Ship Structures - Basic Course

(MMA130):
Written examination 19/10 2005
Prof. Ragnar Larsson, ph. 772 5267
Chalmers University of Technology, Department of
Applied Mechanics

General
The written examination consists of two parts: one theoretical part of totally 10 points (10 p), and one
problem solving part consisting of four problems of 10 points (10 p) each. A fully correct solution of the
complete exam thus gives a maximum of 50 points.
Theoretical part
This part must be solved first. No aids are allowed, which means that this part is considered without aids
like textbooks, formula sheet, or hand calculator. The solutions to this part should be handed in sepa-
rately, before the student continues with the problem part.
Problem part
This part may be solved using the literature specified in the list below and a hand calculator. Basically, all
types of aids are allowed except solved problems from the problem classes and laptops. These aids may
be collected when the solutions to the theoretical part have been handed in.
NOTE! To obtain maximum points for each problem, the solutions must be clearly motivated and all the
equations used from the literature should have a clear reference.
Allowed aids during the problem part are:
• The book “A Course on Computational Solid Mechanics, Ragnar Larsson, Publication U70, Dept. of
Applied Mechanics” printed at Repro, Chalmers. The additional course kit obtained from Cremona.
• Copies of tables handed out during the problem classes.
• Mathematical and physical tables, like "Standard mathematical tables", "beta"
• Engineering handbooks, like "KTH’s formelsamling i hållfasthetslära", or equivalent books.
• Reference literature, like:
Grundläggande hållfasthetslära, Tore Lundh, Hållfasthetslära, KTH
Introduction to the Finite Element Method, Niels Ottosen and Hans Petersson, Prentice-Hall
(1992).
• A normal amount of notes are allowed in the books
The marks are given according to the following scheme (the sum of the points from the theoretical and
the problem parts):
2 exam_051019.nb

－
• Not passed 0 19 points
－
• 3 = passed 20 29 points
－
• 4 = very good 30 39 points
－
• 5 = excellent 40 50 points
Solutions will to the problems will be available right after the exam 19/10-05 at homepage of the course.
The result of the exam will be placed on the notice board of the department of Applied Mechanics, at the
latest Wednesday 9/11.

Theoretical part

ü Beam problem at bending- Assumptions - Kinematics (3p)

T1 a: Define the two basic kinematical assumptions during bending action in a Bernoulli beam. b: On
basis of these assumptions, derive the expression for the normal strain

εx = ε0 + κz y + κy z
where ε0 , κz and κy are the "generalized" strains defined as

∂u ∂2 w ∂2 v
ε0 = ; κy = − ; κZ = −
∂x ∂x 2 ∂ x2

ü Shear stresses due to bending in beams - Thin-walled cross section - General bending
situation (3p)

force Ts = t@sD τs @sDfor a thin-walled open cross section:

T2 a: On the basis of equilibrium considerations, derive the representation of the cross sectional shear

Ts @sD = − ‡ t@sD
s
∂ σx
s
s1 ∂x

on a free surface. In addition, why is the shear stress τs @sD always tangential to midline of the cross
b: Discuss the conditions that must hold to justify this expression, e.g. the condition on the shear stress

section?

ü Characteristics of torsion problem - Kinematics of torsion (3p)

T3 a: Based on the kinematical assumption (cross section is rigid during deformation) during twist θ
about the rotational x-axis of a beam, derive the induced strain state

∂ ux ∂v ∂w
εx = ; εy = := 0; εz = := 0
∂x ∂y ∂z

∂ ux ∂ ux
γxy = − z θ ; γxz = + y θ ; γyz = 0
∂y ∂z
exam_051019.nb 3

b: What is the axial displacement ux termed in the present context?

Problem part
P1) The simply supported L-beam, with a thin-walled cross section, in Fig. 1 is subjected to a transversal
load P at its midspan, as shown in the figure. Data for the non-symmetric cross section are also shown in
the figure. Calculate the maximum normal stress σmax due to the applied loading. Indicate where along
the beam and within the cross section the maximum stress is obtained.

Figure 1
Solution: Consider the application of the relation due to bending action

N z HMz Iyz + My Iz L − y HMy Iyz + Mz Iy L

σx = +
A D
Evaluate cross sectional stress resultants: For the simply supported beam we obtain the maximum
bending moment Mmax
y

My → 5 P a, Mz → 0, N → 0

Cross sectional constants: We first evaluate the centroid from the condition

cz Ha t + 2 a tL = 2 a t a + a t
=
cy Ha t + 2 a tL = a t
t
2 2a a
⇒ cz = , cy =
a
2 +2at t
2
3 6
The inertia moments are then developed as

+ h t Jcz − N + b t cz 2 , Iz → + b t Jcy − N + h t cy 2 ,
t h3 h 2 t b3 b 2
Iy →

Iyz → b t cz Jcy − N + h t Jcz − N

12 2 12 2
b h
2 2
which may be simplified with t → 30 as
a

2 a4 a4 a4 a8
I y→ ,Iz → ,Iyz →− ,D→
45 120 90 4050
4 exam_051019.nb

We are now in position to expresse the normal stress as

N z HMz Iyz + My Imz L − y HMy Iyz + Mz Iy L 225 P H4 y + 3 zL

σx = + =. .. =

We check the fibers: 1L 8y → cy , z → cz <, 2L 8y → cy , z → cz − 2 a< and 3L 8y → cy − a, z → cz <

A D 4 a3

which yields

1L 16.6667 MPa , 2L − 20.8333 MPa, 3L − 8.33333 MPa

obtained at the "top level" 8y → cy , z → cz − 2 a< of the cross section.

We thus conclude that the maximum normal stress is compressive σxmax = −20.8333 MPa and is

P2) The cantilever beam in Fig. 2 with a thin-walled cross section is subjected to applied vertical and
horizontal loads P. The cross section is symmetric and can be considered as thin-walled. Calculate the
maximum shear stress τmax due to the applied loading. Indicate where in the cross section the maximum
shear stress is obtained.

Figure 2
Solution:
Calculate the max shear stress from

Sz @sD Iy − Sy @sD Iyz S @sD Iz − Sz @sD Iyz

τs @sD = − V− y T
t@sD D t@sD D
In the present case of a symmetric cross section we have: Iyz := 0and D = Iy Iz leading to

S @sD S @sD
τs @sD = − J y NP
1
+ z
t@sD Iy Iz
where it was used that T = V = P.
In order to evaluate the maximum stress we thus consider this relation at different location within the

cz Ha t + 2 a tL = 2 a t a + a t t2 corresponding to
cross section. To this end, evaluate the cross sectional properties: We first evaluate the centroid from

2a
cz =
3
The inertia moments then follow as
exam_051019.nb 5

+ h t Jcz − N + b t cz2 ⇒ Iy →
t h3 h 2 4 a3 t t b3
Iy = , Iz =
12 2 3 12
The evaluation of the static moments is made at 1) the centroid of the web (max shear stress within the
web) and 2) the midpoint of the flange. We then obtain the two different cases as:

Sweb = 9Sy = t Hh − cz L H−1L Jcz + N=−

h 20 a2 t
, Sz = 0=
2 9
= 9Sy = t =
b a2 t b b a2 t
Sfla cz = , Sz = t =
2 3 2 4 8
Next we evaluate the stresses: Consider first max shear stress in the web right at the centroid

J y + z NP=
1 S S
sweb = −
τmax
t Iy Iz

9Sy == − = 8P → 10 103 , a → 30 10 10−3 < = 5.55556 MPa

20 a2 t 50. P
, Sz = 0= =
9 a2
For the flange we obtain:

J N P = 9Sy = ==−
1 Sy Sz a2 t a2 t 52.5 P
τmax
sflange == − + , Sz = = −5.83333 MPa
t Iy Iz 3 8 a2

We thus conclude that the maximum shear stress is obtained in the midpoint of the flange, i.e.
τsflange
max = −5.83333 MPa.
P3) The cantilever in Fig. 3 is subjected to a torque Q. Calculate the maximum shear stress τmax due to
the applied loading with respect to the composed thin-walled cross section in the Figure. Indicate where
in the cross section the shear stress is the highest.

Figure 3
Solution:
In the present only st. Venant torsion is activated since the Vlasov torque disappears. This is due to the
fact that no sectorial radius is obtained for the considered cross section. We thus calculate the max
shear stress within the cross section according to the st. Venant torsion theory, i.e.

= 9nmax = = = − x tmax
2 Mx dφ0 2 Mx max tmax M
τxs = =− n

with the following data: 8 a → 30 t, Q → 2 103 <.

Kv dn Kv 2 Kv

Calculate first the Kv from

6 exam_051019.nb

a H2 tL3 2 a t3 10 a t3
Kv = + = = 100 t4
3 3 3
which gives

= 8tmax → 2 t, Mx → Q, Q → 2 103 , t → 10 10−3 < = −40. MPa

Mx
τxs = − t
Kv max
P4) The column in Fig. 4 is subjected to a vertical force P = 100 kN, which acts axially along the beam
wirth a slight eccentricity e. The cross section of the column is quadratic with the width a, as shown in
the Figure. In fact, the eccentricity e has the expected value µe = 0 and the variance σe = 100 a
. The
allowed stress σa in the cross section has the expected value and variance µσa = 12 MPa, σσa = 2 MPa,
respectively. Calculate the probability that the allowed stress σa within the cross section is exceeded.
Assume that all scatters in data are "normally distributed".

Figure 4
Solution:
We first note that, for a beam subjected to an axial load P with an eccentricity e, we obtain the maximum
compressive stress as

I1 + 6 M with A = a2 and W =
P Pe P e a3
σ= + =
A W A a 6
We establish the safety margin m as

m = r − s = σa − σ@eD
where the argument e is used to indicate that the eccentricity is considered as the stochastic variable in
the load effect.
For independent variables we have for the expected value:

µm = µσa − µσe
where
exam_051019.nb 7

I1 + 6 e M =
P µ P P
µσa = 12 MPa, µσe = with = 10 MPa
A a A A
leading to µm = 12 − 10 = 2 MPa.

Let us next consider the variance from the relation

σm2 = σσ2e + σσ2a

where

P σ 6 P
σσe = 2 Mpa, σσe = 6 e = = 0.6 MPa
A a 100 A
leading to σm = 2.08806 MPa. It is noteworty that we do not get any contribution to the variance of σσe
from the "constant" portion of load effect considered as a stochastic variable.

We now compute the safety index β → 0.957826 and the probability for failure is obtained from

i
j y
j1 − ErfA è!!!! βEz
z =.. = 0.169075 or Pf > 16.9 %
k {
1 1
Pf =
2 2