UNITED INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Approved by AICTE – New Delhi, Affiliated to Anna University – Coimbatore)

G.Koundampalayam, Periyanaikenpalayam, Coimbatore- 641 020. Tamilnadu.India

(ENGINEERING GRAPHICS)
FOURTH UNIT: SECTIONS OF SOLIDS
TWO MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Define cutting plane or section plane?

Section plane is an imaginary plane by which the object is sectioned. It is assumed to be thin, transparent,
perpendicular to one of the reference planes and either parallel or inclined or perpendicular to the other.

2. Define cutting plane line?

The cutting plane is indicated in a view adjacent to the sectional view. The section plane or cutting plane
appears edgewise as a line called the cutting plane line.

3. How the cutting plane line is represented?

As per B.I.S. standard, the cutting plane line is represented as a thin chain line and thickened at the ends.

4. The projection of a section plane on the reference plane (V.P., H.P) to which it is perpendicular is a straight line.

5. Define sectional view?

The projection of the section along with the remaining portion of the object is known as sectional view.

6. Define the true shape of the section?

The sectional view obtained on a plane parallel to the section plane known as true shape of the section.

7. Define sectional top view?

The sectional view projection obtained on a horizontal plane (H.P.) of a sectioned object is known as sectional
top view.

8. Define sectional front view?

The sectional view projection obtained on a vertical plane ( V.P.) of a sectioned object is known as sectional
front view.

9. Define sectional side view?

The sectional view projection obtained on a profile plane (P.P.) of a sectioned object is known as sectional side
view. Profile plane (P.P) is a plane which is perpendicular to both H.P. and V.P.

10. Define apparent section?

When the section plane is inclined to any one of reference plane (H.P. or V.P) the top or front view will not show
the true shape of the section. The sectional view obtained inclined to the section plane is called apparent
section.
 UNITED INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE – New Delhi, Affiliated to Anna University – Coimbatore)
G.Koundampalayam, Periyanaikenpalayam, Coimbatore- 641 020. Tamilnadu.India

(ENGINEERING GRAPHICS)

11. Write the importance of section lines?

When an object is cut by the section plane, the cut surface is indicated by section lines. The section lines are
thin lines generally at 45⁰ to the principal lines in the view and spaced uniformly. This process is called hatching.
The section line spacing normally varies from 1.2 to 3.5mm.

12. Define full section?

A full section is one in which the cutting plane passes entirely across the object, and the resulting view is
completely “ in section”. The cutting plane may be perpendicular to one of the reference plane and either
perpendicular, parallel or inclined to the other.

13. Define half section?

The section is mainly used for symmetrical objects in which one half is drawn in section and the other half is a
regular view the cutting plane is imagined to extend halfway across the object

14. Define broken-out section?

In order to show the interior portion of the component , broken out section is used. A full or half section cannot
be used because the cutting plane would remove some feature that must be included.

15. Explain rotated section or revolved section?

The rotated section is useful for showing cross sections of parts while saving space. When the cutting plane is
rotated 90⁰ about a vertical axis, the resulting section is termed as rotated section. It is also called as revolved
section.

16. Explain removed section?

Removed section is useful for showing cross sections of parts while saving space. A removed section are drawn
on some adjacent place on the paper.

17. Define auxiliary section?

An auxiliary section is used to sectioning the inclined feature. All types of sections such as full, half, broken-out,
rotated, and removed are used on auxiliary position.

18. What are the types of section planes?

Depending upon the position of the section planes, the types of section planes are
• Section plane perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP
• Section plane perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP
• Section plane inclined to HP and perpendicular to VP.
• Section plane inclined to VP and perpendicular to HP.
• Section plane perpendicular to both HP and VP.
 UNITED INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE – New Delhi, Affiliated to Anna University – Coimbatore)
G.Koundampalayam, Periyanaikenpalayam, Coimbatore- 641 020. Tamilnadu.India

(ENGINEERING GRAPHICS)
19. What is the position of plan and elevation, when the section plane is parallel to VP and perpendicular to HP?
Plan shows horizontal trace, and elevation shows true shape of the section.

20. When the plan shows H.T., and the elevation shows apparent section, then what is the position of the section
plane?
Section plane is inclined to VP and perpendicular to HP.

21. What is the position of the section plane when it is parallel to HP and perpendicular to VP?
Plan shows the true shape of the section, and the elevation shows the VT.

22. What is the position of the section plane when it is inclined to HP and perpendicular to VP?
Plan shows apparent section and the elevation shows V.T.

23. When the plan and elevation of the section plane has both H.T and V.T.. what is the position of the section
Plane?
Section plane is perpendicular to both V.T. and H.P, and the side view shows the true shape of the section.

24. If the sectioned surface be viewed in a direction other than normal to it, then the shape of the section is called
as apparent section of the object.

25. If a right circular cylinder is cut by a plane parallel to the axis of the cylinder the section obtained is rectangle.

26. If the sectioned surface be viewed looking in a direction normal to it, it is the true shape of section of the object.

27. The true shape of section of a cylinder cut by an inclined plane is ellipse.

28. A solid cylinder is standing vertical on H.P. it is cut by a section plane perpendicular to V.P. and inclined to H.P.
Name the true shape of the section. Ans: ELLIPSE

29. What is the true shape of the section of a cone cut by a plane cutting some of the generators and the base?
HYPERBOLA – If cutting plane is not parallel to extreme generators.
PARABOLA – If cutting plane is parallel to extreme generators.

30. What is the true shape of a cone cut by a plane perpendicular to V.P and inclined to H.P? Cone is standing on
H.P. The cutting plane cuts all the generators. Ans: ELLIPSE

31. A cone is cut by a section plane which is perpendicular to the axis of the cone. What is the true shape of the
section? Ans: CIRCLE.
 UNITED INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE – New Delhi, Affiliated to Anna University – Coimbatore)
G.Koundampalayam, Periyanaikenpalayam, Coimbatore- 641 020. Tamilnadu.India

(ENGINEERING GRAPHICS)
32. A cylinder is cut by a section plane which is parallel to its axis. What is the true shape of the section? Ans:
RECTANGLE.

33. What is the true shape of a section of a sphere which is cut by a section plane inclined to the axis? Ans: CIRCLE

34. What is the true shape of a section of a cylinder which is cut by a section plane that is inclined to the axis and
cuts all the generators? Ans: ELLIPSE

35. A cylinder standing on H.P. is cut by a vertical plane parallel to the axis and away from it. What will be the shape
of the section? Ans: RECTANGLE

36. A cone standing on H.P. is cut by a vertical plane away from the axis. What will be the shape of the section?
Ans: RECTANGULAR HYPERBOLA.

37. True shape of a section obtained when cutting an octahedron can be regular hexagon. FALSE

38. True shape of a section is obtained by viewing the section in a direction Normal to the Section or Cutting plane.

39. Apparent section is smaller than the true section . FALSE

DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES
1. Define Development of surfaces?
The surfaces (e.g. faces and bases) of an object which are opened out and laid on a flat plane is called the
development of surfaces of that object.

2. Define development or pattern?

The layout of the complete surface of an object is called a development or pattern. The layout of only the sides
without the top or bottom is called the lateral surfaces.

3. Name the surfaces which can be accurately developed?

The surfaces of polyhedral( such as prisms and pyramids) and single-curved surfaces( as of cones and cylinders)
can be accurately developed. Warped and double-curved surfaces( such as spheres, colloids, and paraboloids
etc.) are approximately developed by dividing them up into a number of parts.

4. List some applications of development of surfaces?

• Packaging industry where most products are packaged in metal, plastic or cardboard containers.
• Sheet metal development, where the fastening is done by riverting, seaming, soldering, or welding
 UNITED INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE – New Delhi, Affiliated to Anna University – Coimbatore)
G.Koundampalayam, Periyanaikenpalayam, Coimbatore- 641 020. Tamilnadu.India

(ENGINEERING GRAPHICS)
5. List some practical applications of development of surfaces?
• Knowledge of development of surfaces used in aircraft industries, ship building works, automobile body
building works.
• It is used in the construction of boilers, pattern making, stone cutting, buckets, chimneys, and
ventilating pipes.
• It is also used in air conditioning ducts, heat chambers, washing machines etc.
• It is also used to develop solids such as prisms, cylinders, pyramids, cones, spheres, transition pieces etc.

6. Define wiring, hemming and seaming?

• Wiring involves reinforcing open ends of articles by enclosing a wire in the edge. To allow for wiring, a
drafter must add a band of material to the pattern equal to 2.5 times the diameter of the wire.
• Hemming are used to eliminate the raw edge as well as to stiffen the material. Single and double-
hemmed edges are usually formed.
• Seaming are used to join edges. Edges are fastened by soldering on lap seams, flat seams or grooved
seams.
7. Define principle of development?
Every line on the development should show the true length of the corresponding line or edge which is
developed. Hence for drawing development of the surface, true length of the edge has to be found out and the
development should be drawn with the true length only.

8. What are the different methods of development?

• Parallel line method
• Radial line method
• Triangulation method
• Approximate method
(Usually the lateral surfaces of solids are developed and the ends or bases are omitted from the developments.
They can be added whenever required. In the development of lateral surface, the starting and closing edges
should be the same to obtain the closed object.)

9. Write the uses of parallel line method and radial line method?
• Generally parallel line method is used for development of cubes, prisms, single curved surfaces like
cylinders etc.
• Radial line method is used for the development of pyramids and cones in which the apex is taken as
centre and its slant edge or generator as the radius for its development.

10. Define triangulation method?

Triangulation method is used to draw the development of transition pieces.

11. Define transition piece and its application?

A solid with bottom and top bases of dissimilar and different shapes is called as transition piece.
It is extensively used in air conditioning, heating, ventilating and similar construction.
 UNITED INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE – New Delhi, Affiliated to Anna University – Coimbatore)
G.Koundampalayam, Periyanaikenpalayam, Coimbatore- 641 020. Tamilnadu.India

(ENGINEERING GRAPHICS)

12. Define approximate method?

This method is used where the surfaces of the solid are undevelopable. Theoretically this method is used for
developing double curved surfaces like spheres, colloids, and paraboloids etc.

13. What are the methods used for the development of spheres?
The following two methods are used to develop the sphere.
Lune method or Gore method
Zone method

14. Define Lune method and Zone method?

• In Lune method, sphere is cut into a number of equal meridian sections, or lunes. These sections may
be considered to be the section of cylinders. Only one section need to be developed. It will give a
pattern for others.
• In Zone method, the sphere is divided into horizontal zones . Each zone is developed as a frustum of a
cone. Top and bottom zones are considered as cone.