oining ) A nna Creek and Peake ; all on

the G re a t Northern L
, ,

ine of R ailway T e Margaret .

approaches the R ailway in the vicinity of Coward

h
Springs .

Coota noorrinna is about 30 miles south west from -

Peake and Nil pinna is about half way T e Neale s —

intersects the T elegraph L

.
,

ine 1 3 iles north of Peake .

North east sid e -

W arburton R iver —
.

E ast sid e Inna inke on Cooper Creek near here the

—
, ,

fl oodwa te rs of C o oper Creek discharge into the Strz e

l e cki .

South east sid e H amilton Creek J ohn Creek Pe ral e na

- —

and W ool ta na on the north west side of L

, , ,

ake Fr ome
,
-
.

LI S T OF S P E CI E S L
O CAL I T I E S

h
,
WI T H ,
&C .

ORDER CR U CIFE R JE .

Sisymbrium tri se ctu . Cooper Creek ( Fl Au st ) . . Strang

wa
i
s

ca rde i oi de s . Strzelecki Creek 1 W arbur

ton R iv er Inn a inke . .

E rysimum lasi o carp um J ohn Cre e k l ; Strzelecki Creek ! ; .

W a rb ui ton R iver !
brevipes J ohn Creek ; L ake Frome Strzelecki
. .
,

Creek !
 m
m
m
m 88

m
E rysimum B l e nn odia . Inna inke I V
Va rb urton R iver
Strzelecki Creek
Between Stoke s R ange and

h
Stenopetalum v e l utinu .
’

m
Cooper Creek ( Fl .

h
nutans T e same . .

m
croceum Inna inke
L

m
.

epidium p l e b ope ta l u Strangways to H ergott Peake .

onopl ocoi de s W arburton R iver .

p p
a il l osu B etween Stokes R ange and Co o p e
. r
’

Creek ( Fl .

Capparis Mitc h e lli

ORDER CAPPAR ID E E
Cooper Creek ( F
.
.

. i
’
. 1 M) .

hy
ORDER PIT T O SPO R E JE

m
.

Pittosp o rum p il l r oide s . South of Callana

ORDER DR O SE R ACE EE
J ohn Creek L
.

Dr o sera Me n i
z e si . a ke ,
Fr o me

ORDER M ALVAC E E
L
.

avatera plebeia Strzelecki Creek H ergo tt to Strang

.

ways
Malvastrum spicatum Strzelecki Creek 3 H ergott t o .

Strangways I Coota noorrinna

W arburton R iver Inn a inke

h
Side corr uge ta .

virgata H ergott to Strangways

.

p e tr o
p il a . B etween Stokes R ange a nd Cooper Cr e e k
’

h h
( F l
. J ohn Creek

yy
intri ca te . Peake
T e Margaret ( Fl

hh
ca l c e ni a

inclusa Near L
. .

h
. ake E yre ( Fl .

Abutil o n a l op il u Inna i nke Peake

Between L
.

dipl otri c u a ke E yre and R iv e r.

Finke ( G Gi l e s) . .

l e ucope ta l u Cooper Creek ( H owi tt)

L
. .

y
ot oca rpu ake E yre ( F n 11
Near L
. . . 1 .

h
ox ca rpu ake E yre ( E Gi l e s)
. . .

Fraseri W arburton R iver ! Peake

.

Avicennae Cooper Creek ( Wr ig t)

h
.

H ibiscus trinu . Cooper Creek .

K ri c a uffia nus Cooper Creek Vi ctor i a n E x p

W ool ta na L
.

Sturtii ake Frome !

north east side of L
.
,

G o ssypium Sturtii W ool ta na . ak e -

E yre ( Stu r t)
Plagianthus glomeratus Near L
.

ake E yre ( C Gi l e s) . . .
 m
mm
m
m
m
m
89

m
O R D DR E U PH O R B IACE JE .

W a rb urton R iver ! Inna inke

m
h
E uphorbia Dr u on di .

y
Strzele cki Creek .

h
e r t r a nt a Peake ! .

Wheeleri Between Stoke s R ange and C o oper

m
m
’
.

y
Creek ( W e e l e r) Inn a inke
ere o phil a Between H ergott and Str a ngswa s

h
.

Inna i nke
Between L

h
Phyllanthus Fue rnro rii ake E yre and R iver

m
.

Finke ( E Gi l e s)
L
. .

l a cuna ri us T e H amilton ! . ake Frome ;

W arb urton R iv er !

m
O R DE R U T ICACE JE
Parietaria debilis Pe rale na L
.

m
T A . . a ke . Fro e
,

ORDER SAPINDACE ZE

mm
.

y
T . Dodonaea v i scose Strzelecki Creek 1
.

icroz ga Neale s R iver ( Stu a r t E x p ) ; Strz e

.
’

h
l e cki Creek I
H e t e rode n dron ol e ifol i u Cooper Creek ( Fl Au str a l ) . . .

Atala ya e i gl a uca Strzelecki Creek 1 .

O R DE R H Y PE R ICINE ZE .

O . H ypericu J a poni cu . Strzelecki Creek

O R DE R E L
AT INE ZE .

B e r
gi a a a nni oi de s . Inna i nke

y
O R DE R G E R ANIACE ZE .

E ro diu c
gn oru . Inna inke I Peake
O R DER ZY G O PH Y LLE JE .

O . T ribulus terrestris Peake l between H ergott and Strang

.

ways I
hystrix Between H ergott a n d Stran gways Inna
.

i nke
Zygophyllum glau cescens . Strzelecki Creek
i odoce r
pu generally Coota noor rinna , a nd
diffused on west side of L
.

ake E yre
B il l e r di e ri Inn a inke between H ergo tt
.

h
a nd Str a ngwa ys I

fruti cul osu Inna ika ! .

W a rburton R iver !

h
a op il u . Inna inke !
H owitt i W arburton R iver .

ME D . Nitra ria Sc oe b e r i W arburton R iver 1

.
ME Fre

m
m
m
ORDER FR ANK E NIACE zE
laevis V ery general !
90

m
D . nke nia .

m
LLE FE
y y
ORDER CAR Y O PH Y .

Pol s na ndra Sandy flats of Anna Creek ! W irra

'

ca r ae a
p .

wi rra l oo ( B a b b a g e ) .

Indica Strzelecki Creek

m
.

O R DE R PO R T U LACE ZE .

Portulaca oleracea var gra ndifl ora Sandhills at Ni l pinna .

( g
vu l o u n e roo

Claytonia B a l onne nsis Inna i nke Strzel e cki Creek !

.

W arburton R iver

m
Peake
pl e i o e ta l a
p W ills Creek H owi tt

ptychosperma Between L
.

ake E yre and R ive r

m
.

Finke ( F ( f: .

Strzelecki Creek
h
E ux ol us Mitc e l l i
ORDER AMAR ANT ACE ZE
Beresfo rd Springs ! ; W arbu rton R iver ! ;
.

Inna inke
.

Ptil otus alopec uroides Inna inke

La ke Frome Peake
.

y
e x a l t a tu s .

Murre i W ills Creek ( H owi tt)

.

parvifolius Stuart Creek ( B a b b a g e ) ! Farina

.

latifoli us W arburton R iver ! Strzelecki Creek

'

W ills Creek ( H owi tt)

incanu s W arburton R iver
.

O E Alternanthera triandra Strzelecki Creek the H amilt o n !

L
. .

y
ake Frome W arburton R iver
Pol cne on Mesembrianthemum L ake E yre ( E Gi l e s) . .

ORDER CH E NO PO DIACE E z

L ake E yre ( L
.

R hag o dia crassifoli a e wi s

)
nutans L
. .

.ake E yre ( E Gi l e s Inna inke .

spinescens Between H ergott and Strangways .

Chenopodium auricomu Coota n oorri nna .

cristatum W arb u rton R iver Beresford .

h
Springs
Atriplex num u larium Between H ergott and Strangways .

r a
g odi o i de s Strangways .

h
v e si ca riu G ene ral on west side
.

v e l utin e l l u Stuart Creek ( B a b b a ge )

L E yre ( L
. .

e wi s

h
ali oi de s a ke .
) towards Co o pe r

Creek H owi tt
ol oca rpu G eneral on west side.

a n ul a t u
g Strangways Springs
.
 m
m
m
m
m
m
m
92

ORDER PO L
y
Y G O NACE JE .

R umex cr sta l l i nus Beresford Springs

. Strzelecki Cre e k
Inna inke

h h
P olygonum pl e b j In
ena i nkue . Strzelecki Creek !
attenuatum Inna inke .

Mu

m
l e nb e cki a Cunning a i Inna . i nke H ergott t o
Stra ngways W illiam Springs &c .

m
ORDER NY CT AG INE JE .

O
-
H B oe r a a v ia diffuse Peake !
repanda Pa ra l a na ! L
. . .

o . . a ke E yre ( E . Gi l e s) .

ORDER L E G U MINO SZE

hh
.

Isotropi s W heeleri B etween Stokes R ange a nd C oo per

.

Creek ( W e e l e r )

m
.

Cro talaria Cunni ng a i Between H ergott a nd Strang

m
.

h
ways ! Priscilla sandhil ls ! ; Strzelecki Creek !
dissi ti fl ora var e r e ae a V ery general

m
. .
,

Mitc e l li W ills Creek H owi tt Strzel e cki

.

Cre ek
T rigo nella suavissima W arburton R iver Strzelecki
.

Creek B eresford Springs

L o tus australis var Peake
,
Inna i nke
. T able lan d
north of Callana
Ps o ralea patens Between H ergo tt and Strangways W e r
.

burton R iver

y
a s
I ndigo fere brevidens Peake Cooper Creek (A 0
. . .

h
Gr e g or ) .

v i scose . An na Creek
W arburton R iver

h
irsute .

Sesbani a aculeata Cooper Creek ( H owi tt)

. .

Swa insonia p a coi de s W arburton R iver . south of W ills ’

yy
Creek ( H owi tt) Inna inke

h
y h
Oligophylla Cooper Creek ( A 0 Gr e g or )
A
. . . .

h
ca
p l a nt e Cooper Creek ( 0 Gr e g or
.

) . .

Peake cr a b ol e s Beresford Springs ,

p a cifol ia J ohn Creek Strzelecki

. Creek
or ob oide s Cooper Creek ( H owi tt)
. .

procumbens Between H ergott a nd Stre ng .

.

ways

h
G lycine falcata Cooper Creek ( B ow a n)
. .

sericea Between Stokes R ange and Cooper Cr e ek

.
’

h
( e e le r
) I nn a i n k e .

y
tomentose Cooper Creek ( H owi tt)
. .

JE sc n o e ne Indic e Beresford Sp ri ngs . seven mil es

fro m Strangways
 m
m
m
93

h
V igna l a nceolat a A nn a Creek

m
.

Cassia pruinosa Between Stokes R a nge a n d Cooper Creek

.
’

h
( )
y
ee ler

L
.

W
y
p l e u r oca rpe est of a ke E . re G i l es
) .

p l l o di ne a Between H ergott
. a n d Strangways

ere o phila W arb u rton R iver

Strzele cki Creek to L
.

Stur tii . Peake ake Frome !

h
desol a te . Inn a i nke H amilton Creek so uth end ,

hy
of Strzele cki

m
Pe ta l ost l i s l a b i c e oide s J ohn Creek .

Bau i ni a Ce rroni T owards Cooper Creek ( H owi tt)

h
. .

yyy
North of W ills Creek ( H owi tt)
y

m
m
A cacia Pen ce
’
. .

y
Cooper Creek ( A 0 Gr e gor )

h
c pe r op lle . . . .

Murra a na Cooper Creek ( D r Mu rr a )

y
. . .

t e t ra gonop lla South O f C a llana .

O swa l di 1 Cooper Creek ( Vi ctor i a n E x pe d

m
stenophylla j )

y
Sentis . Strzelecki Creek
dora t ox l on Cooper Creek ( H e r b F VJ ! )

m
. . .

Farnesiana Cooper Creek ( Vi ctor i a n E x pe d)

.

O R DE R CR ASSU L ACE ZE .

T ill aea v e r ticil l a ris Inna inke .

hhh ORDER MY R T ACE ZE

Melaleu ca e ke oide s Cooper Creek ( D r B e c l e r )
y
.

h
h
. . .

t ri c osta c a Cooper Creek ( H owi tt) . .

E u calyptu s i cr ot e ca Cooper Creek ( H owi tt) W ool .

tana
rostrata Flooded watercourses ge n e ra l .
, .

H aloragi s ce re t op h
y
OR D E R
lla .
L
H A O R AG E ZE

V
Va rb urton R iver
.

O R D E R LY T H R ACE ZE .

O . E A a nnia baccifera Cooper Creek ( H owi tt) . .

O R D ER T H Y ME LE EE

hh
.

y
Pirne l e a i crocephal a Inn a inke Strzelecki Creek . !
are
tri c ost a c a . Inn a i nke !

ORDE R PR O T E ACE ZE .

G revil lea pt e r ospe r Cooper Creek ( H owi tt) a

North of L
. .

h
ci fol i a a ke E yre
j u n
( S
.tu r t) .

y
stria te Cooper Creek ( H owi tt)
. .

ne a to
p l l a W i l liam T ablel a nd and s o uth . of
Callana !
 29 " H akea

m
m
m
y
l e ucopt e re Strzelecki Creek
94

C ooper Cre e k ( Dr

m
. .

i ll ur r a ) .

ORDER L O R ANT H ACE E

m
L
.

y
oranthus E x oca r
Ii
l inop l l us
C o oper Cre e k ( H owi tt) .

W illiam T ableland

m
g ib b e r ul us .

pendulus .

m
g ra ndib r e ct e a tus Co o per Creek ( Vi ct
. .

Co o per Creek ( H owi tt)

m
m
Q uandang . .

V iscum

m
a rti cul a tu .

ORDER S ANTAL AC E E

m
.

Santalum lanceolatum South of Callana ! .

ORDER LLMB

m
U E
IFE R JE .

m
Didiscus gl a ucifol ius . Strzelecki Creek

hh
Eryngium pl a nta gine u Inna i nke .
; Strzel e cki Cr e ek
Pe rale na a nd J ohn Creek
Da uc us b re c ia tus Strzelecki Creek .

O R D FR RU B I AC E E .

2 ” O ldenl andia til l ee e ce a . Inna inke Strzelecki Creek !

W arburton

h
R iver !
0 . Dentella repens . Between St okes R ange and C ooper Creek
W e e l e r) .

ORDER C OM P O S I TE .

Podoco a cuneifolia H amilt o n Creek .betw e en H ergo tt

a nd Strangways

Minuria leptophylla Inna inke Strzelecki Creek

.

Peake
s uee difol i a Stuart Creek ( B a b b a g e )
. .

integerrima W arburton R iver Inna inke !

h
.

h
denticulata G eneral from H ergott to Peake .
,

y
Cunni ng a i Between H ergott a nd Strangways ! .

Ca l otis c b a ca nt a Inna inke Strzelecki Creek

.

erinacea Nil pinna flats . In na inke !

l a ppul a ce a W arburton R iver
.

h
l u u l i fe ra Coot a noor rinna ! Inn a i nk and
p . e

y
Strzelecki Creek

h
or
p pgl ossa Inn
ro
a i nke ! .

y
hispidula Inn a inka ! ; W arburto n R iver !
. Peak e !
B rachyc o me pa c pte ra Inna i nke .

ciliaris Inna inke Strzelecki. Creek

Strangways Coota noorrinna
melan o carpa In na inke ! .
 m
m
m
m
m
mm
m
96

m
W arburton R iver

h
H elipterum incanum .

y
e x iguu . Strzelecki Creek
a l os e
p r u . Inna i nke !
3“ Seneci o G regori W arburton. R iver Inna inke a nd

h
Strzelecki Creek

yh
l a utus Inna i nke ergott to Strangways
H

m
.

b ra c gl ossus . W arburton R iver Inna i nke !

Cunni ng a i W arb u rton R iver and Inna inke

m
.

G naphalium luteo albu -

. Inn a i nke and Strzelecki Creek

L h ORDER CAMPANU LACE JE .

m
obelia B e nt a i Cooper Creek ( B ow a n )
Isotome petraea J ohn Creek and T ooth knob L

m
. .

. a ke Frome ! -
,

O . W ahlenbergia gracilis Inn a inke ; Strzelecki Creek ; and .

W arburton R iver

h ORDER G O O D E NO VIE ZE
h

m
L
.

m
e sc e na ul ti a divaricata Cooper Creek ( W e e l e r ) Ann a .

Creek

m
G oodenia glauca W arburton R iver. Strzelecki Creek

yh
Strangwa ys Peake
c cl o t e re
p Peake W arbur t on R iver
Mitc e l l i L
.

ake E yre ( E Gi l e s) . . .

hetero e ra Strangways .

W arb u rton R iver

h
i cropt e ra .

Sc aevola spinescens Inna i nke Strzelecki Creek

.

depauperata Cooper Creek ( W e e l e r )

colle ris L
. .

a ke E yre
( W arburton iver
’

. E Gi l es
) R ! .

o valifoli a Strzelecki Creek Cooper Creek

L L
.

owi tt a ke E yre e wi s
( H ) ( ) .

ORDER G E NT IANE JE .

L
O O CH O O E rythr aea australis
. Inna i nke and Strzelecki Cre e k ! .

ORDER PLANT AGINE ZE .

Plantago varia . W arburton R iver ! Inn a i nke !

ORDER S C LE PIADE ZE
h
A

h
.

Cyn anchu fl orib undu Cooper Creek ( H owi tt)

Marsdeni a L
. .

3 ” e ic a rdti a na J ohn Creek

Sarcostem a australis T ableland a rou nd L
.

ake E yre ! .

OR D ER SO LANACE JE .

H ergott to Str a ngways !

h
CO S . Solanum nigr u .

e suri a l e H ergott to Strangways.

c e n o odi nu Cooper Creek owi tt

p ( H ) . .

Sturtia nu Inna inke and J o hn Creek .

 m
m
m
mm
m
m
m
m
mm
h
97

e re op il u ergott to Strangways . H Beres

ford Springs Peake
l a cuna r i u L a ke E yre
( E .Gi l es
) . .

elliptic um Inna inke . Peake

orb i cu l a tu W arb urton R iver .

Ni cotia na s ua veolens W arb urton R iver ! Inna

m
m
.
inke
Strzelecki Creek Peake
OR D E R S C RO P HUL AR I AC E AE .

Mimulu s prostra tus Strzelecki Creek

.

St e odi e Morga ni a W arburton R iver ;

. Inna inke ,
a nd

m
Strzelecki Creek

m
Pe pl i diu Mu elleri L ake E yre
. .

m
OR D E R ACANT H ACE JE .

J usti ci e p rocu b ens Inna inke ! Strzelecki Creek ! Peake !

.

m
OR D ER PE DALINE ZE .

m
a s
J oseP i nia E u8e n i ae Near CooPer Creek
. B o w a n

O R DER CO NVO L
VU L
ACE ZE .

Convol vulus erubescens Inna i nke .

E volvul u s linifoli u s Cooper Creek ( H owi tt)

. .

B re we ria e dia Cooper Creek

. .

Polymeria longifolia Cooper Creek . .

angustata Cooper Creek . .

O R DER O R O B ANCH ACE ZE

L
.

O robanche e ustra l ia na . J ohn Creek ,

ake Frome
ORDER B O R AG INE JE .

0 . E . Col de ni a procumbens Cooper Creek ( H owi tt)

. .

H eliotropiu Cura ssa v i cu VVa rb u rton R iver .

J ohn Creek
u nd ulatu Near L ake E yre (L e wi s
) . .

a s e rr i
p u Beresford Springs .

H ergott t o Strangways J ohn

Creek
ovalifol iu Inna inke ! .

Cooper Creek ( H owi tt)

hy
fil a gin oi de s . .

H a lgania cyanee Inna i nke

.

0 . E . Pol l i c i a Z e l a ni cu Cooper Creek (H owi tt) Strzelecki

.

h
Creek
E chinosper u Stokes R ange to Cooper Creek ’
conce v u .

W e e l e r) .

Cynoglossum D ru on di Inna inke a nd Strzelecki .

Creek
 m
mm
m
98

ORDER LAB IAT ZE .

Mentha australis
h
. Inna Strzelecki Creek and n o rth
i nke , ,

m
of Strangwa ys
Prostanthera stri a tifl ora T owards Cooper Creek ( W e e l e r ) ;

m
.

W ool ta na
T eucrium racemosum \Va rb urton R iver . Cooper Creek
owi tt Strangways and Beresford
( H )

m
Springs
O R DER VE R B E NACE ZE .

W arburton R iver

h
it V erbena macrostachya .
,
Inna i nke and

y)
Strzelecki Creek

m
Ne wca stl ie spodi otri c a E yre Creek ( Ka se r

m
m
. .

Myoporum Cunning a h
yh
ORDER
Strzelecki Creek i
MY O PO R INE ZE .

m
.

E remophila D a l a na Stokes R ange to Cooper Creek ’

.

W e e l e r) .

Sturtii H a i lton Creek

m
L
.

a t r ob e i Coop e r Creek ( H owi tt)

. Coota
n oorri nn a
M cDonne l l i
a Strzelecki Creek Pe ral e na
.

Fre e l ingi Inn a i nke

. Strzelecki Creek

h
Coota noorri nna Peake

h
G oocl wi ni Stokes R ange to Cooper Creek ’

e e l e r ; beyond L
.

( W ) a ke E yre
( E G i l es
) . .

y
D utt oni Cooper Creek ( Wr ig t)
L
. .

p ol cl e da N orth east . of ake E yre ( Stu rt

) -
.

maculata Strzelecki Creek Inn a i nke

L
.

a ke E yre
( E G i l es
) . .

Brownii Inna inke .

latifolia North of Strangways Springs

.

b ignonifl ora Strzelecki Creek ! .

B ow a n i Cooper Creek 3
about L
.

scoparia South of Callana . ake E yre

( E G i l es
.
) .

ORDER O R CH ID E JE .

Cy b idiu c analiculatu Cooper Creek ( H e r b . . Fuji )

Cal a denia de for i s Strzelecki Creek 1
.

ORDER AMAR Y LLIDE AS .

Crinu fl a cci du . Cooper Creek ( Vi ct . Strzelecki

Creek
Ca l ost e a l ute u . Mount Margaret ( Stu a t) r ; Coope r
Creek ( rVe i l son) .
 m
m
m
10 0

O . &c . Lpp g
a racemo sa H ergott to Strangways I; W arburton
a o .

R iver !
E rianthus fulvus Anna Creek ! near L ake E yre ( An dr e ws)
. .

O Andropogon pun cte tus Callana I

L
. .

ake E yre (An dr e ws)

h
O s e ri ce us

Callana I L
. . .

e x a l ta tu s ake E yre ( An dr e ws) .

.

H
” f
A nt i stiria membranacea Coota noor rinna and general on
west side of L
.
,

ake E yre !
cil ie t e W est S ide of Lake E yre I .

e ve na ce a

Strzelecki Creek I; L

m
.

Aristicl a sti
poide s . ake E yre (Andr e ws) .

arenarie W arburton R iver !

m
.

Stip e se i nke I
ib a rb a te . Inn a
Pa ppop oru c ommune H ergott to Strangways I; . Bere s '

ford Springs I W arburton R iver I

Astrebla pectinata H ergott to Strangways

h L
.

H
”
triticoides ake E yre ( Andr e ws)

m
L
. .

T ri ra p i s o llis G eneral on west side of ake E yre

m
I

m
.

Chloris acic ularis An n e Creek I .

O &c E l e u si ne cru ci a t e H ergott to Strangways

L L
. . .

h
Sporobolus indleyi G eneral on west side of a ke E . yre I
H a ct i n ocl e du s Coota noorri nna !
‘

L
.

i i i?
E ri e c n e a ri stide e ake E yre (An dr e ws)
L
. .

ov a te ake E yre ( An dr e ws)

L
. . .

E ragrostis concinna ake E yre (An dr e ws) . .

hh
S peciosa H amilton R iver ( Stu a r t) . .

yl L
l a nifl ore Beresford Springs I .

c ee t o
p l l a

ake E yre (An dr e ws)

hh
lacunaria
J
.

y
fe l ca te
t ri c op lla H ergott to Strangways I; . Co ota
n oorr i nne I
s
p Anna Creek
L
. .

T . Festuca fusca . ake E yre ( An dr e ws) .

T rodi e irrita ns . on stony and sandy ground

Ge ne ra l
Poa ra ige re . A nna Creek I

ORDER L
B IAR SI E ACE E .

ME D . Marsilea quadrifolia . Inn a inke I Strzelecki Creek I

ORDER FI L IC E S .

Mo unt Nor W est I

ake E y
O Cheilanthes tenuifoli a Inna i nke ’
-

L
. .

ME D . ve lle a Inn a . inke re ( A n dr e ws) .

NE D A . . G ra iti s r ut ee fol ia . Inn a inka I; Mount Nor V e st I —

V

CO S . O phioglossum vulgat u . Strzelecki Creek I

 m
m
mm
m
m
m
10 1

m
mm
O N S O ME NE W SOU H AU LI AN COCC ID E

m
T ST R A .

mm
By W M MAS K ELL . .
,

[ R e a d J uly grd ,
1 888 ]

h
PL ATE S XII T O . X IV .

mm
T follo wing paper contains detailed descriptions of s ome

mm
e

insects which Mr F S Cra wford of Adelaide a s ki ndly sent

m
,
. . .
,

to me T hey a r e all in variou s ways interesting and so e of

.
, , ,

the a re quite pe culia r It wo uld be desira ble t a t so e .

systematic investigations should be a de a mongst the A ustralia n

h y
H omoptera T his field has hitherto been very little worked and
.
, ,

f ro
. these and other specimens whi ch hav e co e under
notice I believe t a t a stu dent of this v ery c urious O rder will
,

find in Austra l ie a p le opport unities for o st interesting work .

A l l these insects have so e pec uliar features of their own well

worth examination If nobody in their nativ e country ca r e s to
.

u ndertake the t a sk I S hall be very happy to do what I ca n if

,

y h
specimens are sent to me .

O n this I a e ntion a s a guide both to those who would ,

li ke the s elves to stu dy Coccids and to those w o ight be good

eno ugh to send insects for identific a tion that two things a re ,

necessary First care u st be taken to procure specimens if

.
, ,

h
possible in all S tages of existence secondly a ttention sho uld be
, ,

d irected by a st udent to the deter ination of inute points of

.
a nato y T e first is required because a Coccid in very any
.
,

hy
cases is quite di fferent in different states of life ; the fe a le is
,

quite unlike the m a le the larva is often no guide whatever to ,

h
the for o f the adult T e seco nd is requisite be cau se witho ut.
,

minute examin a tion errors a very easily a rise for exa p le, ,

Monop l e b u s Cr a wfor di herein described in outward appe a rance

h h
, ,

h y
very closely resembles as to the fe a le Cce l osto a Z e a l a ndi cu
, , ,

e nd as to the
.

,
a le Ice r a Pu r c a si T e i nute rostru O f
,
.

t e fe a le a nd the tassels of the ale a re distinguishing ch a r

y
a ct e rs to be made out only with a strong lens or the
,
i cros cope .

T hese re a rks a perhaps see t o so e superfl u ous yet they ,

c ontain points of the greatest i p ortance for the study of

H o moptera especially Coccids
‘

.
,
3
1 b

r iu

a ss
m
m
Female

m
inch

m
b 1 o wn
-

in the centre are very inconspicuous

A dult ale not known

i i l is
.

p
.
a nd b
)
G en u s
puparium varying in col ouI circular in outline usually
flat sometimes rather convex pellicles central
,

Male puparium elongated n o t carinated ; pellicle a t o ne e nd

m
m
m
Female puparium
Asp idi otu s Plate xii fig 1
circular
dirty white in colour ; diameter averagi ng T inch T e pellicles

h
Adul t female ( d) of the usual pe gt op shape of the genus but

h
with a deep transverse groove about one third of the distance

m
h
from the cephalic extremity which divides it into two unequal
portions T e other segments are not conspicuous Colour da rk
.
FAM

e u ca

( figs
slightly

l a l e p uparium ( c) narrow elongated semi cylindrical c o lour

white the pel l icle yell o w ; not carinated above L

T e abdomen is not overlapped by the anterior segments

as in some S pecies
.

L ength inch ; diameter almost the same

en u s C i o n a sp i s S gnore z

generally nearly flat pellicles at one e nd

C i on a spi s fig 2
.

Abdo e n ( e ) ending i n two median lobes and at each side som e

short fine hairs N0 groups of spinnerets but rows o f sp in
.

n e re ts are arranged al o ng the last three segments and there are a

few others scattered After pressure as shown in the figure the

Fe a le p u parium usually but not always white ; el o ngated

Ma l e puparium elongated white carinated ; pel licle at one

e nd .

nov h Plate xii

Fe ale puparium ( figs 2 and a and b ) elongated pyriform
.

pygidiu m is seen to extend for some distance within the edge of

the abdo e n a nd is of a bright yellow

h
,

T e p u paria of the females are f o und t i ckly aggregated in

masses on the bark with the males interspersed ,

T hi s species is clearly distinguished by the deep transverse

gr oo ve on the female as shown in figs b and d T e male pupa
i s also narrower and o re cylindrical than usual
H a b i ta t .
—

often found inter ingled with the next insect C i ona spi s
,

a ssi

sli ghtly curved scarcely convex ; colour dark brown the pel l icles
at one end yellow L ength about inch
,

.
,
1
G ROU P

O n E ucalypt u s ( v arious kinds ) South Au stra l i a

y
l pti , sp
and
convex
.

ength nearly

—
—

.
IL
Y

i l i s,
.

,
—

h
,

,
—
1 8

s
10 2

CO CCID IDZE

D IASPID INJE
A s p i d i o tu s , B

1
.

.
nov

,
.

.
,

,
,

.
.

a n e iz e

.
.

-
?

h
,
’

,
.

,
.

.
.

.
.

.
,

,
.

h
,

,
.

.
h

,
.
,

h
,

,
.

0
m
mm
m
mm
10 4

m
mentum m o n o merous O n the ventral surface are many spin
.

ne re ts narrow proj ecting tubes which are most nu e rous at the

, ,

edges and near the posterior extremity .

Second stage of female not observed

L
.

h
a rv a
(g ) active body elongat e d very indistinctly seg ,

e nte d; colour brownish yellow Abdominal cleft and dorsal

-
.

hh
lobes present T e lobes are somewhat long so that some larvae
.
,

see al o st to have anal tubercles setze long and thick .

Antenn ae ( ) r a t e r disproportionately l a rge with six j oints of , ,

h
which the third is the longest the rest sub equal one or tw o ,
-

short hairs on most of the j oints and one the last which is , ,

h
f usiform several e irs of which one is very long al o st e qua l
, , ,

m
in length to the whole a nte nna Feet also large and long all the .
,

m
j oints t i ck the tibia is longer than the tarsus ( an exceptional
character in a larva ) di gi tules both upper and lower Knobbed ,
.

hairs . Anogeni tal ring ( i ) with eight hairs A few short .

spines round the edge of the body .

Ma l e in all stages unknown but on the twig examin ed , ,

a mongst a nu b er of females there were a few e p ty broken

glassy tests of the usu al form of L
, , ,

h
, e ca ni dae these seem un
doubtedly the tests of male pup ae

h
.

h
T i s appears to be clearly a Pu l v i n a r i a and differs in a few ,

particulars fro d escribed S pecies T e cottony ovisac is shorter .

h
and more ri ng shaped t a n usua l in the genu s B ut the species
-
.

y
of Pu l v i n a r i a have not been diagnosed with s ufficient complete
ness P i i ti s L i nn P a r te i si ae L icht and P ox a ca n t oe
L
,
. . .
,
. . .
.
, , ,

in n exhibit characters foun d in the South A ustralian insect

. .

G ROU P —
CO CCID INE .

S U B D IVI S I ON —
ACANT H O CO CCID ZE .

en u s— E r i oc oc c u s T g oni
G , a r
’

A dult females enclosed in a sa c of felted cotton body elong

ated segmented ; anal tubercles conspicu ous
, .

Amongst the characters hitherto ascribed to thi s genus are an

h
elongation of the se c and a number of spines on the dorsum a nd ,

the sa c is usually so clearly cottony as to present no difficul ties .

T e i nsect about to be des cribed is abnor a l in both particulars ,

but other characters see t o place it in this genu s indeed it —

,

a grees wi th no other and it is therefo re so allocated here It

—
.

presents sev eral features of considerable i nterest .

E i nov Plate xiii fig 4 dox

h
r ococcu s u s, sp
p a ra . .
,
. .

Se c o f adul t female (figs 4 and a ) dark red di s h brown circ ul ar

.
, ,

convex aggregated in m e sses on the bark and so t i ckl y coveri ng

, ,

it sometimes a s probably to smother the plant ; di ameter about

 m
m
mm
m
m
m
m
m
mm
m
h
10 5

g; inch T .

c ontaining a n insect
e aggregated mass is so thick that on cutting a

vertical section it appears like a honeycomb of cells ( b ) e a c

At the sum i t O f the convex sa c is a
.
,
h
very i nute orifice ( not apparent in every instance ) T his orifice

mm
.

y
h
( shown in fig a
) is probably intended
. to give access to the a l e

insect speci e ns of which a so e times be found inside the

,

c ellular sacs with the females T e sa c is so closely fitted that it .

has quite the appearance of being waxy instead of cottony b ut a ,

l ittle pressure with the point of a pencil makes an impression in

h
it as if it were leathery and on boiling I n potash it becomes dis

m
.solved which I s not the case with any waxy coccid test as far as
, ,

I kno w T e spinnerets and threads des cribed below a re a l so

h
.

h
e vidences that the sa c is really felted though very closely ,
.

T e sa c of the male ( c and d) i s reddish yellow narrow elon —

, ,

gated convex above e nd flat beneath after its last e ta orp o

,

si s the male escapes by an orifice at one end

m
.

h
Ad ult fe ale ( e ) somewhat pe gtop shaped the cephalic region

m
-
,

large a nd s o oth the abdomen small seg e nted a nd tapering to

, ,

t e two anal t uber cles which a re pro i nent and bear e a ch a long , ,

m
s eta. Colou r dark reddish brown length excl usive of the —
,

tubercles about ,
inch O n maceration and boiling in
—
1 0
1
.

potash the anato i cal details can be a de out O n the cephalic .

region as shown in the diagra (f ) there a re four bands of very

, ,

.s all circular spinneret orifices ( shown enlarged in fig g) ; these

, .

h
bands Correspond with the position of the four stig a ta of the
body O n the abdo inal segments there are rows of double or
.

h
figure of eight spinnerets ( fig
- -
and enlarged fig i ) ; many of
,
.
,
.

h
t hese also are scattered over the cephalic region Fro these .

h
double spinnerets spring long white curling threads ( l ) which , ,

for the felted se c T e rostrum ( ) is conical a nd the mentum .

,

( )
n is b i artic ulate T—
e antenn ae
( )
o are atrophied
. and very

h
S hort the number of j oints cannot be clearly made out owing t o ,

hhh
co p ression which confuses them ; but the normal number in the
,

h
genu s is six a nd probably this is the case here also T e tip
,
.

h
b e a rs a few strong S hort a irs T e feet are entirely absent . .

h
T e second sta ge of the insect a s not been observed .

T e l a rva j u st after leaving the egg is of the nor a l shape of

, ,

the genu s (p ) elongated fl a ttis tapering slightly posteriorly ;

-
, ,

e xhibiting the an a l tubercles Colour reddish l ength about .

one fortieth of an inch Antenn ae ( g) of six sub equal j oints all .

,

S lightly dilated at the end except the last which I s irregular and ,

h
pointed a nd bee rs so e h e irs ; all the j oints appear to be
,

numerou sly ringed Feet nor al O n the body there are fou r . .

longitu dinal rows of figu re of eight spinnerets ( r ) T e anal .

tubercles bear long setae .

g A dult a le ( )
s red ; somewhat S hort and,
squat ; the th o rax
 m
10 6

mm
broad and the abdominal S egments compressed L
, ength of the
body about one fortie t o f an inch T e l a st segment of t e
,

abdomen bee rs on each side three longish setae

~

Antenn ae ( t) of
h . h .
.

h
ten j oints the first very short the rest sub equal elliptical
, ,
-
, ,

except the second which is dilated at the tip all the j oints bear
,

h e irs Feet ( n) slender upper digitules long a nd slender lowe r

.
,

pair short fine hairs Abdominal spike ( w) conical pointed .

,
.

H a b i ta t O n Pittosporum undulatu m
—
So uth Australia . .

T his is an anomalous a nd peculiar insect and if the j oints of ,

h
the antenn ae in the adult female h a ve really more than six j oints
, , ,

as they may well have it must be removed from the genus E r i o ,

h
h
coccu s T e absence of the feet is also an a bnormal character
.
.

In general o utl ine the female resembles the Ne w Zealand insect

E r i ococcu s o e r i ce but in that the feet are present though
, ,

atrophied .

G ROU P CO CCID INE

m
—
.

m
S U BDIVI S I ON

m
—
D ACT Y LO PIDZE .

en u s R i p e r s i a S g no t G —
,
'

z re .

A dult females stationary excreting mu ch whi te meal and cot ,

ton antennae of six j oints anogenital ring with six hairs a na l

tubercles present but in the adult not conspicuous , , .

R ipe r si a l e ptosp e r i sp nov Plate x i v , fig 5

A dult female fl a ttis , a little raised and cari nated on the dor h . . . . . .

y
su o utli ne sub circular, or if in a depression of the le a f propor
-

ti on a te l compressed colour dark p u rple , co v ered with white

meal produ cing rich red colour when immersed in potash From .

the edge O f the body radiate all round a large n umber O f very
long, fine , white , cottony, c u rling filaments which are also sl ightly

h
arched forming a kind of bower under which is a mass of mor e
, ,

granular cotton slightly tinged with yellow in which the eggs

, ,

a r e laid and hatched T e filaments a r e in tufts set close together

.
,

and their average length is about twice the dia e ter of the insect .

A ntenn ae ( a ) O f six j oints of whi ch the two first are very short , ,

the last three sub glob ular and sub equal a nd the third nearly
- -
,

half as long as the whole antenna on the last j oint are a few
short co ni cal bristles on the third a re two h e irs and one or t wo, ,

hairs on the rest A fa l se j oint occurs on the third j oint as “ ”

i n some L
.
,

e ca ni dae Feet ( b ) very long and slender the tibia

.

h
very little longer than the tarsus claw S lender upper digitules
long knobbed hairs lower digitules short and very fine R ostru
,
.

c short e ntu d merous e body has twelve inconspicuous

( ) i T .

segments and at the edge is a row of twenty fo u r groups of large

,
-

y
projecting tubular spinnerets with wide bases ( two to each s e g
ment ) fro m which spring the tufts o f l o ng white cotton
, , ,
o
&c .

m
m
granted
,

h
utward similarity to the females of Porp r op ora G u e r i ni a
probably the eleven j ointed antenn a has been taken for
T e males of several species of Mon op l e b u s are de
,
.

s cribed chiefly as inhabiting the E ast Indies

a llied Ne w Zealand gen us

In Cce l osto a an

y
the antenn a have undoubtedly eleven
—
10 8

h
yh
h
h
.
,

,
,

m
,

j oints s o also in Ice r a A far as I know the following is the

m
s .
,

first published de ta i l e d description of a female l l onop l e b u s and i ,

i t is interesting as it necessitates the revision just noted of the

h
,

c haracters o f the genus .

rl f on op l e b u s Cr a w
nov Plate xiv fig 6
f or di ,
s
p . . .
,
. .

Adult female ( fl gs 1 a and

h
brick red in colour with two
.
,
b) -
,

broad longitudinal stripes of purple exte nding the whole length

h
on the dorsal side a nd on the abdo i nal segments beneath T e .

b o dy is S lug like fat and distinctly segmented with twelve

-

m
, , :

h
divisions ; somewhat convex above and flat beneath T e .

m
ceph a lic a nd thoracic region occupies half the length so that the

m
,

m
f eet seem placed ra t e r in a forward position and the insect ,

h
c rawls slowly T here is a quantity of white S hort cotton cover

m
.
, ,

i ng the insect and at gestati o n this is heaped in large masses

,

c ontaining the eggs T e antenn a ( c) are tapering with ni ne

.
,

j o ints the
,
first and second a r e wider and shorter than the rest

which a r e sub equal except the last which is elongate d oval each
—

h
j oint bears some hairs t the b a se of the antenna is situated
.

h
the eye ( shown in fig c) this is small tubercular not facetted .
, ,

b ut with a central orifice or spot T e feet ( d) are not very .

h
strong the tibia is more t a n twice as long as the tarsus the
t rochanter bears one long seta all the j oints have hairs and on ,

h
t e under side of the tibia is a series of short spiny h e irs or
-

y
bristles the upper digitules appear to be absent the lower pair ,

being short fine hairs T e rostrum is very minute but a be

,
.
,

h
clearly a de out in a deep hollow between the anterior pair of

h
f eet ( it is indicated in fig b ) ; it is co ni cal ( e ) and appears to .

a v e no mentum At the tip there are some short hairs but no

.
,

long seta as in most c o ccids T e body of the insect is covered

,
.

with short fine spiny hairs inte rmi ngled with small circular

h
, , ,

s pinneret orifice s -
.

T e second female sta ge has not been sent to me J udgin g by .

a nalogy this will probably be found a s in the allied Ne w Zealand

, (

y
g enus Coe l osto a
) to be encased in a large waxy test a nd st e ,

t i one r on some plant But unless se arched for by some one .

,

more or less familiar wi th the peculiar variations of coccids which ,

y
a re generally not a l ittle puzzling it may not be found for so e ,

ti e ; and analogy a be misleading so that this second sta ge ,

may reall y be something resembling the adult It would be .

interesting to clear up the doubt the metamorphoses of c o ccids ,

being o ne of the most curi o us features of the fa i ly .

m
m
m
mm
m
m
m
m
mm
h
10 9

m
T adult male (f ) is a fine insect ra ther larger than usual

m
e , .

h
amongst coccids the body easu ring al o st 3 inch and the ex
,

p e nded wings inch It is not a t first S ight unlike the a le of .

, ,

h
the allied genu s Ice rga (I Pu r c a si the cottony cushion scale )

m
-
,
.
,

having a red body a nd dark brown wings B ut the ch a racteristi c -

.

feature of the genu s Monop l e b u s is the presence of a number of

h
tassels on the abdo e n two on the last segment b ut one a nd

m
—
,

fou r on the last seg ent (g) In the figure one of the tassels i s .

shown as cut off T e he a d thorax and abdome n a re red with

.
, , ,

h
darker patches the thorax s o oth the abdomen cylindric a l and , .

h
seg ented O n each seg e nt a r e a few hairs and each of the
.
,

tassels bears several long seta T e eyes a re pro i nent dark

mm
.
,

hh
brown and conspicuo u sly facetted T e wings a re large brown

m
.
, , ,

h h
with a strong red bifurcated nervure and two longitu dinal

m
, ,

whitish strea ks o r hyaline bands T e e l t e re s are thick and in

m
.
~

fl e t e d with four seta like hooks

,
Antenn a (f and ) long a nd -
.

y
ra t e r stou t w

h
i t h ten j oints each of which i s constricted in t e
, ,

h
i ddle a nd a be easily i staken for two E ach j oi nt bears

m
.
,

two rings of very long fine hairs Feet ( i ) long and slender t e .

troch a nter has a long seta ; tibi a o re t a n twice the length of

h
“

the ta rsus ; upper digitules absent lower pa ir fine hairs T here , .

h
a r e no ocelli on the e a d .

h y
T his is a very interesting insect for several reasons the first of

h
,

which may be t a t a s far a s infor ation extends the female s

, ,

of Mon op l e b u s as noted above have not yet been des cribed T e

i
, ,
.

ales of seven species are gi v en in Dr Sign or e t s work the de s .

’
,

cr ipti ons being t a ken verbatim fro VVe stwood s Arcan e E nto ’ “

”
ol ogi a 1 841 a nd nobody else see s to h a ve examined or
,

described the genu s O f these seven one (M Il l ige r i ) is given a s

. .

fro V a n Die e n ; in size it nearly agrees with ou r inse ct the

“
,

a l e bei n g about i nch long with inch expansion of wings ,

”
b ut it [the ale] is s a id to be nigric a ns pedib u s nigris and t o , ,

y h
have tassels on ea ch abdo i na l segment T hese old des criptions .
,

h
espe cially in the absen ce of a n notice of the females are too ,

vagu e for identification W estwood a ssigns 22 j oints to t e .

antenna of the m a le M Il l ige r i H e a d ev idently examined it

h
. . .

only with a lens and fa iled to se e the constriction in e a ch j oint

, .

T e fe a le W I Cr a w f or di resembles very u ch in outward

.

y
appearan ce the Ne w Zealand insect Cce l osto a Z e a l a n di cu and ,

friend Mr Cra wford sent it to me a s of that genus B ut the

. .

presence of a distinct rostru which ca n easily be seen a lthough ,

it i s very s all quite re oves it from Gce l osto a

,
a n d I hav e

p l e e sn re whilst a scribing it to its proper genus in

,
conne cting it ,

with his n a e O f proper habitat it cannot well be said to have

.
,

any a s it cra wls a bo ut freely t hough slowly Probably a s stated

, , .
,

a b ov e the se cond female stage may be some day found t o be

,I

stationary on some plant in waxy tests .

mm
m
m
m
mm
h h
1 10

I should observe t a t if the characters of Monop l e b us hithert o ,

g iven were correct the insects above described havin g only nin
, e ,

j oints in the female antenna could not be adult But in the

m
.
, ,

first place the whole appeara nce of the fe ale its free locomotion

m
, , ,

h
its cottony envelope its general form a l l point clearly to its adult , ,

state Sec o ndly and this is m o st important the tibia is a great

.
, ,

deal longer than the tarsus and this all through t e Coccid ,

family with the excepti o n of a very few genera is o nly the case in
, ,

the ad ult I should be very much surprised if the female I have

.

been describing ever turns out to be anything but full grown -

.

PAR ASI T E S .

Coccids are greatly subj ect to attacks from parasitic enemies

m
m
,

chiefly H ymenoptera so e ti e s Diptera If it were not so ,

.
,

m
y
their ravages which are quite bad eno ugh as it is wo uld be e n

m
, ,

t ir e l destr uctive the parasites keep them very much in check .

y
Amongst the insects described in this paper two clearly S how
I found five dead female Aspi d e u ca l pti each con

m
h
parasites . .
,

m
m
tain ing the pupa case of a hy e nopterous parasite which had -

emerged a nd flown away ; and Mr Crawford a s sent me four .

m
f e ale Monop l e b u s which are literally riddled like sieves with

m
,

holes fro w hich s all dipterou s flies have e e rged In Ne w .

h
Zealand I a v e never yet fo und more than one parasite in a

m
y
Coccid ; these South Au stralian insects evidently can harbour

m
m
I counted 6 9 holes in one Monop l e b u s T hese fli es appear

h
an i .

to be of the same kind a s that which Mr Cra wford has reported

y h h
.

a s killing [ ce r a Pu r c a si but I am not su fficiently acquainted

T e gro u p Monop l e b i da
y
with the Diptera to identify them .

y
( always excepting Ice r a
) are not I think inj urio u s insects and , ,

if they will breed nu b ers of parasitic flies which a also attack

other and worse pests than they a re they ight even be e n ,

c ou ra ge d if possible ,
.

E X PLANAT IO N O F L
P AT E S X II . T O X IV .

PL
ATE X II
yly
.

Fig I
. . Aspi di otu s e u ca l ptz ,
'

sp
. nov . In se cts a e l a nd fe a e l in pupa ri a

h
on b ar k of e uca ptus ne t s . ize .

a . Fei l
a e i deu
p pa r a , uppe r s .

b u a ri u
Fe a le
u nd e rsi de wi t fe a l e
.
p p ,
.

Ma l e pupa ri a uppe r side

h
c .
, .

a Adul t fe a l e
’
. .

e Ab do e n a nd pyg i diu of fe a l e wit spi nne re ts .

I nse cts a l e a nd fe a l e
.

il is sp nov in pupa ri a
'

z z ona spz s a ss i
'

Fig. 2 . C/ , . .

hh
on b a rk of e uca lyptus na t siz e . .

a Fe a l e pupa ri u
. uppe r si de , .

b Fe a l e unde r si de W i t fe a l e
.
,
.

Ma l e pupa ria uppe r si de s owi ng ca ri na tion

h
c .
,
.

h
d Adul t fe a l e
. .

Ab do e n a nd pygi diu of do wit spi nne re t groups

'
e

L
. . .

rva unde rsi de S ow i

f .a n g rostru ,
.
m
mm
m
mm
ME I PO W LE S C O P L

m
O N A S U R NG T H E E R O F T E G
E Y E PIE CE S .

m
B Y D . B A D AM S ON
. .

[ R e a d Fe b rua ry Ist,

m
In the course of my t e l e s0 0 pic observatio ns I have a de a

h
point of inquiring of parties when they hav e been obser v ing the
,

o on what they considered the apparent diameter of that lumi

m
,

nary to be when viewed with the naked eye I have found t e .

variety of opinions on this s ubj ect to be very s u rprising

m
.

O ne old gentleman informed me that to him the moon appears

m
to be rather over six feet in dia eter 5 while another friend says

m
it looks the size of a dinner plate and another tells me it seems
-

abo ut the size of a saucer while another gives the size of an

m
o ni on as the o on s apparent dia eter ’
Now these different .

answers althou gh so vario u s might each and all of them be cor

, ,

rect as the apparent magni tude of any obj ect depends entirely
,

on the distance at which that obj ect is vi ewed 3 so that if a six

feet rod or the dinner plate the saucer or the onion were placed
—
, , ,

between the moon and the eye of the observer and each at such ,

a distance that it would exactly cov er that lu inary from view ,

then their apparent agni tu des wo uld of course be equ al B ut , ,

.

for this purpose those articles would requ ire to b e pl a ce d at such p

a distance from the observer that they could not be distinctly

seen by the unassisted eye .

W hen a person of nor a l eyesight wishes to exa i ne any

s all obj ect minutely he holds it at a distance of abo ut eight
in ches from his eye and we find if we hold a threepenny piece at
, ,
-

y
this distance it far more than covers the whole of the o on s
,
’

disc and I find when I hold the bl ade of

,
penkni fe at this
distance it quite eclipses the moon
,
Now the width of that .

blade is not six feet but only about three sixteenths of an inch
,
-
.

In showing persons the heavenly bodies in a telescope they a re ,

y
very often sceptical abo ut the agni fying powers and when they ,

y
are informed that the power they are usi ng giv es sa on e , ,

y
h undred dia eters they will sa ,
Certainly the obj ect is ex ,

ce e di n l
g sh a rp and distin ct and see s so near that you
,
feel as
if you co uld put your finger on it B ut surely it is not a gni .

”
fie d so u ch f
l

T o convi nce anyone of the agnifying power if the instru e nt ,

”
be a refractor we have only to tell him to look into the tele
,
mm
m
m
1 13

m
s cope with one eye and compare the mo on as seen there with the
,

sa e obj ect as seen with the other and unassisted eye and he ,

will very soon be convinced for with a little ma ni pulation the ,

moon a s seen by the naked eye may be brought over the mag

m
, ,

n ifie d i age as seen in the telescope when it will be found that

m
,

the former a ppears so small that it i ght be put into one of the

h
craters of the latter

m
.

T o perform the same experiment with my Newto nian R e fl e c

”
tor I have constructed a small metallic speculum which can e
, ,

slipped on to the eye piece tube and can be turned to any r e

-
,

quired angle so that the obj ect as seen by the naked eye can be
,

brought over the magnified image in the telescope W hen the .

instrument with a power of 10 8 is turned on the Post office -

clock we find that the whole diameter of the tower a s seen in the

m
plane reflector occupies only abou t the space of one of the minutes
marked on the circ umference of the dial as seen in the telescope

m
.

By methods su ch as these we can convince the m o st sceptical that

telescopes do magnify but for those who use telescopes for seien

m
,

t ific observation it is absolutely necessary that they should know

y
the ma gnifying powers of their instr u e nts with the greatest pos
sible precision For this p u rpose several methods a and have
.

been adopted A s the magnifying power of any telescope depends

.

entirely on the magnitude of the angle under which any obj ect is
presented to the eye in the eye piece of the instrument and as -
,

this angle can at once be fo und by dividing the focal length of

'

the obj ect glass or the speculu b y that of the eye piece em -

ployed this might seem a v ery si p le way of getting at the exact

,

power and indeed it is fairly satisfactory as far as low powers

are concer ned or with single lens eye pieces b ut when we come to
,
- -
,

u se eye pieces co p osed of sev eral lenses the matter becomes more
-

difficult and when we co e to u se those of a very high power the

,

exact deter i nation of the focal length of each lens becomes a

atter of exceeding difficulty a nd the result of such measure ,

ments ca nnot be relied on .

Another method a nd one a good deal more t o be depended on

, ,

is to have a circular dis c of white paper on a black ground at a

di stance of 1 0 0 yards or so a nd having a card with two black ,

para llel lines drawn on it whose distance is exactly equal to the

h
diameter of the paper circle then viewing through the telescope ,

the paper circle with one eye and the parallel lines on the card

h
with the other let the lines e oved to such a distance from the
eye that they shall exactly correspond with the dia et er of the
disc T e qu otient found by dividing the distan ce of the paper
.

dis c fro the eye by that of the p a ra llel lines fro the same
gives the agnifying power of the telescope T his method though .
,

g ood requir
, e s some practice and is only a pplicable to refract o rs
,

H
m
mm
m
up t o a certain size and c o uld n o t be us e d at all with Newto nia n
reflecto rs .
,

An o ther and much m o re c o nvenient method consists in

measuring the image of the o bj ect glass o r speculum which a
1 14

m
telesc ope forms in its solar focus W hen we place our eye at a .

little distance fr o m the eye piece of a telescope we observe in the -

centre o f the eye lens a very distinct and well defined small disc
-

o f light T his is the image of the obj ect glass or the speculum
.
,

as the case may be Now if we can obtain a correct measure o f

.

the diameter of this disc and als o o f the dia eter of the speculum
, ,

by dividing the latter by the former we have at once the num

mm
,

ber of diameters which the telescope magnifies

m
m
.

For the purp o se of accurately measuring this small disc o f

”
light as seen o n the eye lens several kinds of dyna e ters or-
, ,

as some prefer to call the dynamometers have been used ,

“
,
.

m
O ne of the latest and perhaps the best is that known as B e r
, ,

thon s dyna o meter

’
T his consists of two strips of th i n meta l
.

m
with straight edges so fastened together as to leave between them
a long narrow triangular slit o ne o f the edges of which is so ,

graduated and numbered that measures may be made with it

h
down t o one th o usandth o f an inch
-
.

W ile it is admitted that this measuring of the small disc is a

very simple and direct method of o btaini ng the magni fyin g
p ower ,
there are still several d ifficulties attend i ng i t s application .

For example a very small disc of light 1s not the easiest thing t o
,

measure besides it i s not possible to measure a circ ular disc o n

,

its exact diameter by placing it between two lines which are n o t

quite parallel and Mr B erthon has devised a very simple and
,
.

e fficient means by which these difficulties may be obviated and ,

here I would give Mr Berthon s own description . T ake or

’

ake a box twenty inches long and about six inches in its other
dimensions entirely open at one side l VIa ke a hole in one end
,
.
,

a nd se t it upon the other Provide a card to fit the lower end “

y
i nside 5 to the mid dl e of this card attach a narrow slip of black
p aper ( the border of mourning note paper will do ) sa fo u r ,

y
inches long T hen place the eye piece to be easured in the
.
-

h
h
hole and use
, V dyna o meter and by dividing four inches by
-
,

the a scertained length of the i age of the black line you have ,

t e power of the eye piece on a focal len gth of twenty inche s

—
,

whence its power on any other number of inches may be as oer

t a i n e d by si p le arithmetic Lt t e black slip or a rk be
e
h
.

ointed at each end thus and it is surprising

how exactly its i age can be easu
p
redeven to the fiv e thousandt
,

y
o f an inch It 1 s wel l to have three or fo u r cards with lines of
.

v arious but exactly mea sured lengths sa two three four &c , , , ,
.
,
 m
m
1 16

m
T H E G A ST R OPOD S O F T H E O LD E R T E RT I AR Y O F

m
AU ST R A LI A .
( P ART II ) .

B PROFE SS OR R AL PH T ATE , F LS

m
Y . . .

'
Re a d O ctob e r 2 nd,

PL ATE S II .
— X .

[ SU PPL
E ME NT

h
T O PART I] .

m
F u su s e ni cu s, p
s ec . n ov . Pl a te v i. ,
fig . 11 .

Shell fusifor with a short spire ending in a turbinate pullu

s

m
, ,

o f one and a half smooth convex whorls .

W horls three excluding the apical one rather sharply keeled

, , ,

in the one fourth obliquely plicated the plic ae ( ten to a whorl )

-
,

for ing blunt wedge S haped tubercles on the keel -

m
.

Surface ornamented with stout subangulated l irae abo ut seven ,

o n the last whorl posterior to the periphery with occasionally a ,

h
slender thread in the broader intervening s ulci and by coarse ,

s ub di sta nt curvilinear growth lines -

.

T e last whorl a bruptly contracted in a long straight slender , ,

open beak base with numerous wrinkled li ree the interspace s ,

coarsely cancellated
L
.

D i e nsi ons en gth 25 ; breadth —

length of canal and , ,

y
aperture 18
Loca l i t L
.
,

ower beds at Mu ddy Creek ( J Pe nna nt)

—
. .

T his species comes near to F Al di ng e nsi s from which it differ s .

,

by its t urbi nate pull us coarser orna e nt bl unt nodulations and , , ,

by the angulation of the whorls being closer to the anterio r

sutu re It has also u ch resemblance to the young of T n di cnl w
.

hh
tu r b i n a ta .

s
F u u s G i p p sl a n di cu s , T a te . Figure d e re wi t ,
Pl a te iii .
,
fig 6
. .

c i o l a r i a fu s i l l a p
Fa s Pl te i fig 1 2 , s ec . a v .
, . .

Shell ovately fusifor with a moderately long S pire ending in

h
, ,

a prominent bead l ike pullu s with the apex laterally i m ersed

—

W horls four excl u ding t e pull us flatly conv ex spira lly lirate
, , , , ,

y
a nd distantly transversely lined l irze S lender o re or less alter ,

n a te l large and small about 1 8 on the penultimate whorl a , ,

little narrower than the interv ening sulci

L
.

ast whorl regularly rounded to the graduall y contracting

base spirally lirate ; colu ella slightly arcuate with thre e
,
m
mm
m
1 17

mm
s trong obli que plaits the anterior one of which at the j unc
ti o n with the snout is the largest a nd is somew at decurrent
o n the relatively short S lightly bent and open canal
,
,

,
h ;

L
, , .

Di e nsi on s ength 42 breadth 1 7 length of apertur e

.
—
, , , ,

y
a nd canal 28

Loca l i t L
.
,

ower beds at Muddy Creek ( J D e nna nt)

h
-
. . .

T his species differs fro all those pre v iously described by its
rounded whorls without c o stae or tubercles and a s no analogue ,

hh
a mong recent forms

y
.

P e r i st e r ni a Mu r ra na T te Figure d wit Pla te iv fig 4

m
a , a . e re .
, . .

h
P e r i st e r n i a p u i la , p s e c. Pla te v .
,
fig 4 . .

Shell fusifo rm with a short spire ending in a small

,
sub sca l a r ,

amill ate apex of one and a half smooth convex w orls .

W h o rls four ( excluding apical one ) a little flattened in front ,

o f the suture wi th nin e stout pli cations to each whorl 5 plic ae

,

narrowly rounded high elevated into blunt tuberculations at

, ,

h
the sh o ulder Surface smooth S hining o rnamented with a few
.
, ,

distant incised spiral lines

L
.

h
ast whorl flatly rounded in the middle where t e plic ae fade ,

a way thence abruptly contracted i nto a very short straight beak

,
.

Aperture oval oblong 5 outer lip t i n smooth within 5 columella

-
,

with three strong oblique folds 5 canal very short open straight , , ,

a little reverted at the tip

L
.

D i e nsi ons ength 5 bre

'

a.dth—
5 l ength of aperture , ,

y
nd canal 2
Loca l i t Clayey green sands Adela ide bore
.
,

h
—
.
,
.

By its very s hort canal this species bears a general resemblance

t o P a pi ci l i r a ta and P a cti n oste p e s from which it differs in
. .
,

i ts smo o th pullus and tabulate whorls .

E b u rn op s i s , g . no w .

It is with some diffide nce that I establish a new genus for the
r eception of the follow i ng species which has the general aspect of ,

E b u r na but u nl ike all known species of that genu s it is spirally ,

h
ribbed and wants the cal l o us structure of the inner lip and
umbilical re gion 5 moreover the truncated colu e lla with its , ,

s ub tub e r cul a te d extremi ty is un kn o wn in E b u r n a T e generic , .

name indi cates its affinity with E b u r na .

E u b u r n op s i s a u l a c oe s s a p Pla te iv , fig 3 , s e c. 720 0 . . . .

Shell ova tely globose spire very short ending in a moderately , ,

large globose pullus .

O r di nary whorls three narrow deeply channelled at the suture , , ,

h
the shoulder sharp edged and strongly defined -
O rnamented .

with moderately elevate d rounded spiral ribs ( six o n the ,

p e nul timate wh o rl ) a li ttle narr o wer than t

, e s o mewhat co ncave
 m 1 18

m
y
f urro ws ; the whole surface strongly and closely wrinkled trans
v e rse l L ast wh o rl regularly and m o derately c o nvex from t e
.

y
middle t o the base spirally ribbed and sulcated ; umbilicus nar

m
,

r o w defined b a rib a little broader than the rest of the ribs

, ,

h
which results from the successive infil l ing growth s of the siph o nal

hy
n o tch .

Aperture o val channelled posteri o rly corresponding with t e

, ,

shoulder o f the wh o rl 5 o uter lip thin crenulated o n t e edge , ,

j o ined to the c olumella by a call ous growth ; columella slightl

incurved obliquely truncated and thickened at the fro nt 5
,
.

s iphonal n o tch shallow and narrow

L
.

y
D i e nsi ons engt h 1 4 5 breadth 1 0 5 height o f aperture 1 0
—

Loca l i t L
.
, , ,

ower beds at Muddy Creek ( J D e nna n t)

h hh
— . .

m
hh
P o s G r e g s on i T t Figure d e re wi t Pl te i fig rs , a e .
,
a v .
, .

N a ss a su b l i re l l a , T a te . Figure d e re wi t ,
Pl a te iv .
,
fig . 2 .

m
FAM IL
Y VO L
U T IDZE .

G ENU S L
YRIA .

S YNO P S I S OF S P E CI E S
h
.

C o st ae 20 terminating posteri o rly in blunt p o ints

L
.
,

1 . . a r
pu l a ria ;

C o stae 30 , t e rminating posteriorly in small rounded tubercles

2 Lg
,

h
.

ta,

yAust
. . e a .

L ri
y
a a rp u l a r i a , T a te .

T rans . Ro . Soc .
, S . .
,
1 888, t . 1 2, fig . 1 2, without des ~

y
cripti on .

Shell vate somewhat thi

fusifor l transversely costate o ,
n,
c st e about
o a n last whorl narrow subacute slightly
,
20 , o , , , fle x uous,
terminating posteri o rly in blunt p o ints on the slightly flattened
sh o ulder ; interstices wider than the c o stae transversely and ,

spirally striated Spire subacute of S ix slightly convex wh o rl s

.
,

terminating in a sm o oth pullus of o ne and a h a lf wh o rls Aper .

ture elliptical elongate outer lip thin united to the pill ar by a

-
, ,
.

thin callus ; columella wi th two pr o mi nent anteri o r folds and

numerous transverse rugosities 5 canal very sh o rt recurved ,
.

D i e n si ons T otal lengt h 32 ; breadth 1 7 ; length of ap e r~

.
—
, ,

ture 22 5 breadth 8 5 height of last whorl 26

Loca l i ti e s L
, , ,
.

ower beds a t Muddy O re e k ; blue clays at

.
—

Schnapper Point
y
Simi ar t o Lh
.

L ri a g e
h
p iii fig 4
a ta , s ec
. nov . Pl a te .
,
. .

l . a r ul a ria
p but usually narr o wer and
,
less ventri
c o se with ab o ut 30 slender less fl e x uous ribs o n t e last wh o rl
, , ,
 m
1 20

Pullus subcylindrical blunt ; apex central

,
.

y
Surface spirally striated o r finely ridged esp e ,

cia l l on poste ri o r wh o rls .

15 . V e l l ipsoide a
.

Pullus acuminate p o inted at the end

,
.

Spire half length of aperture 5 posteri o r

whorls spirally lined 1 6 V ca pi ta ta . . . .

Spire less than one third o f the aperture -

,

m
ornamented with transverse c o lour lines —
.

17 . V . M goni a .

Surface with spiral threads at least on the p o sterio r

,

wh o rls.

Spiral lines on p o sterior whorls only 5 se e 7 1 1 , ,

y
Spiral ornament on all the spire whorls .

O uter lip v a ri cose l thickened .

18 V . . cra ssi l a b rn .

Faint l ongitudinal ridges o n last whorl 5

pullus rather depressed .

19 . V l i n te a
. .

W h o rls cancellated V . 20 . . cr i b r osa .

W horls costated 5 spire turreted .

V . sa r ssa i .

Surface costul a te o r costate without spiral ornament

, .

Cost ul ae n o t pr omi nent 5 spire half the length of

aperture . V l i r a ta . .

Costul ae conspicuous ; spire ab o ut one third -

V coste l l ife r a
'

length o f aperture 23 . . . .

C o stated 5 spire nearly as long as aperture .

24 . V pse u dol i r a ta
.

Surface tuberculated .

Spire elongated at least o ne half the length o f

,

aperture 5 columella plaits 4

L
.
,

ast wh o rl tuberculated but not c o state d , .

Apex blunt ; tubercles blunt o n ante ,

ri o r whorls o nl y 25 V ca t/ze d l i s . . . .

Apex pointed 5 tubercles sharp on all

the whorls 5 fine S piral striae .

26 . V pa godoi de s
. .

Anterior o f last whorl costated .

hh
T ubercles blunt 5 aperture a l ittl e longer
than S pire 27 . V T a te a na . . .

T ub e rcl e s point e d5 spire a b out t e l e ngt

of aperture 28 .V ta b u l a ta . . .

Spire short less than half the length of aperture

, .

A sec o nd row o f tubercles at the su ture 5

pu l lus small .
 m
1 21

C o stae angular ending in pointed ,

tubercles 29 V a nti sca l a r i s

. . . .

C o stae rounded with obtuse tubercular ,

ends at the shoulder .

30 . V a n ti ci ngn l a ta .

T u bercles on shoulder of wh o rl onl y 5 pullu s

h
large

m
.

m
T ubercles spin o us ; ante sutural area -

m
c o ncave 31 V str op odon . . . .

T ubercles short c oni cal 5 whorls convex ,

behind V We l dii
. . .

V Agne wi, Jo h n ston ,

S P E CI E S UN C LASS I F I ED
Proc Ro y
Soc T asmania for 1879 ,
.

p 37,

m
. . . . .

non 1888 5 V a n ti sca l a r i s, J ohnston , G eol T asmania , t 30 ,

h
. . .

f 8 .
,
1888 T able Cape
. .

V Al l porti , Jo cit p non T able

h
. nston, op . . . 35, 1880 , 1 888 .

Cape .

V pe l l ita , Jo 37, 1 880 5 id G eol T asm , op cit p t 30

h
.
,
nston , . . . . . . .
,

f 2 P o ssibly V a nci l l oi de s or V a cr opte ra T able Cape

h
. . . .
. .

V stolida , Jo nston , o p cit , p 36 , 1880 5 G eol T asmania ,

. . . . . t 30.
,

figs 4 4a R elate d to V str e p odon

.
-
. T able Cape . . .

V o l u t a H a nn a for di M Co
1 .
, c y .

R efe r e n ce Prodromus Pal V ictoria Decade I tab vi fig 1

—
.
,
.
,
. .
,
.
,

1 874 5 Decade IV tab 37 fig 1

L
. .
,
. .
,

O lder beds at Muddy Creek 15 clays at Schnapper

y
oca l i ti e s —

Point 5 Port Fairy W arrnambo o l 5 and at Fyan s Ford ( McCo )

,
’
.

y
T his species is remarkable fo r its large pullus and winged
o uter lip 5 the wh o rls are obtusely angled and nodose l
-
tub e rcu -

late 5 the posterior S lope of the body whorl is spirally ridged or

h
lined the front is smo oth
L
,

y
ength exceeding 150 ; breadth 9 0 5 pullus 1 2 in dia e ter
, , ,
.

T e only other w1 nge d species are V a cr o te

p M cCo and .
, ,

V Mor toni T ate which are smooth or nearly so with a small

.
, , , ,

h
p ullus .

2 V o l u ta . e pt a g on a l i s sp no Pl a te i figs I a nd 7 , e c. v . v .
,
. .

Shell narrowly fusiform with a moderately long scalar spire ,

e nding in a large spherical pullus of one and a half smooth whorls ,

the apex of which is laterally im e rsed 5 the pull us is partitioned

W horls four beside the pullus 5 the first one
h
off from the S pire .
, ,

c onvex spirally lin ed and faintly plicate at first very narrow

, , , ,

but enlarging and developing a shoulder and strong costae o n t e

next whorl 5 the two other spire whorls angulate d in the posterior -

t hird the area next t o the s uture being nearly flat o r s lightly
,
 m
h h
1 22

c oncave t e anteri o r p o rti o n nearly straight o r parallel with t e

,

ax1 s .

h
Surface o rnamented with roundly angular axial ribs which ,

terminate in bluntly angled tubercles at the shoulder ; S houlder

h
bro adly and deeply undulate between the tubercles T e ribs .

are seven in number on the body whorl but increase to about ,

m
eleven on the p o sterior whorls T e sculpture on the posterio r .

spire whorls consists of spiral lines crossed by transverse stri ae 5

-
.

that on the body whorl is not a ccurately known but is apparently

-

h
limited t o transverse lines of growth .

Body whorl with the ribs stro ngly developed int o thick conical
-

tubercles at the shoulder fading O K to the front at about t e ,

Aperture elongate

h
middle ; base gradually much attenuated

m
.

obovate 5 columella with three strong plications .

D i e nsi ons T otal length 1 50 5 greatest breadth 6 2 5 len gt

—
, ,

o f aperture 9 5 ; greatest width 28 ; di ameter of pu l lus 1 4 5

, , ,
,

y
height 13
Loca l i t Calciferous sandstone of the R iver Murray cl iffs
.
,

—
.

near Morgan

m
.

3 V o l u t a a l t i c o st a t a w Pl

h
.
p c fl o te fig 7 , s e . . a v .
,
. .

Shell resembling V epta gona l i s but is proportionately shorte r

h
.
,

o r broader T e ribs are S harply angled eleven on the body

.
,

whorl increasing to fourteen on the posterior whorls T e sculp

,
.

ture o n the posterior whorls consists of crowded spiral line s

rendered wavy by the crossing o f stri ee and growth lines 5 the

h h
same sculpturing is present on the posterior slope and shoulder of
the body wh o rl but the rest of its su rface is smooth 5 pullus and
-
,

h
columella plaits as in V epta gona l i s T e pullus was hopelessly . .

shattered by an accident before the execution of the drawi ng but ,

it revealed in the unique specimen a septum between it a nd t e

, ,

s Ir e
p
L
.

Di without pullus 9 0 5 breadth 49 5 length

e n si on s — ength , , ,

y
nd breadth of aperture 6 0 and 21
Loca l i t L
, .

ower b e ds at Muddy Creek ( J D e nna nt)

h h
-
. . .

y
4 V o l u t a S t e p e n s i 7o to .
, 7zs 7z .

R ef e r e nce Proc R o Soc T asmania f o r 1 879 p 35

—
. . .
, , ,
.

h
id G eology of T asmani a t 30 f 1
.
, ,
.
,
.

Fro a n unpublished drawing furnished me by Mr J ohns t on .

,

this large species belongs to the sam e natural group as V ep .

h
ta gon a l i s and V a l ti costa ta being intermediate in proportions
.
,

between the two ; it is further distinguished by having 14 rib s

on the body whorl increasing to 1 8 p o steriorly and by t e , ,

h
absence or indistinctness of spiral sculpture
L
.

y
D i e nsi ons ength 1 1 0 5 breadth 55 —

L
,
.
,

oca l i t T able Cape ( R 111 Jo n ston)

— . . .
 m
m
te r i nate less defined c o stae
V o l u t a u n c i fe ra T a te

5
6 .

R efe r e nce — G astro pods Part I pla te xii fig 1 0

T wo y o ung examples o nly kn o wn which exhibit t e gen e ral
c harac te r of equally sized specimens o f V McD ona l di but t e

specific differences a re the whorls of the pullus are all c o nvex

a nd feebly tubercular ridged the body
—

wh o rl

D i e nsi ons o f an example o f six and a half wh o rls including

the apical ones

y
2 2 5 width o f pullus 1 0
L
is
and has o nly ab o ut nin e spin o us scales o n t e angula ti o n which

ength 34 ; width 20 ; length o f aperture

—
m o re
,

at t

,
e nuated

.
1 24

.
,

,
,

h
.

.
,

h
.

,
hh ,

m
Loca l i t — Calciferous sandstone of t e R ive r Murray Cliffs
.
,

.
,

n e ar Mo rgan ( R .

7 V o luta . a c r op t e r a McCo , y .

h
R efe r e nce Pr o c Pal V ictoria D ecade I tab viii figs 1 4
'

— . . . .
—
, ,
. .
,

h
( 1 7
g
8 4 .

mm
y
T i species is fusif o rm attaining t o a length o f ab o ut 1 50 ,

h
mills ; t e spire is m o derately elongate and c o ns ists of flatl ,

h
c o nvex whorls terminated by a relatively small papillary pull us ,

h
the extreme tip of which I s erect ; t e whorls are smo oth except ,

h y
t e two p o ste ri o r on e s which are spirally striated o r lin e d
,
At .

t e adult stage the outer lip bec o mes dilated into a ve r large
t i n e dged triangular flattened wing
-

L
.
, ,

oca l i ti e s Bird rock G eelong

— J B,
Wi l son cal . .

c ife r ous sandstone of the R iver Murray Cliffs near Mo rga n ,

( R . T ); T abl e Cap e
( H o bart M u s l ) . .

8 .Mor t on i spe c
V o luta PI ix figs I a nd 2 , . . .
,
. .

Shell fusifo rm wi th a sh o rt spire o f s ubangular wh o rls te rmi

,

nating in a relatively large smoo th blunt pullus the top o f , , ,

“

hh
which 1 s laterally immersed .

W horls three and a half excluding the p ul l us the first half , ,

h
turn of the spire al mo st concealed thence t e revolutio ns rapidl y ,

e nl arge to the s o mewhat ventricose b o dy whorl T e o u te r lip of -

.

y
the body wh o rl is dilated into a large t i n e dge d flatte ned wing 5
-
,
-
,

i ts o uter margin broadly c o nvex its p o steri o r margi n slightl

h
,

c o ncave runni ng up to the angul ation o f the penultimate whorl .

T e two posterior whorls are i cr o scopically striated between

a few distant raised lines 5 o therwise the shell i s marked o nl y
with fine lines of growth .

C o lumella with two plaits almo st c o ncealed fr o m view ,

.

D i e nsi ons of a nearly adult shell ( fig l ) T otal length 6 5 5 . .

—
,

breadth 32 ; length of aperture 44 ; diameter o f pullus 5

Loca l i ti e s — L
.
, , ,

ower beds at Muddy Cree k ( J De nna t) 5 T a ble .

C ap e ( H o bart Mus .
 m
m
mm
m
I know o f only two specimens which I have figured Fig 1
1 25

m
. .

represents a perfect shell just about to develop the wing 5 fig 2 .

”

wants the pullus and the b a sa l part of the body whorl the -
,

angular body and spire whorls of which are simila r to those of

- -

the other specimen and therefore I think it not unreasonable to

,

view the two a s individuals at different stages of growth of the

m
same species

m
.

T his species is named in hono u r to Mr Alexander Morton of .

,

H o bart Museum .

V Mor toni is e v idently closely allied to V a c pte r a but it

. .
,

is distinguished from it by its shorter spire different pullus and , ,

angulated whorls .

9 V o lut a l i b a ta T t . , a e .

mm
G astropods part I plate x ii i fig 8

m
R ef e r e n ce — .
, ,
.

m
Shell oblong and sub cylindri cal spirally and transversel -
,

striate 5 Spire short ter i nated by a rounded pullu s 5 columella

,

with fo ur well developed plaits increasing in size from the base

-
,

backwards Sutures and spire whorls concealed by the free hori

.
-

z on ta l folia ceous expansion of the posteri o r a rgi n of the preced

ing whorls L ast whorl faintly angled at the periphery which

h
,
.

is a lso defined by about ten inconspicuous angul ar nodosite s .

T e spire whorls and posterior part of the l a st whorl scu lptured

-

wi th deli cate wavy la ell ae crossed by transverse folds and stri ee 5

the spiral ornament is the stronger b ut on the anterior a rea of ,

the body whorl the transverse lines and folds are alone conspicu
-
,

ous as the spiral stri ae are obsolete or visible only by the aid o f
, ,

a a gnifier
L
.

y
D i e n si ons ength width 155 lengt h of aperture 27 5
— °

Loca l i t Blue clays at Schnapper Point ( R T )

, , ,
.

—
. .

T his species and the next belong to the Section Vol n to conn s -
,

uniquely repr e sented by V con ifor i s ( Cox ) inhabiting the north .

,

west coast of Australia from which they differ in the angulated ,

periphery o re or less nodulose 5 and this species by the retro

,

flexed posterior a rgi n of the whorls .

V o l u t a c on o i d e a T t
10 .
, a e .

R efe r e n ce G astropod s part I plate xiii fig 9

’
—
,
. .
,
.

h
Shell coniform with a S hort spire ending in a moderately mam
, ,

h
illate p ullus of three and a half turns the last half turn some ,

ti e s crenulated T e first and second spire whorls al o st

.
-

h
wholly e b raced ; t e penulti ate whorl is broadly depressed
near the i ddle line and sl i ghtly varicose over the posterio r ,

s uture 5 the last whorl is faintly angled a t the periphery w i ch ,

is also defined by seven transversely elongate nodosite s posterior ,

to which is a Slightly concav ely depressed zone O uter lip Sharp .

,

Sli ghtly inflecte d in the middle Columella with four well .

- fl
 m
m
m
m
1 26

developed plaits , and a small p o steri o r one Surface sculpture d .

'

m
a s in V l i b a ta
L
. .

y
D i e nsi ons — ength , 44 5 breadth 21 5 length of aperture, 35
L L
.

ower beds at Muddy Creek ( R T )

,

oca l i t — . .

y
V o l u t a a n c i l l oi de s pe
11 . Pl a te iii fig 7 , s c. .
, . .

Shell fusifor l oval oblong with a moderately elevated spire -

,

o f four S lightly convex whorls ending in a rather large sub gl o bose -

pullus of one and a h a lf turns the extreme tip o f which is sub ,

laterally immersed Posterior wh o rls sculptured with spiral fin e

mm
.

t hreads and stri ae and rather close set slender stri ae of gr o wth
,
-
.

B ody wh o rl hardly narrowed at the base

-
Aperture narrowly .

o bl o ng narrowed above
,
broad at the front 5 outer lip nearly ,

parallel with the axis Sli ghtly thickened 5 pillar slightly incurved ,

t o the broad siphonal notch 5 columella with three promi nent ,

rather approximate narrow moderately oblique plaits

L
, , .

D i e nsi ons ength 75 5 breadth 28 5 length o f aperture 475

—
, , ,

diameter of pullus 8 5 height 6

L
.
, ,

oca l i ti e s Calciferous sandstone R iver Murray cliffs near

.
-
,

Morgan 5 lower beds at M uddy Creek 5 blue clays

a t Schnapper Point ob a r t Mu s !

h
( R T ) 5 T able Cape ( H ). .

T his species has the general appearance of the young

V a cr op te r a but the p ullus is di fferent and t e outer lip is n o t
.
, ,

a rcuate a s in that shell .

V o l u t a M c C o i i T ni on Woo Pl a te ii fig 2 y
y
’
12
‘

.
, e s a s . . . .
,

R ef e r e n ce Proc R o Soc T asmania for 1 876 p 9 5

—
. . .
, , ,
.

V Ag n e wi J ohnston G eol T as
.
,
t 30 f 9 1888 ( non , ,
.
,
.
,
.
,

Shell lanceolate ovate thin ; whorls smooth shining striat e

-
, , ,

with growth lines slightly convex but not regularly so being

, , ,

s lightly ventricose at the anterior suture and a li ttle depressed

h
t owards the p o sterior one
t e tip central depressed but not immersed
Pullus smal l blunt smooth pap ill ary 5
,

four thin elevated the posterior one small outer lip thin b ut
, , ,
Columell a plaits
.

,
,

.
, ,

,
,

p erceptibly thickened
L
.

D i e n si ons ength 40 ; breadth 1 6 ; length of aperture 25

—

Loca l i ti e s T able Cape ( T Woods) c om o n in the lower beds

, , , .

— .
,

a t Muddy Creek and in the blue clays at Schnapper Point R

h
(
y
.

1 3 V o l u t a p r o t or
. sa p Pl a te fi g s 6 — t
, s e c. . a .

h
Shell narrowly lanceolate ovate thin with a smal l low

h
‘

-
, , , ,

y
depressed blunt p ullu s
,
W horls six and a half excluding pullus ;
.

t e three and a half poste rior ones longi tu dinall costated ; t e

c ost ee on the first one and a half turns are slender angular and , ,

y
numer o us ; on the next turn they are stouter few and tuber , ,

c ul a te l enlarged in the posteri o r third 5 and o n the last half turn - -

 m
m
m
m
m
mm
1 28

m
W horls three excl uding the pullus slightly convex ,
littl e ,
a nd a

y
tumid e dially 5 spirally lined and trans v ersely striate con ,

s icuou sl so on the posterior whorl

p
L

m
.

ast whorl elongated a little tumid hardly attenuated at the , ,

base Aperture elongate oval angled behind with a wide open

.
-
, ,

canal a li ttle bent to the right and slightly reverted at the front , .

O uter lip thick within but bevelled to a sharp edge a little , ,

insinuated and slightly ascending at the suture slightly e curv e d ,

medially patulous at the point Inner lip nearly straight with

,
.
,

four stout o b lique plaits

L
.

D i e nsi ons ength breadth 24 ; length of aperture

—
, , ,

y
43 5 width 1 0 ; length of pullus 6 5 width
L
, , ,

oca l i t W ell si nking Murray D esert

.
- -
,
.

T his species has so e affinity with V Pa cifica and other mem .

bers of the section Alcithoe 5 b ut has not the outer lip proper t o

m
them 5 from V Pa cifica which it resembles m o st in S hape it
.
, ,

m
differs by its s o oth fl a ttis whorls .

V o l u t a Ma s o u i p
17 Pl te iii fig 9
.
, s ec . a .
, . .

m
Shell obc oni c s olid smooth polished ; whitish with transvers e
L
, , , ,

y
close se t narrow S lightly undulose chestnut lines
-
,
ast whorl, , .

roundly angled at the peri phery ; spire very S h o rt a cu i na t e l ,

co ni cal ending in a s all smooth broadly conical pullus of fou r

, , ,

whorls Colu el la with four well developed plaits and someti e s

.
-
,

with an inconspicuous posterior one

L
.

D i e n si ons ength 58 ; width 29 ; length o f last whorl

.
—
, , ,

y
51 5 of aperture 49
Loca l i t U pper beds at Muddy Creek
.
,

— .

T his species belongs to the peculiarly Australian Section

A or i a amongst which it rese b les V T u r n e r i and V n n cl n l a ta
,
. .
,

having the shape rather of the latter and the coloration of the ,

former ; it is however distinguished from b o th by the abrupt

, ,

peripheral inflation and the acuminate spire .

By the kindness of Mr S Mason the prop ri etor of the land . .

,

o n which the chief fossiliferous deposits of Muddy Creek are

found I am in possession of the interesting volute which has
,
.

serv ed for the foregoing description It is with mu ch pleasu re I .

associate Mr Mason s name with his discovery more particularly

.
’

also because of his hospitality and assistance rendered to a l l

visitors in S earch of fossils .

V o l u t a c ra s s i l a b r u
18 .
p o Pl a te iii fig z , s e c. 7z z '. .
,
. a — c
.

h
Shell s all thick oval ; p u llus small o f two smooth convex
, , ,

whorls .

W horls three excluding pull u s slightly con v ex excepting t e

, ,

penultimate which is somewhat tu i d ; suture concealed by a

,

narr ow sutural band Surface ornamented with cl o se se t narro w .

-
, ,
 m
m
m
mm
m
1 29

depressed , wavy threads separated by linear interspaces ( about ,

m
25 on penulti a te whorl ) 5 a few indistinct und ul a tions cross the
L
y
whorls ast whorl very slightly conv ex a little attenuated
.
,

h
and concavely depressed at the b ase v a ri cose l thickened behind ,

the aperture A perture elongate oval n a rrowed at the ends 5 -

m
.
,

canal narrow open a little bent to the left and upturned at t e

, ,

front O uter lip ascending a little at the s ut ure slightly arcuate

.
, ,

the edge bl unt Col umella a little twisted at the front with four

m
.

sto ut obliqu e plaits the second being the stoutest and the two
, ,

posterior ones the smallest

m
.

y
Di e n si ons T otal length 9 5 breadth 4 5l ength of aperture
—

Loca l i t L
, , ,

ower beds a t Mu ddy Creek

h
—
.

V o l u t a l i nt e a p
19 . Pl te iii figs I , s ec . a .
,
. a — .

Shell fu sifor narrow thi ck 5 p ullus of two and a h a lf whorls

, ,
’

blunt and smooth a t the top the last half turn with S lender ,

costae .

m
W horls three and a half ra ther flat faintly depressed medially , , ,

m
y
with an i p ressed s uture S u rfa ce orna e nted with n u e rous
slender wa y thre a ds a little narrower than the interspaces
.

Last whorl slightly convex gradually attenuated to the moder

,
.
,

ately long straight canal ; the posterior half with about eight
angular ridges which are fa intly tra ceable fro t he sutu re to the
,

base but are more conspicuou s at the periphery

,
Apertu re .

elonga te oval 5 c olu ella with fo u r equi distant and nearly equal
- -

plaits
L
.

y
D i e n si on s ength 26 5breadth length of aperture 1 7
—

Loca l i t Calciferou s sa ndstones of the R iver Murray Cliffs

.
,
.
, ,

-
,
.

near Morgan .

20 V o l u t a c r i b ro s a p no Pl t iii fig 8
.
, s e c. v . a e .
,
. .

Shell fusifor with a moderately long spire 5 pullus conical of

"

two a nd a half whorls ending in an erect tip ; last half turn ,

narrow flat b ut S l ightly ang ulated and flattened at the s ut u re

, , .

W horls three slightly conv ex o re depressed behind than in

, , ,

front ; ornamented with acute spiral threads ( a bout 1 5 on the

penulti ate whorl ) slightly crenulated the interspaces about , ,

four times wider crossed by c urved dista nt slender angula r , , , ,

l irae Columella with equal and equi distant plaits

L
-
. .

y
D i e n si on s ength 34 5 length of apertu re 20
—

Loca l i t T urritella clays Blanche Point Aldinga Bay

,
.
,

— -
. .
, ,

y
ri s s a p
21 . V o l ut a
Pl te figs I b sa , s e c. a . a — .

Shell fusifor l turreted modera tely sto ut 5 pullus of three a nd ,

a half to four whorls conoidal cylindric s o oth the middle whorl ,

—
, ,

the highest and widest the tip is exsert ,

.

W horls Six ( excluding the pullus ) flatly convex ornamented , ,

 m
mmm
h
1 30

with spiral threads and angular c o stae T e three p o sterior wh o rls .

are a little concavely depressed in the posterior third 5 the -

r ounded S piral threads ( ab o ut twelve on the first whorl ) which ,

a r e about as wide a s the interspaces increase in number with the ,

revolution of the spire O n the fourth and fifth whorls adjacent .

,

to the anterior suture the threads are red uced to striae 5 and o n

h
,

the body whorl the anterior half is smooth or nearly so

-
,
.

T e c o stae begin to appear on the front half of the sec o nd

posterior wh o rl and on the three anterior whorls have attained
—
,

to sto utish wedge shaped S lightly c u rved a ngular ridges which

,
-
, ,

a r e continued in subdued strength to the anterior suture but do ,

n ot reach the posterior one

L
.

ast whorl with about ni ne transversely elongate costae on the

m
periphery not much attenuated to the broadish open canal which

m
,

is bent to the right and slightly reverted Aperture elongate oval .

-
,

narrow 5 the outer lip straight e dially ( the last whorl being

m
fl attened between the anterior tubercle and the lip ) hardly as ,

c e ndin
g but slightly ins i nuate at the s u ture patulous at the ,

front Columella nearly straight to the slightly incurved tip 5

mm
.

with five equi distant plaits the first and fifth of which are
—
,

smaller than the others

L
.

D i e nsi ons engt h 77 5 breadth 22 5 length of aperture 49

—

Loca l i ti e s Calciferous sandstone R iver Murray cli ffs near

.
, , ,

—
,
.
,

Morgan 5 lower beds at Muddy Creek

h
.

V o l uta l i ra t a j o n z Pl te ii fig 4

y
22 ’ ‘
.
, s z. a .
, . .

R ef e r e n ce —
Pr o c R o S o c T asmania for 1 879 p
. . .
, , ,
. 37, 1 880 5
V Al lp or ti ,
. J ohnst o n G e o l T asm ,
t 30 fig 10 . .
,
.
,
. non

h
1 880 .

Shell ovately fusiform rather thin smooth shining Pullus , , , .

b roadly conical o f four sm oo th fl a tti s ,

whorls with an i , ,

pressed suture .

W horls three and a half excluding pull u s moderately conv ex , ,

a t the anterior third ; o rnamented with c urved

-
slender rather , ,

angular costee crowded on the posterior whorl ; and sculptured

,

transversely with very fine lines of growth

L
.

ast whorl a little ventricose at the periphery ( where the cos

tul se are only conspicuous ) gradually tapering to the broadish ,

f ront . Apertu re elongate oval u ch longer th a n the spire ; -

,

outer lip bevelled to a thin edge a little e a rginate and ascend ,

ing at the s uture almost straight medial ly patulo u s a t the front ;

, ,

canal short open tu rned to the right hardly rev erted ; colu ella
, , ,

arc uate towards the front with fo u r equi distant equ al oblique ,
-
, ,

pla its
L
.

D i e nsi ons of l a rg e st e x a p l e : en gt h 6 9 5 breadth 27 ; , ,

l ength of aperture 50 5 height of pullus 5 5 breadth , , ,

 m
m
m
straight media lly thence slightly expanding to the hardly con
1 32

m
,

tracted broad short open canal Columella nearly straight with

m
, ,
.
,

four obliqu e slender plaits the ante ri or one of which is the ,

smallest
L
.

y
D i e nsi ons ength breadth 1 4 5 aperture 255
—

Loca l i t L
, , , .

ower beds at Muddy Creek

h
—
.

T his species is closely related to V p se u do l i r a ta but is dis .

-
,

t i ngu is e d by the spiral sculpture and the reduction o f the cost ae

t o tubercles

m
.

2 6 V o l u t a p a g o d oi d e s T t

h
.
, a e .

R ef e r e nce G astropods part I plate xiii fig 7

.
—
,
.
, ,
. .

H a s the general for o f V ca t e dr a l i s but all the whorls six .

, , ,

h
except the pullus are medially sub ang ulated a nd spinosely ,
-

tuberc ulated on the keel 5 the apex is sub a c ute of one and a half -

s all n a rrow ro unded whorls T e sc ulpture consists of fine

,
-
.
,

spiral wav y stri ae which are somewhat obsolete on the middle of

, ,

the last whorl Body whorl more attenuated towards the base
.
-
,

whi ch is bent and reverted Columella with four sub equal equi .
-
,

dista nt rather slender plaits

L
.
,

m
D i e n si ons ength 51 5 breadth 16 5 length of aperture 28
—

Loca l i ti e s T urritella clays Blanche Point Aldinga ; clayey

, , ,
.

— -
.
, ,

green sands A delaide bore 5 T urritella grits A rdrossan -

h
y
-
, , .

V o l u t a T a t e a n a o n ton Pl te ii fig 5
27 . , s . a . .

R ef e r e n ce Proc R oyal Society T asmani a for 1 879 p 37

—
.
,
.

( 18 8 0 )5 id G eology
. T as a nia t 30 figs 3 3 a ,
.
,
—
.

Shell broadly lanceolate fusiform with a o derate high acute , ,

spire ending in a small sharp pullus of two smooth turns W horls

,
.

with regular sigmoid ribs which beco e so e what obsolete

h
si x
,

towards the posterior suture a nd towards the base of the body ,

whorl but are raised into distinctly angled tubercles on t e

,

anterior third of the whorl ( 1 2 on the last whorl ) ; outer lip

-

h
simple 5 col umella nearly straight with four sto ut obliqu e plaits
L
, .

y
D i e n si ons ength 70 5 breadth 20 5 length of aperture 40
—

Loca l it T able Cape ( R 31 Jo nston ! )

, , ,
.

— . .
.

T his species closely resembles V Ii r e n sl e w Angas of South

'

. e
, ,

A ustralian waters b ut the spire is more a c ute ,

.

V o l u ta t a b u l a te T t 28 .
,
a e

R efe r e nce G a stropods Part I plate x 111 fig 3

—
,
.
,
.
,
. .

Shell f usiform with a ra ther short Spire endi ng in a modera tely

, ,

l a rge p ull us of two and a half whorls the last h a lf whorl costu ,
«

late .

W horls three and a half t o fou r excl uding p ull us angulated , ,

a nte e dially costated in front of the keel and sharply tuber

-
, ,
 m
m
m
m
mm
m 1 33

m
h
c ul a te d on the angulation T e sculpture consists only of fin e .

growth lines
L
.

ast whorl wit ten curved angular or broadly angu lar ribs , , ,

whic h are ra ised into S ha rp pointed tuber cles on the keel 5 costae
beco ing ob sol e t e t owa r ds the base 5 base so ewhat n a rrowly and
a br u ptly contracted behind the very broad S hort canal O uter

m
,
.

l ip with a blunt margin slightly emarginate behind and ascend , ,

ing to the keel of the penulti ate whorl Colu e lla nearly .

st raight medially e curv e d at the extre i ty with four stoutish

m
, ,

e qu i distant plaits

L
.

Di e nsi on s ength 36 5 breadth 1 7 5 length of aperture

—
, , ,

y
26 5 diameter of pullus
L
,

W ell sinking Murray Desert

m
oca l i t — -

m
.
,

V o l u t a a n t i sc a l a r i s M Co
29 .
, c y .

R e fe r e n ce Pro d Pal of V ictoria De c 1 tab 6 fig 5 1 874

—
. .
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.

Shell ovately fusifor with a short or moderately long S pire 5 ,

pullus s all s wollen of one and a half turns

,
.

Spire whorls a ng ularly convex with a row of tubercles in front

m
,

o f s uture and a se cond on the angula tion ; the latter terminate

angular ribs 5 the two rows are separated by a rather wide con
cave S pace
L
.

ast whorl with a variable n umber about 1 5 of angular , , ,

s l ightly sigmoid ribs extending less than half way to the base , ,

each ending in a sharp conical tuber cle on the ang ulation 5 there

h
is a second s aller row at the suture sep a rated by a concav e ,

s pace .

O uter lip t ickened a t the edge and crenulated towa rds the

h
front Colume lla with abo ut five plaits the first a n d fifth small 5
.
,

h
sometimes a sixth plait is interposed

h
.

T e species shows some v a riation in the lengt h of the spire ;

t e short spired va riety a s a
—
o re ventricose body whorl ; also -

in the spiral sculptu re being in some individuals obsolete except , ,

a t the base of the body whorl —

L
.

D i e nsi on s of a moderate sized spec i men engt h 39 5 .

—
,

y
breadth 18 5 5 lengt h of aperture 29
Loca l i ti e s Fyans Ford 5 Schnapper Point ( 11 cCo ) lower
, ,
.

h y
.
— 1

beds at Mudd Creek 5 calcifero us sandstones R iver Murra y cliffs

h
.
,

T is s pe ci es closely rese b les V sca l a r i s Sow fro the Middle .

,
.
,

E ocene of H ampshire b ut is especially distinguished by its o ,

tuse not a cute p ullus

, ,
.

30V o l u t a a n ti —c i n g u l a t a M Co
.
, c
y .

yy
R ef e r e nce — Prod Pal of V ictoria 5 De c 1 ta b 6 figs
. . .
,
.
,
. 24
-
.

S n on —
V: a nti sca l a r i s J ohnston G eol T asmani a t , ,
.
,
.

figs 5 56
.
-
.
 m 134

m
h
his speci e s has the general character o f V a nti sca l a r i s with
T ,

rather more ventricose whorls the costze end with obtuse tuber ,

cul a r ends separated fr o m a row of conoidal tubercles at t e

s uture by a deep narrow spiral c o nstriction

L
, ,
.

D i e nsi ons ength 50 5 breadth 22 5 length of aperture 39

—

Loca l i ti e s B ird R ock

, , , ,

h
and Spring Creek near G e e
—
,

l o ng ( J R Wi l son ! ) 5 well sinking Murray Desert 5 T able Cape

. .
-
,

( R 111 Jo nston ! )
. .

T his species stands in the S ame relation to the E uropean

h
V ci ngu l a ta as V a n ti sca l a r i s does t o V sca l a r i s
. . . .

mm
V o l u t a st r op odon McCo 31 .
, .

R ef e r e n ce s Prod Pal V ictoria D ecade iv tab 37 figs 2 4

—
. .
,
.
, . .
-

V We l dii ( pars ) J ohnston G e ol T asm t 30 fig 7

.
, ,
. .
,
.
,
.

1 888)

y
She ll varying from ovate with a moderate spire to conoidal
with a very short spire 5 pullus large hemispheric to sub c l indri -

cal of four smo oth slightly convex whorls O rdinary whorls with .
,

a row of spines crowning the shoulder which i s medial in the l o ng ,

S pired form and at the suture in the conoidal variety 5 the area
,
.

behind the tubercles smooth and concave 5 the spines on the b o dy

whorl terminate ribs which bec o me obsolete at about half way t o ,
»

the front C o lumell a with four very large thick plaits and o ften
.
,

with a blunt protuberance posteriorly

L
.

D i e n si on s o f the l o ng spired form engt h 40 5 breadth 20 5; -

.
—
, ,

length o f aperture 31 5 of the conoidal variety : length 38 5 , ,

,

width inside spines 23 5 5 length of aperture 325

Loca l i ti e s Fyans Ford Moolap Schnapper Point and l o wer
.
, ,

y
—
.
, ,

beds at Muddy Creek ! ( l l IcCo ) 5 calciferous sandst ones R ive r

h
'
,

Murray c l iffs near Morgan 1 5 well sinkings Murray D esert ;

,
-
,

T able Cape ( R M J o n ston )

y
. .

If the extreme forms delineated by McCo figs 2 and 4 op

h
.
, ,
.

ci t .belong t o the same species with which v iew I am inclined to

, ,

h
c o ncur then V str op odon is a more variable S pecies than
,
.

y
V a n ti sca l a r i s both of which are exceptional in the genus
.
,
As .

pointed out by McCo the ordinary f o rm of V str op odon pre

sents so e resemblance to V spi nosa L
h
.
,

a k 5 but the resem .

,
.

blance of the c o n o idal vari ety t o V a t l e ta S o lander is even .

, ,

greater T hese two species of the E uropean E ocene are readily

.

distinguished by the small conical p ul lus and by the one o r tw o

prominent columella folds succeeded by tw o or three indistin ct -

o nes .

V o luta W Wooa s
'

T
’
32 . e l di i , e n ison .

Re f e re n ce — Proc . T asmani a for 1 875 p 24 tab 1 , ,

.
,
.

fig . 2 J ohnston ,
G eol . T asm t 30 figs 6 6 6 ( non 7
.
, .
,
.
—

1 888 .
 m
m
1 36

W h o rls subangulated me dially without S piral orn a ment ,

.

15 . 1 11 pa n ci costa ta
. .

Shell fusiform costated gradually attenuated to a beak

m
, , .

h
Shell large ribs curved 5 an ante sutural thread -

Lt

m
,
.

16 . i l b r cefor i s
e re .

Shell small with clathrate ornament ,

. 17 . 1 11 cl a t nr e l l a
. .

Shell fusifo rm spirally ridged 5 posteri o r wh o rls costate o r

,

plicate .

W horls with slender plic ae .

Shell narrow whorls regularly convex ,

.

18 . 1 11 b i or na ta
. .

Shell broader whorls fl a tt e d and crenulate at suture

m
.
,

h
19 111 sn b cr e n u l a r i s
. .
'
.

Wh o rls with sto ut sub tub e rcul ose costae .

20 . 111 . ci t a r e l l oi de s .

Shell fusiform smooth or striated n o t spirally ridged ; p o s

, ,

t e rior whorls costate [ PU S I O ] . .

Shell ovate costae thick ,

.

Shell narrow costae angular 11 se i l ce vi s

,
. 1 . .

Shell conoidal .

Spire short and broad last whorl subangulated and tuber ,

cul ose costate -

23 V ca ssi da
. . I . .

Spire narrower last whorl rounded and spirally lirate

,
.

24 V
I con oi da l i s

h
. . .

S P E CI E S UNF I GURED AND UN C LASS ED

y
.

Mitra a nti c oron t aR M Jo n ton Pr o c R o

a ,
. Soc s ,
. . . T asmania
fo r 1879 p 34

h
. .

S P UR I OU S S P E CI E S .

Mitra da p ne l l oide s T Woods is transferred to Pl e n oto i dce

,
.
,
r .

Mitra coarctata T Wood represents an i m ature example o f

,
. s,

Ma rgi n e l l Wi n te i T atea r ,
.

T hala margi nata ,

T . Woods is transferred to Pl e nr oto
,
i dcr .

1M i t ra a l ok i z a T e nison Woods Pl a te iv fig 8
Proc L
.
, . .
,
. .

R ef e r e nce — in Soc N S W ales t 3 fig 7 p 8 1879

. . .
,
. .
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.

h
Shell rather thin S hini ng narrowly fusiform 5 spire longer than
, ,

the aperture ending in a p ull u s of two s all narrow rounded

, , ,

whorls W o rls nin e excluding the apical ones nearly flat

.
, , ,

y
suture conspicuously margined anteriorly ; regularly and di s
t a ntl spi rally gro oved 5 grooves elegantly and closely punctate d 5

h
first and second whorls slenderly costated T here are about seven .

very narrow grooves on the penulti ate whorl whilst a very ,

slender o ne is interposed between the poste ri o r one and t e

s uture

L
.

ast wh o rl subangulated in an alignment with the posteri o r

mm
mm
m
1 37

angle of the aperture thence gradually attenuated 5 spirally ,

grooved throughout .

mm
Apertu re narrowly elliptic 5 lip sharp 5 columella with five
plaits increasing in size from the front
L
.
,

D i e n si on s ength 555 5 breadth 135 height of last whorl

—
, , ,

L
h yL M
h
oca l it ower
—
beds at uddy Creek .

T species was established on j uvenile examples which I have

e ,

t raced up to the moderately large speci e n herein figured T e .

figure of the type d o es not correctly represent the Shape being ,

u ch too broad .

Mi t r a D e nn a n t i spe c nov Pl a te iii fig 3

2 .
, . . .
, . .

Shell moderately stout fusifor biconic ; spire S hort ending ,

-
,

in a blunt apiculate point ; pullus of four whorls the anterior one ,

l arge much embracing the next the last turn very small sub
, ,

g lobose .

O rdinary whorls four convex separated by a narrow S hallow , ,

c hannelled suture with a rounded appressed sho u lder regularly

, ,

spirally grooved 5 abo ut twelve grooves on the penulti ate whorl

h
,

crossed by close se t striae which produce the appearance of linear ,

o blong p unctures in the grooves

L
.

ast whorl somewhat ventricose t e median porti o n s o oth or ,

S pirally striated ; posteriorly and anteriorly spirally gro o ved and ,

neatly punctated .

Apert u re elongate oval outer lip thin 5 columella with four -

,

h
plaits the posterior one the largest
L
.
,

Di e n si ons engt h 33 5 breadth 1 6 ; lengt h of aperture

—
, , ,

22 . T e corresponding me a sures of a very large speci e n are

y
47 20 and 30
Loca l i t L
.
, ,

ower beds at Mu ddy Creek ( J D onn a n t

—
.

3 . M i t ra di ctu a , T e nis on Woods . Pla te iv fig 9

L
. . .
,

R ef e r e n ce —
Proc . i n . Soc .
,
N S W ales plate iii fig 7 p
. .
,
.
,
.
,
. 8,
1 879 .

Shell rather thin elongate fusiform 5 spire longer than the ,

-

p e rt ur e ending in a conoid
, pullus of three smooth slightly c o n ,

vex regularly increasing turns

, .

W horls eight excl uding the pullus nearly flat separated by a

h
, , ,

linear impresse d suture the anterior ones by a narrow chan ,

n e l l e d suture with a rounded shoulder T e first and second have .

thick costae and spiral linear grooves the next three are spirally ,

g rooved and obsc u rely punctated the whole surface crossed by ,

r a ised curved threads

5 thence the spiral grooves gradually merge
into threads or striee
L
.

ast whorl with a few slender strize at the sh oulder spirally ,

 mm
m
m
1 38

ridged at the base medially with c o nspicuous t ransverse sigmoid

,
”

striae 5 somewhat abruptly attenuated below the middle line .

Aperture ovate outer lip thin 5 columella with two i ncon spi cu
,

o us anterior plaits and a large posterior one

L
, .

D i e nsi on s ength 40 5 breadth 13 5 length of aperture 20

—

Loca l i tie s L
, , ,
.

ower beds at Muddy Creek 5 and in well S inking

h
.
—
,

Murray Desert ; T able Cape !

m
T e figured example of which the dimensions are given is from
the Murray D esert ; in size it very much exceeds the type speci
men from Muddy Creek which is an immature shell and whilst , ,

the representation of it gives the right proportions yet it does not ,

S how the slight flattening at the suture ; intermediate exa p les

m
.

occu r at the latter locali ty .

M i t r a u n i p l i c a spe c nov Pl a te iv fig 1 2
4 .
, . . .
, . .

D i ffers from the foregoing by its more con v ex whorls more

m
shouldered at the suture wi der body whorl which is less a t ,
-
,

t e nua t e d anteriorly and by its single col u mella plait , .

D i e nsi ons of specimen wanting posterior part of spire o f five , ,

y
whorls 5 length 49 ; width 1 7 ; lengt h of aperture 26
Loca l i t Blue clays at Schnapper Point
, , .
,

—
.

M i t ra
y
5r i c o s a p no Pl a te v fig I
. va , s ec . v. .
, . .

Shell stout fusifor l coni c of seven whorls ending in a small

, , ,

papillary pullus O rdinary whorls slightly c o nvex a little

.
,

ventricose behind anterior suture and inconspicuou sly depressed ,

in the p o sterior third 5 transversely closely wrinkled and striate

-
,

crossed by fine di stant equal l irae about 1 2 on the penultimate ,

y
whorl
L
.

h
ast whorl v a ri cose l dilated at the commencement and at

h
about the middle 5 columella with four strong plaits and two o n ,

t e posterior part of the aperture

L
.

y
D i e nsi ons engt h 24 ; widt 1 0 ; lengt h of aperture 1 3
-

Loca l i t Clayey reen sands A delaide bore

.
, , ,
.

yh
— - G -
g ,
. .

M i t r a a t p a spe c nov Pl a te iv fig 6
6 .
, . .
, . .

Shell stout narrow o vate blunt at each end ; whorls six

,
-
, ,

smooth slightly convex Aperture oval o uter l ip lirate withi n

,
.
, ,

c o lu ella with four approxi mate plaits

L
.

y
D i e nsi ons ength 1 0 5 breadth —
length of aperture
Loca l i t U pper beds at Muddy Creek
, , ,

—
.

M i t r a c o p l a n a t a spe c na e Pl a te v fig 1 2
7 .
, . . .
,
. .

Shell rather thin elongate ovate wi th a blunt apex and rathe r

,
-
, ,

atte nuated at the front ; whorls six smooth shini ng sli ghtly , , ,

c o nvex Aperture narro w elliptical ; outer lip S harp smoo th with

.
,

i n 5 columella with four di stant plaits .

 m
m
1 40

m
l o ng depressi o ns 5 there are eight rows of punctures o n the
penultimate whorl
L
.

ast wh o rl a little sloping to the suture but slightly attenuated ,

to the b ent and reverted short bea k Aperture narrow oval .

,
(
o blong with a spiral callosity at the posterior angle 5 outer lip
,

thin slightly e curv e d medially stoutly lirate within 5 columell a

, ,

with fo ur thick approximate plaits increasing in S ize from the fro nt

L
, .

y
D i e n si ons ength 1 7 5 width 5 5 length o f aperture 8
—

L L
, .
, ,

oca l i t o wer beds at Muddy Creek

—
.

Mi t r a l e p t a l e a spe c

m
12 . Pl a te v fig 3 , . .
, . .

Shell turriculate ending in a large sub globose pullus with the

,
-

tip laterally i m ersed W horls seven excl uding pullus nearly .

, ,

flat suture impressed 5 ornamented with numero us straight

, ,

slender sub acute transverse ribs closely and neatly striate in b e

,
-

tween and crossed by fin e somewhat ine qui di stant and unequal

spiral threads ( about 1 5 on penultimate whorls) L
-
, ,

h
ast whorl .

ovate oblong ; abruptly attenuated to a long beak which is e n

-
,

circled by thick ribs the posterior one sub gra n ose T e posterior
,
.

half of the whorl is slenderly costated and spirally lined and is ,

bounded anteri o rly by a narrow belt devoid of spiral threads and

‘

defin ed ab o ve and bel o w by a slight angulation .

Aperture narr o w ovate prolonged into a long beak a l ittle-

, ,

effuse anteriorly and slightly reverted 5 outer lip thin smooth ,

within 5 columella with four plaits

L
.

y
D i e n si ons ength 1 6 5 breadth 5 5 length of aperture 7
—

L L
,
.
, ,

oca l i t ower beds at Muddy Creek

yh
— .

13 . M i t ra e u gl p a , s
p e c. nov . Pl a te v .
,
fig . I3 .

Shell broa dl y turriculate ending in a subcylindric pull us of tw o ,

and a half sm oo th turns W horls S ix excluding pullus convex .

, , ,

slightly depressed over the posterior suture 5 ornamented with

numer o us thick transverse ribs which are crossed by stout S piral ,

threads about six on penultimate whorl producing nodul ations

, ,

more or less di stinct on the costae

L
.

ast wh o rl oblong ovate abruptly attenuated to a S hort stout

-
,

beak orna ented with slightly sigmoid costae which are more or
, ,

less nodulated by the intersection of br o ader spiral l irae .

Aperture oblong ovate obtusely angular behind 5 oute r l i p thi n

-
,
-
,

l i rate within 5 c o l umella with four stout approxi mate plaits

L
,

y
D i e n si ons ength 1 5 5 breadth 55 5 length o f aperture 7
—

Loca l i t G ippsland ( W 117 Gr e gson f)

.
, , ,

—
. . . .

1 4 M i t ra e x i l i s Pl vi i i

h
p n o . a te fig 5 , s ec . v. , . .

Shell small slender turriculate ending in a relatively large

, , ,

mamillate pul l us of two smooth turns T e other whorls four .

,

c o nvex with a very narr o w oblique sl ope t o the p o steri o r suture

, ,
 m
m
mm
m
m
m
m
1 41

the S ho ulder defined by a thick spira l rib ornamented by v ery ,

thick angularly rounded straight ribs ( abo ut 1 5 on the pe nul ti

, ,

mate whorl ) separated by v ery u ch narrower interspaces

, .

m
Aperture oval oblong squarely ro unded behind abruptly con
-
, ,

tracted to a so ewhat short a n d slender bea k O uter lip thin

m
.
, ,

smooth within 5 col umella with three or four plaits

L
.

y
D i e n si ons ength breadth —
5 length of aperture 2
Loca l i t Lower beds at Muddy Creek
, , ,
.

m
—
.

15Mi t r a p a u c i c ost a t a spe c

. Pl a te v fig 2 , . .
, . .

Shell turric ulate ending in a rela tively large pull us of two

,

smooth convex tu rns the top laterally im e rsed , .

W horls four and a half excl uding p ullus medially sub a ngu ,

m
,

lated orna e nted with slightly bent a ngular costee which a re

m
, ,

sub tub e r cul a t e d on the spiral keel and at e a ch suture on

( 1 5
penulti ate whorl ) 5 interspaces faintly striated transversely
L
.

ast whorl oblong a bruptly a ttenu ated to a short broad , , ,

v erted beak which is spira lly ridged ; flatly rounded at the

,

s uture orna ented with a cute costae a slightly tuber culate

, ,

a nt e sut u r a l keel and two approxi ate tuberc ular ridges in an

,

align e nt with posterior angle of the a pertu re O uter lip thin .

,

roundly insinuated at the suture ; internally lirate ; columella

with fo u r stou t approxi ate plaits
L
.

D i e n si on s ength 8 5 5 breadth 4 5 5 length of apert ure 4

L
—

Loca l i ti e s ower beds at Muddy Creek ; blue clays at

, , ,
.

Schnapper Point .

M i t ra Pl a te

y
16 . te re b re e fo r i s, p
s ec . n ov . v .
,
fig 5 . .

Shell fusifor l elongate smooth S hining ending in a stout , , ,

high p ullus of two turns the fir st very small W horls six and a , .

half excl uding p ullus nearly flat orna e nted by much c urved
, , ,

a ng ular plications sep a rated by v ery u ch broader shallow de

,

pressions 5 the posterior s utu re a rgined by a narrow band de ,

fined by a thread like keel -

L
.

ast whorl gradually attenuated into a short broad upturned , ,

beak the curved costee beco ing obsolete in front of the middl e

h
,

line 5 the beak is spira lly ridged .

Apertu re ovate angular behind 5 outer lip thin smoot , ,

within 5 columella with fo ur approxi ate plaits

L
.

hy
D i e n si on s engt h 1 6 5 breadth 5 5 length of aperture 7
—

Loca l i t U pper beds at Muddy Creek

, , ,
.

—
.

T e shape the curved costee and the a nt e sutura l band recall

, ,

some of the lea ding characteristics of T e r e b r a and separate this ,

.

s pecies from all others of the genus recent and fossil , .

 m
m
h
1 42

m
M i t r a c l a t u r e l l a spe c nov Pl a te viii fig 8
y
17 .
, . .
, . .

Shell small fusifor l ovate with a short obtuse pullus , , .

W horls four excluding pullus convex margined and concavely

, , ,

depressed at the posterior suture 5 ornamented with rather slender

oblique c o stae ( ab o ut 20 o n the penultimate whorl ) fine trans ,

m
verse stri ae and spiral threads anterior to the a nt e sutura l de pr e s
, ,

sion ( six on the penultimate whorl )

L
.

ast wh o rl with slender costae tessellated by spiral threads t e , ,

inter depressions finely transversely striate

-
.

Aperture narr o w oblong contracted in front to a short broad —

,

ish bent and slightly reverted beak O uter lip slightly ascend
, ,
.

ing on the penultimate whorl slightly emarginate at the suture , ,

smo o th within ; columella wit h four rath e r distant transverse

p laits
L
.

D i e nsi ons ength 6 5 breadth . len gt h of aper , ,

y h
t ure 4
L L
.
,

oca l i t ower beds at Muddy Creek .

— .

T his species has much the aspect of a Cl a t n r e l l a

m
.

M i t r a b i o r n a t a spe c nov Pl a te v fig IO
18 .
, . . .
,
. .

Shell rather thin narrow fusiform ending in a blunt pullus o f ,

-
,

one and a half smooth turns

( W horls five excluding pullus .
, , ,

onv e x separated by an impressed suture 5 sculptured with sleu

,

«der flat spiral threads and transversely finely striated the three
, , , ,

posterior whorls transversely plicate ; there are about 1 8 spiral

t hreads on the penulti a te whorl .

Aperture narrow oval c o ntracted into a short wide beak ; -

,

touter lip thin crenately wrinkled at the front li rate within ;

, ,

c olumella with five plaits the tw o p o steri o r and larger o nes b i ,

plicate
L
.

D i e nsi ons ength 10 5 5 breadth 3 5 5 length of aper

—
, ,

y
t ure 5
L L
.
,

oca l i t o wer beds at Muddy Creek —

.

,
M i t r a s u b c re n u l a ri s
19 p
s e c nov P l a te v fig 6 , . . .
,
. .

Shell rather thin broadly fusiform ending in a bl unt pap illary , ,

pullus of two and a half smooth turns W horls five excluding .

, ,

pullus nearly flat and slightly flattened at the anterior sutu re 5

, ,

scul ptured with li near spiral grooves and on the posterior whorls ,

with transverse pli cations which end p o steriorly in granular ,

crenatures
L
.

ast whorl somewhat ventricose b ehind spirally lirate but the , ,

costae are obs o lete or reduced to mere crenulations at the suture, .

Base rapidly attenuated in a S hort narrow beak O uter lip .

t hin s o oth within 5 columella with f o ur distant plaits

L
, .

y
D i e nsi ons ength 1 1 5breadth 5 len gt h of apert ure
—

L
, , ,

oca l i t — Clayey gre e n sands Adelaide bore

.
- -
,
.
 m
mm
m
1 44

m
M i t ra c a s s i da spe c n ov Pl a te v i fig 5
23 .
, . . .
, . .

Shell s all sto ut biconic with a very short so ewhat acu ~

, , , ,

h
minate spire ending in a relatively large papil l ary p ullus O rdi n
,
.

h
ary spire whorls convex ornamented with slender costae
L
, .

ast w orl ventricose posteriorly abruptly sloping to the ,

suture and rapidly attenu a ted to the front ; the S houlder o f t e

,

wh o rl ornamented wi th trans v erse sub tuberculose ridges

m
.

h
Aperture narr o w elliptic ; o u te r lip thin smo o th ; columella
-
,
.

with four plaits

L
.

y
D i e nsi ons eng t 7 5 breadth 4 5 lengt h of ape rture 5 5
-

Loca l i t U ppe 1 beds at Muddy Creek

.
, , , .

—
.

m
24 . M i t ra c o n oi d a l is, s
p
e c. n ov . Pl a te x .
, fig s. 2a — t .

Shell small stout biconic with a short regularly conic spire

, , , ,

ending in a relatively large depressed pullus ; ordina ry spire

m
whorls nearly flat sloping more rapidly to the anterior sutu re
, ,

and slightly margined at the posterior suture ; o rnamente d by

slender costae and a few spiral engraved lines
L
.

ast whorl oblong rather abruptly attenuate d at the b a se, ,

.

y
flatly rounded over the sutu re 5 with a few revolving threads at

m
the shoulder and at the base the e dian portion transversel ,

striate .

Aperture narr o w elliptic ; o uter lip thin sm o oth ; columella

-

with four plaits

L
.

y
D i e n si ons eng th 7 5 breadth 35 5 lengt h of aperture 55
—

Loca l i t L
, ,
.

o wer beds at Muddy Creek

—
.

FAM ILY O L IVID/E .

G ENU S O L IVA .

It is not p o ssible to separate conchologi cally O l i ve l l a from

h
O l i va as the only difference between them is the longer or
“

shorter spire which is by no e ans an absolute meas u re though

, ,

it is not improbable that the following S pecies may belong to t e

former genus .

S YNO PS I S O F S P E CI E S
L
.

ength more than three ti e s the breadth 1 0 a ng u sta ta

Length less than three ti e s the breadth
. . . .

h
.

y
Shell narrower ; spire longe r 2 0 Ade l a idce . . . .

Shell wider ; spire S hort 3 0 n p a l is . . .

1 . Oli va a n g u st a t a , p
s e c. n ov . Pl a te v iii ,
figs 7a — é . .

Shell narrowly elongate ovate shi ni ng ; spire acu inate of six -

, ,

whorls ; suture excavated ; aperture narrow longer than the ,

s pire 5 columella twisted with five or six anterior spiral grooves

L
.

D i e nsi ons ength breadth 55 5 lengt h o f aperture

—
, , ,
.
 m
m
mm
m
mm
h
145

1 1 5 5 breadth of aperture at front 2 Imperfect specimens ave

m
.
,

y
a len gt h of 25 mills
L L
.

oca l i t — ower beds at Muddy Creek .

A very u ch o re slender shell with a l o nger spire than

m
, ,

0 a u str a l i s D uclos
.
,
.

2 O l i v a A d e l a i da
.
p n o P l te iii fig 6 , s e c. v . a v , . .

Shell elongate ovate shi ni ng ; S pire bluntly ac umina te of four

—
, ,

whorls channelled a t the s utu re 5 aperture longer than the spire 5

,

outer lip slightly arched truncate at the base 5 col u ella slightly

m
,

twisted and plicate anteriorly

L
.

D i e nsi ons ength 5 breadth

. 4 5 length of aper , ,

y
t ure 6
Loca l i t Clayey green sands Adelaide bore
.
,

— - -
.
,

T his fossil has the general appearance of 0 pa r da l i s and .

l e n coz on a of Ne w So uth W a les but it is proportionately

h h
0

mm
.
, ,

st outer the apex is blunt and the aperture i s longer and nar
, ,

rower a t t e front T e relative dimensions respectively of

”

0 Ade l a i das and 0 pa r da l i s are L

.

. ength 1 0 and 1 0 ; breadth

.
—
, ,

h
3 8 and 3 3 5 len gth of aperture 6 3 a nd 6 5

y
.
,

Ol i
y
3 . va n l p a is, s pe c . n ov . Pl a te v ii i ,
fig 7 . .

Shell a cu in a te l o derate exsert S pire ending oblong with a , ,

in a small subglobose tip 5 whorls five narrowly channelled at the ,

s uture .

h
V ery much like 0 n i v e a G melin but it is more ventricose .
, , ,

wider and n ot so deeply grooved at the suture 5 it also resembles

,

0 tr i ti ce a D u clos b ut a s a shorter spire

L
.
.
, ,

D i e n si ons ength 1 0 5 breadth lengt h of aperture

—
, , ,

65
L
.

y
oca Bairnsdale J emmy s Point and Cunni ngha e
l i ti e s — ,
’
, ,

G ippsland ( W H Gr e son f) 5 upper beds a t Muddy Creek

. .

( J D.e nn a n t f
) .

G ENU S ANCIL L AR IA .

S YNO P S I S or S P E CI E S .

E na e l of spire spirally ridged .

y
Spire acuminate 5 apex p o inted ; broadly depressed at suture .

1
. A . or cta .

y
Spire cylindrical ; apex papillary . 2
. A pa p i l l a ta
. .

h
Spire sub sca lar . 3
. A sn b r a da ta
. .

E namel of spire without spiral ridges .

Spire tu i d ; shell subcylindrical A e b e ra . . .

Spire tapering .

Non call ous surface of shell c on spicuously spirally stri a ted

—
.

5
. A . sn b a p l i a ta .

Non call o us surfac e plain o r obscurely spirally striated

-
.

K
 mm
m
m
1 46

Call o sity of spire c o arsely granul o se .

6 . A la nce ol a ta
. .

m
Callosity of spire smo o th or nearly so ,
.

Spire subcylindrical obtuse 7 A l iga ta , . . . .

Spire pyramidal acute ,

.

E longate fusiform 5 aperture ab o ut half total length .

8 . A . se i l oe c i s
.

m
Aperture ab o ut tw o thirds to tal length -
.

9 . A pse u d—a u str a l i s .

1 . An oi l l a r i a or y ct a , s
pe c . n ov . Pl a te x .
,
fig 5 . .

Shell stout ovately fusiform ; spire acuminate with an acute

m
m
, ,

tip spirally ridged 5 last whorl rather ventric o se margined at the

, ,

suture by a rather broad callous band concavely and deeply ,

m
depressed .

In S hape and sculpture similar t o A a rgi na ta but the apex .

,

i s acutely pointed and the whorls are br o adly and deeply fur

m
,

rowed at the suture

L
.

D i e n si ons of a large specimen ength 23 5 breadth 1 2 ; —

, ,

length o f aperture 1 4
Loca l i ti e s O yster banks Al di nga Cl ifl S 5 J emmy s Point and
.
,

hh y
’
— -
.
,

Cunninghame G ippsland ( W H Gr e son f) 5 ferrugin ous sand

,
. .

;
r ock C e l t e n a
,
V ictoria ,
.

2 . A n c i l l a r i a p a pi l l a ta , s pe c . nov . Pl a te v ii ,
fig 4 . .

Shell s o lid cylindrically oblong ; spire pyramidally acumi nate

,

and mucronate ending in a small blunt exse rt pullus 5 the callous

,

r owt h on the S pire s o oth shin i ng microscopically granular

g , , ,

and sculptured with narrow sharply rounded spiral ridges of , ,

unequal size the larger with two or three smaller ones in terposed
, .

Aperture a little more than half the total length

L
.

D i e n si ons ( mean ) ength 25 5 breadth 5 length of .

—
, ,

y
a pert u re 1 4

L
.
,

oca l i t U pper beds at Muddy Creek

—
.

3 . A n ci l l a ri a sub g r a da t a , p
s e c. nov . Pl a te v ii ,
fig 8 . .

Shell thin bro a dly fusifor with a moderately l o ng gradated

, ,

s pire ending in a s all smooth swollen pullu s ; whorls rather , ,

v entricose angulated near the posterior s uture ; the revolution

,

h
o f the suture a rked by a raised thread .

T his species recalls the recent Austral i an A ci ng u l a ta but it .

,

a s a u ch shorter spire and the whorls are more S harply ,

a n
L
y
Di e nsi ons —
engt h 29 5 breadth ,
lengt h of aperture 15
L
, ,
.

oca l it .
-
Clayey green sands Adelaide b o re - -
.
 m
m
m
m
mm
h
1 48

m
b o unded behind by a narrow flat band In y o ung specimens t e .

m
callous growth occupies a broad zone around the anterior suture ,

mm
lea v ing a d a rk coloured narrow belt at the posterior suture
L
.

D i e nsi ons ength 1 9 5 breadth 6 5 len gt h of aperture 9

—

Loca l i ti e s T urritella clays at Blanche Point Aldinga 5 clayey

.
, , ,
.

— -
,

green sands A delaide bore

—
,
-
.

T his resembles A se i l oe i i s T W oods but has a blunt apex .

’
,
.
, ,

and is more strongly angled at the suture .

m
m
m
8 . An c i l l a r i a se il ae v i s , T e n ison Woods .

R efe r e nce —
Proc L
innean Soc N S W ales 1 879 , p 229 , tab

m
. . .
, . . .
,

y
20 , fig 7 . .

y
A
slender e l onga t e l fu siform shell with the aperture less th a n ,

half the total length 5 spire a cu ina t e l pointed slightly angled ,

m
at the sutu res 5 callosity of spire minutely granular
L
.

D i e n si ons engt h 1 9 5 breadth 6 5 len gt h of aperture 9

—

Loca l i ti e s L
, , ,
.

ower beds at Muddy Creek 5 R iver Murray

—

m
Cli ffs 5 Schn a pper Point .

m
m
A n c i l l a r i a p se u d —a
r l i s p no Pl te ii fig I
y
9 . u st a , s ec . v . a v , . .

Shell stout fusifor l ovate 5 spire pyramidally acuminate a

, ,

little constricted anteriorly thence ta pering to a small a mil ,

lary pull us Callu s of spire obsc u rely spirall y lined and minutely
.

h
granulated
Last whorl slightly ventricose tu i d i n front of the suture
.

, .

T e two basal grooves each ending in a denticle on the outer lip .

Col u e ll a twisted with thin plaits

L
.
,

D i e nsi on s of a o derately sized speci e n ength 47 5 —

,

breadth 1 9 ; length of apertu re 26 5

Loca l i ti e s L
.
, ,

ower beds at Muddy Creek 5 R iver Murra y

—

Cliffs ne a r Morgan ; well sinkings Murray D esert ; blue clays

,
-
, ,

Schnapper Point .

T his species has been referred to the li v ing species A a u str a l i s

h
.

and A u cr on a ta fro t he for e r it is more markedly distinct

. .

y
T e T as a nian conchologists believe that the latter species wa s
fo unded on a fossil from T able Cape b ut Sowe rb s and R ee v e s ’ ’

hy
,

y
illustrations indicate a highly colo ured and therefore pres u ably

y
a liv i ng shell and in opinion a di fferent shell from the fossil
, ,

w i ch a be distinguished by its longer and constri cte dl

acu i nate S pire .

A p se n d a u str a l i s is not u nli ke A b u cci noide s of the E u r opean

h
—
. .

E o cene whi ch is howev er less ventri cose

, , ,
.

T e u niq u e speci e n from a well sinking in the Murray desert -

,

represented by fig 1 3 plate v i is pro v isionally referred t o .

,
.
,

A pse n d a u stra l i s a s an obtu se variety rese b ling A ob tu sa fro

.
—
.

Cape of G ood H ope D etached spires similar to that of this .

m
mm
m
mm
1 49

v a riety attai ni ng to a dia meter of 31 ill s occur in the

, , R iver
Murray Cliffs but the perfe ct shell is y et unknown .

G E NU S H AR PA .

m
S YNO P S I S O F S P E CI E S

m
.

W horls ro unded a t the sho ulder .

Pullu s turbin a te ; la ell ae thin elevated about 50 on last , ,

whorl . 1 H l a e l l if r a . . e .

W horls angulated or sub angulated at the S houlder —

.

m
W horls s ulcated aro und suture 5 lamellae thin abo ut 40 on ,

last whorl . 2 H sn l cosa . . .

m
Spire whorls sub quadrate 5 strongly ribbed spirally and
-

axially 5 spire o re than half lengt h of apertu re .

m
3 . H . sp i r a ta .

W horls upward sloping to posterior suture

h
-
.

m
Spire whorls roundly angled .

Spire less tha n one fift length of a perture 5 ribs -

on last whorl 1 2 conspi cuously lirate above , ,

and below angulation of l a st whorl .

4 H . . ca ssi n oi de s .

Spire less than one third length of aperture -

.

Pullu s papillary nucleus s all lateral 5 o uter , ,

lip slightly expanded

L
.

y
a e l l ee on last whorl about 20 trans ,

v e rse l striate 5 no l iraa

5 H a b b r e vi a ta
L
. . .

a ellae on last whorl a bo ut 25, lirate

and transversely striate .

6 . H . te nn i s .

Pull us large he i spheric

L
.
,

y
a ellae abo ut 25 on last whorl 5 o uter

h
lip thickened 7 H pn l l i e r a . . . .

Spire whorls bicarinate a t periphery costee and l iree ,

distant and prominent 8 H cl a t r a ta . . .

1 . H rp a a l a e l l i fe ra , s
pe c . n ov . Pl a te vi .
,
fig . 2 .

y
Shell ovate , ventricose ; spire very short ending I n a mode ,

ra t e l large turbin a te pullu s of two s o oth ro unded whorls the ,

y
last half turn al o st concealed O rdinary whorls two and a .
,

half convex ; orna e nted with thin elevated l a ellae abo ut 50

, ,

on the last whorl ; intersp a ces finely transversel striate a nd

y
spira lly lined Aperture l un a te ; o uter lip not thi ckened sig
.
,

oi da l l c u rved coincident with the l a e l l ee

L
.

D i e nsi ons ength 29 ; breadth 1 9 ; length of aperture

—
, , ,

y
24 5 width 1 0
Loca l i t L
.
,

ower beds at Muddy Creek

— .
m
mm
mm
1 50

2 . H a rp a s u l cos a , p
s ec . n ov . Pl a te vi .
,
fig . IO .

h
Shell o vate ventricose 5 spire sho rt scalar ending in a larg e
, , ,

pullus of two smooth turns the last turn subglobose with the tip , ,

h
laterally immersed O rdinary whorls two and a alf flatly
.
, ,

channelled at the sutu re 5 ornamented with thin s ubdepressed

h
lamellae abo ut 40 on the last whorl which ter i nate at t e
, ,

shoulder in s all v a ulted scales 5 interspaces indistinctly stri ate ,

and inconspicuously distantly spirally lined T e flat or S lightly .

h
c o ncave posterior area of the whorls spirally striated and traversed
by the depressed lamell ae .

Aperture lunate truncated posteriorly corresponding with t e

,

sutural depression 5 outer lip not thickened sigmoidally curved

L
, .

y
D i e n si on s ength 1 9 5 breadth—
length o f aperture 1 5
Loca l i t Lower beds at Muddy Creek
, , ,
.

m
—
.

3 . H rpa a Sp i ra ta , s
pe c . 720 71. Pl te a vi .
,
fig 3 . .

Shell oval oblong with a high sub sca l a r spire en di ng in a

-
, ,

he i spheric pullus O rdinary whorls three and a half bluntly

.
, ,

angled in front of the suture the posterior area flat or slightly ,

mm
sloping upwards O rnamented with stou t depressed lamell ae
.
,

about 30 on last whorl and distant spiral ribs about three on ,

y
penultimate wh o rl 5 interspaces between the lamell ae finely trans
v e rse l striate .

A perture oval oblong 5 outer lip thickened and reflected

L
-
.

y
D i e n si ons ength 35 5 breadth 22 5 length of aperture 25
—

Loca l i t Blue clays at Schnapper Point

, , , .

—
.

4 . H a rp a ca ss i n o i des ,
s pe c . Pl a te vi .
,
fig 4 . .

Shell stout biconic with a very short somewhat acuminate

, ,

spire ending in a small papillary pullu s of two turns .

O rdinary spire whorls two medially angled with a slight con

-
, ,

cave posterior area 5 ornamented with distant ribs which rise into
bl unt tubercles on the angulation
L
.

ast whorl oval ventricose flatly rounded over the suture and
, , ,

rapidly attenuated at the base 5 periphery with three equal and

e q uidistant l i ree 5 axial ribs twelve subangular sigmoid s o e , , ,

what elevated into blunt tubercles on the peripheral lirac .

A perture lunate 5 outer lip ascending on the penultimate whorl ,

very mu ch thickened and somewhat patulou sly spreading

L
.

y
D i e n si ons ength 28 5 breadth 23 5 length of aperture 27
—

Loca l i t W ell Sinking Murray D esert

, , ,

— -
,

5 . H a rp
rev i a t a p no Pl te vi fig 7
a a b b , s ec . v . a .
, . .

Shell thin narrow oval with a S hort spire ending in a m o derate

,
-
,

sized bl unt apex O rdin a ry spire whorls two subangulate d

.
-

y
medially with two spira l threads at the periphery and orna
, ,

e nt e d b rather distant hardly raised la e llae ,

.
 m
mm
m
1 52

the suture attenuated at the base ; ornamented with ab o ut 1 8

,

angular c o stee and about 20 equal and equi distant broad fl a t

,
-

l i rae but n a rrower than the interspaces 5 the whole surfa ce with
,

c o nspicuous wrinkles of growth

L
.

y
D i e nsi ons ength 36 5 breadth 21 ; length o f aperture 30
—

L
.
, , ,

oca l i t
.
— Calciferous sandstones R iver Murray cl iffs near , ,

Mo rgan .

FAM IL
Y CANCE LLAR IDZE .

G E NUS CANCE LLAR IA .

S YNO PSI S OF T H E S P E CI E S
h
.

Shell umbil icated .

W o rls lirate and costul a te d deeply channelled at the suture ,

°

widely u b ilicated 1 . C ca l vn l a ta . . .

W horls lirate co stae broad widely channelled ; narrowly

, ,

umb ilicated . C l a ti costa ta . .

W h o rls spirally ribbed fenestrated by fine threads 5 suture

,

n o t channelled 5 widely umbilicated 3 C a l ve ol a ta . . . .

Shell imperforate

m
.

W horls v a ri ce d .

Su ture channelled 5 strongly li rate .

Interspaces between spiral ribs finely striate .

4 C e p i dr o ifor i s: . .

Interspaces with a strong thread .

5 . C . ex a l ta ta .

h
Suture n o t channelled 5 finely lirate .

6 . C . v a r ci i f e ra .

W o rls not v a rice d .

W h o rls squarely shouldered .

W horls more or less tessellated 5 S hell oval

L
.

irac on last whorl more than 1 0 5 posteri o r

area with a spiral thread .

h
7 C gr a da ta
L
. . .

y
i rae on last whorl about 10 .

8 . C pt. c otr o
p i s .

W h o rls strongly costated ; spire turreted .

9 . C . tn r r i cn l a ta .

W h o rls r o unded .

Shell o v al .

Costee well developed roundly angular ex , ,

tending to base of last whorl .

10 C Wa nn one n si s . . .

Costae rounded thick on medial portion of , ,

last whorl only 1 1 C se i costa ta

L
. . . .

irate with o ut costze .

C . ode sti na .
 mm
mm
1 53

Shell turriculate .

Penultimate whorl s ubangul a te with sub

tuberculose costae and 4 l i rae
L
.

m
hy
a st whorl with a bout 20 l ir ae 5 e nul

m
p
timate whorl with 10 costee .

13 C E t e rid e i

m
L
. . .

ast whorl
with 10 lirac 5 penultimate
whorl with 1 2 costae ; fin ely striated
transversely 1 4 C ca pe r a ta

m
. . . .

m
Penulti ate whorl convex with slender

m
y
costae and 7 to 10 lirac

m
.
,

Costee n odose l crenulate 5 last wh o rl

ra ther ventricose .

15 . C . ca p i l l a ta .

Costae arcuate thin ; ,

li r ae fewer .

16 . C . i cra .

1n c e l l e r i a c a l v u l a t a p n o Pl t i fig 3
Ca s ec v a e x

m
.
, . . .
, . .

Shell ovately ventricose rather thin ; spire moderate turbin , ,

a ted ending in an e ccentri c pullus of one and a half s o oth

,

s wollen whorls W horls three ex cl u ding pullus very convex

.
, , ,

S eparated by a rather narrow and deep channelled suture the ,

y
S houlder rounded Sculptured with ro u n ded spiral ribs alter
.

n a te l large and s all ( a bou t fifteen on penulti ate whorl ) with ,

obscure transversely oblique plications ( a bout twenty on pe nul ti

h
mate whorl ) whi ch crenulate the l iree and with close se t trans
, ,
—

verse thread like stri fe -

.

Aperture ovate shar ply angled at the front 5 o uter lip t i n a

, ,

l ittle spreading cren ula te on the edge a n d stro ngly a n d closely

, ,

ribbed within ; colu e lla obliqu e with three plaits ; u b il icus

moderately wide and deep
L
.

D i e n si on s ength 1 6 5 breadth 1 2 5 lengt h of aperture

—
, , ,

y
10 ; dia e ter of umbilic u s 2
Loca l i t Blue clays a t Schna pper Point
,
.

—
.

By its rounded whorls and orna e nt it differs from all living

species of the Se ction T rigon ost o a b ut has u ch rese b lance to ,

C e ocp i de a of the Pied o ntese Plio cene fro

.
,
which it differs by ,

its more exsert spire narrow ch a nnel and the more nu e rous , ,

transverse plications .

2 . C a nce l l a ri a l a t i c o st a t a , T e nis on Woods

L
.

R ef e r e nce —
Proc . i n . Soc .
,
N S W ales vol iv tab
. .
,
. .
,
. 2, fig . 8,
p.1 7 5 1 879 .

y h
A
s all ovate S hell spire obtusely tu rreted whorls separated , ,

b a deep channel broadly ribbed ( 1 0 on last whorl ) decussate

, ,
.

A perture entire angular ; outer lip simple ribbed wit i n ; colu

, ,
m
m
mm
m
m
m
1 54

ella with tw o st o ut plaits umbilicus narr ow and deep L ength ,

.
,

m
y y h
6 5 breadth
L L
,

oca l i t ower beds at Muddy Creek

—

C l a ti costa ta
. a be regar ded as a di i nutive C oe a sto a .
,

h
Sowerby from the G a l l a pa gos Islands but has a little longe r
, ,

spire and broader plications .

T e species name is preocc upied by Kuster for a recent shell ,

which is probably C si ne nsi s R eeve a variety of C a spe r e l l a

L

m
. .
, , ,

amarck but under the circumstances it is not desirable to sub

,

st itut e another name for our fossil .

3 . Ca nce l l a ri a a l v eo l a t a , p
s ec . nov . Pl a te x .
, fig 7 . . a b
-
.

Shell small thin ovate ventricose 5 spire short turbinate ending

, ,
—
,

in a s all blunt pullus of one and a half smooth depressed turns .

W horls three and a half moderately convex separated by a , ,

linear channelled suture 5 equally and equidistantly lirate five on

m
,

the penultimate wh o rl the posterior one margining the suture ; ,

h
l i rae rounded depressed abo u t equ al in width to the interspaces
, , ,

which are roundly pitted by the intercrossing of slender sigmoid

m
A pert u re ovately oblong angularly rounded at t e

h
threads .
,

m
front but not channelled 5 o uter lip v a ri cose l thickened the edge
, ,

inflected and crenulated sm o oth within S lightly insinuate at t e , ,

suture ; peristo e entire ; columella arched o bscurely one plicate ,

-
.

Perhaps not a Ca n ce l l a r i a
L
.

y
D i e nsi ons ength 4 5 5 breadth 3 5 length of aperture 3
—

Loca l i t Lower beds at Muddy Creek

.
, , ,

—
.

4 . Ca n ce l l a ri a e p i dr o i fo r is, s pe c . n ov . Pl a te v iii ,
fig 9 . .

Shell thick ovately elongate with a sub turreted spire ending

, ,
-

in a s all obtuse apex of one and a half turns W horls five .

,

excluding pullus convex narrowl y and deeply excavated at the

, ,

sutu re the shoulder rounded and c o ronated 5 varices four at

, ,

irregular intervals ; orna e nted with slender oblique subacute , ,

c o stae ( about 24 on penultimate whorl ) and spiral lirac ( ab o ut five

on penulti ate whorl ) bluntly tuberculose or gran ulose at the ,

j unctions 5 interspaces between the l irae with ab o ut four or five

thre a ds minutely granular or scaly produced b y close set longi
,
-

y
t udina l stri se .

Apertu re oblong 5 outer lip v a ri cose l thickened pli cate within 5 ,

columella lip expanded col umell a with three stout plaits 5 body ,

wall with a stout S piral ridge and a few ca runcul a tions

L
.

y
D i e nsi ons ength 20 5 breadth 1 0 5 length of aperture 1 0
—

Loca l i t L
.
, , ,

o wer beds at Muddy Creek

—
.

5 . e x a l t a t a pe n o Pl te ii i fig 1 0
C a nc e l l a ri a , s c. v . a v ,
. .

Shell like C e pi dr o if or i s b ut rather narrower with the

.
, ,

sutural channel less defin ed and with certain di fferences of o rna ,

~
 m
m
mm
m
1 56

Columella with a slight twist at the front and with three distinct ,

folds ab o ve it
L
.

D i e nsi ons ength 1 3 5 5 breadth 7 5 length of aperture —

7 °

Loca l i ti e s L
o
. .
, , tD ,

owe r beds at Muddy Creek . Ca l cife rous sand

-
.

stone R iver Murray Cli ffs near Morgan

yh
, ,
.

m
8 . C a nce l l a ri a pt c ot r op i s , spe c . n ov . Pl a te ix fig 5 . .

Shell broadly ovate S i i lar to C g r a da ta but the spiral l i rae ,

.
,

a nd tran sverse threads are fewer and o re distant and the pos ,

t e ri or area of the whorls is without a spiral thread whilst the ,

l irac are simply crenulated and not tuberculated

L
.

m
D i e nsi on s ength 5 breadth length of aperture
—
, , ,

y y
35
L
.

oca l it .
—
T urritella clays at Blanche Point Aldinga
—
,
B a .

9 . C a n ce l l a r ia t u r ri c u l a ta , s
pe c . n ov . Pl a te x .
,
fig . I4 .

Shell o val turreted carinate rising in high narrow steps end

-
, , ,

ing in a broad blunt conical pullu s W horls f o ur excluding

m
,
.
, ,

pullus narrowly flattened above of regular increase 5 o rnamented

, ,

y
with sub acute distant S lightly curved costee ( about 1 1 on the
-
, ,

penultimate ) which are t ub e r cul os e l thickened at the keel and

, ,

with slender spiral threads in front of the keel ( abo u t six on

penulti a te whorl )
L
.

ast whorl narrow with an elongate convex obtuse base ; ,

costate and lirate 5 aperture elliptical roundly angled at the keel ; ,

c ol u mella with two small plaits

L
.

D i e nsi on s ength 5 breadth length of a perture

— 2
Loca l i ti e s T u rritella clays Blanche Point Aldi nga Bay ;
.
, , ,

— —
, ,
.

clayey green sands Adelaide bore -

,
-
.

W
y
10 ,
C a n ce l l a ri a a nn o n e s i s , p
s ec . nov . Pl a te v iii ,
fig I I
. .

Shell stout fusifor l ovate ventricose 5 spire sharply acumi

, ,

nate ending in a sub cylindric pullus of two and a half turns

,
.

y
W horls 4 excluding p ullus flatly convex posteriorly then regu
, , ,

l a rl r o unded to the front ; Strongly ribbed and spirally lirate

L
.

ast whorl with about 1 0 to 1 2 narrowly rounded elevated , , ,

obliquely arched ribs most prominently elevated in the me di an ,

y
portion of the whorl beco ing obsolete at the front 5 costae se r ,

ra te l crenulated by numerous spiral angular l iree alternately ,

large and small 5 the l irae somewhat rugulose on the edge by the
crossing of transverse striae and folds of growth .

Aperture broadly ovate ro u nded behind and rather truncated ,

in front ; outer lip arcuate somewhat effuse anteriorly its edge , ,

sharp and obscurely crenulate Col u ella nearly straight with .

,

three plaits the p o sterior of which is the stoutest ; in senil e

,

e xamples a f o urth plait is interposed between the sec o nd and

 m
m
m
m
mm
m
m
m
1 57

third and a few ridges a ppear on the colu ella c a llus which is
,
-
.

thinly sprea d over the umbilica l region

L
.

D i e nsi ons
.
ength 29 5 brea dth 1 7 5 length of aperture 20 5
.
—
, , , ,

width 9

m
Loca l i ti e s One of the co m onest fossils in the upper beds at
.
,

y
—

Mu ddy Creek 5 J em y s Point C ippsl a nd L

.

akes ( W H Cr e sonl ) ’
,
r . .

H a s so e rese b lance to a small gro u p of recent species

m
.

gathering around C v e n tr i cosa H inds and C ca n di da Sowerby .

, , .
, .

m
11 . Ca nce l l a ri a se i c o st a t a .
pe c
s . n ov . Pl a te x .
, fig 3 . .

mm
Shell i nute sto ut ov al ; whorls three and a half 5 spire
, ,

h
whorls very convex ; p enultimate whorl with ten thick rounded
costae evanescent at the posterior s utu re L
,
ast whorl not so .

ventricose as the pen ulti ate the first half turn wit thick costae ,

on the median portion becoming obsolete with the revolution of ,

the whorl .

Apertu re oval ro u nded a t each end 5 o u ter lip thin smooth

,

within ; inner lip defined by a s all Chink behind the pillar

,

col u ella with a slight effu se base and two thick hardly elevated

m
,

plaits above
L
.

y
D i e n si on s ength 3 5 brea dt 2 5 length of aperture 2
—

Loca l i t L
, , ,
.

ower beds at Mu ddy Creek

—
.

D o ubtlessly an i atu re shell but di ffers from the posterio r ,

whorls of any associated species .

nc e l l a r i a
12 . Ca o d es t i n a p nov Pl te ix fig 4 , s ed . . a .
, . .

Shell stou t oblong ovate ; spire short with an obtu se apex

,
-
, ,

O rdinary whorls three S lightly convex a little depressed at the , ,

posterior sut ure ; spirally groov ed and transversely obsoletely ,

ridged not plicate

,
T here are abou t ten flatly rounded l i rae
.
,

separated by linear grooves on the penulti ate whorl ; rudely

c a ncella ted by the obsolete trans v erse threads .

Apertu re ovate ; o uter lip thin edged lirate within ; columella -

,

with three o derately stout plaits

Length 1 25 breadth 75 lengt h of aperture 75
.

y
D i e nsi on s —

Loca l i t Upper beds at Muddy Creek

, , , .

h
—
.

Bears a close rese b l a nce to C pn rpnr ifor i s V alencie nnes .

, ,

h h
whi ch a s obsolete plications and stouter col umella plaits -
.

y
13 . C a n ce l l a ri a E t t
e r i dg e i, 7o 7z s to7z . Pl a e ix .
,
fig 6 . .

R efe r e n ceProc R o T —
1 879 . Soc asmania
. for .
, ,
.

y
Shell turric ulate ; fiv e whorls convex slightly angled pos , ,

t e ri orl distin ctly ribbed on posterior whorls crossed by fiv e

, ,

a ngular l i ree which are obsoletely nodose a t the intersections

L
, .

a st whorl lir a te except on the narrow posterior slope ; ribbed for

,

about a h a lf turn 5 the ribs gra dually be co e less distinct with

the revolution of the whorl a nd on the last half turn are obs olete , .
.
 m
m
m
1 58

Aperture ovate ; outer lip arched thin edged with about five

m
, ,

s trongly spiral ribs within ; c o lumella incurved with two plait s ,

h
s ituated high up

L
.

y
D i e nsi on s ength 7 5 breadth 3 5 length o f aperture 25
—

L
, , ,
.

oca l i t T able Cape ( R 111 Jo n ston f)

— . . .

14 . C a n ce l l a ri a ca pe ra ta , s
pe c . nov . Pl a te ix .
, fig 7 . .

Shell small sto ut elongate oval ending in an o btuse pullus o f -

m
, , ,

on e and a half s o oth subglo b ose turns .

W horls three and a half excluding pullus convex sloping

m
, , ,

more rapidly to the posterior suture O rnamented with rounded .

_
,

d epressed costae and with spiral threads in front of the angula

,

tion forming crenate no dosities at the intersection conspicuously

m
-

, ,

so on the posterior thread 5 the whole surface finely transversely

striated 5 penultimate whorl with three strong spiral threads and

a slender one at the anterior suture L ast whorl with about ten

m
.

spiral l iree costee inconspicuous Aperture o blong rounded at

,
.
,

each end peritreme entire 5 outer lip strongly lirate within 5

,

c olu ella with three transverse plaits

L
.

y
D i e nsi ons ength 5 5 breadth — length o f aperture 2
Loca l i t Blue clays Schnapper Point
, , ,
.

— .
,

15 C a nce l l a ri a pi l l ta Pl a te fig

h
. ca a , p
s ec . n ov . x .
, .
t o .

Shell small stout elongate oval apex obtuse ; whorls six c o n

, ,
-
, ,

vex lirate and slenderly costated T e spiral l i rae increase in

,
.

number from four on the first ordinary whorl to ten on the

penulti ate whorl ; and produce sli ght nodose crenulations on -

the costae
L
.

y
ast whorl more ventricose than the preceding one somewhat ,

v a ri cose l dilated here and there ; spirally l irate all over costae ,

obs o lete .

Apertu re oblong peritreme contin u ous ; outer lip lirate , ,

within 5 col umella with two small transverse plaits

L
.

y
D i e nsi ons ength 6 5 breadth 3 5 length o f aperture 25
—

L L
, , , .

oca l i t ower beds at Muddy Creek

— .

16 . C a n ce l l a ri a i c ra , s pe c n ov . Pl a te x .
, fig 8 . .

R esembles C but the costee are much arcuate and

. ca pi l l a ta ,

thin the spiral threads fewer ( seven 0 11 the penulti ate whorl )
, ,

the whorls a little flattened posteri o rly and the o uter lip is ,

smooth within
L
.

D i e nsi ons ength 35 5 breadth — length of ape r , ,

y
figure 1 5
Loca l i t Clayey green sands Adelaide b ore
.
,
— - -
.
.
,
 m
m
m
O rdinary whorls flat separated by a slightly exc a vated su ture
16 0

m
m
, ,

and having a linear spiral sulcus at the posterior fourth ; orna

h
-

m ont od with transverse c urvilinear flat ridges or wrinkles and a ,

h
few S piral flat threads medially and linear grooves near t e
anterior suture 5 the spiral orna ment is only c o nspicuously
developed on the anterior whorls of la rg er examples T e first .

h
five spire whorls faintly costated
-

L
.

D i e nsi on s of figured specimen of 25 whorls ength 47 ; —

,

width of last whorl 6 T e largest examples attain to 6 0 mills

m
.
, .

y
in len gt h
Loca l i t L
.

ower beds a t Muddy Creek

m
— .
.

T his is very distinct from any living species .

m
ereb r a c a t e n i fe r a T o t Pl te iii fig I4
2 . T , e . a v , . .

R ef e r e n ce Southern Science R ecord J anuary 1 886 p 5

—
, , ,
. .

m
m
Shell pyra i dal elongate of any pol ished whorls ending in
, , ,

a papillary pullu s of two rather large smooth c o nvex turn s , , .

W horls convexly flattened S lightly overlapping 5 doub le banded

h
,

and nodulose in front of the sutu re the posterior band rather the ,

broader and separated by a shallow sulcus in the centre of w i ch

, ,

winds a s ubangular ridge defined by linear grooves 5 ab out twenty

pairs of nodulations 0 11 the penultimate whorl ; anteri or half of
each whorl distantly and superfici a lly spirally ridge d 5 the whole
surface arcuately striated by lines of growth 5 base spira lly ridged
and transversely wrinkled
L
.

y
D i e nsi ons engt h of 1 7 whorls 38 5breadth of l a st whorl 7
'

L
, ,
.

oca l i t A co o n fossil in the upper beds at Muddy Creek

—
.

It has much rese b lance to the J apanese speci e s T se r oti n a ,

.
,

A dams ( S t R eeve .

3 . T ereb r a su b ca t e n i fe ra , pe c
s . no n “

Shell S imilar to T ca te nife r a but the double row of nodula

.
,

tions which are v ery much larger are separat e d by a linear

, ,

furrow 5 the anterior half of each whorl is sc ulptu red with fou r
equidistant spiral groov es separated by mu ch wider flat 1i dge s 5 a
more or less distinct transverse angular ridge is decurrent fro
each tubercle of the anterior row to the anterior sutu re
L
.

D i e n si on s ength of 15 whorls 25; width of last whorl

—

Loca l i ti e s C unninghame and J e my s Point G ippsland

, ,
“
’
.
,

l V H Cr e gson f)
. . .

ereb r a
4 . i t r e l l ae fo r
T is T t Pl te i fig 1 0 , a e . a x .
, . .

Southern Science R ecord Janu ary 1886 p 7

h
R efe r e nce -
, , ,
. .

Shell cylindrically s ubulate polished ; whorls convex ; uppe r ,

whorls distinctly costated interr upted near t e s uture by a ,

* A fi gure is postpone d to Pa r III t .

 m
m
m
mm h

m
16 1

narr o w sulcus othe rwise smo oth ,

T e plicati o ns are slightly .

a rcuate and attenuated a bove and below 5 beco i ng almost ob so~

lete on the anteri o r whorls .

D i e n si ons E ight whorls in a length of 9 mill 5 breadth of

— .

y
l ast whorl
Loca l i t Oyster beds o f the Upper Aldinga Series Aldinga
,

h
— -
,
.

Ba
T e specific name of this fossil indicates its resemblance to

m
m
Mitre l l a of the Col u b e l l idae 5 amongst species of which it comes
near to M L i n col ne nsi s but apart from the different characters ,

of the aperture the fossil shell is more slender than j uvenile

,

specimens of the living Mitre l l a In respect to shape and orna .

ment T i tr e l l oef or i s would seem to approach to T

. na n a .
,

D eshayes inhabiting off the o uth of the Indu s but that species
, ,

is witho u t a sutural band .

m
ereb r a c ra s s a T t Pla t i fig IO
"

5 T

h
.
, a e. e x .
, . .

y
R ef e r e n ce Southern Science R ecord J anuary 1 886 p 7
.
—
, , ,
. .

Shell subcylindrical whorls flatly convex sl ig l flattened at

m
, ,

the s uture ornamented with thick costee separated by narrow

,

angula r interspaces and interrupted at the posterior third by a

,
-

narrow and deep sulcus T here are a bout 20 costae on the last .

whorl .

D i e n si on s Abou t l O whorls in a length of 1 7 mills 5

—
.

y
breadth of last whorl
Loca l i t Oyster beds of the Upper Aldinga Series Aldinga
,

—
,

Bay South A ustralia

,
.

T his species bears a resemblance to some varieties of T di sl o .

ca ta
( Say ) b ut it is narrower and more coarsely ornamented
,
.

ereb r a g e n i c u l a t a T t Pl t i fig 8
6 . T , a e . a e x .
, . .

R ef e r e n ce So uthern Science R ecord J anuary 1 886 p 6

—
, , ,
. .

Shell cylindrical any whorled polished 5 p ullus sub a cute of

,
-
,

three s all convex turns ; whorls convex or sub a ngula te ; con

stri ct e d a round the posterior part between which a nd the s uture ,

there is a row of tubercles ( about twelve on the last whorl ) 5 the

rest of the whorl is ornamented with distant varicose ribs the .

h
interstices being spirally striated and faintly marked with lines
of growth .

T e ribs are stout subcompressed and abruptly bent and , , l

s ub nodose on the angle of the whorl 5 they are confluent with

a nd equ a l in nu b er to the tuberculatio ns on the band next the
s utu re

L
.

y
D i e nsi ons ength of 13 whorls 125 breadth of last whorl 3
—

Loca l i t Upper beds at Muddy Creek

, , .

— .
 m
m
m
mm
mm
h
16 2

T narrow tuberculose band a nd the g e niculate varic o se costae

e

distinguish this species .

m
7 T ere b r a uti ca p .n o Pl te fig I , s ec . v . a x .
, . .

m
Shell small narrowly cylindrical ending in a relatively large
, ,

s ubglobose pull u s of one and a half turns O rdinary wh o rls si x .

a n d a half flatly c o nvex separated by an impressed suture

, , ,

m
tra nsversely plicate .

Fli e se sto u t slightly arched s ubnod ulose near the s utu re i n

, , ,

t e r rupt e d in the posterior third or so by a broad shallow con stri c -

m
t ion there are abo u t 20 on the penu ltimate whorl 5 axial f u rrows
,

m
o bs curely longitudinally striated 5 b a se s o oth .

T his species has so e rese b lance to the yo u ng of T a ddi toi de s .

,

b ut is much narrower has more plications and a di fferent pullus

m
m
L
.
,

y
D i e n si on s ength 7 5 breadth of last whorl —

L L
, ,

oca l i t ower beds at Mu ddy Creek

— .

ereb r a s u b sp e c t a b i l i s pe n o Pl te i fig I I

m
8 . T , s c. v . a x .
,
. .

Shell stout rather broadly pyramidal apex obtuse of one and

, , ,

a half turns O rdinary whorls seven flatly convex s uture linear

.
, , ,

transversely plicate Plic ae stout subangular nearly straight .

, , ,

interrupted in the posterior third by a very broad shallow con -

s triction there are about twenty o n the penulti a te whorl 5

base obscurely spirally wrinkled .

T his species differs from T n ti ca by its shape and fr o m .

,

T a ddi toi de s by being broader and by its stout pli cse different
.
, ,

ull u s and a nt e sutura l constriction

p
L
.

y
D i e n si ons en gth 18 5 breadth of last whorl 5
—

Loca l i t Upper beds a t Muddy Creek

, ,
.

— .

y
9 . T ereb r a s i pl ex T n i on Wood
, e s s
.

Rf e e re n ce —
Proc . Ro . Soc .
,
T asmania for 1 875 p , , . 21, tab . 1,
fi2O3 1'

L
. .

T his species has the general form of T a cu l a ta in n ae us but .

, ,

the whorls are slightly shouldered and strongly arcuately wrinkled

transversely 5 the posterior whorls have straight distant angular , ,

h
plications T here is no infra sutural groove though the anterior
.
-
,

whorls of large exa p les show a faint depression i n the posterior

t i rd
L
.

D i e nsi ons of largest examples of 15 whorls e ng th 70 5 —

,

breadth of last whorl 1 5 milli e tres

Loca l i ti e s T able Cape T asmani a T Woods lower beds at
.
,

h
—
, .

Mu ddy Creek H amilton V ictoria ( R T ) , ,

. .

T e specific na e given to this fossil is preoccupied by a Cali

for ni a n shell described by P Carpenter 5 b u t as that is v ery .

probably a minor variety of T va r i e g a T ryon there is .

,

n o need t o apply a new designation .

mm
16 4

FAM IL
Y I ID/E CASS D .

G E NU S C ASS I S

h
.

S YNO PS I S O F S P E CI E S .

m
Shell o b long o vate 1 2 tubercles in each row in front of t e
—
,

last varix ; posterior slope of last whorl precipitous ; suture

margined with granulose crenulations 1 C e x igu a -
. . .

Shell o vate 9 tubercles in each row posterior slope c o ncavely

, ,

sloping upwards distantly wrinkled at the suture ,

.

2 . C . te x ti l i s
.

m
SPE CIE S E X C LUDED .

C . sufll a ta , T e ni son Woods is ,

tra nfe rre d to Se i ca ssi s .

y
1 C s s si s e x i g u a T ni on Wood Pl te v u e s s a fig I3

Proc L
.
, . .
, . .

Rr ‘
e r e ne e r
— in Soc N S W ales vol iv
. . .
,
. .
,
. .
,
p . 1 7, ta b .

m
fig 7

m
.

Shell stout oblong ovate ventricose with a very short coni c

,
-
, ,

m
spire ending in a small pullus of one and a alf smooth swollen

m
,

turns with the tip reverted and immersed W horls five e x cl ud

,
.
,

ing p ull us v a rice d at successive intervals of abo ut t wo thirds of

,
-

y
a whorl the first whorl transversely corrugate and spira lly striate 5
,

sutures gra nul ose l a rginate .

L ast whorl with a very high back somewhat precipito us over ,

'

the suture 5 bearing on the angle a row of 1 2 compressed sharp

pointed tubercles and on the medial por tion two other rows equi ,

distantly placed b ut of s aller size a fourth inconspicuous r ow , ,

is developed on the adult shell Base somewhat cancellated . .

A pertu re narrow sinuo u sly curved at each end 5 o u ter lip fl a t ,

tened inflected and slightly reflected plicatel y denta te Inner

, , , .

lip widely spreadi ng proj ecting behind as a thin plate and ter , ,

i na t e d by the varix over which it proj ects Columella strongly ,

.

dentately wrinkled throughout as well as the anterior portion of

'

the callou s covering -

L
.

D i e n si ons ength 40 5 breadth of last whorl 30 5 height

—
, , ,

27 5 length of aperture 37 5 but attains to a length of 52

Loca l i t L y
, .

o wer beds at Mu ddy Creek

—
.

It is hardly possible to recognise in the shell which I have ,

figured an adult example of the very j uvenile specimen which is

,

the author s type of the species 5 b ut I have had that under

’

e x a ination and have been able readily to trace it through a

,

long series of graduating speci e ns

h
.

y
'
In its ad ult state the species closely rese b les C fi b r i a ta .
,

recent in Southern Au stralia from w ich it di ffers particul a rl ,

by the spiral sculpture .

 m
m
mm
m
m
16 5

m
m
y
2 . Ca ss s i te x ti l i s , T a te . Pl a te vu .
,
fig I I . .

R ef e r e nce T rans R o —
Soc South Australia, vol v , p 45,
. . . . . .

h
1 882 .

Shell stout, ovate , ventricose , with a short conic spire ending in

a small s ub globose p u llus , the tip reverted a nd i
.
-
mersed W V orl S .

fiv e , excl u ding pullus , with varices at successive intervals of about

t wo thirds of a whorl ornamented with numerous spiral threads
L
-
,

c rossed by folds of growth wrinkled at the suture ast whorl ,

.

bearing on the superior angle a row of ni ne nodular tubercles a nd ,

o n the medi a l portion tw o other rows equi d istantly placed the ,

t ubercles of which are smaller m u ch more so a r e those of the a n ,

t e ri or row Posterior area conca v ely S loping backward to the

.

s uture .

O uter lip thickened margin pl a in Col u e l l a r ca l l us dentate 5

,
.

c o l u mella very tortuous beneath the call u s canal recurved

Length 45 5 b readth of last whorl 32 5 height

.
,

D i e nsi on s —
, , ,

29 5 length of apert ure 31

Loca l i ti e s Calciferous sandstones of the R iver Mu rray cl ifis
.
,

y
’
—

near Morgan ; sand rock Cheltenha Port Philip B a

-
Casts , ,
.

presumably of this species occur in the oyster banks at Adela ide

and Al dinga 5 in the crystalline li e stone of the B unda Cliffs of
the G reat Australian Bight 5 in the raggy limestones at Mannu
on the R iver Mu rray .

T his species di ffers in shape fro the re cent 0 fi b ri a ta and .

f

its fossil representa tive 0 e x igu a by being o re v entricose and .

by its longer spire Its spiral orna entation and triple row of
.

t ubercles further distinguish it from C fi b r i a ta . .

G ENU S SE MICASSIS .

S YNO PS I S or S P E CI E S
h
.

Aperture not exceeding two thirds of total length 5 surface o f -

w or ls S pirally and longi tudin ally sculptu red .

W horls sub angulate with cancellate sculpture

-
,
.

l . S tr a nse nn a
. .

W horls convex longitudina lly c o state and spirally ribbed

, ,
.

2 S . . su b gr a nosa .

Aperture at least two thirds of total length ; last whorl lirate -

or ribbed not cancellate

La st whorl spirally ribbed on posterior area
,
.

3 S JIu e l l e r i
Last whorl spirally
. . .

ribbed all over three nodulose ribs ,

.

4 S tr i n odosa
L
. . .

ast whorl costated . 5 . S . ra di a te s .

S P E CI E S UN FI GURED
y
.

S. s ufll a ta , T e ni son Woods ( Cassis) Proc ,

. Ro . Soc .
,
T asmania ,

f or 1 86 7, p . 21 T able Cape .
 m
m
m
m
m
16 6

mm
l . Se ra n s e n n a pe nov Pl a te iii fig 2
i ca ss i s t , s c. . v .
, . .

Shell thin ovate ventricose contracted at the base ; spire

, , ,

moderately produced broadly conical ending in a very smal l , ,

pullus of two and a half S o oth narrow convex whorls , , .

W horls fo u r excluding the pullus subangulated in the pos ~

, ,

h h
t e ri or third S lightly
-
a rgined in front of the suture with raised
, ,

S piral threads cancellated by fine transverse equidistant threads

T e spiral t 1 e a ds are about twelve on the penultimate whorl ,

h
the one on the angulation being the most prominent those on t) ,

the posteri 0 1 slope ( abou t five or six ) being more sl e nde 1 than
the anteri 0 1 o nes T e cancellation is obsc u re on the median
5
.

portion o f the last whorl and the base is S pirally flatly ridge d ,

only

m
.

A perture oval oblong obtuse behind rounded in front 5 outer

-
, ,

lip thickened hardly ascending on the penultimate whorl 5 mar

,

gin plain or obscurely dentately ridged Col umella expansion .

-

erect s o oth 5 pillar twisted with a few S lender obliq u e plaits

L

m
, .

D i e nsi ons ength 28 5 breadth 1 7 5 leng th of aperture 1 9

—

Loca l itie s L
, , ,
.

ower beds at Muddy Creek ; blue clays at

h y
—

Schnapper Point 5 calciferous sandstones R iver Murra Cliffs

m
,

near Morgan ( R T T able Cape ( R 111 Jo n ston ! . . . .

T his highly sculptured shell has no analogue in living creation 5

it is very c o mmon at Muddy Creek and exhibits very slight ,

variabilit y .

2 . Se i ca ssi s su b g r a n o sa , s
pe c . Pl a te v ii . fig . 10 .

Shell ovate somewhat c o ntracted at the base ; spire acuminate

, ,

m o derately elevated ending in a conical pullus of three smooth ,

c o nvex whorls .

y
W horls four excluding pull us moderately convex margined at

h
.

, , ,

the anterior suture and bounded by an ante sutural concavel -

,

depressed narrow zone T e first whorl finely lirate the second

,
.

and third encircled with about seven rows o f granules which are
o n Slightly obliqu e transverse folds 5 penulti a te whorl with
close S et oblique rounded c o stae which are cut int o granulose
- ~

c renatures by seven or eight encircling sulci

Last whorl somewhat ventricose sculptured with oblique costae

.

, ,

which fade away at less than half way to the base a nd encircling ,

sulci which produce granulose crenatures on the costae o re -

,

c o nspicuo u sly so on the first two costae anterior to the sutural

depression ; the marginal band obscurely granulose Apertur e .

c o ncealed in the only known specimen

L
.

y
D i e nsi ons ength 55 5 breadth 34 ; length of aperture 37
—

Loca l i t H a 1 d ra ggy li e stones E dithburgh Yo rke 8 Pen

.
, ,
.
,
’
— -
.
, ,

insula .

T his S pecies has the shape of S se ig r a nosa b ut differs by the .

,
 m
m
m
16 8

L
y
Di e nsi ons —
ength 30 5 breadth , 21 ; length o f aperture , 25
L
, .

oca Bairnsdale
l it —
G ippsland ( W ff Gre g son l )
T his fossil shell has the shape of S a b b r e vi a ta L
.
,
. . .

a marck recent .
, ,

on the west coast of T ropical America from which it differs by ,

the three sub dista nt rows of tubercles and its smo o th inner lip .

m
5 . r a d i a t a pe nov Pla te viii fig 3
Se i ca ss i s , s c . .
, . .

m
Shell globosely ovate spire of moderate length acuminate
, , ,

h
e nding in a small pullus o f one and a half smooth c o nvex whorls .

W horls four excluding pullus convex but interrupted by a

, , ,

broadish c o ncave depression in front of the marginal rib at t e

anterior suture .

Posterior whorls o rnamented by straight rather cr o wded , ,

S lender costae which terminate behind at the ante sutural de

,
-

pression
L
.

ast whorl ventric o se contracted at the base and concavely

, ,

y
depressed in front of the suture from which it is separated by a ,

n odose l crenulated band ; ante sutural zone with three or four

- -

s piral threads Median portion ornamented with angular slightly

.
,

elevated ,
o derately curved costae ( about at first S lender

h
and crowded but become str onger and m o re widely separate d
,

with the revolution of the whorl and are absent in the last ,

fourth . T e costae are i nterrupted o n the S houlder by three i n

conspicuous angulations ; o therwise the surface anterior to the
sutural zone is without S piral ornament except some obscure li nes ,

at the base .

Aperture ovate ; outer lip thickened margin plain S lightly , ,

h
ascending on the penultimate whorl Columella convex its sur .
,

face without granulatio ns with fine slender revolving pla its ; a ,

small tubercle at the p o sterior angle of t e aperture

L
.

y
D i e n si ons ength 235 breadth 1 5 5 length of aperture 1 8
—

Loca l i t In a well S inking Murray Desert

, , , .

—
, .

T his species approaches the nodulate variety of S tor qu a ta .

,

R eeve recent in te p erate waters of Australi a 5 but it di ffers by

,

its finer ornamentation more developed costae shorter spire , , ,

more tumid bo dy whorl by the presence of S lender threads on the

,

ante sutural band and by it s smooth outer lip

-
,
.

G ENU S CASSIDAR IA .

h
S YNO PS I S O F S P E CI E S .

W orls S harply gradated unequally and dis tantly l irate 5 keels ,

on body whorl with crenate tubercles l C gr a da ta . . . .

W horls angular regularly lirate ; keel s o n body whorl wi th

,

transverse tubercl e s 5l e ss ventric o se 2 C Wi l soni . . . .

 m
16 9

m
1 . Ca s s i da r i a g r a da t a , pe c
s . nov . Pl a te v iii .
,
fig . 1 .

Shell thin shining pyramidally ovate with a moderately

, , ,

e longated scalar spire ending in a small subacute pullus of one ,

O rdinary whorls five 5 first whorl slightly con

h
a nd a half turns .

vex lirate 5 the succeeding whorls rapidly increasing to the

,

h
Sharply gradated outline of the penultimate whorl T e angula .

t ion i s medial and cut into sharp serra tures which terminate
'

, ,

obliqu e obscure ri dges proceeding from t e s u ture 5 surface sc u lp

t ure d with raised truncate threads inequidistant and unequal , ,

s eparated by bro a d flat interspaces from three to five above and ,

m
below the serrated keel ; the threads rendered obscurely granulose
crenate by transverse growth lines .

Some specimens S h o w an angular S piral ridge at the anteri o r

s uture b ut is variable in the degree of its development
L
.
,

ast whorl with fro m four to five S piral keels on the median
'

portion 5 the p o sterior one at the angulation with angular n o du , ,

l a tions ( about the others are angular or somewhat truncated ,

a nd bear S harp t ubercles di inishing in S ize towards the front ; ,

i nterspaces concavely depressed with a few spiral threads and

t ransverse distant stri ae .

Base of whorl with spiral ridges 5 canal long nearly closed , ,

a br u ptly bent and reverted .

Aperture oblong 5 outer lip thickened with two or three elon

g ate denti cles at the front 5 inner lip corrugated

L
.

D i e nsi ons ength 40 5 br e adth 30 5 length of aperture to

—
, ,

the canal 25
Loca l i ti e s L
,
.

ower beds at Muddy Creek ; calciferous sand

— -

s tones R iver Mu rray Cliffs 5 blue clays at Schnapper Point

,
.

2 Ca ss i d a r i a W il s on i , p
s e c. nov . Pl a te v ii .
,
fig . 14 .

W horls sub gradated margined at the suture medially angu

lar cancellated L
-
,

,
ast whorl with four obtu se ridges bearing
.
,

y
s mall transversely elongated tubercles about becoming
.

( i n
c re a si ngl inconspicuo u s anteriorly 5 whole surface s culptured
with fine equi distant Spiral threads and regular growth lines the
-
,

posterior slope being neatly a nd conspic u ously fenestrated

L
.

D i e n si on s ength 27 5 breadth 1 7 5 length of aperture to

—
, ,

y
c anal 1 9

L
, .

oca l i t Spring Creek near G eelong ( J B Wi l son I)

—
, . . .

FAM IL Y ST R O MB IDZE .

G ENU S ST R U T H IO L
hoval
AR IA .

y
1 . St r u t i ol a ri a l i ra t a , s
pe c . nov . Pl a te x .
,
fig . II .

Shell turb ina te l sub globose 5 whorls four and a half ,

-
,

t h o se of the spire m o derately convex ; o rnamented by strong ,

e qui distant depressed l i rae bec o mi ng m o re slender posteri o rly ;

-
, ,
 m
m
mm
a little narrower than the flat intervening sulci 5 l irae about te n
t o twelve on the penultimate whorl
L ast whorl sub qua dra t e l rounded S hortly and broadly a tte nu
-

ated at the base 5 equi distantly lirate with a thread a nd a fe w

—

stri ae in the interstitial spaces obscurely marked with sigmoidal

transverse strise .

y
A perture qua dra te l oval 5 outer lip much thickened 5 siphonal
notch very S hort and narrow not interrupting the outer rim of
the lip

hy
.

D i e n si ons L ength 1 55 5 breadth 1 2 5length of aperture 9

—
.
—

Loca l i t J e y s Point G ippsland L

,

akes W H Gr e gson
’
y

,
,
1 70

, ,
.

mm
m
. . .
,

T e well rounded whorls not s ulcated at the s u ture a nd the

-

m
, ,

m
S imple lirate sculpture distinguish this species from all known
congeneric forms either recent or fossil 5 this is the first record of
the genus as a constituent of the Cainozoic fauna of Australia .

h
G ENU S PE LICAR IA .

O f this genus allied to Str n t i ol a r i a having its head quarters

, ,
-

m
in the seas of Ne w Zealand only two S pecies are known namely , , ,

P se n tn l a ta ( Martyn ) which inhabits the coast of Ne w South

m
.
,

W ales and S

h
, i r a b i l i s ( Smith ) of the Kerguelen Islands
.
,
.

Pe l i ca r i a differs from Str n tl i i ol a r i a chiefly in the ena el covered ,

-

S pire of the adult shell and the thin sinuou s o uter lip T e tw o
,
.

fossil species now to be described do not difl e r in any striking

, ,

manner from P se n tn l a ta but both are less turreted

.
,
.

S YNO PS I S S P E CI E S
h
O F .

Spire whorls roundly angled with clathrate ornament ,

.

1 . P . cl a t ra ta .

Spire whorls angled and n o dulose 5 s ulcate at s uture .

2 P cor on a ta

h
. . .

P e l i ca ri a cl a t ra ta , T a te . Pl a te x .
,
fig 9
. .

Southern Science R ecord J anu ary 1885 p 2

R efe r e n ce —
, , ,
. .

Shell ovate spire acuminated whorls S ix convex suture linea r

, , ,

o r S lightly impressed Surface orna e nted with numerous la e l

.

l ifor rugae beco ing conflu ent by twos a nd threes or more at

,

the anterior third to for ridges and by spiral threads a b ont ten
in nu b er L
-
,

ast whorl quadrate depressed in the medial part

.
, ,

with a row of small acute nodulations at the shoulder and a ,

y
thickened ridge at the periphery ; ornamented with sig o idal
la elliform rugae and lin e s of growth which are cancellated b
numerous longitudinal ridges Call us enamel spreading over .
-

the colu ella and body whorl for two thirds of its length and - —

over lapping on the penulti

-
ate wh o rl .
 1 72

hh

m
Voluta McDona l di Muddy Cre e k An a dult s e ll slig tly re duce d
h

m
5 .
, T a te . . .

‘
6 . Fusus G ippsl a ndicus T a te B a irnsda l e , . .

7 . Voluta a ncil l oide s T a te Sc na ppe r Point , . .

8 Voluta crib rosa T a te Al di nga

m
. . .
,

9 . Voluta Ma soui T a te Muddy Cre e k

, . .

Vol uta h
pta gona l is, T a te
e R i v e r Murra y Cli ffs
Muddy Cre e k E nl a rge d
Api ca .
PLATE IV .

. l porti on of spi re .

h
Na ssa sub l ire l l a , T a te . . .

Muddy Cre e k E nl a rge d

y
E b urnopsis a ul a coe ssa , T a te . . .

Pe riste r ia Murra a na , T o te R iv e r Murra y Cl ifl s

hyh

m
Ve ry slig tly
’

n
l
. . e
l a rge

h h
P os G re gsoni, T a te G ippsl a nd E nl a rge d . . .

Mi ra a t p a , T a te Muddy Cre e k E nl a rge d

t . . .

V ol u at e ta ona l is, T a te R e duce d to tw o-t i rd

p g s . .

Mi ra a l okiz a , Woods Muddy Cre e k

h
t . .

Mi ra dictua , Woods Murra y De se rt

t . .

Mi ra ot one , Woods Muddy Cre e k E nl a rge d

h
t . . .

Mi ra a tra ctoide s, T a te Muddy Cre e k E nla rge d

t . . .

Mitra unipl ica , T a te Sc na ppe r Point . .

PLATE V
h

m
.

Mitra va ri cosa T a te Ade l a ide Slig tly e nla rge d

,
. . .

Mitra pa ucicosta ta T a te Muddy Cre e k E nl a rge d

h h
. . .
,

Mi tra l e pta l e a T a te Muddy Cre e k E nl a rge d

, . . .

Mitra liga ta T a te Sc na ppe r Poi nt Muc e nl a rge d

m
. . .
,

Mitra te re b rae for is T a te Muddy Cre e k E nl a rge d , . . .

Mitra sub cre nul a ris T a te Ade la i de E nl a rge d

h h
. . .
,

Voluta a l ticosta ta T a te Muddy Cre e k ,

.

Mitra e sc a roide s T a te Muddy Cre e k a E nl a rge d; b

h
,
. .
, ,
scul
pture uc
e nl a rge d

Mi tra se il ee vis T o te Muddy Cre e k Muc e nl a rge d

.

h
. . .
,

Mitra b iorna ta T a te Muddy Cre e k E nl a rge d

,
. . .

Mitra cit a re l l oide s T a te Al di nga E nl a rge d

h
. . .
,

y
Mi tra co pla na ta T a te Ade la i de E nl a rge d , . . .

Mi tra e ugl p a T a te Gippsl a nd E nla rge d

, . . .

PLATE VI .

H rp Muddy Cre e k
hy
a a te nu is
T a te
H rp
. .

Muddy Cre e k
,

a a la e l l ife ra , T a te
H p
. .

a r a spi ra ta , T a te Sc na ppe r P i nt o
H p
. .

a r a ca ssi noi de s, T a te Murrra D e se rt . .

Mi tra ca ssi da , T a te Muddy Cre e k E nl a rge d . . .

Mitra sordi da , T a te Muddy Cre e k E nl a rge d

Hr
h
. . .

Muddy Cre e k
h
a pa a b b re v i a ta , T a te
H
. .

v e r Murra y Cl iffs

h
a r a cl a t ra ta , T a te
p R i
H
. .

h h
a rpa pul l ige ra , T a te Sc na ppe r Poin t
H
. .

a rpa sul cosa , T a te Muddy Cre e k Slig ly e nl arge d . . t

Fusus e nicus, T a te Muddy Cre e k Slig tly e nla rge d
. . .

Fa sciol a ria fusilla , T o te Muddy Cre e k

D
.

M
.

Ancil l a ri a pse ud-a ustra li s, T a te Se nile e a pl e urra y . x . t

e se r .

PLAT E VII .

I Ancil l a ria pse ud-a ustra li s, T a te

. Muddy Cre e k . .

2 Ancil l a ria la nce ol a ta , T a te

. Muddy Cre e k . .

3 Anc
.il l a ria sub a p li a ta , T ol e M uddy C re e k . .
 m
m
m
mm
1 73

mm
Ancil l a ria pa pil l a ta T a te Muddy Cre e k , . .

R iv e r Murra y Cliffs

h
Ancil l a ria e b e ra , H u tton

m
. .

Ancil l a ria liga ta T a te Ade l a i de

O li
. .
,

va npy T a te G ai lis
ppsl a nd ,
. .

h
Ancil l a ria sub gra da ta , T a te Ade l a i de . .

Se ica ssis Mue lle ri, T o te Muddy Cre e k

m
. .

Se ica ssis sub gra nosa , T a te E dit b urg . .

Ca ssi s te x til is, T a te R i ve r Murra y Cli ffs . .

Se ica ssis trinodosa , T a te G ippsla nd . .

Ca ssis e igua , Woods

x Muddy Cre e k

m
m
. .

Ca ssida ria Wil soni, T a te Spri ng Cre e k . .

h VIII

m
PL
ATE .

Ca ssida ria gra da ta , T ote Sc na ppe r Poi nt . .

Muddy Cre e k
h
Se ica ssis tra nse nna , T a te . .

Murra y De se rt
h
Se ica ssis ra di a ta , T ote . .

Muc e nla rge d

m
Pe riste rnia pu i la , T o te Ade l a i de . . .

Mi tra e x il is T a te Muddy Cre e k Muc e nla rge d

m
m
O
. .
, .

liva Ade l a ide nsis, T o te Ade l a i de E nl a rge d

m
O
. . .

liva a ngusta ta , T a te Muddy Cre e k a , Na tura l siz e 5 c, a pe x ucl r

h h
. .

e nl a rg e d .

Mi tra cl a t ure l l a , T a te Muddy Cre e k Muc e nl a rge d

h
. . .

Ca nce l l a ria e pidro ifor is, T a te Muddy Cre e k E nl a rge d . . .

Ca nce l l a ria e xa lta ta , T a te Sc na ppe r Poi nt E nl a rge d

m
. . .

Muddy Cre e k
y
Ca nce l l a ria Wa nnone nsis, T a te . .

Muddy Cre e k
h

m
T e re b ra pl a t spira , T o te

m
. .

T e re b ra a ngul osa , T ote Murra y D e se rt . .

T e re b ra ca te nife ra , T a te Muddy Cre e k E nl a rge d a b out one a nd a a lf . .

h
di a e te rs .

T e re b ra l e pt ospi ra , T a te Muddy Cre e k a , E nl a rge d a b out two di a e te rs 5. .

e , a pe x v e ry uc e nl a rge d .

Volut Mortoni
a

Volut Mo toni
, T a te . Young
PL
ATE

s h h e ll .
IX
T a b l e Ca pe
.

y
h
2 . a r ,
T a te . Fra g e nt of a dult ; a l f na tura l ize
s . Mudd
Cre e k .

h
3 Ca nce l l a ria
. ca l vul a ta , T a te . Sc na ppe r Poi nt . E nl a rge d a b ou t two~
di a e te rs .

Muddy
h
Ca nce l l a ria ode sti na , T a te . Cre e k . E nl a rge d ne a rly t re e

y
h
di a e te rs .

1
9 Ca nce l l a ria pt c otropis, T o fe . Al di nga . E l
n a rge d ab out four di a e te rs .

h
9 Ca nce l l a ria E t e ridge i, T ab le Ca pe . E nl a rge d a b out five
di a e te rs .

q C a nce l l a ria ca pe ra ta , T a te . Sc na ppe r Point . E nl a rge d t

a b ou six
di a e te rs .

Muddy Cre e k E nl a rge d a b out four di a e te rs

h
o
o T e re b ra ge nicul a ta , T a te . . .

o
x
T e re b ra cra ssa T a te Al dinga
,
E nl a rge d a b out two di a e te rs
. . .

HO T e re b ra itre l l ae for is T a te Al di nga E nl a rge d a b out t re e di a e te rs

,
. .
.

HH T e re b ra sub spe cta b il is T a te Muddy Cre e k E nl a rge d a b out two

,
. .

di a e te rs .

PL
ATE X .

Muddy Cre e k E nl a rge d a b out four dia e te rs

h
T e re b ra ut ca , i T o te . . .

Mitra conoida l is T a te Muddy Cre e k a a nd e D orsa l a nd v e ntra l

, . .
,

a s e cts
p E nl a rge d a b out t re e di a
. e te rs .

3 . Ca nce l l a ia se icosta ta
r T a te Muddy Cre e k E nl a rge d a b out six ,
. .

dia e te rs .
T

C a
e re

n c e l
m
mm
l a

di a e te rs
Ca nce l l a ria

h
r
y
b ra conv e x iuscul a , T o l e
Ancil l a ria or cta , T a l e
Pe l ica ria corona ta , T o te
i
.
a ?

h
.

a l v e ol a ta ,
.

G i ppsl a nd
Muddy Cre e k
T o te .
1 74

Sli g tly e nl a rge d

.

e ntra l a spe c
.
h
Muddy Cre e k E nl a rge d four di a e te rs
.

V
Muddy Cre e k E nl a rge d a b ou four
i cra , T a te Ade l a i de -b ore E nl a rge d a b ou five di a e te rs
.

Pe l ica 1i a cl a t ra ta , T a te

Strut iol a ria li ra ta , T a l e

t
Ca nce l l a ria gra da a , T a te
Pe l ica ria corona ta , T o te
.

Ca nce l l a ria ca pil l a ta , T a te

di a e te rs.

Ca nce l l a ri a turricul a ta , T a te
.
G ippsl a nd
Muddy Cre e k
.

G i ppsl a nd
.

D orsa l a spe ct
. Al di nga
.

.
.

E nl a rge d a b ou

Muddy Cre e k E nl a rge d two di a e te rs

Muddy Cre e k.
.
.

E nl a rge d a b ou two di a e te rs
.

t re e

E nl a rge d a b out five di a e te rs

.
t
.

.
.

t
t
t

.
.
.

h
.
.
mm
m
mm
h
piceo

5
nota tis
a rti cul is Sin ul is

lat 1
.
g
4 (
1
,
(
vix
b
)
a sali

.
testaceo l iv idis ; a nte nnis pice is
e x ce

except a )
p )
t i
basi
.
s

T e head is entirely testaceous in front of the antenn ae t e

e

hinder part being clouded with black s o as to leave only a sp o t

above each eye testace o us
s t a ce

O n the prothorax the dark marking;

.

takes the form of an irregular a nd interrupted M O n the elytra

i s L
1 76

ong
-

,
.

,
,

h
.

m
.

the suture is narrowly blackish and there a re also on each elytron ,

h
four more or less interrupted vittae wider than the sutural one .

None of these dark a rkings extend into the apical sixth part of
t e elytra 5 probably they are variable In my example the vitta .

h
next to the suture i s very much interrupted the anterior part of
’

m
,

h
the third vitta is wanting and the hinder part of the same run s
,
.

into the b inde r part of the fourth T e head is finely rugulos e .

in front al o st l aevigate behind T e antennae are about two

,
.

thirds the length of the body and only moderately stout much

h
, ,

less S O than in A e l a n oe e p/i a l a Baly 5 j oint 1 long piriform

h
.
, .

black 2 less than half 1 3 about twice 2 4 and t e

, , ,

following j oints a little longer than 3 T e prothorax i s about

m
.

m
a quarter again as wide as long slightly narrowed in front the , ,

sides gently arched the re fl e x e d border rather strong the front

, ,

a rgin truncate or even a littl e convex the base widely produced ,

hindward behind the hind angles the re fl e x e d margin dilated at ,

h
the front and hind angles the former being obtuse the latter , , .

right 5 the s u rface rather finely and not closely p unctulate mor e ,

h
coarsely towards the sides T e elytra are p unctu red about as .

closely as the disc of the prothorax and scarcely so finely having , ,

'

also some much finer pu nctu res intermingled T e apex of each .

femur is blackish .

T aken in W ester n Australia by E Meyrick E sq .

,
.

MO R PH O SPH ZE R A .

It is with considerable hesita tion that I refer the fol l ow g

species to this Malayan genus 5 it ought probably to form a n e w
genus b ut as there are several already na e d genera of Ga l e r n e idce
,

h
of whi ch I have been unable to procure descriptions I th ink it ,

hh
better to refer the insect to an existing genu s than run the risk
of increasing synony y T e examples before me agree with
.

Morp osp ce r a Sn a tr a na Ja c in having the anterior coxal

,
,
.
,

cavities open behind the antennae short and robust the elytral
, ,

epipleurae obsolete ( or very narrow and vertical ) behind the

h
middle the tibiae with a S hort apical spine and the claws append
,

i cul a t e
. T e bas a l j oint of the hind tarsi is a little longer than
the following two together b ut shorter than the following three ,
,
»

It has mu ch the facies of a very s all Adi oni a but with the ,

a ntenn ae more and the legs somewhat less robust

,
It should b e ,
 m
m
m
mm
m
m
1 77

a dde d that M Sn a tr a na respects fro

, Ja c .
,
di ffers in i mp o rtant
M a cu l i ool l i s Baly on which the genus was founded

m
, .
,

III ( 2) ci n e to sp nov O blonga ; sa t robusta ; sa t ni tida ; fulva ;

m
. .
.
,

b a si excepto
) p p a l is metasterno
°

a nt e nni s
( articulo 1 e t , , ,

hy
ni gris ; tib ii s inte r e di i s posti cisque tarsis omnibus e t ,

a r inib us
,

a b do ine postice

y
infusca ti s vel pi ce i s ; e l tris g

mm
,

y
o n ibus c a ne o nigris ; capite pr ot ora ce qu e sub til ite r
- "
,

crebre e l t ri s i nus sub til ite r sa t crebre punctul a ti s

h
Long 15 1 5 lat g l ( vix )
, , .

m
h h
. . .
,
.
,

T e blue black edging of each elytron is wider along the bas e

-

h
a n d suture than on the lateral margins T e infuscation of the .

m
p o sterior 4 tibiae begins a little above the middle O
T e antenn ae .

h
are very little more than half the length of the body robust t e , ,

m
first and fourth j oints each equal to the other and to the second

h
and thi rd together the third rather longer than the second T e
,
.

head bears a very stro ng somewhat arched transverse furrow

between the eyes T e prothorax is very little wider than long
.
,

m
its front angles but feebly defined its hind angles dentiform it ,

m
bears an extre ely strong round fovea on either side of the disc , ,

a nd these are feebly connected by a shallow transverse i mpression .

W estern Australia 5 S ent to me by E Me yrick E sq .

,
.

NE O R U PI IA, L ge n . n ov .

Caput sa t magnum ; antennae gracil es corpore vix b re v iore s 5

articulo 1 e l onga t o 2 1 triplo b re v iori 3 2 dupl o
°

,
° °

,
° °

l ongi ori 4 3 longitu dine aequ ali 5 acetabul a antica posti ce

° °

aperta ; epipleurae di stinctae posti ce ob sol e tee ; tibiae

ucr ona tae ; un gui cul i leviter a ppe ndicul a ti parvi 5

h h
,

metasternu b rev e 5 elytra abdomen haud t e ge ntia .

T e etasternum not longer than the prosternum and t e

elytra separately rounded ( or almost subtruncate obliqu ely ) at the
apex leaving the last S eg ent and p a rt of the penulti ate ex

h
posed in one se x ( in what I t a ke to be the other se x not quite
c o vering the antepenulti ate seg e nt) associate this insect with

h
the group R upi l ii te s of D r C a puis but it is not closely all ie d .
,

structura lly to any of the previously described genera of that

h
group T e claws are v ery small and see t o be slightly appen
.
,

di cul a te 5 they are certainl y not b ifid as in all the known

R np i l i i te s except Ma r se n l i a in w ich they are S i p le ; perhap s
they would be best described a s obtusely dentate near the base .

N vi r idi s sp nov O blonga 5 minus robusta ; sa t nitida ; ni gra

h
. .
, .
,

supra sub a ur e o viridis ; a nt e nni s basi

ge nub us tib ii s e t
-
, , ,

y
tarsis ( apice excepto ) te sta ce i s ; capite prot ora ce que ,

S parsi sub ti l i ssi e e l tr i s sa t crebre sa t crass e

L
,

sub s ua
q os e p u n c t ul a ti s ,
on g 1 1 ; lat l .
,
.
,
.

M
 mm
m T h
head bears a transverse furr o w between the eyes and a
e

longitudinal carina between the antenn ae T e pr o thorax is not

h
much wider than l o ng almost truncate in front where it is a littl e
wider than a t the base the sides m o derately arched the front
,
1 78

. h
h
‘

m
, ,

m
a ngles Obscure t e hind angles sub de ntifor
,
T e basal j o int .

o f the antenn ae is pitchy ( testaceous beneath ) the sec o nd and

h
,

h
third are dull te staceous the rest pitchy black ,
.

T e single example which I take to be the other sex o f this

species in addition t o having much shorter elytra has t e
, ,

y
a ntenn ae more slender and the parts of the legs and antenn ae ,

which in the type are testaceous are much more obscure It a , .

p ossibly appertain t o a distinct species

Port L
.

mm
incoln .

ELLO PI A

m
.

m
h
E Sl oa n e i sp nov
.
,
Sat elongata postice dilatata ; sub nitida 5
. .
,

m
supra glabra piceo lurida sub cupre o tincta ; capite a ntice
,
-
,
-
,

h
p r ot ora cis a r i nib us t ib ii s ue
g q basi d il ut i orib us ; corpore , ,

sub tus nigro 5 hoc cum pedibus pubescenti 5 cox i s t e sta ce i s 5

y
capite prot ora ce que leviter minus sub til ite r punctul a tis ;
e l t ri s coria ce i s vix perspicue punctul a tis Singul is
L
,

l ongitudina l ite r pr o funde b isul ca tis on g 3§ l 5 lat 15 1 .

,
.
, .

T his remarkable species agrees perfectly with E ZZO p i cc p e de str i s ,

E n ( whi ch appears to be widely distributed in South A ustralia )

h
,

h
i n all structural characters but is widely different specifically , .

T e two deep furrows abbreviated at both ends running down

t e in ner half of each elytron are a very distinctive characte r ;

h
in some ( perhaps most) examples there are traces of a much
f eebler sulcus at no great distance from the lateral margin .

T e antenn ae are a little less robust than in E p e de str i s ; in .

so e exa p les ( as appears also the case in E pe de str i s) the .

s econd j oint is less abbreviated than i n others ; I believe thi s

t o be sexual and that the sec o nd j oint is elongated in the

females .

Mulwala 5 taken by M r T G Sl o ane and courteously . . .

supplied to me .

CAND E Z E A .

C Pa l

h
. spec nov
e r ston i , . nitida ; ni gra
. Sat late obl o nga ; sa t

y h
capite ( labro pa l pis e t a nt e nn i s a pi ce
,
versus e x ce ptis)
, ,

p r ot ora ce e t e l t ri s t e st a ce i s ; pedib u s pl u s i nus pic ,

y
e sce nt ib u s ; capite prot ora ce que sub til issi e sa t sparsim
L
,

e l tr i s i n u s sub til ite r i nus sparsim punctul a tis ong

h
, ,
.

2g 1 ; lat 1 5 1. .
,
.

T e elytra in some examples are vaguely clouded with infus

c ation in the hinder half H ead with a straight trans v erse fur .

r ow between the eyes Antenn ae about half as long as the body

.

,
 m
m
mm
mm
h
1 80

m
h
ward T e pro thorax is half again as wide as long its front a l
.
,

hy
most truncate its front angles feeble its S ides gently arched its
, , ,

hind angles sub dentiform its surface even T e antenn ae a re -

,
.

abo ut two thirds the length of t e b od moderately slender the basal

-
, ,

h
three j oints testaceous j oints 1 and 4 about equal t o each ,

other and each about equal to 2 and 3 together the latte r

, ,
'

hh
two not differing much from each other in length T e epipleurae .

of the elytra though very narrow and obscure behind the middle

h
do not appear to be absolutely non existent T e tibi ae a re finely -
.

mucronated the anterior coxal cavities closed T e claws are

,
.
;

appendiculated T e basal j oint of the hind tibi ae equals in length

m
. .

the following three together

m
Port L

m
.

incoln 5 not unco m on .

l l] f a sci a tipe nni s sp nov O blonga 5 sa t nitida 5 testacea

h
. .
.
,

a nt e nni s basi a pi ce que orib u s basi e t n onn ul l i s

( )
e x ce pti s fe
(

m
y
sca ti s vel

h
p )
l i ib ii i f i ce i s 5 a nti ce

m
e x e s t s n u p , p r ot ora ce '

s e t e l tri s totis fascia ang lat a mediana

( n onnul l i s e x e p )
l i ( u

y
excepta ) nigris 5 capite sparsim sub til it e r prot ora ce

mm
, ,

e l t ri sque minus sparsi i nus sub ti l it e r ctul a t i s

m
n

h
p u
Long l g l 5 lat g l
,
.

.
,
. .
,

T e punctu ration is in general a li ttle less strong and less S par

ing ; apart from this difference and its very different p a ttern and
arrangement of colors the present species scarcely differs fro ,

the preceding R egarding the bgro und color of the elytra a s black
.
,

the red fascia is u ch wi de I and less conspicuo u sly angula ted

than that of If a ngu l a ta ; this fascia I S S O placed that its hind
.

margi n is slightly behind the middle of the elytra I can find no .

st r uct ui a l distinction except that the epiple u r ae are even m o r e

y
obscure behind the i ddle b ut still not entirely wanting if , 5

ca r e ful i examined under a powe I ful lens the elytra are S een t o
end laterally in ( not a single sharp edge like th a t of a knife blade
b ut ) two v ery fine edges parallel to and apparently in contact ,

with each other

Interior of South Au strsl ia 5 basin o f L
.
,

ake E yre .

y
111 di vi scc sp
.
,
nov O blonga ; sa t nitida ; testacea ; a nte nnis
. . .

h
( basi excepta ) p a l
p i s e l tri s parte ,
d i i di a apicali , e t ,

y
a b do ine p i ce i s vel
,
n i gris ; t a i si s s u pra pl u s i nu s

i nfusca ti s ; capite prot ora ce que v i x perspicue e l tris

h
subtilins inus crebre punctul a ti s L
,

ong l g l 5 lat T o 1 ,
.
,
. . .

h
T e sc ulptu re a n d proportions of the Several parts do not seem
t o di ffer noticeably fro the sa e in Iii a ngu l a ta except as fol .
,

lows i z T e prothorax is punctured only very obscurely and

,
v .
,

for the o st part only near the a rgi ns and it has an ill de fine d ,
-

y
transverse depression ( in some exa p les interrupted near the id
dl e ) a cr o ss the disc 5 the elytra are p u nctu red u ch more finel
 mm
m
m
mm
1 81

a nd more confusedly with punctures still smaller scatte re d

m
a o ng the preval ent punctures ) 5 and the epipleurae a re still les s

mm
distin ct the two fine lines ( that in the hind h a lf of the elytra

hy
,

r e se nt what in front are the two a rgins of the epiple r

Ie
p u ae
) a:
b oth r unning close before the latera l edge of the upper surface of
t e el t r

h
a ; thus the epipl eurae I n the hinder part are vertical and
e xcessively narrow and if they be so u ght by lo oking down upon
,

t e u nde r su rf a ce of the insect they cann o t be seen at all

m
.

Sedan ( South Australia) 5 ta ken by Mr B S R othe . . .

M
h
i n conspi cu a , sp nov O blonga ; sa t nitida ; fusca , sub tus
. .

y
ob scuri or , a nte nn i s a i ce
p v ers u s pi ce sce ntib u s capite v ix

p erspicue , p
r ot or a ce s ub t il i u s sa t sparsim e l t ri s cr a ssi u s

L L
,

s a t leviter sa t crebre ,
p u n ctul a ti s on g, g
l 5 lat g 1 .
.

. . .

C ompared with M a ngu l a ta , the antennae are evidently shorter

m
a nd the proth orax is more transver se about twice as wide as long
( ),
with the posterior angles less dentiform T e puncturation i s

h
.

not much di fferent from that of M a ngu l a ta , but see s to be a

h
little less strongly i p ressed T e epipleurae are lik e those of
M di v i sa T e other structural characters see e d to be iden
.

tical with those of the preceding three species

.

h yh
.

An exa p le with long slender antenn ae ( n o t much shorter than

t e body ) of which the 3r d j oint is evidently longer than the
2 nd a per aps be the other se x of this insect
Port L
, .

h
inc o ln
. M M
. . e
y p nov
r i cl c O blongo
i, ovatus
s ; niger
.
pr ot ora ce
.
-
, ,

y
fe orib us tib ii s ( his apice excepto ) e t a nte nna ru a rt icul i s
, ,

y
b a sa l ib us 3 ( parte apicali pice a excepta ) te sta ce is ; e l tri s ,

nigr oc a ne i s 5 his crebre minus fort ite r rugulose punctul a ti s 5

s ub t u s parce p ubescens pone medium obso
; e pipl e uri s ox
L
'
r

l e ti S ong 251 5 lat 14 1

.
,
. .
, .

A well marked curved furrow ru ns across fro e ye to eye o n

—

h
the head wh ich is longitudinally cari na te down the i ddle of the
“

h
a nterior portion and i s scarcely distinctly punctulate in any part .
,

T e antennae are about three quarters the length of the body -

.

T e prothorax is in outline and puncturation sc a rcely di fferent

f rom that of Ag e l a sti e a l i ne a ta except in being sl ightly more ,

h
t ransverse ; it di ffers I n the absence of markings and I n the pre
s ence across the centre of an ill de fin e d but wide and deep trans -

v erse furrow which i s al most interrupted a t its i ddle T e .

,

u n ctura ti on o f the elyt ra i s rugulose rather strong and ve r y

p , ,

y
c l o se .

A single specimen wa s sent to me from W e stern Austral ia b

E Meyrick E sq
.
,
.
 mm
mm
m
182

111 . occi de nta p nov O blong

l i s, os o .

y
vatus 5
summo except o ) prot ora ce a nte nna ru b asi pe dib usque
,
niger .

h
capite

t e sta ce is 5 e l tris v i ridib us 5 his sub ti l ite r minus crebre hau d

( ve rtic
,
-
e ,

h h
rugul o se punctul a tis 5 sub tus parce pubescens ; e pipl e uris
a
p i ce f ere a ttin e ntib us
g L o ng 2 lat l l . .
5
. .

y
T e sculpture of the head d o es n o t differ noticeably from t e
s ame in M Ell e r i ck

h
i and the antenn ae scarcely difl e r except in
'

.
,

having the basal three j oints testace ous and the fourth fuscous .

h y
T e prothorax is nearly twice as wide as long a nd has the angles ,

less prominent and thickened than in M Me r i oki b ut otherwise .

,

i s very s imilar T e puncturation o f the elytra is much less cl o s e

.

and a little less str ong than in that insect .

W estern Australia 5 taken by E Meyrick E sq

h
.
,
.

M ode sta sp nov O bl onga ; capite a b do i ne que ni gris

y
. .
,
.
,

y
p rot ora ce p e dib u s ue
q rufo t e sta ce i s e l tr is viridi n i gris
-
, ,

a nte nni s a l is ue
p p q fu sci s ; e l tr i s sa t crasse s a t crebre
squamose punctul a tis ; sub tus parce pubescens ; e pipl e uris
a
p i ce v ersus anguste continua ti s L ong 1 5 15 1 330
5 1 . .
5

V a r Corpus plus minus o bscurum fere usque ad tb tu

.

nigrum .

As regards c olour I have seld o m se en a m o re va riable spe cl e s

,

than this ; all the parts that are n o t black or greeni sh black in .
-

the type appear liable t o be so excepti onally except the tibiae ,

h
( which are more or less testaceous in all the examples I hav e

h
s een and the tarsi which do not seem t o get beyond dark brown
) , .

T e head d o es not differ n o tably from that of M occi de n ta l i s ,

e xcept in having the furr o w between the eyes angulated in t e

middle 5 the proth o rax too is similar in prop o rtions and outlin e , , ,

e xcept that its fr o nt margin is equal to ( not as in M occide n ta l i s

h
a little narrower than ) the base ; it is however much m o re , ,

S paringly punctured and has n o transverse depressi o n across the

,

middle T e elyt ra are rather coarsely and squam o sely but not
cl o sely punctured ; c o mpared with those of L up e r ns fl a vip e s L
.
,

y
,
inn , .

h
( which this insect somewhat resembles ) they are more c o a rsel ,

and squam o sely punctulate ; they are considerably narrowed at

h
the apex T e third j oint of the antenn ae i s very little longe r
.

than sec o nd the fourth equals the second and third together a nd
, ,

is a little l o nger than the fifth T e elytral epipleurae are very .

narrow but can be traced to near the apex

,
Al l the tibi ae are .

mucronated .

Mon ol epta cr oce i col l i s G erm must be much like s ome varietie s ,
.
,

o f th i s insect in respect of size and col o urs but i nte r a l i a that ,

species is said to have the third and fourth j oints o f the antenn ae
”
subequal
Commo n n e ar P o rt L
.

in coln I have not seen it fro m o th e r.

l o ca lities .
 m
m
m
m
mm
1 84

In Mr Masters. Ca ta l O gue o f the de scribed Col e opte r a o f

’

A ustralia there are twenty two species belonging to this group

-

rec o rded but besides there are seven others that appear to have
,

hh
been accid e ntly omitted fr o m the catal o gue making a total ( s o ,

h
far as I have been able to ascertain ) of twenty nine -
.

T e T r i c oso i dce of Mul sa nt contains a gro up E pi l a cl i ni de s , ,

h
which Dr C a puis has S ince apparently with good reason ele
y
.
, ,

ated t o the rank o f a principal division of the Cocci ne l l i dce If .

the Australian E pi l a c ni de s be abstracted the number of specie s ,

o f true Cooci ne l l idce O f the pubescent gro up hitherto recorded a s

occurring on the continent is reduced to twenty two I do n o t —
.

think that the divisi o n of the fa i ly int o a pubescent and a non

y y
pubescent gro up is altogether natural but as it happens acci ,

m
de ntl that present paper has to d o o nl y with the former
( Owing t o my having no new species of the latter before me ) it ,

h
will be conve ni ent to my present purp o se by accepting that
division to av o id having to distin guish the new genera and species
befo re me from any of t e n o n pubescent gr o up -
.

D r E richsen was the first to describe Australian insects of this

r o up In his B eitrag zur I n se cte n Fauna von V a ndi e e ns
g
-
.

y
land ( 1842) he describes three species a s members of the genus
Sc nn s . In 1 851 M Mul sa nt in his gre at work Species de s
.
, ,
“

h
”
Col é opté re s T r i er e s se cu r ip a lpe s characterised seven additi o nal
’
'
,

h
species apportioned among three genera and in a supplement to ,

t e same two years later added f o ur more

, ,
In 1 859 M . .

B o e a nn described an ad di ti o nal species ; in 1874 Mr Crotch

h
.

( in his“
R evision o f the Coccinellid ae another si x and finally ,

in 1876 Dr C a pui s ( G e n Col xii ) one m o re still O f these

. . . . .
,

tw o are attributed by their author to o ur own colony one is ,

stated t o be fro m Ne w South W ales o ne from V ictoria one fro m , ,

W estern Australia while three are T asmani an and seven come

, ,

h
fr o m Q ueensland the remainder being vaguely se t down a s in
,

habiting Australia .
”

T e Australian Cooci ne l l i dce that have received names have

been m o re fortunate than many o f our Col e opte r a in having bee n

h
i ntelligibly desc ri bed and there are c o mparatively few wh o se
,

identification is atte nded with much uncertainty 5 I trust that I

h
may prove to have maintained this excellent characte r for t e

h
group in the descripti o ns that I now o ffer to the Society .

T e principal difficulty that I have encountered in deali ng wi th

the foll owin g species a s been their apportion e nt into genera .

I am of Opi ni on that a large number of new generic names will b e

e ventually requir e d f o r the Australian pubescent Cocci ne l l i dce b ut ,

I do not think that the w o rk o f providing them i s one that it

would be wi se fo r a student resident in Australia to undertake .

Such c o ntributi ons to science if they are to be of permanent ( or

,
g
m
h
p

m
mm
er h

enera
c or din l
aps

g
I

that
it
should

y
their
will be
sa

locati
found
o
o

n
f a n

there
that
)

I
val

would
have
: number of the Coleoptera described to the genera Sc

R/
ue

be
y y
must
t han l o cal fa una and can hardly be made profitably by any wh o

p rinciple of referring the new

,
have

ave not access to the vast collections that are stored in the great
u seums of E urope R ec o gnising t i s fact I have adopted t e
species
.

I have
ing genera wherever it i s at all possible to do so adding a s full
i nformation a s I can give of the characters that render their posi
t ion in those genera only provisional
to describe
1 85

r egard to mor e

I propose new generic

names only for insects which would be so out of place i n know n
likely
attributed

i i z ob i n s although some at least of them can hardly be con

T o Sc y
,

side r e d truly c o ngeneric with E uropean types

to
by

n u s I have referred all the species before me present

i
far
to

slead
the
h
exist

A o
larger
nn s and

,
.

.
,

y
h

m
i ng the following combinati o n of characters E yes neithe r

m
—

h
c o arsely granulated nor Oblique in position 5 antenn ae short of

m
,

n o t less than ten j oints epipleurae devoid of well de fine d foveae ; -

prosternum not provided wi th a prolongation covering the mout

o rgans in repose mesosternum not carinate longitu dinally ;
,

suture between the first and second ventral segments obliterated ,

( or at least much enfeebled ) in the middle ; claws a p pendiculate ;

h y
base of antennae exposed .

Al l the S pecies I have attributed to So nn s c o rres pond with

t e above formula with the exception of the last which differs I n
, ,

s pecified respe cts W ere it not for that species I might add to
.

the formula abdominal lamellae incomplete

“
In some respects .

( especially the structure of the prosternum ) the insects thus a s

soci a te d di ffer much i n te r se as I have in d i cated by dividing them

,

h
into subgeneric groups to which however I have th o ught it better
, , ,

h
n ot to apply names .

T e following I have treated as the essential characters o f

R i z ob i n s E yes coarsely granulated and oblique in p o sition 5
—

a ntenn ae more or less long of eleven j oints epipleur ae devoid o f

; ,

well defined foveae ; prosternum not with a pro longation covering

y
the mouth organs in repose ; mesosternum n o t carinate longi
tudin a l l s uture between the first and second ventral segments ,

h
not noticeably enfeebled in the middle 5 claws appendi culate 5
base of antennae expose d ; tibiae more or less slender .

T e species in my hands presenting the above characters differ

c onsid e ra bly in so e respects i n te r se enabling me to group them ,

i n secti o ns that ( unless intermediate fo r s be subsequently found)

would see t o be of generic value

hh
.

s pe
Ib
i
c e s,
e

h
o
h
t
Ih
li e veh t
we ve r
a

,
In a l l ca se s

a ve
ty consist of e le ve n j oi nts ; in t e ca se of se v e ra l
e

b e e n una b l e to sa tisfy yse lf a b solute ly on t e point .

 m
mm
m
1 86

Mr Cro tch ( in his

.

h
R evisi o n o f the Cocci ne l l idoe 1874) p o ints

yy
out that R i z ob i n s and i ts allies are distinguished fr o m o the r
members o f the fa il b having the anterior coxal cavities ope n
'

behind T his appears to be a very imp o rtant observation , b ut

.

unf o rtunately generally involves the sacrifice of a speci e n for

h
its application so I have not been able to make full use of it
, ,

but so far as I have been able to ascertain the species I have re

, ,

ferred to R i z ob i u s present the character in question

y
.

For five species I have been compelled with great reluctance , ,

y
t o propose five new generic names 5 they all p o ssess strongl

h h
marked characters that are quite incompatible with those of a n
genus I can ascertain to have been previously named .

T e remaining three species I have attributed to E npa l e a ( wit

e xtreme doubt ) and Nov i a s .

y y y
h
O f the remaining five genera already attributed to Australia ,

H poce r a s Pl a t o n s and P/
,
i a r u s are known to me o nl y b
,

description 5 the first has the epistoma emarginate and t e

a ntenn ae onl y eight j ointed 5 the second has the mesosternum
-

carinate 5 and the third has the base of the antenn ae concealed ,

y
t o gether with epipleurae devoid of well de fin e d fove ae I posses s -
.

m
types of the other tw o Cr ptol ce ns ( a Northern Australian
,

f o rm o nl y so far as I kn o w with the prosternum pr o duced ove r

, ,

the mouth organs in repose ) and B ncol ns ( common in South ,

Australia having well defined epipleural fove ae together with a

h
, ,

m o derately produced prosternum ) .

T e foll owing table indicates some o f the distin ctive characters

o f the Australian genera of pubescent Cooe i n e l l idoe
A Fem o ra not falling into excavations of the under surface
. .

B Base of antenn ae not hidden behind the dil ated episto ma

. .

C E pipleurae devoid of well de fine d foveae

.
-
.

D Antenn ae fo rmed of more than eight j oints

. .

E Mesosternum n o t longitudinally carin ate

. .

F Prosternum not produced t o cover the m o uth

.

organs
G L
.

ength of antennae excee di ng width of

.

h
space between the eyes .

H E yes very coarsely granulated . .

R i z ob i n s
HH . E yes m o re o r less finely granulated .

E upa l e a

GG . Lngth of anten
e e not exceeding width
na
of S pace betwee n the eyes .

I Sutur e between first and sec o n d

.

ventral segments enfeebled or

y
oblit e rate d in the middl e .

Sc nus .
 m
mm
1 88

s cutellum and in the claws , T hese latter are unusually small .

,

a n d so bent under the last j oint of the tarsi that I found them
.

e xceedingly di fficult to examine I think however that they .

, ,

.
are certainly appendiculate with the inner apex of the basal ,

piece somewhat produced while in E npa l e a they are said to be ,

b ifid with the inner division S hort and basal

,
AS this may be a .

di fferent way o f describing the same character I do not like to ,

f o und a genus on it Nevertheless the present insect is so much

.
,

h
.smaller and so differently c o loured from the South American
s pecies that it can only be provisi o nally associated with them
,
.

h
T e intermediate and ( especially ) the hind cox ae are unusually
widely separated a character n o t menti o ned as pertaining t o
—

E upa l e a T e first ventral suture is as strongly marked as the

hh h
.

others .

E ()
i. r otu n da s
p n o v Sub e i s
p
,
ae r i cus .
5 con v e x
. us ; sa t -

h
ni tid u s 5 pubescens ; l aete brunnens ; prot ora cis disc o ,

y
metasterno a b do ine medio e t tarsis plus minus pice sce nti

m
, ,

h
bus 5 capite prot ora ce que sub til ite r e l tri s minus sub til i t e r
L
, ,

sa t crebre t l a ti s o n 1 l lat 1
pu n c u
g 5 4 .
,
. .
,
.

T e alm o st circular o utline and clear bright brown colour ,

.( with o n l y the disc of the prothorax infuscate ) of the upper s ur

f ace o f this insect render it at a glance very different from any

o ther A ustra l ian Cocci n e l l id known t o me For the sake of .

yy
c omparing its puncturation with that of a comm o n s pecies I ,

a sa that its elytra are punctured a little but not much , ,

more finely than th o se of Rl i i z ob i ns oe n tr a l i s E r In one of my ,

.

t wo examples the suture of the elytra is a little infuscate

Port L
.

incoln .

NO VIU S

L
.

y
N

h
. i din
p nov ,
sB r e v it e r ovalis ;
. .minus conv e x us ; nitidus ,

pubescens ; niger ; e l t ri s macula rufa instructis ; a nte nni s ,

y
a l is
p p t ib ii s apice e t tarsis r ufop i ce i s ; capite p r ot o ra ce
q u e

vix perspicue e l tri s crebre subtili ns punctul a tis L

, , ,

ong

h
. .
, ,

lat

h y
.
, a

h
E ach e l t ron bears a well de fine d o bl o ng bright red spot t e -
,

inder end of which reaches ab o ut the middle of the length of

h
the elytron and which is placed near t o the suture T e head is
,
.

wide 5 the eyes are large and finely granulated their in ner mar ,

g
,
i ns parallel T e prothorax. is rather more than twice a s wide

a s long down the middle

. its front bisinuate the middle b eing
, ,

p r o duced forward i t s anteri o r angles little

,
produced and narr o wly
r ounded off its S ides gently arched and narr o wed to wards the
,

h h
base ( with which they form a very obtuse angle ) the latter being
s tr o ngly arched backward all across and fitti ng into a deep com

on emarginati o n o f t e elytra T e scu tellum i s triangular and .

m
m
m
m
m
m
mm
m
h
189

o derately large T e pro sternum is extremely short not longe r

.
,

than the mesosternu 5 between the coxae it a ppears as a concave

m
h
l a ina scarc ely longer than its width behind with a continuou s ,

elevated a rgi n except a t its line of conta ct with the mesosternum ,

m
a n d so ewhat narrowed to the front where it is ro unded T e , .

mesosternum is u ch like that of O r cn s in S ize and S hape but is ,

h
a little o re convex 5 its front is truncate or almost convex , .

T here is a well de fine d sixth ventral segment and the basal ven
-
,

tra l sutu re is not less marked than the others T e epipleurae .

hy
are moderately wide and horizontal at the base but becom e ,

h
gradually narrower and verti cal dis a ppearing altogether before ,

y h h
the apex 5 they are not foveated T e femora and tibi ae a re all .

h
st r on l co r e sse d t e formerbeing de e l r oov e dfor the reception
g p , p g .

m
h
of the latter T e tarsi are very sto ut T e abdominal lamellae are
. .

m
co p lete and extend back a bout t wo thirds the length of t e
,
-

b a sal ventral segment T e prothorax is not narro wer at its

.

base than the tru e base of the elytra b ut the latter dilate very ,

rapidly immediately from the base and the humeral angle is so

mm
,

Slightly a rked that u ntil carefully examined the anterior part

m
of the lateral margi n ight pass for a p o rtion of the base
Port L
.

incoln

h
.

y
N b e l l ns sp nov
.
,
. B re v it e r ovalis 5 minus conv e x us 5 nitidus 5:
.

pubescens 5 niger ; prot ora cis di idi o apicali e l tri s v ittis ,

h
a cul i s ue nonn ul l i s a nt e nn i s e i l e uri s in pa rte e t s e n
q pp , g e , ,

y
tis v e ntra l ib us in parte l aete rufis ; pedibus pi ce is tarsis , ,

r ufe sce nt ib u s ; c a pite prot or a ce que vix perspicue e l tri s

crebre sub til ius punctul a tis L
.

on g l i l 5 l a t l l
y
'
-
. .
, ,
.
,
.
l 0

A ve ry pretty Se n i d the red markings being v ery bright

,

h
and S harply defined O n e a ch elytron they are a s follows
.

( )
a A vitta parallel and near to the suture exten d i ng fro t he ,

b a se about fo u r fift s of the distan ce to the apex very wide in

—
,

front and quickly narrowed ( somewhat resembling a dumb bell

with one of the knobs broken off) 5 ( b ) a vitta occupying the front

h
half of the lateral margin and dilated at its base so as to meet
,

the sutu ral vitta about the middle of the b a se 5 ( e ) a large discal
spot j ust behind the middle 5 ( d) an apical spot T e red parts .
~

of the epiple u rae correspond with the marginal and apical red
portions of the upper su rface T his species does not appear t o
differ stru ctu rally fro L
.

i n di in any respect and its sculpture is ,

very si i lar Apart from the totally different coloration it is a

.

larger and more conv ex insect .

Sedan 5 taken by Mr B S R othe

h
. . . .

SCY MNO D E S, g e n . n ov .

Caput prot ora ci odi ce in se r tu ; a nte nna ru b asis aperta ;

o culi sa t agni sub til it e r granulati intus sub pa ra l l e l i 5
, , .
 mm
m
m
m
mm
190

m
e pipleurae sat l a tte e l troru i n parte quarta postic a
a nti ce ,

ob sol e tae haud perspicue fov e a tae pr o sternum in medi o

,

m
l ongitudina l ite r depressum ( spatio depress o ut rinque carinato
b ,

a n ust o abasi ad a pi ce a n usta to apice acuto ; mes o sternum

g , g ) ,

sa t magnum a ntice leviter emarginatum ; abdome n

,

se g e nti s 6 confor a tu 5 suturae ventrales bene impressas 5

m
lamellae abdominales segmenti basalis a pice fere a ttinge nte s ,

i nte grae ; tibi ae e t femora sa t fortite r co pre ssae ; ante nnae

a rti cul i s 10 confor a t ae minus breves ; corpus pub e scens ;

h
,

ungui cul a appendiculata .

h
Tinsect for which I form this genus di ffers from nearly all
e

hitherto described Australian pubescent Coe ci ne l l idce by its

m
antennae of ten clearly defined j oints T e basal two j oints a re .

large and dilated 3 much narrower and rather elongate 4 , ,

mm
evidently shorter than 3 5 and 6 a l ittle shorter than ,

y h
4 7 to 9 gradually longer and wider 1 0 pointed
,
From ,
.

Cr p tol ce n s which has very S imilar antenn ae

,
it may b e ,

m
h
at once distinguished by the entirely different structure of t e
prosternu a nd claws by the well defined sixth ventral segment , ,

y
and the greater breadth of the elytral epipleurae in front T e .

mesosternu m is remarkably like that of Cr p tol ce ns near which ,

g enus I think this one S ho u ld certainly be placed .

h
S difii ci l i s,
.
p nov s Sat late. ovalis ; minus c on
.v e x us ; nitidus ;

y
dense a l b ido pubescens ; sub til ius sa t crebre punctul a tus ;
-

rufo ferrugine u s ; capite posti ce prot ora ci s disc o e l t ri s

-
, ,

( apice obscure rufo excepto ) prosterno medio e sost e rno , , ,

etasterno e t segmento ventrali basali medi o nigro aeneis -

L
h
.
, ,

on g 2 1 ( vix ) ; lat 14 1

h
,
. . .
,

T e superficial resemblance of this insect to some of the Aus

t ra li a n speci es of R i z ob i n s is very remarkable H aving only a .

h
S ingle specimen I a u nable to ascertain certainly whether the
anteri o r cotyloid cavities are open behind but as far as I can se e ,

they are not T e prothorax is about twice as wide a s long

.

down the middle its anterior margin feebly concave but rather
,

strongly sinuate behind the eyes the base about half again as ,

wide as the front margin the sides gently arched the front

h
, ,

angles rather pro i nent but not S harp the hind angles well ,

de v eloped and gently obtu se T e whitish p ubescence is dense

h
.

u nifor and rather woolly looking over the upper surface it i s —

mixed with a few erect longer ferruginou s hairs T e p unctura .

tion is a little stronger on the head and a little closer on the pro
thorax than ou the elytra 5 it does not very nearly rese b le the
p uncturation of any other of the com o n S pecies known to me ,

b eing (on the elytra ) about as cl o se a s in R v e ntra l i s E r but .

, .
,
 T h

mm
m
markings on the elytra are best described by regarding t e
e
19 2

m
testaceous portion as the ground colour T here then appea r to .

be the following pitchy black markings viz ( ) A triangl

m
a - —
e ,
.

m
whose b ase coincides with the base o f the elytra and whose apex ,

falls on the suture at about half its length and then is produced ,

s omewhat narrowly down the suture to the apex 5 ( b ) an obscure

marginal border 5 ( c) an oblique fascia connecting the middle of
the margi nal border and the suture at two thirds of its length
,
-

from the base T here are only five ventral segments which t o
.
, ,

hy
gether with the S ides o f the metasternum are finely but distinctly ,

punctulate while the middle portion of the latter is i punctul a t e

,
.

T e antenn ae are very S hort ; I can only c o unt ten j oints dis

m
t inctl .

In my example of the var pa l l ipe s each elytr o n has an addi .

t ion a l pitchy black porti o n forming a longi tudinal connecti o n

-
,

between the fascia and the middle of the side of the comm o n

h
basal triangle so that the testaceous p o rtion which in the typ e
,

appears as a vitta ( running from the shoulder to near the mi ddl e

mm
h
o f the suture ) is here divided into two pieces In t e var j
a or . .

the markings resemble those of the type but are l e ss clearly ,

defined T e p uncturation in both the vars seems stronger and

. .

better defined than in the type and they may possib ly represent ,

a ( or even two ) new species Al l these bear a remarkable super .

h
ficia l resemblance t o R n col e l l n s or n a tu s i hi which however , , , ,

h
besides its generic di fferences is punctured very differe ntly
I have met with the type near Port L
, .

incoln t e var p a l l ipe s , .

o n Yorke s Peninsula t e var aj or at W oodville

’
.
, .

S l u b r i cn s Sp nov
.
,
B re v it e r ovalis 5 pube scens ; sa t conv e x u s ;
. .

y
s a t nitidus ; v i x perspicu e punctul a tus ; niger 5 capite pro ,

thoracis l a t e rib us a rgine que antico e t e l troru l a t e rib us ,

a
p i ce qu e plus minus
,
obscure pice o r ufe s ce nti b ns 5 a nt e nni s —
,

a l is
pe di b u s ue
q ( fe orib us pl u s m i nus pi p )
ce i s e x ce ti s

L
p p , ,

l a tiu s rufe sce ntib u s ong 14 1 5 lat 4 1

. . . . .

h
U nder a powerful Coddington lens the elytra n e a r the suture

y h
appear punctureless but towards the sides and apex some e x ce s
,

si v e l minute and decidedly sparse puncturation is traceable 5t e

y y
puncturati o n is very much feebler than in S n ote sce ns T e . .

h
underside rese b les that of S Ill e r i e ki but the metast ernum i s .
,

n ot distinctly wrinkled transversely M example has a small .

S ixth ventral segment t e first ventral suture i s very fine but

—
,

di stinct
Port L
.

incoln
y
.

S Me r i cki sp n o v B re v i te r ovali s 5 pubescens 5 sa t conv e x us ;

h
. .
.
,

y
sa t nitidus ; crebre sub til ius punctul a tus ; ni ger ; capite ,

p r ot ora ci s l a te rib us a rgi ne

qu e antico e l t roru m acul a ,
mm
m
mm
m
1 93

h
magna ante a pice a nt e nnis pai pis d i b his femori
p e u s
q u e
(
L
, , ,

bus plus minus pice is) rufe sce ntib us ong

, lat 4 1 .
, ., .

V a r ob scu r ip e s Capite prot ora ci s l a te rib us fe orib us

’

h
,
. .
,

o mn ibus e t tib ii s 4 poste ri orib us pice is

, , .

h
T e red spot on the elytra occ u pies the posterior declivity and ,

m
i s not very conspicuous anywhere but most so cl o se to the suture ; ,

it does not quite reach the apex T e S ides of the metasternum .

and the ventral segments are distinctly punctulate the i ddle ,

h
p o rtion of the former finely wrinkled transversely T here is a .

small sixth ventral segment 5 the first ventral suture is very fine
,

m
but distinct T e puncturation of the upper surface is very much
.

like that of the common S fl a vifr ons but appears a little less .
,

h
a sperate .In most examples the reddi sh tone is less decided on
the head than on the other red parts .

T e puncturation of the v a n ? is slightly feebler and o re sparse ,

h
than in the typ e 5 it i s very likely to be a distinct S pecies but ,

may possibly be the other se x o f the same

m
.

T e type was collected in W estern Australia by E Meyrick

l near Port L

m
.
,

E sq the var C incoln by myself

m
h
. . .
,

S Poon i ndi e nsi s sp nov

.
,
B r e v ite r ovalis ; pubescens ; sa t
. .

conv e x us ; sa t nitidus ; ni ger ; capite r ot ora ci s angulis

p ,

y
a nti ci s
g q
a r in e u e antico a nt e nni s a l is
p p fe , o r i b us , ,

h
a nti ci s e t tib iis t a rsi s ue o n ibus t e st a ce i s 5 e l tri s Obscure
, q ,

y
rufo u b ra tis e pipl e uri s plus minus rufe sce ntib us ; c a pite
-
,

sub til iu s sa t crebre rot ora ce vix perspicue l t i sub

p e r

L
, s ,

til it e r sa t crebre pun ctul a ti s ,

ong 14 1 ( vix ) 5 lat 4 1 .
, . . .

y
2Sexus alter Capite ( labro excepto ) piceo
.
,
.

In the type the reddi sh tone on the elytra i s comparativel

Sli ght and i s vaguely diffu sed over the S ides and apex 5 in the
,

specimen mentioned as ZSexu s alter obscu re red is the prevail

“

ing colour of the elytra black being confined to a com o n S pace

,

h
included within a line on either side running from the humeral
callu s obliquely towa rds the middle of the suture and thenc e ,

y h
continued parallel and close to it to the apex T e puncturation .

of the elytra is much like that of S Me r i cki but the i p unctate .

,

prothorax renders this insect very distinct T e mi ddle of the .

metasternum i s scarcely wrinkled 5 there are five ventral se g

ents 5 the first ventral suture is distinct but fine
Po o nindie near Port L
.
,

incoln

hh
.
,

S Ca su a r i n a sp nov
.
B re v i t e r o valis ; pubescens ; minus con
,
. .

v e x us ; nitidus ; b runne o ferrugineu s ; c a pite prot ora ce -

,

( disco piceo excepto ) a nt e nni s

p pa l i s , p e dib u s ue
q ( i s , ,

h
fe orib us posti ci s e x ce pti s) e pipl e uri s e t abdomini s apice , , ,

t e sta ce i s 5 metasterno e t abdo inis se g e nti s b a sa li b us non

n ul l i S pi ce i s ; capite sub til ite r sa t crebre pr ot ora ce vix ,

N
 m
mm
m
mm
1 94

, y
p e rspicue e l tri s suturam ve rsus a ntice crebre sa t fortite r
his latera a pice que versus gradatim ob sol e tius punctul a tis
,

L
.
,

ong 1 l 5 lat 4 1 ( vix)

,
. .
,
. .

T his species is easily distinguished by the puncturati o n of its

h
e lytra which is alm o st c o arse over a small space o n either sid e o f
,

mm
h h
the suture a little behind the scutellum and thence becomes finer ,

a nd m o re Obs o lete in all directions T e sides of the e ta ste r .

num and t e ventral segments are rather coarsely punctured t e ,

middle of the metasternum is almost scul pture l e ss T here are .

m
h
five ventral segments ; the first ventral suture i s fine but ve ry ,

distinct
P o rt L
.

incoln ; beaten fr o m S e oa k ( Casuarina ) .

m
h
S si p l e x sp n o v
.
,
B re v i te r ovalis ; pubescens ; minus con
. .

v e x us ; ni tidus ; crebre sub til i te r pun ctul a tu s ; pice o brun —

neus ; capite prot ora ce ( disc o pice o excepto ) a nte nni s

, , ,

a l is ti b ii t a rsi s u e sordide t e sta ce i s ; metasterno ely

m
s
q
L
p p , , ,

trisque pice is 5 his obscure rufo a cul a tis ong -

h
.
,

m
lat 4 l
y h
.
,
.

T e m o st nearly allied perhaps t o S Me r i o/ ci

,
which h o w ,
.
, ,

e ver is not S O closely punctured as the present species T e red

,
.

h
marking o n the elytra consists of a small ill de fine d and not at —
,

h
a l l conspicuous blotch near the lateral margi n a little beh i nd its
,

middle T e sides of the etasternum are finely and very closely

.

punctured 5 the i ddle is almost scul pture l e ss T e puncturation .

of the ventral segments is moderately fine and close near the

b as e and becomes gradually finer and closer to the apex
,
T here .

a r e five ventral segments 5 the first ventral suture though finer ,

in the middle than the rest is very distinct ,

.

Petersburg 5 beaten from pine .

y h
S a spe r su s sp n o v
.
,
O valis ; pubescens ; sa t conv e x us ; nitidus ;
. .

sparsim sub til issi e ( e l tris latera a pice que versus magis

y
perspicue e x ce ptis) punctul a tus 5 pice us 5 capite prot ora cis ,

angulis a nti ci s e l tri s a culis nonnul l is prosterno ( Obsc ure )

, , ,

e
ppi l e u ri s a nt e nni s a l is
p p t ib ii s a n ti ci s e t tarsis o n i bus
L
h
, , , , ,

t e sta ce i s ong 4 1 5 lat 4 1 ( vi x )

.
,
. .
,
. .

T e testaceous marks on the elytra are very obscure and con ,

h
: S ist of an elongate S pot on either side of the i ddle of the suture
a n d an oblique line somewhat resembling a fascia abbreviated at
(
both ends) near the apex T e puncturation of the head and .

prothorax cannot be seen without a powerful lens ; that of the

e lytra is s i milar near the scute l l u but becomes gradually better ,

d efined towards the sides and apex O n the underside the i ddle .

of the metasternum is scarcely punctulate b ut bears some fin ,

transverse wrinkles ; there is a distinct S ixth ventral segment ;

 mm
mm 19 6

m
fe male ) T hey . di ffer in having the yellow c olouring less vivi d

h
a nd confined to the mouth organs legs ( even these being in some ,

e xamples clouded with brown ) and ( in occasional examples ) the ,

extremities of the anterior margin o f the prothorax T e anterio r .

prolongation of the metasternum appears to be a little wider tha n

m
h
in the type and on this account there is a possibility o f thei r
,

b eing a distinct species .

T e following for s appear to me to be merely varieties or

l o cal races of S fl a vifr ons
var ? occi de n ta l i s
.

Differt maris capite prot ora ce que i nus

y
h

m
.

argute fl a v o tinctis e l tri s postice haud vel vix rufe sce ntib us 5 ,

fe in ae pedibus l ae tius t e sta ce i s Sent to me from W estern .

Au stralia by E Meyrick E sq

h
. .
,

var ? Vi ctor i es Difl e rt magnitudine ( l

. e t fe
°
inae ( mare haud

y
ob se rv a t o) pedibus l ae tius t e sta ce is prot ora cis a ngulis ,

a nti ci s l ae ti us rufe s ce ntib us e l tr i s ue

q a
p i ce v ersus haud ,

r ufe s ce ntib u s T aken by me in W estern V ictoria

. .

S a n r ngi n e n s sp nov
. Sat e l onga t o ovalis aureo pubescens
,
. .
—
,
-

m
y
leviter minus crebre punctul a tus 5 pi ce us 5 supra ferrugineus ,

e l t ri s ante medi u m V aureo con spi cue orna t i s ; a nt e nn i s

p pa l i s pedibus e t a b dominis apice ferrugineus L on g 1 1 .

,
—
1 0
1
,

lat 4 1

h
. .
,

A pparently not a variable insect 5 rather narr o w and paralle l

T e puncturation of the upper surface smoother finer and less

h
close that of the underside very much more sparing than in
, ,

S fia c if r ons ; the middle of the

. etasternum without visibl e
punctu res T e elytra has a mottled ( yellow and reddish ) appear
.

ance difficult to describe in detail b ut in all the examples I have ,

seen there is on each elytron a golden yellow vitta ( very con

s i cuou s in certa i n lights which runs from im e diately below
p ) ,

the sho ulder obliquely to j ust in front of the middle of the suture , .

which however it does not quite touch the vittae of the two
, ,
—

elytra th u s forming a V ( the two arms howev er not quite , ,

h
meeting at the angle ) O n each elytron the darkest colou ring
.

( in some exa p les deep pitchy ) forms a margin on both sides of

the vitta T e suture between the first a nd second ventral seg
.

ments is fine but distinct .

W idely distrib uted in South Australia but apparently not

very com o n I have it from Kapu nda Petersburg and L
,

. ak e , ,

T orrens .

BB Spatio depresso angusto a ntice s ubacuto

. .

S n ote sce n s Sp nov

. B re v i t e r o v alis ; ca pil l is sa t e l onga tis
,
. .
~

y
e r e ct i s sat dense v e stitu s 5 spa rsiu s s ub til i u s pun ctul a tu s

niger e l tri s a nti ce macula pe r a gna testacea nota ti s 5 labro

, , .
 l
p p i
plu s
as,

m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
M

m aii s, tarsis , prot ora ci sque angulis

nte nnis, t ib
minus rufe sce ntib us ong , 1 l 5 lat , 4 1
aris capite , prot ora cis l a te rib us e t fe orib us h .
197

L .
h
. . .
a nti ci s,

ntici s

m
a

laete rufis

h
.

m
Much ore Sparingly punctured than either of the preceding
t wo species T e testaceous spot on each elytron co e s near
.

touching both the suture and the lateral a rgin 5 its front edge
i s separated fro the anterior m a rgin by a distance equa l to

y
ab o ut two thirds the length of the prothorax and its hind margin
-
,

m
falls a little behind the middle of the elytron In S hape it a .

m
h
b e described as a quadrate figure a little wider than l o ng deepl ,

emarginate posteriorly and having its antero external corner cut ,

-

off or emargi nate T e s uture between the first and second ven .

t ral segments is fine but dis tinct

Common near Port L
,

incoln 5 also in the A delaide district .

A AA . Proste rnum inter coxas l ongitudi na l ite r b i ca ri na tu ,

a nti ce ae
q ua l it e r conv e x u

L
.

C amell e abdo inal is haud i nte grae

h
. a .

m
S. osci l l a ns, sp . n ov O valis ; pubescens ; sa t
. conv e x us ; nitidus 5

y h
i ce us ; rot ora ci s l a t e rib us, a nt e n ni s, pa l i s, e i l u i
p p p pp e r s ,

e dib usque , t e sta ce i s 5 e l t ri s piceo b r unne i s5latera a pi ce u e

p q
-

y
versus dil utiorib us ; capite prot ora ce que sub til ite r i nu s
crebre, e l tris spa rsius distincte, punctul a tis ong L
h
. .

lat T o .
a
7
l
T e punctu ration compared with that of S fl a vif r ons si p l e x

h
.
, , ,

y
&c is . u ch s o other and more sparse It is not unlike that of
,
.

S Me r i cki which however i s a wider insect proporti o nally T e

h h
, ,
. .
,

sculpture of the prosternu a t once distinguishes it fr o m nearly

all its allies T e S ides of the metasternu a re closely and t e
.
,

h
ventral segments less closely punctured 5 the middle O f the former ,

is finely wrinkled transversely T here is a small distinct S ixth .

ventral segment T e first ventral suture is fine but disti nct

.
,
.

Petersburg S A ,
. .

y
S Se da ni S p nov
. B re v ite r ovalis ; sa t conv e x us ; nitidus ;
,
. .

h
pubescens ; pice us ; e l tris rufo b i a cul a tis ; a b do ine

y
r ufe sce nt i ; tib ii s tarsis e i
pp l e u r i s ue
q sordide t e st a ce i s ; , , ,

ca pite prot ora ce que sub til ite r cre b ri us e l tris fortius minu s

h
crebre punctul a ti s L
,

ong 141 5 lat 1 l

,
.
, . .
,
.

T e elytra a r e broadly red in the basal third of the late ral

margi n and this red mark is pro longed from its hinder end
,

h
obliquely towards the suture which it approaches ( but not very

y y
closely ) j ust in front of the middle 5 the hinder red spot occupie s
the apical one sixth of the el t ra T e puncturation of the elytra
-

is str o nger than in any of the Sc ni described ab ove T e

.

. h
 m
m
mm
m
198

h
metasternum at its sides and ventral segments are rather strongly
h
h
punctured the former much m o re cl o sely than the latter T e
,
.

m
i ddle of t e metasternum is o bscurely punctulate T here are .

o nly five ventral segments T e basal ventral su ture is nearly .

o bliterated in the middle

m
.

Sedan S A 5 tak e n by Mr B S R othe

,
. . . . .

CC . L
amell e abdominal a e s i nte grae .

S pa r a l l e l ns, S p
. nov O b l ongus 5 sub pa ra l l e l us 5 minus conv e x us 5
. .

yh
nitidus ; pubescens ; pice us vel ferru gine o pice us ; tib iis -
,

y
ta rsoru b asi e t e l tris Singul i s vitta lata t e sta ce is 5 capite
, ,

sub til i te r obscure pr ot ora ce vix perspicue e l tri s cr a ssius

L
, ,

on lat
y
sub r ugul ose ct ul a ti s 1 1
p u n , g 4 5 4 .
,
. .
,
.

Not very li ke Sc nu s in general a ppe ra nce owing to its m o re ,

e l o ngate flattened form and not very finely granulated eyes ; it

i s more o ver the o nly Australian species ( known t o me ) a tt rib u

h
, ,

t able t o the genus in which the abdo i nal lamell ae are entire but ,

h h
I cann o t find any satisfact o ry character f o r separating it T e .

upper surface is of a S hinin g pitchy c o lour in clining to ferru ginous ,

a bout the sides o f t e e lytra each of w i ch bears a wide and

h
,

r ather obscur e testaceous vitta commencing ab o ut the i ddle of

t e front margin runn in g down the di sc t o near the apex and
, ,

t hen turni ng t o wards and meeting the suture 5 the inne r margi n
o f this vitta is better defin ed than the outer so that the two vittae ,

( meeting near the apex ) enclose an el o ngate c o m o n space of a

deep piceous c o lour and extern ally merge by gradual shades of

h
,

h
c ol o ur int o the general hue In one of my two examples nearly .

t e wh o le under surface is red di sh in clu di ng the fem o ra 5 in the ,

o ther it is pitchy with the apical segments reddish T e pro

,
.

h
thorax is scarcely twice as wide as long i ts fr o nt scarcely e a r ,

h
the fr nt angles but little pr duced and n t harp the

h
g i n a te ,
o o o S ,

in d S harply rectangular the base not much wid e r than the front

h
, ,

t e sides nearly straight T e abdo i nal lamellae nearly reach

.

h
t e apex of the basal ventral segment and are very narr o w their , ,

h
e x ternal margin being on the front of the segment nearly as far ,

fr o m the lateral margin o f the segment as the whole width o f t e

l amella al o ng the fr ont margin T e fi rst ventral suture th o ugh .
,

h
p erfectly di stinct is evidently ,
f e e bler in the i ddle than the o the r

s utures In one example there is a distinct in the other a

.
,

h
scarcely distin ct small S ixth ventral segment
,
T e in fuscation .

of the claw j o in t of the tarsi i s ( if invariable ) a conspicu o u s

character T e epipleurae are m o re o r l e ss testace o us
P o rt L
. .

i ncoln .

R H IZ O B IU S .

A Pr oste rnum medio l ongitudi na l ite r d e pre ssum spati o depress o

. ,

utri nque l ongitudi na l ite r carinato .

 m
mm
m
m
mm
h
20 0

m
r e ctis; capite
p subtilins
rot s
p a rsi uora ce
s e l tri s que ,

sub fortite r sa t crebre u n ctu l a tis

5 metastern o medi o sparsim
p
L
,

sub til it e r u n t u l a to t ra nsv e rsi v ix rugat o o n 1 4 1

h h
p c , g .
,

lat 4 l

h
. .
,

h
T e abdominal plate s reach back nearly t o the ape x o f t e

h
b asal segment and are punctured much more sparsely than t e
,

lateral portion of the segment T e flattened ri dge of the pr o .

s ternum is at its widest immediately behind the fr o nt T e .

pubescence of the upper surface is mixed with hairs that a re

s o mewhat stouter and more erect than the rest

m
.

A single specimen occurred to me in W estern V icto ria

h
.

R l oe ti cn l u s sp nov
.
,
. Minus el ongatus ; vix sub pa ra l l e l us ; sa t
.

h
ae ua l ite r pubescens ; nitidus ; p i ce us capite r ot o ra ce
q ; p , ,

y y
pedibus pro sterno abdomi nis apice e t ( nonnul l i s e x e pl is)
, , ,

Si na t uri s q uib usda

g i n e l tr i s
p ositi s t e st a ce i s 5
p r ot ora ce ,

quam l ongiori fere duplo l a tiori e l tri s a ngustiori a ntice , ,

h
i nus a ngusta to l a te rib us i nus rotunda ti s anguli s a nticis

m
, ,

y
r ot unda ti s haud pro i nul is posticis sub re cti s 5 capite pr o

t ora ce que sub til ite r e l tri s minus sub til i t e r spars im p un ctu
, ,

latis ; metastern o sub tili te r tra nsv e rsi r ugat o vix perspicu e
L
,

p u nctul a to o ng. 1 1 5 1a t . . .
,

In o ne example ( the m o st highly col o ured ) the proth o rax is

dark red in the i ddl e becoming bright testaceo us at the sides 5,

h
a nd on the elytra the S houlders t ogether wi th an Obscure vitta ,

near the suture are testaceous ; in o thers the whole pr othorax is

,

h
u ni for l y red di sh and the elytra are nearly uni col o rous T e .

abdo i nal plates are ab o ut tw o thirds the length of the basal se g -

ment and are punctured a s str ongly and nearly as closely a s t e

,

g eneral surface o f the segment .

W o o dville

h
.

R E. va nsi , Mul s . O val is ; sa t conv e x us ; pubescens ; sat nitidus ;

h
s upra piceo niger vix ae ne o tinctus 5
- -
capite prot ora ce ( plu s
,

y
minus ) c o rp o re sub tus a nte nni s pa l pis pe di b usque fe rrugi
, , , ,

neis ; prot ora ce quam l ongiori v ix dupl o l a tiori e l tris basi ,

h
parum a ngustiori a ntice sa t a ngusta to l a te rib us sub re ctis
, , ,

y
angulis a nticis r otunda tis sub pro inul is posti cis ob tusis ,

capite prot ora ce que cre b rius sub fortite r e l t ris crebre sa t ,

forti te r ( latera versus praesert im ) punctul a tis ; meta ste rn o

me di o ( a nti ce praesertim ) fo rti ns cre b ri us punctul a to L o ng

h
,
.

4 lat 1 4 4 1 1 —

h
.
, ,

h h
T e abdomi nal plates are about three fourths the length of -

h
t e basal segment and are punctured mor e stro ngly and less
,

closely than the sides of the segment T e flattened ridge of t e .

pr o s te rnum is unif o r l y narrowed fr o m i ts bas e to the fr o nt T e .

 p ube

mm
m
mm
h
scence of the upper surface i s of a Si lvery whit e

is much mixed with long erect hairs Compared with the E uro
pean R l i tu r ns t i s species is much wider with more strongl
.

r o unded sides and much stronger puncturation

I have re described this insect because the original description
—

i s very i ncomplete and founded on a very pale specimen

n o t think there is any doubt of the correctnes s of my ide ntifica
t ion .

Apparently comm o n all over S o uthern Australia

20 1

c o

,
lour a nd

I do
.

.
,

mm
.

h
R i nsipi du s sp nov E l onga to ovalis ; sa t conv e x us 5 pubescens 5
.
,
. .
-

i nus nitidus ; t otus b runne us ( meso e t meta ste rni s e t -

y
a b do ine pice i s e x ce ptis) 5 prot ora ce quam l ongi ori paull o
mi nus duplo l a tiori e l t ris basi vix a ngustiori a ntice vix
, ,

h
a n usta t o l a t e rib us parum a r cua ti s angulis a nti ci s plan e
g , ,

y
r otunda tis haud capit pro

m
p ro i nu l i s
po sti ce sub r e cti s ; ,
e

t ora ce que sub til ite r e l tri s sa t for tite r sa t crebre punctul a
, ,

t is ; metasterno medio sub ti l ite r tra nsv e rsi r ugato vix

h
perspicue punctul a to L ong 1 4 1 5 lat 4 1 .
,
. .
,
.

h
h
T e abdominal plates nearly reach the apex of the basal se g

h
ment and are punctured a little more sparingly than the S ides of t e
,

s egment . T e flattened ridge of the prosternum is strongly nar

rowed from its base to the front which is pointed T e pubescence , .

o f the upper surface is whitish brown in colour and is -

ix ed ,

with a few rather long erect hairs

hy
In some exa p les the suture .

i s narrowly infuscate and in s ome the elytra have a Sli ght opales
,

c ent gree ni sh gloss T e puncturation of the elytra is less strong

.

than in R E va nsi and R c a ne u s and S lightly stronger than in

. .
,

R l ce ti cn l u s
. It is very S imilar to that of R l i tnr u s Fa b
. .
,
.

R ose worthy S A and Kangaroo Island

h
.
,
. .
,

R de b i l i s sp nov
.
,
. O valis 5 sa t conv e x us ; pubescens 5 nitidus ;
.

h
supra piceo ni ger vix sa ne o tinctus ; capite prot ora ce c o r
- -
, ,

y
pore sub tus a nte nnis pa l pis pe dib usque plu s mi nus fer
, , , ,

r u i ne i s 5 r ot ora ce quam l on i ori duplo l a t i ori e l tris basi

g p g ,

h
vix a ngustiori a ntice sa t a ngusta to l a te rib us sub re cti s
, ,

( a r ini b us sub fortite r r e fl e x i s

g ) angulis a n t i c i s r o t u n da ti s
, ,

y
p o sti ci s di sti ncti s ob tusi s
; capite p r ot o ra c e q u e m i nute sa t
crebre e l tris prope scutellum sub tili ssi e sparsim ( late ra
,

a
p i ce
q u e versus magis distincte ) p u n ct u l a t i s 5 met a stern o
medi o vi x di stincte scul ptura to L
,

ong 14 1 5 l a t 4 1

h
. .
,
.
,

An obscure species resembling R E v a nsi but s a ller and

h
.
,

differently punctured the punctures on the elytra ne ar t e ,

h
scutellum being scarcely visible under a C o ddi ngton lens T e .

h
pro thorax is very wide and sh o rt with its lateral edges more ,

strongly r e fl e x e d than is usual in the genus especially a t t e ,

a nterior angles which are s ub explanate

,
T e a bd o minal plate s
-
.
 mm
m
h
20 2

ne

y
arly reach the apex o f t e basal s e gment and are very spar
h ,

h
i ngl punctulate T e flattened ridge of the proste rnum ( which
.
,

however is scarc e ly so much flattened as usual ) is parall e l sided

,
-
.

T e pubescence scarcely differs from that of R E va n si

Port L
. .

inc oln ; not common An abraded specimen from nea r

L
.

ake E yre seems t o be id e ntical but its condition will not allo w ,

o f certainty .

R L

m
h
. i ndi sp nov ,
O valis ; sa t conv e x us 5 pubescens 5 sa t
. .

nitidus 5 pice us a nte nnis pa l pis corpore sub tus pe dib usque , , , , ,

y
plus minus rufe sce ntib us 5 prot ora ce qu a m l ongi ori vix

h
duplo l a tiori e l tri s basi vix a ngustiori a nti ce vix a ngusta to
, , ,

y
l a te rib us sub re cti s angulis a nticis rotunda tis posti ci s dis , ,

t inctis ob tusi s 5 capite pr ot ora ce que sub til i us e l t ris magi s ,

forti te r sa t crebre punctul a tis 5 metasterno e dio sub til ite r

r ugat o sa t distincte punctul a to L
,

tra nsv e rsi ong 1

h h h
,
. .

latg 11 . .

h
T e abd o minal plates are as in R i nsip idu s T e flatten e d . .

h
ridge of the prosternum i s stro ngly narrowed from its base to t e
front where it is truncate T e pubescence scarcely di ffers from
,
.

t hat of R E va nsi Nearest t o R i nsipi du s from w i ch its

. . .
,

h
puncturati on though not quite so str ong scarcely distingu ishes
, ,

it It is however a wider and shorter insect more strongly

.
, , ,

ro unded on the sides differently coloured and especially with t e , ,

pro sternal ridge wid e r and truncate in front It is smaller very .

,

much m o re feebly punctured and more obscurely coloured than ,

R E va nsi and di ffers from R de b i l i s i n te r a l i a in its str o nge r

.
,
.
, ,

puncturation and pr o sternal ridge narrowed to the fro nt

P o rt L
.

inc o ln

h
.

h
R r uficol l i s sp nov
. O valis ; sa t conv e x us ; pubescens ; nitidus 5
,
. .

y
sub tus ferrugineus 5 capite rot or a ce
p e dib us u e l aete r ufis 5
q
p , ,

p r ot ora ce quam l on gi o ri paullo mi nus duplo l a t i ori e l tri s ,

h
basi vix a ngustiori a ntice parum a ngusta to l a te rib us paru , ,

y
a r cu a ti s angulis a nti ci s r otunda ti s o sti ci s sub r e cti s 5 capit e
, p ,

rot ora ce u e sub fort it e r e l tri s paulo magis fort it e r i nus

p q ,

crebre punctul a tis 5 metasterno medi o tra nsv e rsi r ugato

h
sub fort it e r
p un ctul a to L o ng 1 5 lat g l . .
,
-
. .
,
.

h
h
T e abdominal plates are ab o ut three fourths the length of t e -

h
basal segment and are punctured much more strongly and ,

sparsely than the sides of the segment T e prosternal ridge is .

as in R i nsipi du s T e pubescence resembles that of R E va nsi

. . .
,

but the longer erect hairs are even longer and stouter than in

h
t hat sp e cies .

h h
V ery di fferently col o ured fr o m all the prece di ng and dis ,

tinguis e d fr o m all but R i nsipi du s by the sharply p o inted pro .

- :

st e rnal ridge Fr o m the latter it diffe rs in t e pubescence t e

.
,
 U pper surface eve nly pubescent
B E
.
.

AAA Fo rm ovate ; under surface black

ments which are bright red
,
20 4

m
m
m .

,
l a ziicu l u s, B l a ckb
except ventral
ve n tr a l i s, E
se
.

g
r
.

m
AA Pro ste rnum
. a ntice ae
q ua l ite r conv e x u ,
l ongitu
dina l ite r ne cca ri na t u n ec sul ca tu .

B Species maj o res

. .

In this group the intercoxal porti o n of the proste rnum is mo re

h h
-
or less carina te laterally but the part in fron t o f the c o xae i s

h
simply c o nvex with m o re or less tendency to be compressed ,

especially in t e extreme front owing to which the middle of t e ,

front margin is more o r less angularly pro i nent T e eyes a re .

e xtremely coarsely granulated and placed very o bliquely .

y
R a u str a l i s sp nov
.
,
O blongo o valis ; sub pa ra l l e l us ; min u s
. .

h
conv e x us 5 sa t nitidus ; p ubescens ; rufus e l tris ( margin e ,

y
laterali sa t angust e rufo except o ) pice o ni gris 5 capite -

sub ti l ite r sa t crebre e l t ri s fort i us sub ru ul ose

h
rot ora ce u e
p q g
L
, ,

y
p un ct ul a ti s ong 2. l 5 lat l.
g l —
. . .

T e red lateral margin o f the e l fra 1s not very sha rply d e fin e d

,

h
or c o nspicuous 5 it is continued round the apex where it i s a littl e

h
h
di lated T e pubescence o f the upper surface is unifo rm
. no t
containi ng hairs conspicuously longer and m o re erect than t e
rest) T e third j oint o f the antennae is as long a s the foll o win g
.

h
two together 5 the ninth and tenth j oints are transverse and have
their inner apex produced in a kind of lobe which is curved fo r
ward against the basal part of the next j oint T e proth o rax i s .

quite twice as wide a s long widest at the base which is m o re ,

than half agai n a s wide a s the front margin the latte r m o derate ly ,

e mar inate with angles quite rounded off 5 the sides converge
g
s lightly fr o m the base t o about the middle thence roundly and
,

more strongly O n the underside the puncturati o n i s fine and

.

c lose on the sides and almost ef aced in the ddle of the mes
( f i ) o
and meta sterna fine and close o n the sides ( and very spari ng in
—
,

the middle ) of the ventral segments ; the abdominal plate s a re

about fiv e sixths the length o f the basal segment and a re
-

punctured more sparsely than the adjacent surface 5 the meso

s tern um is qui t e a third as long as the metasternum and is n o t ,

emarginate in front ; the prosternum is rather wide and flat

y
h
b etween the coxae with its sides parallel and finely keeled i ts ,

h
anterior ( and longer) p o rtion being evenly and rather strongl

h
c onvex ; the an gular prom inence o f the ante rior margin o f t e

h h
proste rnum is extremely feeble T e widest part of the pr o .

h h
t horax is fiv e sevenths o f the width of the widest part of t e
—

elytra T e claws are appendiculate but the inn er apex o f t e

.
,

basal piece is sharp and too th like T e middl e of the i nd mar

‘
-
.

g i n of the ba sal ventral segment is r o und l y a nd wi dely

( b ut
 m
mm
m
m
20 5

r ather consp i cuo u sly

) produced ba ckw a rd over the second se
g

m
ment in a l l the speci ens I h a ve seen .

Near Adelaide 5 also taken by Mr J G O T epper on Kanga

,

. . . .

roo Island

hyy
.

h
R su bfu sca
. s
p nov O blongo
,
ovalis.
; minus pa ra l l e l us
.
; sa t -

ni tidu s ; pubescens ; rufo fuscus ; prot ora ce e l tri sque -

ni gri ca ntib us ; capite prot ora ce que forti us e l tri s magi s

etia m fortite r crebre punctul a tis L

h
,

ong 25 1 5 lat

hh
. .
, .
, , ,

T e whole under surface is of a so e what fusco u s red colour

m
h
the antennae palpi and legs red rather than fuscous t e upper —

m
h
surface ( except the head and anterior angles of prothorax whic

h
are reddish ) is very dark fuscous T e pubescence is uniform

m
. .

T e antenn ae are as in R a u str a l i s T e prothorax is not mor e

m
. .

than a third again as wide as it is long d own the i ddl e In .

!

other respects the prothorax resembles that o f R a u str a l i s ex

m
.

cept that it is ore evenly narrowed from the base to the apex

m
.

T e whole undersurface is strongly p unctured the puncturation ,

h
being very coarse and not close on the prosternu a nd thence

m
gradual ly finer and closer hindward till on the apical ventral

h
segment it i s very fine and very close T e abdominal plates are .

h
hardly three fourths the length of the basal segment and are
-

punctured rather o re coarsely and sparsely t an the adjacent

s urface T e mesosternum resembles that of R a u str a l i s except
.

that it is very gently and roun dl y ema rginate in front T e

prosternum is nearly parallel sided between the coxae b ut hardly
.

,
. h
h
distinctly carinate on its margins ; in front of the cox ae it is ,

strongly co p ressed with the angular promin ence in the middle

of its anterior a rgi n very strong T e greatest width across .
.

h h
the elytra is h a lf again the greatest width of the prothorax ,

h
tho ugh the true base of the former is hardly wider than the bas e
of the latter T e hindwa rd cu rv e of the i nd outlin e of the
.

b a sal ventral segment is s carcely apparent T e eyes are very .

coarsely granulated but scarcely so obliqu e as in R a ustr a l i s . .

A delaide .

NE Al though this species differs strongly fro the preced

h
—
. .

ing in any respects its structural differences appea r to be onl y

,

y
in degree T e proste rnum makes a distin ct approach towards
. ,

y
that of Cr ptol ce u s from which its appen di culate claws ,coarsely
facetted eyes &c distinguish it It is quite possible that it a
,
.
,
.

y
e ventually h a ve to be disti nguished generically from R a u str a l i s . .

R occ tl r a Mul s Specimens in own and other collee

h
. .
,

t ions taken near Mo u nt G a b ier on Kangaroo Island and

, , ,

h
o ther places evidently pertain to this species T e followin g
,
.

particulars a re not e ntioned in M Mul sa nt s description .

’

Puncturation of the upper surface very close and rat e r fin e

 m
mm
h h
20 6

but strong ( a little finer on the pr o t o rax than o n t e ely tra ) ;

prosternum as in R a ustr a l i s but ante riorly a l ittle less c o nvex
. .

hy
*
R j nov O valis minus v e x us 5 sa t l i t

m
. a or s
p , ; . c o n . ae
q ua e r

pubescens ; sa t nitidus ; ferrugine o rufus e l t ri s ( apice -

,

h
anguste rufa excepta) pice sce ntib us ; prot ora ce quam l o n
i ori plus duplo l a tiori a nti ce lev i ter a n u sta to angu l i
g g s , ,

y
a nti ci s r otunda t i s sti ci s sub re ct i s ; capite

m
o r ot ora ce ue
p p q
leviter punctul a tis L
,

sa t crebre e l t ri s minus crebre on g

h hh
,
. .
, ,

m
23 3 lat l g 2% l .
,
.

T e abdominal plates are a li ttle more than tw o t i rds t e -

h
length o f the basal segment 5 they are punctured fine and closely

h
( l ike the adjacent surface ) and also bear some large sparse pu n ,c

tures T e flattened ridge of the prosternum is narrowed from

.

h
its base to the front which is r o unded T e underside is closely ,
.

and finely pu nctured laterally the metasternum being nearly ,

i p unctate in the middle the ventral segments in t e i ddl e —

more coarsely and less closely punctured than at the sides .

A large robust species bearing much superficial resemblance to

m
m
my R a u str a l i s from which it differs ( apart fr o m the structure
.
—

m
m
of the prosternum ) in its generally superior size and robustness

m
,

the stoutness of its tarsi and in the epipleura e of the elytra being

m
m
,

h
dark piceous whereas in every specimen that I have seen of
,

R a u str a l i s they are of a bright ferruginous colour concolorous

.
,

with the general surface of the underside T e pubescence .

,

m o reover is of a rich golden brown and in R a u str a l i s is pal e

, ,
.

y
brownish white .

Fowler s and Streaky B a In my c o llection 5 also taken by

’
.

Prof T ate . .

BB Species . i n o res . O culi mi nu s obliqui .

h
R . n i ti du s, sp n ov Sat b re vi te r oval is 5 conv e x us 5 pubescens 5
. .

h y
ni tidus 5 ferru gineo pi ce u s ; a nte nni s pa l pi s pe dibus -
pro , , ,

t ora ce a nti ce prosterni l a t e rib us e t e l tr oru e pipl e uri s

, ,

dil uti orib us ; pr ot ora ce qua l ongi ori duplo l a ti ori a ntice ,

h y
a n u st a t o
g angulis a nt i ci s r otu n da t i s
, post i ci s sub r e cti s ; ,

capite e l tri sque leviter sparsim ( his posti ce fortius) pro

h L
h
,

t ora ce vix perspicue punctul a t i s ong gl 5 lat gl ,

. .
,
. .
,
.

T e abdomi n al plates are hardly two thirds the len gth of t e -

h Ih h t h
h h yh th
hIh
h
i s de scri pti on
T
O
a v e a cci de nta lly i spl a ce d in t e e oi r 5 i s oul d fol

h
l ow t e de scri pt i on of R c a n e u s on p 2 0 0 wi ng to i s a cci de nt
. a ve . .

h h h h
a l so o itte d t e spe ci e s fro t e ta b ul a ti on on p 2 0 3 of spe ci e s wi t t e pros .

h y
te rnu l ongitudi na lly fl a tte ne d In t e ta b ul a i on R aj or woul d fa ll a ong
t . .

t
t e ova l spe ci e s b ut is di s i nct a ong t e b its uc g re a te r siz e a nd ot e r
c a ra cte rs .
 mm
m
m
20 8

into account the resemblance t o an anch o r is o f c o urse les s , ,

n oticeable .

R ather closely r e sembling the preceding superficially but dif ,

fe re nt in respect o f the markings ( which do not seem to b e '

variable ) and of the puncturation of the upper surface which is

mm
,

very much closer and better defined Compared with R ni ti du s . .

the puncturation is much finer closer and more even

T hree spec imens occurred t o me in the L
, , .

ake E yre basin in ,

t e rior of S o uth A ustralia .

R a ppr ox i a tu s sp nov
.
,
B re v ite r o valis 5 sa t conv e x us 5
. .

h y
pubescens ; nitidus ; pice us vix ferrugineus 5 a nte nnis pa l pis ,
.

p e d i b u s ue
q vix dil u ti orib us ; e l tr oru e
ppi l e u ri s pallide

h
b runne i s ; prot ora ce quam l ongi ori duplo l a ti ori a nti ce ,

y
a ngust a t o angulis a nti cis r otunda tis posticis sub r e ctis 5
, ,

capite sub til ius sa t spars im prot ora ce v ix perspicue e l tris

duplo punctul a tis L
, ,

ong gl ( v ix ) ; lat gl

h
. . .
, . .
, ,

U nsatisfactorily close to R n i ti du s but presenting characters .

,

that seem to indicate a distinct species T e slightly shorter .

,

wider and less c o nvex form is acco p anied by a considerabl e

,

h
difference of c o lour the whole insect being pitchy black with
, ,

s carcely any ferruginous tendency ( except the feebly reddish tarsi

and the pale br o wn epipleurae) T e puncturation of the elytra .

,

t o o is distinct In n i ti du s it is very faint near the scutell u

,
.

but gr ows much str o nger laterally and apically ( where it is even ,

rather strong and by n o means close ) while in the present species ,

the whole surface ( even close to the scutellum ) is very di stinctly

and rather closely though fin ely punctulate this system of uni ,

form puncturation becomi ng mingled towards the side and apex

with a much more sparse system of much c o arser puncturati o n
Port L
.

incoln .

R u b ra tu s sp nov B re v i t e r o valis ; sa t conv e x us 5 pubescens ;

.
,
. .

y
sa t nitidus ; sub tili te r sa t crebre punctul a tus ; fuscus ,

h
a nt e nni s a l is
p p p e d i b u s ue
q t e st a ce i s ; e l t ri s o bscur e

testace o nota ti s 5 meso e t meta ste rni s plus

-
i nus -

i ce sce ntib us 5 prot ora ce quam l ongi or i d uplo l a ti ori a nti ce

p ,

leviter a ngusta to angulis a nti cis sub rotunda tis posticis

h L
, ,

sub r e cti s o ng gl ( vix ) 5 lat 31

. .
,
. .
,
.

T e upper surface is marbled or clouded with pale brown and

yellowish testaceous in a vague and somewhat in tricate manner
di fficult to describe accurately In a well marked specimen the .
-

prothorax is brownish testaceous cloudily darker along the front ,

and base while the elytra are of a full f usc o us colour with large
, ,

h
cloudy te staceous markings consisting of an oblique fascia ( much
abbreviated at b oth ends and angulated behind ) near the front ,

and an obscure spot o n either side of the suture be i n d the

m
m
m
m
mm
m
m
mm
m
m
m
i d dl e ,
the lateral margi ns and apex being also testace o us In

m
.

m
some exa ples the testaceous colour of the apex is intensified in

mm
the middle in such anner that it appears as a distinct obliqu e

m
line of al o st v ivid yellow 5 but the markings shade off into the
ground colour so vaguely that they present a different a ppearanc e
according to the position from which the insect is looked at O n

m
.

h h
the un derside the preva iling colour is reddish brown wi th the
breast darker against which the pale testaceous epipleurae of the
,

elytra show up very conspicu ously T e puncturation of t e .

upper s urface differs fro that in R ni tidu s and R a ppr ox i a tu s . .

by its u ch more even distribution the prothorax being punc —

t ure d almost u niformly with the elytra and from that in —

R spe r a tu s by its being slightly stronger and less close

m
Port L
. .

incoln 5 also near Adelaide .

h SE R ANG IU M, g e n . n ov .

m
Caput prot ora ci profunde inse rt u ; a nt e nni s l l a rticul a tis ,

clava magna basi aperta ; oc u li ob l ongi sat fortite r gra nu

m
, ,

y
l a ti intus sub pa ra l l e l i vel potius leviter a nti ce convergentes 5
,

epipleurae sat a ngustae posti ce a ngusta tae conca v ze e l troru

, , ,

in parte quarta postica ob sol e tae contra pedes intermedios e t ,

o sti cos profu nde fov e a t ae 5 prostern u a nti ce sa t e l on a tu

p g ,

sa t ae ua l it e r con v e x u
q in e d i o l o n
, gi tu di n a l i te r nec cari

n a tu n ec depressu ad pedum re ce pti one

,
p rofunde
utrinqu e e x ca va tu ;
-
e sosternu b rev e fortit e r t ra nsv e r
su a nti ce trunca tu ; abdo e n se g e ntis 5 ( basali e t
,

apicali inter se sub ae qua l ib us) confor a tu ; suturae ven

t ra l e s bene i pr e ssae ; sterna utri nque a d ped um i nt e r e

h
di oru e t
p osti coru re ce
pt i on e l ate profunde e x ca v a t a ;

lamellae a bdominales segmenti basalis a pi ce a ttin e nt e s

g ,

uj us cum margine apicali post i ce confusae 5 tibi ae e t fe o ra .

valde co p ressa ; h ae c in facie inf eriori ad il l a ru r ecep

T h
ti on e
e
l i cul a ta 5 ungui cul i a ppe n di cul a ti
ca n a

combination of the following characters places

h
this gen us
.

y
in the gro up B u col i te s of Dr C a puis, viz z— body
p ub e scent
. .
,

h
base of antennae exposed el t ral epipleurae with well de fin e d
,
-

fov e ae Among the B u col i te s the following combination will di s

.

t i ngui s it viz ventral segments only five abdominal plates

,
—
,

inco p lete prosternum ex cavated to receive the front legs tibiae

, ,

not dentate externall y It is also disting uished from all other

.

genera of Cocci nn e l l i dtc known to me by the structure of the legs ,

which have all their femora sulcate down the i ddle of their flat
u nder surf a ce for the re ception of the tibi ae in such fashion that ,

when the fe o ra are reposing in their cavities the tib ac a n d tarsi

a r e entirely hidden beneath them and each leg exactly filling its
,

c avi ty the general surface is quite level

, In the example before .

0
m
m
m
m
mm
m
m
mm
h h h
21 0

m
mm
m
e t head is drawn into t e cavity o f t e proth o rax so clos e ly
e
and exactly that the fro nt margin o f the epistoma i s in c o ntact
along its entire length with the fro nt margin of the pr o sternum

m
,

y
and the o ral o rgans ( except the antennae ) are completely hidde n ;
the structure in this resp e ct resembling that of Cr ptol cc u s
y

m
L
.

m
S . sti cu s
p nov ,
ate ovale
.
5 sat
. co nve x u 5 nitidum 5
ferrugineum pice o u b ra tu 5 longe nec crebre a l b ido
,
- ~

pubescens 5 supra fere i puncta tu ; sub tus se g e ntis ven

m
m
tra l ib us a ntice sub til ite r sparsim postice cre b rius sub rugul ose

h L
, ,

pu n ct ul a ti s ong 1 5 (
.1 vix ) 5 lat g l .
,
.
,
.

h
T e general colour i s a deep reddish brown the head and thorax —
,

pitchy the general colour clouded vaguely with piceous about the
,

suture and margins of the elytra and on the breast T e pr o

m
.

th o rax is rather small in proportion to the elytra 5 it is quite

m
twice as wide as long its front margin is sinuated behind the
,

h
e yes ; its sides are strongly r o unded ( somewhat angulated in the

y y
middle ) and all its angles
, o
are rounded off ; a delicate impressed

h
line runs i l n front of the hind margin T e super
'

e dia t e l .

fici a l appearance i s that of Sc nu s U nder a very strong lens .

t e prothorax sho ws some excessively fine puncturation ; I cannot

y
discover any o n the elytra without using a microscope
Port L

m
m
.

incoln 5 under bark of E u ca l p tu s .

m
LE L LU S ge n n ov
B U CO
[ Bucolo a ffini s
] ,
. . .

C o rpus pubescens ; caput prot ora ci e diocri te r i nse rtu ; a n

h
t e nna ru b re v iu b asis aperta ; oculi sa t agni sa t sub ,

til it e r granulati intus sub pa ra l l e l a ; epipleurae a nti ce sa t

‘

latae sub ori z onta l e s posti ce gradatim a ngusta tae e t agis , o

verticales contra pedes inter e dios e t posti cos profunde

,

fov e a tee ; p1 ost e rnu b reve sa t ae qua l ite r conv e x u in , ,

medio l ongitudi na l ite r nec ca 1 ina tu n ec depress u ; mesos

t e rnu sa t magnum a nti ce truncatum 5 abdomen se g e nti s
,

5 ( apicali prae ce de nti b us 2 conj uncti s longit u di ne ae qual i )

confor a tu ; sutur ae ventrales bene i pre ssee ;

abdominales segmenti b a salis a pi ce a ttinge nte s uj us cum

margine api cali posti ce confusze 5 fe o ra i nus compressa 5
lamell ae

,
h
tibi ae sa t gra ciles 5 unguicul i a ppe ndicul a ti .

h
T his genus is certainl y I think ne a r to B u col u s from which , , ,

it di ffers chiefly in the shorter a nt e nnae in the inco p lete ven

ék
,

tral la e ll ae and especially in t e exceptionally short prosternum

, ,

this being in B u col us exceptionally long.

B or n a tu s sp n ov B 1 e v ite 1 ovalis ; pubescens ; sa t conv e x us 5

h h h
. . .
,

h
I
hh y
hx
a ve e x a i ne d t i croscope a s we ll a s possib l e wi t out i njur
e se unde r a
t o t e type a nd find t a t t e y a ppe a r to consi st of te n j oi nts b ut i t is not pos
, ,

s i b l e to b e qui te ce rta i n wi t out e a i na ti on unde r ore fa oura b l e condi ti ons v .

m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
seg e nti basalis a pice fere a ttinge nte s 5 pedes mediocres 5
21 2

m
h
.

tibiae inus fortite r co pre ssae 5 ungui cul i a ppe ndicul a ti .

T e loss of the antenn ae in my exponent of this genus is u n

y
fo rt unate 5 these members are very short with the cl ub propor ,

t i ona l l large and the j oints preceding the club very i nute so

m
,

far I have been able to ascertain but I destroyed the on e ,

antenna I had succeeded in distinguishing while trying to co unt

the j oints T here will however be no di fficulty in identifying
.

the genus without a detailed description of the antenn ae T e

, ,

m
.

clypeus and cheeks are continuous and formed almost exactly as ,

.

in O r cns T his character co b ined with the following will I

, ,

think distinguish the genus from all hitherto named genera of

'

m
,

Cocci n e l l i dce viz anterior tibi ae simple prostern um evenly con

,
.
, ,

vex in front of the anterior coxae ventral segments only five , ,

body p ubescent epipleural fove ae very well defined epipleurae

, ,

narrow much narrower than in B u col u s) and horizontal leg s

m
,

not received in rep o se in sulci of the undersurface .

m
NE . .
—
I have
not been able to satisfy myself as fully as I could
wish regarding the structure of the mesosternum 5 indeed I have ,

failed to detect any suture between the meta and e sostern a .

y y y
under a fairly good microscope It is just possible that an ex
’

fine suture a have escaped observation but I

h
ce ssi v e l ,

think it o re probable that the suture is in contact with the

ind a rgin of the prosternum the e sosternum thus being ( in ,

part at least ) vertical and only observable by dissection T here

, .

is so e approxi ation to such a structure in Se ngi n and other

genera of Cocci ne l l idce where only a very short transverse strip
of mesostern u m is visible witho u t dissection .

L ovalis sat L
ate
conv e x us 5 ni tidus

h
. a ngu l a tu s,
p s . 11 0 V
; .
5 .

y
piceo niger a pi ce -
,
v ersu s obscure dil utior ; capite
r ot ora ce u e sub til it e r crebre e l tri s pa ullo fort iu s s a rsi us
q p
L
p ,

h h
,

p u n ctul a ti s on g 1 .l 5 lat fi (
l vix ) ,
. .
,
. .

h
T e whole body is of a nearly unifor p itchy black colour t e ,

elytra slightly paler towards the apex ( perhaps only in occasional

e x a mples prothorax is about twice as wide as long its
) T e .
,

s ides very str o ngly de fl e x e d so as to be al o st vertical 5 the front

y
a rgin is sinuated behind the eyes ; its sides are b ut little

y
rounded ; its front angles tho ugh n o t at all sharp are fairl
defined and rather prominent its hind angles roundl obtuse ; ,

the base bears a fine i p ressed line close within the margin and
is strongly con v ex ( or widely lobed ) all across the middle being ,

h
so e what angular in front of the scutellum 5 the puncturation of
the surfa ce becomes coarser and sub rugul ose near the latera l
a rgins where it is perhaps a little stronger than that of t e
 m
m
m
mm
m
m
mm
m
m
mmm
h
21 3

m
elytra T e pubescence is silvery short and sparse but
.
, , ,

exa p le 1 s certainly more or less abraded

Near Port L
.

m
incoln Obtained by sweeping low plants . .

h y

m
CY R E MA, g e n . n ov .

[ Cr
pt ogono a ffini s] .

l
Ca put prot diocrite r i nse rtu ; a nt e nna r u b asis aperta ;
or a ci e

ocu li a gni , minus sub til ite r granul a ti, int us sub pa ra l l e l i ;

m
epipleurae mi nus latae , sub v e r tica l e s, postice gg radati a ngus

m
tatae , contra pedes intermedios e t posticos sat profunde
fove a t ee ; prosternu i n e dio l ongitudi na l ite r depressum ,
ut rinque ad pedum r e ce pti one e x ca v a t u e sosternum

mm
;
transversu sa t magnum , a ntice truncatum 5 abdo e n se g
mentis 5 ( basali e t apicali longitudine inter se sub ae qua l ib us)
con for a tu
; suturae ventrales bene i pre ssee ; sterna
utrinque ad pedum i nt e r e di oru e t
p o sti cor u r e ce ptione

e x ca v a ta 5 la ellae ( abdo i nales seg e nti basalis a pi ce

m
a ttin e nt e s, cu
g a rgine apicali po s t i ce confu see
) valde con

m
s i cuae , conca v ae ; femora f r ti te r co p ressa tibi e i n s

m
u

m
p o ; a

h h

m
v a l i dae , a nti ci s forti t e r a rcua ti s .

antennae are very s ort b ut I have completely failed to

T e ,

mm
m
arrive a t any certainty as to the details of their stru cture so it ,

y h
is better to sa nothing about them it
T here is v ery little .

h
p ubescence on two specimens ; prob a bly however they both , ,

are o re or le ss abraded T e genu s would seem to be allied t o .

several already described but very distinct fro a ll T e concave ,

.

la e llae of the under surface with their margins very strongly in

relief in the concavities o f which the legs are contractile together
, ,

y
with the foveated elytra l epipleura e and the great develop e nt of

h
the abdomin al lamellae are suggestive of Cr ptogonus but on the , ,

o ther hand the mesosternu

‘
i s well developed and the ventral ,

s egments are only five in number T e form of the prosternu .

with a flattened longitudinal median space strongly narrowed

h
-fro b ase to front in combination with the characters men ,

ti one d above will di stinguish this genus fro ,

all others known
to me T e claws are feebly appendiculate and rather large
'

.
,
.

0 . n ig e l lu ,
s
p
. no v . L
ate ovale ; valde conv e x u ; nitidum ;

hh h
h h
T Cocci ne /Zz a e a re ve ry di fficul to e a ine 5 wi ng to
nnae of t x o
’
’
e a nte so e

y h y
h
>t e ir t
i nute ne ss a nd t e i r conce a le d position it is of e n i possib le e ve n to b re a k

h h h
t
h
t e
« off fro a dr spe ci e n succe ssfully for icroscopic s ud D r C a puis . .

hy
ht hyth h y
h Ih
( G e n Col x ii , p 2 39 ) spe a ks of a vi ng use l e ssly sa crifice d is uni que e a pl e
. . . . x
o f Cr ptog onu s in t e ope of furni s i ng i nfor a ti on conce rni ng t e a nte nnae

ht y h
w ic t e a ut or of t e ge nus a d b e e n una b l e to supply a v e to de pl ore a .

y x y
«si i la r re sul of s udy a s re ga rds one of two spe ci e ns of C re a a nd
L
uni que e pone nt of ép e r ne s 15 none t e b e te r for e
p l ora ti ons t e x
a e i on of its a nte nnae
g .
 h L ,
, y
o ng 1 16 1 5 lat
.

h
. 1 ( vix )
,
—0
1 6
.

T e h e ad is wide and flat betw e e n the eyes

214

pro thorax is considerably longer do wn the middle than at t e

h
nigrum v e l pice o nigrum ; capite prot ora ce que sub til ite r sa t
-

cre b re e l tris multo fort ius minus crebre punctul a tis

V iewed fro
a bove the insect has quite the appearance of a C i l ocor u s

margins 5 across t e base its width is more than twice its length

y
.

do wn the mid dle ; the front margin is strongly sinu o us behind the
eyes 5 the sides are widel though very slightly re fl e x e d 5 t e

h
,

fr o nt angles are rounded the hind angles obtuse O n the under

,

s ide the mes o and meta sterna are very finely and obscurely and
- -

t e ventral segments finely closely and str o ngly punctured T e

,

T wo sp e cimens o ccurred to me near P o rt L inc oln

, ,

lamellae under a powe rful C o ddingto n lens appear punctureless

.
,

h h
h
T e

,
h
.
.

.
,

h
.
m
.

'
 m
m
h
216

the deposition of the T ertiaries ); have been preserved from t e

h
e ffects of denudation by thick horizontal beds since the beginning
o f the T ertiary period .

T e presence o f r o cks of intermediate age in W estern V ictoria

is suggestive of the possibil ity of their extension under the great
T ertiary plains of the Murray whilst the existence of numer o us

m
,

inliers of granite running in a line fro the Murray B ridge t o

,

the V ictorian border may mark the course of an old ridge o f ,

Arch aean rocks that acted as a barrier to the force of the sea limit ,

ing the p o wer o f marine denudati o n in its e ffects upon the country

m
l y ing to the north and east of this line Provided the coal .

measures were deposited in the old arch aean valley of the

Murray a barrier t o seaward such as that indicated must have
, , ,

h
pr o ved an imp o rtant physical feature in favo ur of their preserva

h
tion .

h
T e conclusions so far as they can be stated in relation to this
,

h
interesting question are as follows 1 T e presence of coal
,
-
.

detritus in alluvial beds of an undisturbed character within t e

Murray basin cannot be doubted 2 T e carbonaceous frag . .

ments are n o t proper to the bed in which they are found 5 their
lithological character and subangular shape prove them t o be
transporte d material dislodged from formations of an older date .

y
3 If the clay bed in which the coal drift occurs be of O lder T e r
.
-

t ia r age ( as supposed ) it is extremely improbable that the frag ,

h
e nts in questi on which were highly mineralised when first
,

Washed into their present position could be of so recent an age ,

as T ertiary 4 T e proximity o f ro cks of coal bearing age in

. .
-

V ictoria on the eastern boundaries of the great tertiary plain

, ,

p oints t o a pr o bable extension o f these f o rmations to the west

ward 5 No hypothesis that would acc o unt for the presence of
. .

c o al wash in such a position is credible

-
except the supposition ,

that these fragments have been derived fro r ocks of a like

character i n si tu which probably occur in patches of greater or
,

less extent beneath the superficial formations and will probably ,

be found at n o great distance from the sp o t where the first

i ndi cations have been discovered 6 S o far as can be j udged . .

fro m small and s o mewhat weathered specimens the coal if , ,

fo und is likely to be o f c om e rcial value sh o uld it occur in

,

sufii cie nt quantities .

 m
m
m 21 7

m
m
m
LI ST or FU NG I NAM E D B Y DR . M . C . C OO K E ,

F ROM DR I ED S P E CI ME NS COLLE C TED NE AR L

AK E BONNE Y B Y

m
MI SS W EHL AND FROM COLOURED DRAWI NG S PRE PARED
,

B Y H ER .

y
.

[ Co i
un ca te d b B a ron Sir F . v on Mue l l e i M D '

,
. .
,
FR S . .

A garicus ( A anita ) usca rius Fr

L
.
,

epiota) ob cl a v a tus C and M

L
.
,

epiota ) col u b icol or C and M ,

.

Armillaria ) e l l e us Fr ,
.

T ri cholo a ) rutil a ns .

T richoloma ) e l a l e ucus Fr

m
m
.
,

Clitocybe ) infundibuliformis Fr ,
.

Collybia ) v e l uti ce ps C and M

y
.
,

y
Collybia ) t l i col or Fr ,
f
.

M ce na ) sa nguinol e ntus Fr
y ,
.

M ce na ) ae titus Fr
y
.
,

M ce na ) spe ire us Fr
y ,
.

M ce na ) hiemalis Fr
h
.
,

y
mura lis .

Pleurotu s pol c ro us C and M ,

.

E ntolo a l ae ti col or C a nd M ,
.

E ntoloma B l ox a nii B ,
.

E ntolo a e l a ni ce
ps C and II
I ,
. .

Cl itopil u s ca ncrinus, Fr f
.

Fla u la ) v i nosus, Fr .

h
Flam ula ) sa pine us, Fr .

y
Fla m ula ) fusus , Fr .

Flam u la ) cr ocip l dus, C . and M

G a lera ) conocephalus , B u l l .

h
Psa l l iota ) coronil l us, B u l l .

h
Cr e pidotus) mollis , Fr f
.

y
Cr e pi dotus) e pigae us, B a tsc .

( Psa t re l l a
) t re
pi du s, Fr .

B oletus australis , C and M .

Clavaria fl a v a , Fr .

Peziza vesiculosa , Fr f
.

S cleroder a vulgare , Fr .

G easter fl orifor i s, Vi tt .

C oprinus plicatilis , Fr f
.

C antharellus pol itus, C and M .

p
A B ST R ACT

0 331

Pro f R ENN I E in the chair

E X HI B I T S
a fungus
PAP ER
D eath rate
,
-
.

Pro f R ENN I E in t e chair

r
B ALLO T
E

o
Scrub
X

vince

PAP ER
;

D e a th R ate
.

HI B I T S

s nake whi ch he believed t o be D i e

,

specimen
.

fo rward e d a n ote
o f

”
goso a
—

i
.

e ni a

ssn
—

e u
finis ; at 51

O RD I NARY

B ALLOT W J Phillips o n wa s elected a Fello w

.
— .

Mr A MO LINE U X sh owed an abno rmal growth of

.
.
-

W illiam

r ii fr
.

Drainage o f Adelaide and its I nfluence upon t e

.

by Dr JAMIE SO N ( Melbourne) A dis cussion f ol

,

lowed in which Drs W ittell Davies T homas and Po ult o n and

Messrs D G all D J Adc o ck and Prof R ennie t o ok part It
. .

,
,

wa s m o ved seconded and carried that a special v o te of thank s

be c onve yed t o Dr Ja ie son Prof R e nnie said that he c o n
.

si de re d it important that a record o f the t o tal number of typh o id

cases stating locali ties in which they had arisen should be kept
,

a nd n o t al o ne o f the deaths which occur

O RD I NAR Y MEET I NG DE C EM B ER
.

.
.

h
'

G rasby was elec ted a Fell ow

J G O T E PP ER , F
.

and variou s fungi found up o n eucalypts and other trees B A

Z I ET Z very rare night lizard ( Ne p r u s p l a tgu r ns) brown
,

o m

D rainage o f Adelaide and its I nfluence o n t e

.

a R eply by H T W HI TTELL M D Dr JAMIE SO N

.
the M
.

i cr ol ep idota ( McCo )
fr o m S e dan caught by R R o the first specimen found in t e
L L
,

urray

,
1
m
m
m
h

m
m
h

S , sh o wed a numb e r
.
FO

y
.
R

.
.

.
,
21 8

O F PR O C E E D ING S

O F T HE

MEET I NG NO VEM B ER

,
1 887 88

.
.

m
m
,

,
-

.
.
,

h
.
.

.
.

,
1, 1 887

,
,

6 , 1887

.
,

.
natra l ia

.
.

.
.
,

y
h
,

of gall s

yh
h
,
.
m
m
mm
m
m
mm
220

h h
Q ueensland 5 thus making the third sp e cies o f Scorpoe na for S o uth

y
A ustralia, namely S . cr u e nta , S p a nda , S b e l l i cosa
. . . Pe ntor a g e
a r or a ta . B from Port Augusta possess
ra c i or op i s, s
p ( ),
. I ,

ing a large ro stral shield with a sharp anterior edge and a ,

markedly sh o rt tail H O pl ocep/L a l u s Gou l di l from Port Augusta

.
f

, ,

y h
being the first specimen with proper locality recorded for South
A ustralia ( Ma cl e a s Census for Australian Snakes gives ’ “ ”

W est Australia as the habitat ) X a nt osi a ( found

'

u g e n a .

in the pearl oyster ) from W estern Australia H a rpi l i u s sp ,

.
,
.

h
h h
( a small crustacean found domiciled in a pearl oyster ) with ros ,

m
t rum rounded and s o oth above i nstead of being serrated a s in ,

o ther long tailed cr u staceans -

Pe r i op t a l u s R oe l r e n t e r i from

m
.
,

W estern Australia ( a new locality ) Abnormal form of a species

m
.

o f ray witho ut eyes or fins 5 species undeter

,
i ned 5 presented by
Mr KEM P G lenelg T hree re a rkable sponges from W estern
.
,
.
,

Australian pearling station presented by Capt R E DDAL Lnamely

m
m
,
.
,

T a n tl ae l l a a u str a l i s T e t/L
g a na r a osa R e n i e ra s, p By J G O , ,
. . . .

T E PP ER collection of South Australian Apidopte ra com

prising nearly all the known species ; also a specimen of L
, ,

e b e al a

( o ne of the B o b g ci dce
) which feeds up o n eucalypts in the South ,

E ast of South Australia and spins a very large c o c o on which , ,

i ght p o ssibly be O f commercial value .

PAPE R s Some Ne w Coccidae fro m South Australia by W

.
,
.

l \I MAS K ELL Ne w Zealand co

.
,
u nicated by Frazer S Craw ,
.

f ord 5 illustrated A special vote of thanks was accorded to Mr

. .

Maskell An Automatic R iver G auge by T H OM AS PAR K ER C E

.
“ ”
-
, ,
. .

O RD I NAR Y MEETING A UGU S T 7 1 888 , ,

.

Prof R ENN I E in the chair

O swald L
. .

B ALLO T ower was elected a Fellow

—
.

PAP ER Sponges of Australia by A Z I ET Z

.
”
,
. .

O RD I NAR Y MEET ING SE P TEM B ER ,

4, 1888 .

DrW H I TTELL in the chair

. .

B ALLOT Mr N Maskell Ne w Zealand was elected a Co rres

.
—
. .
, ,

p ond i ng M e b er R o bert W ill iam Chapman B A was elec te d

.
,
. .
,

y
a Fell o w .

E X H IBI T S B J G O T E PP ER .s o me mineral speci

—~
. . .
,

e ns A rare fungus forwarded by MI SS H ICK S By W T

h y
. . . .
,

AN GO V E two honey eate rs namely M z o e l a n igr a

, , ,

a nd D i cce u i r u ndi na ce u
like L L
. .

PAP ER S izards observed in South Aus

. i st of Snake -

Note s upon a Ne w Australian Mammal

y
”
t ra l ia by A Zietz
,
”
. .
,

b E C Stirling M D
. .
,
. .

W B P o ole was elected Audi tor

. . .
 m
m
mm
m
m
221

m
ANNU AL MEE TI NG OC TO B ER , 2, 1 888 .

Prof R ENNI E in the ch a ir

. .

Mr Frazer Crawford introduced to

. the President Mr Albert .

K oe b e l e , the Assistant E nto o logist for the United States of

y
A e rica who wa s present as a visitor .

E X H IBI T S
,

B J G O T epper a complete list of

—
. . .
,

South Au stralian B upr e sti dce By Mr D J Adcock speci e n of

.

h
. . . .
,

Vol u ta Adcocl from E nco u nter Bay

'

T e annu al report and balance sheet were read adopted and

h
-

, ,

Ordered to be printed .

T e a nnual reports and balance sheets of the Field Naturalists -

’

and Mi croscopical Sections were read and accepted .

Mr J G O T E PP ER gave notice that at the next

h
.
,
. . .

meeting of the Society he would move T hat the re co e nda

tions made by the Field Naturalists Section with regard to t e ’

h
better protection O f the native fauna and flora be adopted by this
”
Society .

E LE C T I O NO F COU NCI L T e no i nation and election O f Officers —

for the ensuing year wa s as follows z President Prof R ennie —

, .
,

D Sc F C S 5 V ice Presidents H T W hittell M D and E

. .
,
. . . C -
,
. .
, . .
, . .

Stirling M D ; H on T reasurer W alter R utt C E 5 H on Secre

tary W L Cleland M B 5 Members of Council Prof T ate
h
,
. . .
, , . .

. .
.
,
.
, , .

M A W H owc in
,

W B Poole Charles T odd . .

, , . .
, .
,

D B Ada mson R e v T hos Blackburn B A

. .
,
. .
,
. .

PR E S ID ENT S A D DRE SS Prof R ENNI E D Sc gave an address ’

—
.
,
. .
,

on the R elations between Che i cal Science and some Colonial

”
Industries

h
.

PAP ER S O n Austra lian Coleoptera with D escriptions of

.
,

Ne w Species by R e v T homas Blackburn B A

h
On t e ,
.
,
. .

O ccurrence of Drift Coal in the V alley of the Murray by W , .

H owc in F G S G astrop o ds of the O lder T ertiary of Aus “

Additions to the L
. .
,

tra l i a part II 5,
amellibranchi ata of South .
‘

Austral ia with D escriptions of Ne w Species 5 Ad di tions to ” “

the Flora O f Port L incoln 5 Plants of the L

,
” ”
ake E yre Basin 5 “

D efinition of Ne w Species of Plants 5 A Census of the

“ ” “

Molluscan Fauna of Australia 5 D escriptions O f Ne w G enera ” “

and Species of Australian Mollusca by Prof T ate F G S , .

, . . .
 h
h
Co uncil has the pleasure of rep o rting that t e w o rk o f t e
T o
So ciety has been carried on successfully during the past year
T e following papers have b een laid before the S o ciety
deep drainage o f the City of Adelaide and its influence o n the
death rate of the city by D r Ja i e son of Melbourne 5 R e ply
-

showing certain fallacies in D r Ja ie son s paper ”

T e
A NNU A

,
.
222

LR E

m PO R T

,
.

h h
h .

m
by D r ’

Whittell ; L ist of fungi collected near L

.
, .

ake B o nney by Miss

W ehl by Baron v Mueller 5 O n the Nomenclature of Austra
,
”
. .

lian Fauna by R e v T hos Blackburn B A 5 Surface features

of the District o f Nuriootpa by J G O T epper E L
. .
,
.
,

S 5 On ,
. . .
,
. . .

the composition of so called Australian R ubies by Prof -

‘
,
’
.

R e nnie D Sc 5 D escription of an automatic R iver G auge by

”
. .
, ,

T hos Parker C E 5 O n the Sponges of Australia by A Zietz ;

”

L
.
.
, ,
.

ist O f Snake lizards in South Australia by A Zietz 5 Some -

m
, .

n e w Coccid ae of South A ustralia by W M Maskell of Ne w ,

”
. .
,

Zealand D escription O f a new mammal by E C Stirling

m
,
. .
,

MD ; . O n Australian Coleoptera with descriptions of new

.
,

S pecies by R e v T hos Blackburn B A 5 G astropods of the

,
. .
,
.
“

O lder T ertiary O f Australia Part by Prof T ate F C S 5

Additions to the L
, . . .
, .

amellibranchiata of South A ustrali a by

A dditions to the Flora of Port L
,

y
Prof T ate incoln “

Prof T ate F G S 5 Plants of the L

.
, ,
”
b . ake E yre Basin by
, . .
,

Prof T ate .
5 D efinitions of new species
,
of Plants by ,

Prof T ate . A Census O f the Molluscan Fauna of

,

Australia by Prof T ate F G S 5 Description of new G enera

,
”
.
,
“

and Species O f Australian Mollusca by Prof T ate F G S 5

h
”
,
. . . .

R emarks on the Coal drift o n the Murray Flats by W -

,
.

H o wc i n, F C S . . .

D uring
the year there have been presented to the notice of the

h h
Fellows and members many new and interesting exhibits of

h
natural history chiefly procured by J G O T epper and
,
. . .
,

A Zietz
. T e Council a s m u ch pleasure in noticin g that an
.

h
attempt was made during t e year to utilise the services of the
SS Protector in dredgi n g some of the deeper portions of the
.

s eas adjacent to our coasts T e results were eminently gratify .

ing as shown by some of the rare and unique specimens that have
,

already been exhibited It was also a atter for congratulation .

that these dredgings were under the scientific direction of Mr A . .

h
Zietz assisted by Dr Stirling who was for tunately able to a c

h
.
, ,

co p any the expedition Amongst other e x hibits may be .

mentioned a ni g t li z a rd ( Ne p r ur u s pl a tgu r u s) by A Zietz ; .

D i e e ni a i cr ol epi cl ota from Sedan by A Zietz being the fir st ,

.
,
 mm
m
224

m
their members h o w t o become ultimately working Fellows and

m
m
leaders in the parent Society .

D uring the past year the library has been enriched by

numerou s additional works and the proceedings of the various
scientific Societies Am o ngst other books may be mentioned the

m
m
.

Iconography O f Australian Species of A caci a and C o gnate

G enera ( eight decades ) by Baron v M ueller ; ,
D escriptive .

Catalogue of the Med us ae of Au stralian Seas by B von

L

m
,
.

Bulletin of the Muse u o f Comparative Zoology

h
e nde nfe l d 5
“
,

Fourth A nnual R eport of the B ureau of

”
H arvard College ;
'

E thnology ,
Smithsonian Institute 5 T e U S G eological “
.

Surveys Monographs 5 and the E ucalypts of A ustralia by”

h
, ,

Baron v Mueller
. .

T e Co uncil has continued to authorise the execution of m o re

plates to illustrate the second part of Prof T ate s paper on the

h
’
.

G astropods of the O lder T ertiary of Australia

”
It is a matter .
'

for congratulation that Prof T ate s labours have enabled t e .

’

Council to expend the oney in so advantageous a manner .

You r C o uncil also thinks that it is matter for great sa tisfa c

ti o n that o ne of our Fellows ( D r W hittell ) was able from his .

y
position as President of the Central Board of H ealth to com ,

l e t el disprove the opinion advanced by D r Ja i e s on of Me l

p .
,

bourne viz that the deep drainage of the City of A delaide wa s

,
.
,
-

h
n o t the success it was thought to be as a fact o r in dimi ni sh ing
the mortality rate Not only 1 s the atter an important one t o
.

the City of Adelaide itself b ut also as helping to strengthen t e

,

hands of the E xecutive 1n places not yet provided with the same

h
ad i rable syste .

T e Counc il has deemed it advisable t o cause certain volumes

Proceedings ( NO S 1 5 6 ) to be withdrawn ”

h
o f the Society s ’
, ,

fro m sale on account of the li ited number of copies on hand .

I n future these vol umes will not be parted with u nl ess t e ,

special per i ssion of the Council has been obtained A uniform .

h
p rice has also been fixed for the other annual volu e s which can ,

always be obtained fro the Secretary .

h
T e Council cannot refrain from allud ing to the fact that the
first meeting of the Australian A ssociation of Science lately held

h
,

in Sydney a s now become a matter of history

,
It is also .

gratifyin g to n o te that the various Fell ows of t i s Society took a

prominent part in the inaugural proceedi ngs Prof R enni e being ,
.

a V ice President Prof T ate the President of the Biological Sec

-
,
.

h
tion and Prof Bragg holding the important position of r e pre
,
.

s e nta ti v e delegate on the Co u ncil .

T e Society will be pleased to note fr o m the H on T reasurer s

’
.

s tatement that the rec e ipts this year have been larger than for

any pre v1 0 us o ne .
 m
m
mm
m
m
P R E S I D E NT S A D D R E S S ’

m
.

h
PROFE SS O R R ENNI E read i s annual Presidential address a s
follows

m
It is with feelings of some regret that I am here this evening

m
to deliv er the annual address as President of the R oyal Society
of South Au stralia 5 regret I mean that I have not been able to
, ,
,

y
do so much as I would like to h a ve done to pro ote its interests .

M fail ure to do o re has arisen partly from the multiplicity of

'

other d uties to which I have been obliged t o give attention during

the past two years and partly from the fact that the subj ects
,

dealt with by the Fellows who have come before us here have

m
been for the o st part connected with a depar tment of science
“

with which I a far from fa i liar viz Natura l H istory T his ,

.
, .

must always be more or less a principal subj ect with a young

Society in a new country It is therefore with great satisfa ction
.
,

I think that we sho uld welcome a s two new embers of counci l

,

for the ens u ing y e ar two gentle e n who are ze a lo u s students of

the natural sciences and to one of whom the So ciety owes a great
,

deal of what success has attended its meetings if not its actual ,

y
existence in past years
,
.

y
T urni ng now to those matters on which I a t o address ou

h
this evening let me sa first that I had considerable difficulty in

h
,

the choice of a subj ect scarcely knowing what would prove most
,

i nteresting to this au di ence It a s v ery appropriately been t e

.

custo o n similar occ a sions to give so e account of the advances

made during the past year o r years in the subj ect with which the
speaker is most familiar but in this c a se such a course would have
,

n ecessitated s u ch an account of the more abstruse portions o f

chemistry as could scarcely have been condensed into the li its

y
of such an address as this even if they proved of s ufficient inte
,

y
rest to the maj ority of hearers .

After some deliberation I have decided to sa a few words on

the present state o f some o f th o se industries of these coloni es in
which chemical science is mo re or less involved and in some case s ,

to suggest what seem to me to b e the possibilities of economy a nd

development in the future I do not claim originality nor do I
.
,

claim to be in a p o sition to discuss f ully all the circumstances of

e ach case but si
,
ply venture to hope that by drawing attention
to certain facts some few may be induced to think over the possi b i
l itie s of future improvement and perchance t o take steps to bring
, , ,

a b o ut practical advances in o ur industrial pr o cesses If s ome o f .

P
 mm
226

m
the sugge sti on s S hould be pr o ved t o be impracticable owing t o
l o cal circumstances at least n o harm can be done by having them
,

under discussi o n .

AGR IC ULTUR AL AND P AS TOR AL

m
.

W hat is the condition of affairs in this colony I s the yield of

wheat anything like what it used to be ? O n all sides we hear
statements of the great differences between the yields of earlier
and later years It goes without saying that a great deal depends
.

upon the rainfall Nothing can be done without water and it is

.
,

a matter of satisfaction that the settlers in the colonies are

h
gradually becoming alive to the absolute necessity for better water
conservati o n But given fair average seasons how is the falling

m
.
,

off in the cr o ps to be accounted for z T e obvious answer is

’
.

y
E xhaustion of the soil But what are its causes and are there

m
mm
.
,

y
a n re e dies l E very year sees the export from this colony of
“
.

thousands of tons o f wheat to sa nothing of other cereals Now

h
,
.

e very t o n of wheat contains on an average about 1 8 lb of ph o s .

orus oxide and 7 lb of p o tash Both of these substances in

p . .

h
c ertain f o rms of combination are essential elements in a fertile

soil 5 but they are only present in very small quantities even in
t e best land Besides this a n ot inconsiderable quantity of
.

potash is carried off with all the unwashed wool that leaves o ur
s hores If this is to go on without s o me compensation the yield
.

o f cereals grasses &c must inevitably beco

, ,
e s aller and smaller
.
, ,

and the crops will be rendered more liable to be attacked by

parasitic diseases Deeper ploughing will do something for a time
.
,

but only for a time 5 something more is necessary In many .

cases I fear in most cases nothing is being done to make up for

, ,

the loss Nothing in fact can be done except by the addition of

.
,

natura l or artificial manu res and syste atic fa r i ng T his of .

,

c ourse involves careful preservation of all a terials which can in

any way be applied to manurial purposes In this last respect .

there is great want of care If anything successful is to be d o ne .

with working men s blo cks and such comparatively small tracts
’

of land as are likely to be benefited by the Beetaloo and such like

irrigation schemes careful cultivation is absol utely necessary for
, ,

water alone will not supply all that is needful for the growth of
crops W hat are the facts in o st cases ? L
. ittle or no care is
ta ken to utilise farmyard manure to the best advantage yet this ,

i s a form of anure e inently adapted for most p u rposes con ,

t a i ning as it does nitrogen co p ounds and phosphates in a form

e speci a lly suitable for assi ilation by plants W ood ashes which .
,

h
c ontain a considerable proportion of potash salts and of which a ,

not inconsiderable quantity is produ ced every year in every farm

house are thrown out anywhere and every where T e sa e is
,
.

t rue of b o nes W ith a little extra trouble they could be all burnt
.
,
 m
mm
m
m
228

m
e le e ntary character to say nothing of investigation and exter
, ,

nally with one O f the worst pieces of land in the whole district ,,

and besides all that with an endowment utterly inadequate for

m
e ffectively carrying out experiments s u ch as have been alluded
’

to R eference has a lready been made to the fact that potash

.

salts are carri e d off with all the unwashed wo o l that leaves our '

ports 5 but apart from this n o effort is made so far as I know to , ,

,

y
preserve for a nurial purposes the potash salts which find their
wa into the water in which wool is washed

h
Professor T a t e .

drew attention to this matter some ten years ago in some science
notes communicated to the R e gi ste r T e greasy matter of woo l .

is composed of certain peculiar fatty substa nces so e fatty acids

m
, ,,

and potash salts in the form of so a ps T hese latter find thei r

m
.

way into the wash water and here a r e S i ply wasted ; but i n
-

m
,

E u rope the water is evap o rated the residue calcined in gas

mm
.
,

retorts yielding by that treatment considerable qu a ntities of a

,

monia and illuminating ga s and the charred product washed to

m
,
,

e xtract the potash salts which are obtained in a form readily

m
,

A process has recently bee n

h
convertible into va luable manure .

pa tented in this col ony of which a trial took place so e tMe

m
h

m
,

h
ago for extracting the potash salts fro w o o l by wate r and t e
,

h
greasy matter by carbon disulphide T e patentees have pro .

ce e de d to E ngland with a vie w of perfecting c ertain part s of t e

app a r a tus which cannot be obtained here

,
T e use of carbon .

d isulphide for extracting greasy atters is not new but has been ,

tried o re than once and abandoned owing to various difficulties

h
connected with its use Possibly however the new process i n
.
, ,

volves improv ements which will render the process workable a nd

profita ble T e value of the greasy extract depends a inl y on
.

one of its constituents a substance known as cholesterin

,
which ,

is found in human gall stones in feathers hair whalebone & c -

, , , ,
.
,

a nd which p o ssesses the peculiar property not possessed by ordi

nary fats of absorbing more than 10 0 per cent of water Mi xed . .

with a certa in proportion of water it is known a s lanolin a nd ,

h
this s ubstance is stated to be much more valuable for m a king
plasters ointments &c than vaseline paraffin or la rd being
, ,
.
, , , ,

y h
much more readily absorbed by the skin c a rrying with it t e ,

v ario u s medicaments with which it a be mixed A gain , ,

potash salts are so e times carried off in some quantity in t e

” ”
argol or tartar which separates fro g rape juice during
“

fer e ntation T his substance is known che i cally as potassium

.

bitartrate and is in many cases sold to chemists for the a nufa c

,

ture of crea o f t a rtar and for other purposes It is not 1 pos

, .

s ible howev er nay it is highly probable that a continual

’

, , , ,

y
draining off of this compo u nd from the soils of our vi neyards .

witho ut corresponding replace e nt a produce d a a ging e ffects .

m
m
m
m
mm
m
m
h
229

y
ereafter W e a sa fely take it for granted that the invariabl e

h h
.

resence of considerable q antities of the substance in the fruit

m
p u
a s so e inti a te connection wi th the healthy growth of t e
V i ne

F ORE S T C O NSERVATI O N
.

In the atter of forest conservation we a re well off in this

m
c olony and our energetic Conservator of Forests has achieved
,

g reat su ccess in this direction You will have not ic ed .that he is

y
proposing to s upply a large quantity of charcoal for use a t Broken
H ill . T his means a large waste of b products if it is to be -

a de by the O l d method of burning Mr Brown informs me . .

,

m
however that he is thinking of introducing the system of car
,

b oni z ing in retorts and so preserving the liquid prod u cts which
, ,

are of considerable va lue conta ining as they do creosote pyro

m
, ,

ligneous a cid and wood spirit For all of these there is some

m
.
,

mm
de and T here is great need of a supply of the latter article of

m
.

g ood quality for methyl a ting p u rposes the a terial imported for ,

h
t hat purpose being wretched stu ff conta ining a considerable ,

quantity of hydrocarbons which are i media tely precipita ted on ,

dilution with water T e Conservator also conte p lates the

.

p roduction of t u rpentine fro t he pine forests which a re growing ,

successfully in some of the northern parts of the interior Ia .

sure you wi ll welco e these advances in utilization of our own

prod ucts .

P R OD U CTI ON O F T ANNI N .

Another subject connected with one of the produ cts of the

c olony is the prod u ction of tannin from the bark of the vario u s

species of a ca cia T his scarcely see s to be attracting the atten

.

tion it deser v es A great deal re ains to be done in the direction

.

of ascertaini ng the best varieties of wattles which will flourish

under different conditions and above all of ascerta ining at what ,

y
s tage of growth it is o st adva nta geous to strip the tree or cut ,

i t up into fragments as is now done at Messrs Barrow ,

Ha .

craft s establi shment a t E chunga T here has however been need

’
.
, ,

less waste i n the ruthless destru ction of you ng trees which wo uld
hav e yielded much o re tannin had they been allowed to grow
f or a year or two lo nger If the demand increases a s it is cer
.
,

tain to do ( unless indeed so e cheap substitute for tannin be

f ound ) there will probably be a difficulty in supplying the de
,

and P utting in a few wattle seeds now and again on spare

.

l and does not involve a l a rge a o unt of ti e or labo u r a n d a ny ,

a landholder ight a dd to his inco e in the future by a judicio u s

a n d syste atic planting of this u seful tree So e v e ry v aluable .

investigations on Australian tannin yielding trees a nd the per —

,

centage of tannin they contain have been recently published by ,

Mr G H Maiden Curator of the T echnological Museum in

. . .
,
m
230

Sydney in the Pro ceedings of the R oyal S o ciety of Ne w South

,

W ales Mr Maiden is still p ursuing his energetic la b ours in

. .

this directio n and further results will I understand soon be

, , ,

h
published .

O I L YI ELD I NG P L ANT S -
.

T e cultivation of certain O il yielding plants may yet yield -

goo d res ults O live oil has for some years been successfully pro

m
.

duce d in S o uth Au stralia It is a splendid article and is

.
,

deservedly commanding an increased sale T here is I am told .

, ,

s o me prospect of a trial being made with castor oil For this oil

m
.

m
there is a considerable demand and j udging from the facility , ,

with which the tree grows there seems no reason why it should,

not be successfully cultivated T here were some good specimen s .

m
O f sesame and peanut O il from the Northern T erritory shown at
the E xhibition last year Fr o m this I gather that the plants
.

yielding those oils grow well in that district T hen again there .

are doubtless a ny indi genous trees capable of yielding valuabl e

produ cts medical or otherwise but the investigation of such
, ,

matters requires long and patient labour and there are few ,

w o rkers in the field .

h
METALLURGY .

So long as metallurgical processes are conducted on a small

scale as they are at present little can be done that a s not
, ,

already been done in the matter of economy In older countries .

large metallurgical works such as those at Freiberg include a, ,

large number of different processes yielding different products

h
, ,

and all help to c o ntribute to their success H ere the great di ffi .

culty seems to be to obtain a mark e t f o r many of the products .

For example in c onn ection wit the extraction of gold from

,

pyrites the latter can be burned in suitably constructed kiln s

, ,

and the sulphur di oxide so produced utilised in the manufacture

o f sulphuric acid the residue bein g in a condition suitable for
,

extraction of gold by amalga ati on But most samples of .

h
pyrites contain arsenic which can o nl y be partially condensed
, ,

though it often is c o ndensed in E urope and pre served for vari o us

purposes T e sulphuric acid from the pyrites therefore be comes
.

h
conta minated with arsenic and w o uld not c o mand such a ready
,

sale fo r s o me purp o ses as the purer article th ough it i ght be ,

applied in many cases j ust as well as the purer acid T e great .

d ifficulty is that more acid w ould be pr o duced than there is a

a rket for But may it not be possible in some instances to
.
“

combine with the manufacture of sulphuric acid from this source

o ther processes in which the sulphuric acid could be util i sed ? At
Mount Morgan I am cre di bly informed that it is intended to
make the sulphuric acid and chlori de of l ime used in the Ne w
berry Va utin chlo rinati on pro cess If this be the case I am n o t
-
.
m
o

m
m
m
m
232

xygen o f the air with the hot vap o ur o f t e metal ; it being a

well known fact that mercury in contact with ox en at a high
temperature becomes o xidized In silver smelting greatly 1

y
.

proved results are now Obtained as compared with t ose of a few

hy
h
g

m
ears ago doubtless owing to the employment of skilled e ta l l ur
,

g ists ,
b u t that there is a considerable loss of lead is evidenced by
the fact ( if evidence were wanting) that a large number of persons
a t Broken H ill S how some o f the minor symptoms of lead poison —

ing I n E urope great e fforts are made t o condense lead fumes as

.

m
completely as possible so as to recover the metal Probably
,
.

e nough it would not pay to erect condensing fl ue s for this pur

p ose at such places as Broken H ill but the ,

fact re a ins that
there is waste and such waste as might make a considerable
,

y
di fference I n large works empl oyed in s elting poorer ores and ,

we not hope to se e metallurgical pro cesses so carried out in

mm
a

Aus tralia in the future as to render possible the profitable treat

ment of such poorer ores .

CH EAP S ALT .

Closely connected with the possibility of preparing chlo ri ne by

a paying process is the production of cheap salt S urely there .

should be little difficulty abo ut that For this purpose the salt
.

need not be purified at all but the residue from se a water or salt
,

lakes used just as it is and in the h o t dry parts of this colony

,

near the seacoast large qu a ntities of se a water could be e v aporate d

at a very small outlay Moreover I cannot s e e why good salt
.
,

for table and other domestic purposes should not be manufactu red
in quantity as it is on the shores of the Mediterranean by the aid
of the sun s heat alone If there IS a prej udice against colonial
’
.

h
articles there must be some cause for it Probably the sending .

into the market of carelessly manufactured and i p erfectly puri

fie d prod u cts has had a good deal to d o with it 5 and in t i s par
ti cul a r instance the evaporation of sea water needs to be carefully
carried out to produce a go o d marketable article whil e that salt ,

Obtained from salt lakes the result of inl and drainage is sure to
, ,

c o ntain considerable quantities of magnesium co p ounds which ,

will render it bitter and unsuitable for do e stic use unless means ,

are taken to remove these objectionable substances If our .

colonial manufacturers are to succeed it is absol utely necessary

that good articles should be produced .

E C ONOM Y I N T H F U S E O F G AS .

In recent years a great deal has been d o ne in the di recti o n of

h
econo i zing fuel in large works requiring the use of powerful
furnaces It is well known that the gases which escape from
.

ordinary closed furnaces are not completely burnt T e co .

p l e te co b ustion of these gases is now effected by introducing

under certain condi tions a secondary supply of air this air being ,
m
m
mm
m
m
233

m
h
itself heated by the final escape gases fr o m the furnac e s T hi s .

s econdary combustion gi ves a very high te p erature and is t e ,

m
means of an enor o us saving of fuel T e combustible gase s
. .

may also be increased in quantity by causing a small quantity of

s team to pass through the pri ary furnace and the necessary ,

q uantity of steam can be obt a ined by e ans of the heat from the
s pent gases T his principle has been successfull y applied by the
.

anager of the gasworks at Bowden a bed of retorts being

m
,

heated entirely by the secondary combustion of the half burnt —

gases from one of the ordin ary furnaces It is obvious that the .

A so ewhat

h
principle is capable of very extensive application .

si ilar prin ciple applies to economy in the use of gas for illu

mm
i na ting purposes T e contrivances for this purpose are so
.

arranged that the gas is heated to a high temperature before it

reaches the mouth o f the burner by means of the heated gases
resulting from its own combustion It is well known that under

m
.

these conditions a very much better li ght is obtainable with the

s ame consumption of as T here are vari o us types of burner
g .

c onstructed on this principle but they are not easily adaptable

,

to the roo s of an ordinary dwelling house T hey are however -

.
, ,

well suited for lighting large spaces T hey were in use in H ol

l oorn before I left L
.

ondon some five or six years ago and I notice

, ,

that one form has been introduced into some few of the S hops in
A delaide . In this connection it may not be out of place to men
t ion the greatly improved simple b u rners ( Sugg s for example )
’
,

which are easily obtainable at a o derate price and can be easily ,

fitted in place of the wretchedl y di o lder fashioned burners A — .

great deal better light can be obtained by their means with a

smaller consu p tion o f gas .

C O NC LU S I ON .

Fo rtunately or unfortunately we have not yet in these colo

, ,

ni es reached that stage of ou r history in which rigid economy in

i ndustrial and man ufacturing processes and utilization of all
waste products becomes a necessity It is a a tter of history in
.

E urope that in some instances what were originally regarded as

waste produ cts have become if not the principal Obj ects of manu
,

facture at least those upon which the success of the undertaking

, ,

from a co e rcial point of view depends ,

At some future ti e .

this may be the case here 5 at any r a te it is always useful to keep ,

in mind the fact tha t materials valuable in themselves a re neg

, ,

l e ct e d be cause it is always possible that the knowledge that such

,

i s the case may sti u late to discoveries of new processes for their
”

h
u tili zation .

O n the m o tion O f Professor T ATE seconded Mr T ODD Pro ,

.
,

fe ssor R enni e wa s thanked for i s address which wa s referred t o ,

i n terms of the highest praise .

 m
234

Mr . ODD said it w o uld be o f great value to the country

T .

Mr . PAR K ER C E referred to the asserti o n that the wate r

T .
,
. .
,

in some of the rivers was said to be unfit fo r irrigation owing to

h
the presence o f saline matter H e had known land to thrive after .

this water had been on it a nd he w o ndered whether the saline ,

matter had not manuring properties T e Society might properly .

investigate the question .

y
Professor R ENN I E said that in certain cases it was difficult t o
sa p o sitively that water was unfit for irrigation unless an actual

h
trial proved it to be s o .

Mr T OD D mentioned that around the mountain spri ngs at H e r

.

gott and Strangways the country was very destitute O n t e .

other hand the country around the artesian bore at Strangways

,

h
was in better condition .

Mr T E PP ER said the use of saline water was m o re successful

h
.

y
o n sl oping ground w ere the saline matter would not remain
,
.

T e following papers were presented B the R e v T Black —

. .

burn ,
O n Australian Coleoptera with descriptions and new ,

species 5 by Prose ssor R T ate F G S G astrop o ds of the O lde r

Additions t o the L
. .
,

T ertiary of Australia Part II ,

a e lli .
,

branchiata of South Australia Additions to the Flora o f P o rt ” “

L Plants of the L
,

D efinitions o f Ne w
” ”
i ncoln ,
“
ake E yre Basin ,

Species of Plants A Ce nsus of the Molluscan Fauna of Aus

”

h
“
,

D escription of new G enera and Species of Australian

”
t ralia ,

Mollusca ; and by Mr W H owc in . O n the O ccurence

.
,

o f C o al D rift o n the Murray Flats .

”
 m
m
236

DO NAT IO NS T O T HE LIB R ARY

For the Year 1 887 8 -
.

R AN S AC T I ON S J OURNAL S , AND R E P ORT S

h
I— . T , .

y
h h
Pr e se nte d b t e re s
p e cti ve Soci e ti e s, E di tor s a nd Gove r n e n ts

h
- .

B atavia — Na turrkundig T ij dsc voor Ne t e rl a nds Indie ; Pr o

-
rift

L
-

ce e dings D eel X V II 5 A c tste Serie D eel V III

,
.
, .

B altim o re American Che i cal J ournal 5 vol V III No s 4 5

—
. .
, , , ,

6 5 vol IX Nos 1 2 . .
,
.
,
.

J ohns H opkins U ni versity S tudies i n H i stori ca l a nd

’

Political Science ; fourth series NO S 7 to 1 2 5 ,

.

fifth series NO s 1 t o 7 ,
. .

E leventh Annual R ep o rt o f the J ohns H o pkins

’

U ni v ersity 1 886 ,
.

J ohns H opk i ns U niversity Circulars 5 Nos 50 to 57

’
. .

J ohns H opkins U niversity R egister 1 886 7

’
-
,
.

Belfast ( Ireland ) R eport and Proceedings of the Belfast Natural

—

H istory and Phil o sophical Society fo r

1886 7 Nos 20 to 25

h
—
,
.

K o niglich Preussischen Meteorologischen Institut E rgebni sse —

Beobachtungen in Ja r e 1886 , ,
.

B elgium Socie té R oyale Ma l a col ogi que de Belgique Proce s V erbal

— - -

de A ssembl é e G enerale Annuell e pp L

h
XXXI t o
CXL
.
, .

I .

B erl in Sitz ungb e ri c t e der Koniglich Preussischen Akademi e

—

der W issenschaften z u Berlin Nos 1 9 to 44 1 887 .

, ,

title index &c 1 888 Nos 1 t o 20

, ,
.
, ,
. .

Boston Pr o ceedings of the American Academy of A rts and

—

Sciences 5 new series vol X IV ( wh o le series vol ,

. .
,
.

XXI I ) part 1 ,
.

B risbane— A Sketch of the E conomic Plants of Queensland 5 by

F M Bailey F L . S .
,
. . .

Catalogue of W oods in the Q ueensland Court Ce nte n ,

nial International E x hibition l VIe l b ourne ,

.

Catalogue of the G rasses in the Q ueensland C o u r t ,

Melbourn e .
 m
m
mm
mm
237

Brisbane Index to the Indigenous a nd Naturalised

Cl a ssifie d
'

Plants of Queens la nd 5 by F M Bailey F LS

_

. .
, . . .

A Synopsis of the Q ueensl a nd Flora second supple

ent 5 by F M Bailey E LS
,

. .
, . . .

Proceedings of the R oyal Society of Q ueensland 5 vols

I II III 5 vol V part 1
, ,
. . .
,
.

Buenos Ayres Boletin de la Acade ia Nacional de Ciencias en

—

Cordoba ( R epublica Argentina ) ; tomo X

E ntrega l a e t 2a ,
.

California Bulletin of the C a lifornia A cademy of Sciences 5 vol

—
. .

II Nos 6 7 .
,
.
,
.

C a lifornian State Mining Bureau Seventh Annual .

"

R eport of the Mineralogi st for year ending

O ctober 1 1887 ,
.

C a mbridge Bulletins of the Museum of Comparative Z o ology at

—

H arv a rd College 5 vol XIII NOS 5 to 1 0 ; . .

, .

v ol X V I No 1 5 XV I I No 1
.
,
.
,
. .

Sixth Annual R eport of the Curator of the Museu

of Co p arative Zoology at H arvard College , .

1 886 7 -
.

Canada — and Natural H istory S u rvey of Canada

G eological .

C a talogue of Cana dian Pl a nts ; No 3 Apetalae .

, .

Sum a ry R eport of the O perations of the G eological

"

and Natural H istory Survey of Canada t o D ecem

h
,

ber; 1 887 .

T e Canadian R ecord of Science ; vol III Nos 2 .

, . .

and 3 .

G eological and Natural H istory of Canada Annual

h
,

y
R eport ; new series vol II 1 886 ,
.
,
.

Christiania ( Norway ) T orde nv e j e r e ne S H ppig e d i Norge

h
—
,
.

1 86 7 1883 5 a f H Mohn -
. .

Di e Sil uri sc e n E tagen 2 und 3 i

K r istia nia ge b it und auf E ker ; von
W C Brogger . . .

Si l urfossil e r og Pr e sse de K ongl o e ra te r ~

hh h
i B e rge nskifr e ne 5 a f H ans H .

R eusch .

J a rb u c de s Nor we gisc e n Meteoro

h
logischen Instituts fur 1 876 5 als

h
1 887

h
Die Internationale Pol a rforc ung, 1 882
83 5 B e ob a c t ungs E rgebnisse de r
Norwe gi sc e n P olarstati o n Bossek op~

D ublin— T s
h e

v ol V
.
in Alten
S cientific Proceedings of the R oyal D ublin Society 5:
parts 7 8 5 vol V I ( N
. parts 1 2 ,
.

. .
,
.
G ottinge n—
h
Nachrichten v o n der Koniglich G e sse l c a ft de r
W isse nc a fte n und der G eorg Augusts U nive r
sit at z u G ottingen
'

5 aus de Ja re 1 886 ; Nos

238

m -

h ,
h
.

m
1 20
-
.

Japan— J o urnal of the College of Science , I p erial U niversity ,

J apan ; v o l I , part 4 5 vol II , part 1 . . .

T ransactions of the Seismolo gical Society o f J apan 5

vol II parts 1 , 2, 3 5 vol XII
L
. . . .

ausann e —
Bulletin de la S o ci é té V audoise des Sciences Natu
ralles 5 series 3 NO S 9 6 9 7
L
.
,
.
,

o ndon — J o urnal of the R oyal Micr o scopical S o ciety 1 887 ; ,

parts 6 6 a 1 888 ; parts 1 2 , , ,

.

R oyal Colonial Institute R ep o rt o f the Council Fe b —

, .

h ransactions of the E nto mological S o ciety for 1 887

T

m
.

Ma ssa c usse tts B ulletin o f the E ssex Institute 5 vol 18 Nos

—
.
, .

h
1 to 1 2 .

Mancheste r R eport and Proceedings o f the Mancheste r Field

—

Naturalists and Ar c ze ol ogi sts Society fo r ’ ’

1887
Proceedings of the Manchester L
.

iterary and Phil o

sophical Society ; vols X X V and XXV I
Memoirs of the Manchester L
. . .

iterary and Phil o

sophical Society 5 vol X ( new series ) . . .

Me x i co
u
Anna ri o del O bservatorio Astronomico Nacional de

h
T acubaya para e t 1 888 ; vol V II By Angel

h h
. .

y
Anguia sso .

Munchen Mathematisch P

h
— Sitz ungb e ri c te der sica l isc e n
i e der W issenschaften

h
Classe der kb . .
,
Akade
z u Mii nc e n 5 heft I

h h
1886 5 heft II heft III , , .

y
G e da c tni sr e de auf J oseph von Fraunhofer .

Abhandl ungen der Mathe a tisch P sica l i sc e n

Classe der Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie der

h h
-

W issenschaften 1 887 5 vol X V I part 1 ,

.
,
.

y
Do do Se c z e nte n Bandes zweite Ab t e il ung
.
,
.
, ,
.

Ne w J e rse J ournal of the T renton Natu ral H istory Society 5

—

No 2 .

Ne w South W ales J ournal and Pro ce edings of the R oyal Society

—

o f Ne w South W ales ; vol XX 1886 5 . .

,

vol X X I pa rt 3 5 vol XXI I part 1 .

,
.
,
.

Annual R eport of the D epart e nt of Mines ,

Ne w South W ales 5 1886 .

G eology of the V egetable Creek T in Mini ng

Fi e ld Ne w E ngland District By T ,
. .

W E dgworth .
 240

Ne w South Wales — Australian Museum — R eport of the T rustees

for 1 887 .

Australasian A ssociation for the Advance

ment of Science Papers Clippings &c —
, ,
.
,

connected with the First Annual Meeting

in Sydney 5 1888 .

Ne w York — T ransactions of the Ne w York Academy o f Sciences 5

1885 86 .

Annals of the Ne w York Academy of Sciences ;

vol III Nos 1 1 and 1 2 vol
R aising Diatoms in t e L
Samu el L
.

ockwood P Dr
ab o ratory
, 2
By Prof
.

,
h
h . .
.

.
.

Ne w Zealand Index to R eports of the G eological Survey of

—

Ne w Zealand 186 6 to 1 885 , .

T wenty second Annual R eport on the Colonial

Mu seum L
-

aborato ry .

S tudies in Biology for Ne w Zealand Students ;

No . 3.

R eports of G eological E xplorati o ns during 1 885

and 1 886 87 -
.

R eport o f the A uckland Institute , 1 887 .

mahana . By A . W . P . T h omas M A ,
. .
,

&c .

Norway Bergens Museums Aa rsb e re tning for 1 886

— .

Philadelphia J ournal of Comparative Medicine 5 vol

— . V II .

delphia 1 887 ; part 1 2 3 , , ,

.

y
Q ueensland —A ccount of the O perations o f the W eather Bureau
and L ist of Stations B Cl e ment LW ragge
,

. . .

Proceedings of the R oyal Society of Qu e ensland

vol V part 2 . .
,
.

So uth Au stralia R eport of the B oard of G o vern o rs of the Pub

—

lic L ibrary Museum and Art G allery of , ,

South Australia .

T ransactions of the Inte r col o nia l Medical Con

Congress of Australasia First Sessi o n .

y
( Sept
O ur W aste L
.
,

ands and our Pr oducti o ns B .

S Ne wl a nd . .

R ai nfall in South Australi a and Northern '

T errit o ry with W eather Characteristics ,

of each month De c 1 887 Ja n Fe b . .

, ,
.
,
.
,

March 1 888
St L ouis— T ransactions of the Academy of Scie nc e o f St L
.
,

. o ui s 5 .
.

v ol IV No 4 1 878 86
. .
,
.
,
-
.
 m
mm
m
mm
241

l’
T a s Papers ordered by the L
a nia — egislature to be printed .

T ransactions and Proceedings o f the R oyal Society o f

T as a ni a 1 877 to 1887 , ,

T urin B ul l e tino dei Mu sei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Co p arata

—

della R Universita di T orino Nos 27 to 35 39

. . .
,

to 48 .

V aldivia V erhandlungen des deutschen W issenschaftlichen

h
—

V ereins z u Santiago .

V ictoria T e V ictorian Naturalist ; v o l IV

— Nos 7 to 1 2 ; . . .

vol V Nos 1 to 6 . .
,
. .

By the Victorian G o vern ent

Iconography of Australian Species of Acacia and
Cognate G enera By F von Mueller D ecades . . .

1 to 1 2

m
.

y
Podro us of the Zoology of V icto ria By Fre dk . .

McCo
h
Decades l to 1 6 . .

y
V ict o rian Year Book for 1886 7 - -
.

E uca l ptogra p i a ( E ucalypts of Australia ) Ninth .

D ecade F von Mueller . . .

V ictorian E ngineer 5 vol III NO 3 .

,
. .

T ransa ctions and Proceedings of the R oyal Society o f

V ictoria ; vol XXI V part 2 . .
,
.

T ransa ctions of the G eological Society of Australasia 5

vol I part 3

h
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,

V ienna Kaiserlich Akademie der W issenschaften in W ien

— .

Ja rg 1 887 Sitzung der Mathe atis ch nat ur

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—

wissenschaftlichen Classe 5 NOS 20 to 28 and i n

h
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dex ; J a hr 1888 5 Nos 1 to 1 2 14 to 1 9 ,

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, .

V erhandlungen der K K G e ologi schen R e i c e n st a l t . .

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1 886 Nos 5 and 13 to 1 8 5 1 887 Nos 1 6 1 7

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18 5 1 888, Nos . 1 , 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 10 , 1 1 .

V erhandlungen
der K K Zoologisch botanischen . .
—

G esellschaft in W ien ; vol XXXV I parts 3 4 9

W arsaw L
.
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.

angue Internationale Preface e t Manuel complet

—
. .

By Dr E speranto . .

W ashington Circulars of Information of the Burea u of E duca

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tion No 1 5 1887 NO 2 ,
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,
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Scientific W ritings of J oseph H enry 5 vols I II

h
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Fourth Annual R eport o f the B ureau of E thnology

to the Secretary of the S it sonIa n Institu
tion 1882 3 ,
-
.

U nited States G eological S urveys Mon ographs —

vol X Dinoce rta ; vol X I L a ke L

. ahontan .
,
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,
.

Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences ;

vol III part 2 ,
.
 h
242

V
V as ingt on— Bulletins o f the U nited States G eological Survey 5
Nos 30 t o 39 and index
.
, .

Mineral R esources of the U nited States year 1 885 , .

Annual R ep o rt of the Board of R egents of the

Smiths onian Institution t o J uly 1 885 part 1
, , .

Sixth Annual R eport of the U nited States C e o r

logical Survey 1 884 5

Classified L
-
, .

h h h
ist of Publi cati o ns o f the Smiths o nia n

y
Institution .

V
V
urz b urg Sitzungsberichte de r P sica l i sc Me dicinisc e n
G esellschaft z u W urzburg 1 887
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 m
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44

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Cook e , W E rne st, B A , . . .

Cox , “7 C

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Cra wford, F S . .

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D a v e np rt, Sir Sa ue l
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ASSO C IATE S .

H odgson. Mrs . Port Vi ctor

T HE
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R obin and W B Po o le

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s i de ra b l e
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POR T

S w of Na ti ve Pl a n ts
.
L
D NATU RAL

a nd c o ntinues to make satisfactory progress

E x cu r s ons i —

m o st of which have been well attended

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ISTS

O F

D uring

Cleland M B A Mol ine ux R H Pul l e ine E G uest A F

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a

the year 1 2 excursion s have been held

T e year witnessed a
new departure in regard to excursions Previously no excursion
o ccupying more than one day had been made but duri ng the past
year a V isit of three days duration has been paid to Murray
Bridge and a trip by se a t o Kangaroo Island and neighbourh oo d

E ve
,

e xtending over a week

h n i ng I Me e ti ngs
Seven eveni ng meetings have been held —
.

at w i ch the attendance has been fairly go od but not so large as

the Com i ttee would like to se e An improvement has however
been noticed in the number of exhibits brought to these meetings
Papers have been contributed by the following gentlemen
Professor T ate Messrs J G O T epper W L

attention to the S how o f native plants &c to take

place next month ( O ctober) I t has been decided to form a
secti o n of the sh o w to be open only to members of the B oys
Field Club Satisfactory arrangements have been made to hold
.

the S how in the T own H all at the same time as that of the H or
t i cul tura l and Fl o ricultural S o ciety
A P P E N D IX

y
C O MMI T
Section has n o w c omplete d the fifth year of its existence

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Committee have devo ted c o n

of

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0 11t

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SE CTIO N

Y E AR

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ustra a

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1887 8

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 m
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m
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MIC R O SCO PIC A

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L S E CT

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IO N

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O F T H E

m
opa l w
itt of 0 11t stra its

m
( .

m
mm
LR E P O R T

m
A NNU A 1 887 8 -

mm
, .

In presenting their annual report the Com i ttee regret to

state tha t the a ttendance a t the o nthly meetings is still s all ,

as only a few of the e b ers e v in ce any real interest in i cro

h h
sco i ca l research o st of the u sing their i croscopes only a s a
"

p .
,

means of a use e nt or relaxation in their spare hours Still .

,

grea t interest a s been t a ken in the e etings by those w o

attended a nd it is felt that u ch information has been derived
,

from the utual discussions 0 11 the vario us subj ects introduced ,

partic ularly as many of the me b ers are beginners in the use of

the microscope It is u ch to be regretted that the e dical e n
.

of A del a ide do not o re warmly support the Section as in o st ,

h
cities they form the b ulk of the e b ers of the i croscopical
s ocieties a n d a r e the
,
o st a ble and earnest workers ,

T e Co i ttee regret to hav e to report the loss of one of its

energetic e b ers ( Mr R LMestayer . . who has r e
.
,

moved to Sydney T here have been also several other resigna

.

tions thro ugh re oval to the other colonies during the year .

A o ngst the w e would mention Mr H C Mais l a te E n gi neer . . .

,

i n Chief who on leaving presented to the Section a v aluable

—
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collection of microscopical agazines bound and unbound which , ,

wi ll form the nucleu s of a library .

Mr Mestayer also presented us with his Beck s Students

h h
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Micros cope for u se at the e etings .

T e n u b er of e b ers at the present ti e is 38 T e average .

h
attendance durin g the year a t the o nthly e etings has been , ,

n e .

T subj ects dis cu ssed at the meetings were as follows

e

O ct 1 1 E xhibition of obj ects inclu ding those fro e xc u rsion

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NO V 8 Polariscope apparatus by Mr F S Crawford

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Ma r 1 3 G rin di ng and m o unting E chinus spines by Mr J C ol

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bourne .
Ma

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Apr 1 0
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G o ssip
meeting
8 Conve rsazione
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a kers
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J une 1 2 Freshwater polyzoa by Mr W B Poole

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J uly 1 0 D evelopment of the tadpole by Mr D Fleming

Aug 14 D iffraction spectra by D r W hittell
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T e c o nversazione was not such a success as in the past

attendance o f members was small and the display of instrum e nts
anything but creditable to the Section T e ann ual address was
give n by the cha irman ( F S Crawford E sq ) and a ongst the.
T e
,

exhibits of interest was a se t of apochromatic Obj ecti v es by Zeiss

made o f the new optical glass which under the able anipulation

h
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ctiv e s by even the best

,

o f Dr W hittell proved their superiority to the old class of ob

T e circulation of the microscopical magazines and mounted

obj ects a o ngst the me b ers is still a intained and it is hoped
that we shall soon be in possession of a number of bound volumes
in the library which can be lent for reading at home
T e balance sheet ( appended ) shows receipts £ 32 6 s 6 d and
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expenditure £ 25 1 2s 6 d leaving a balance in hand o f £ 6 1 4s

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F S CRAW FORD Chairman

J W BU SS ELL H on Secretary
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 RDON
VA PR ITCHARD
PR INT E RS ,

G RE S H AM ADE L
AIDE .

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