EE636A: Advanced Protective Relaying

Dr. Abheejeet Mohapatra

Department of Electrical Engineering
IIT Kanpur
Office: ACES 105 D
Extn: 7152
email: abheem@iitk.ac.in
 General Instructions
 Use institute email id to access https://www.usebackpack.com/
 Joining code for EE636A for above webpage – 7ed418
 All course details are available on this portal
 Grading scheme: Relative
 Grading weights: Term paper report 10%, Quiz 20%, Mid
sem 30%, End sem 40%
 Quizzes shall be before mid sem and end sem exams
 No make up for mid sem exam
 Make up for end sem exam only on production of medical
certificate from HC

06 January 2020 EE636A 2

 Attributes of a good power system
 QUALITY : Continuous supply at desired f and V
 RELIABILITY: Minimum Loss of Load / failure rates
 STABILITY : Synchronism under disturbances
 ECONOMY: Minimum cost – operation & maintenance
 SECURITY : Normalcy of system during contingencies

06 January 2020 EE636A 3

 Attributes of a good power system
 QUALITY : Continuous supply at desired f and V
 RELIABILITY: Minimum Loss of Load / failure rates
 STABILITY : Synchronism under disturbances
 ECONOMY: Minimum cost – operation & maintenance
 SECURITY : Normalcy of system during contingencies

These are generally true only when power system operates

with no flaws

06 January 2020 EE636A 3

 Fault and Relay
 Any system design is not flaw proof; so is power systems

06 January 2020 EE636A 4

 Fault and Relay
 Any system design is not flaw proof; so is power systems
 Flaw in power systems from protection perspective is
FAULT - a disturbance which occurs due to failure of one or
more power systems’ elements and subsequently
interrupts the normal flow of load current

06 January 2020 EE636A 4

 Fault and Relay
 Any system design is not flaw proof; so is power systems
 Flaw in power systems from protection perspective is
FAULT - a disturbance which occurs due to failure of one or
more power systems’ elements and subsequently
interrupts the normal flow of load current
 Occurrence of faults is unintentional and stochastic
 These can be minimized by proper system design, however
their presence cannot be totally negated

06 January 2020 EE636A 4

 Fault and Relay
 Any system design is not flaw proof; so is power systems
 Flaw in power systems from protection perspective is
FAULT - a disturbance which occurs due to failure of one or
more power systems’ elements and subsequently
interrupts the normal flow of load current
 Occurrence of faults is unintentional and stochastic
 These can be minimized by proper system design, however
their presence cannot be totally negated
 In the event of a fault, quick isolation of faulty part from
healthy system
 RELAYS sense the fault and perform isolation

06 January 2020 EE636A 4

 Fault and Relay
 Any system design is not flaw proof; so is power systems
 Flaw in power systems from protection perspective is
FAULT - a disturbance which occurs due to failure of one or
more power systems’ elements and subsequently
interrupts the normal flow of load current
 Occurrence of faults is unintentional and stochastic
 These can be minimized by proper system design, however
their presence cannot be totally negated
 In the event of a fault, quick isolation of faulty part from
healthy system
 RELAYS sense the fault and perform isolation
 After clearance of fault, system is again restored
06 January 2020 EE636A 4
 Faults/ short circuits
 When path of load current is cut short by breakdown of
insulation, it is generally a shunt fault/ short circuit

06 January 2020 EE636A 5

 Faults/ short circuits
 When path of load current is cut short by breakdown of
insulation, it is generally a shunt fault/ short circuit
 Breakdown of insulation is generally due to weakening due
to ageing, dust, pollution, etc.

06 January 2020 EE636A 5

 Faults/ short circuits
 When path of load current is cut short by breakdown of
insulation, it is generally a shunt fault/ short circuit
 Breakdown of insulation is generally due to weakening due
to ageing, dust, pollution, etc.
 Overvoltage due to switching or lightening also weakens
insulation

06 January 2020 EE636A 5

 Faults/ short circuits
 When path of load current is cut short by breakdown of
insulation, it is generally a shunt fault/ short circuit
 Breakdown of insulation is generally due to weakening due
to ageing, dust, pollution, etc.
 Overvoltage due to switching or lightening also weakens
insulation
 Shunt faults due to insulation flashovers are temporary

06 January 2020 EE636A 5

 Faults/ short circuits
 When path of load current is cut short by breakdown of
insulation, it is generally a shunt fault/ short circuit
 Breakdown of insulation is generally due to weakening due
to ageing, dust, pollution, etc.
 Overvoltage due to switching or lightening also weakens
insulation
 Shunt faults due to insulation flashovers are temporary
• De-ionize the arc path for sufficient period of time and then
re-energize again - RECLOSURE

06 January 2020 EE636A 5

 Faults/ short circuits
 When path of load current is cut short by breakdown of
insulation, it is generally a shunt fault/ short circuit
 Breakdown of insulation is generally due to weakening due
to ageing, dust, pollution, etc.
 Overvoltage due to switching or lightening also weakens
insulation
 Shunt faults due to insulation flashovers are temporary
• De-ionize the arc path for sufficient period of time and then
re-energize again - RECLOSURE
 For LV system, reclosure is attempted 2-3 times after which
circuit breaker trips as reclosure puts stress on breaker
 For EHV system, one reclosure is allowed

06 January 2020 EE636A 5

 Faults/ short circuits
 Metallic/ dead short circuit – fault impedance is zero (rare)

06 January 2020 EE636A 6

 Faults/ short circuits
 Metallic/ dead short circuit – fault impedance is zero (rare)
 Non-metallic short circuit – fault impedance is non-zero
(generally is the case)

06 January 2020 EE636A 6

 Faults/ short circuits
 Metallic/ dead short circuit – fault impedance is zero (rare)
 Non-metallic short circuit – fault impedance is non-zero
(generally is the case)
 Dead short circuit at terminal of syn. gen. leads to very
high instantaneous fault current which decays with time

06 January 2020 EE636A 6

 Faults/ short circuits
 Metallic/ dead short circuit – fault impedance is zero (rare)
 Non-metallic short circuit – fault impedance is non-zero
(generally is the case)
 Dead short circuit at terminal of syn. gen. leads to very
high instantaneous fault current which decays with time
• Synchronous machine’s reactance varies with time due to
different flux interactions at different periods of time

06 January 2020 EE636A 6

 Faults/ short circuits
 Metallic/ dead short circuit – fault impedance is zero (rare)
 Non-metallic short circuit – fault impedance is non-zero
(generally is the case)
 Dead short circuit at terminal of syn. gen. leads to very
high instantaneous fault current which decays with time
• Synchronous machine’s reactance varies with time due to
different flux interactions at different periods of time
 Current response time
• Sub-transient – immediately after disturbance and lasts only
1-5 cycles
• Transient – after sub-transient and lasts for 10-100 cycles
• Steady state – long after the disturbance when RMS values
are not changing
06 January 2020 EE636A 6
 Short circuit current response of
synchronous machine

22 October 2018 EE330A 7

 Faults/ short circuits
 Following a fault, current is several times more than steady
state current which if not interrupted leads to

06 January 2020 EE636A 8

 Faults/ short circuits
 Following a fault, current is several times more than steady
state current which if not interrupted leads to
• Overcurrents – overheating

06 January 2020 EE636A 8

 Faults/ short circuits
 Following a fault, current is several times more than steady
state current which if not interrupted leads to
• Overcurrents – overheating
• Mechanical distortions and damage to machines

06 January 2020 EE636A 8

 Faults/ short circuits
 Following a fault, current is several times more than steady
state current which if not interrupted leads to
• Overcurrents – overheating
• Mechanical distortions and damage to machines
• Loss of synchronism, system stability

06 January 2020 EE636A 8

 Faults/ short circuits
 Following a fault, current is several times more than steady
state current which if not interrupted leads to
• Overcurrents – overheating
• Mechanical distortions and damage to machines
• Loss of synchronism, system stability
 Faults can be
• Symmetric – three phase faults

06 January 2020 EE636A 8

 Faults/ short circuits
 Following a fault, current is several times more than steady
state current which if not interrupted leads to
• Overcurrents – overheating
• Mechanical distortions and damage to machines
• Loss of synchronism, system stability
 Faults can be
• Symmetric – three phase faults
• Unsymmetric – all other faults including ground faults

06 January 2020 EE636A 8

 Faults/ short circuits
 Following a fault, current is several times more than steady
state current which if not interrupted leads to
• Overcurrents – overheating
• Mechanical distortions and damage to machines
• Loss of synchronism, system stability
 Faults can be
• Symmetric – three phase faults
• Unsymmetric – all other faults including ground faults
 Severity of fault is dictated by magnitude of post fault
current

06 January 2020 EE636A 8

 Types of faults/ short circuits

Category Phase/ Ground Faults

Line to Ground (LG) a-g, b-g, c-g
Line to Line (LL) a-b, b-c, c-a
Line to Line to Ground (LLG) a-b-g, b-c-g, c-a-g
Line to Line to Line (LLL)
a-b-c, a-b-c-g
LLL to Ground (LLLG)

06 January 2020 EE636A 9

 Types of faults/ short circuits

Category Phase/ Ground Faults

Line to Ground (LG) a-g, b-g, c-g
Line to Line (LL) a-b, b-c, c-a
Line to Line to Ground (LLG) a-b-g, b-c-g, c-a-g
Line to Line to Line (LLL)
a-b-c, a-b-c-g
LLL to Ground (LLLG)

Severity

06 January 2020 EE636A 9

 Types of faults/ short circuits
Probability of
occurrence

Category Phase/ Ground Faults

Line to Ground (LG) a-g, b-g, c-g
Line to Line (LL) a-b, b-c, c-a
Line to Line to Ground (LLG) a-b-g, b-c-g, c-a-g
Line to Line to Line (LLL)
a-b-c, a-b-c-g
LLL to Ground (LLLG)

Severity

06 January 2020 EE636A 9

 Faults/ short circuits
 Following a fault, as seen from relay location, fault current
increases while voltage decreases

06 January 2020 EE636A 10

 Faults/ short circuits
 Following a fault, as seen from relay location, fault current
increases while voltage decreases
 Series faults – open conductor faults which eventually
become short circuit faults when broken transmission line
contacts ground or adjacent line

06 January 2020 EE636A 10

 Faults/ short circuits
 Following a fault, as seen from relay location, fault current
increases while voltage decreases
 Series faults – open conductor faults which eventually
become short circuit faults when broken transmission line
contacts ground or adjacent line
 Several abnormal operating conditions exist in the system
during which currents are very high but they are actually
not faults

06 January 2020 EE636A 10

 Faults/ short circuits
 Following a fault, as seen from relay location, fault current
increases while voltage decreases
 Series faults – open conductor faults which eventually
become short circuit faults when broken transmission line
contacts ground or adjacent line
 Several abnormal operating conditions exist in the system
during which currents are very high but they are actually
not faults
• Magnetization of an unloaded generator – inrush current
• Starting of induction motor
• Stable power swings

06 January 2020 EE636A 10

 Faults/ short circuits
 Following a fault, as seen from relay location, fault current
increases while voltage decreases
 Series faults – open conductor faults which eventually
become short circuit faults when broken transmission line
contacts ground or adjacent line
 Several abnormal operating conditions exist in the system
during which currents are very high but they are actually
not faults
• Magnetization of an unloaded generator – inrush current
• Starting of induction motor
• Stable power swings
 Proper means for segregating such scenarios from faults

06 January 2020 EE636A 10

 Protection device – Relay
 Relay senses the occurrence of fault via current from
Current Transformer (CT) and voltage from Potential
Transformer (PT) and then selectively isolates the faulty
part by the Circuit Breaker (CB)

Protection system

06 January 2020 EE636A 11

 Protection device – Relay
 Relay senses the occurrence of fault via current from
Current Transformer (CT) and voltage from Potential
Transformer (PT) and then selectively isolates the faulty
part by the Circuit Breaker (CB)

Protection system Conceptual relay diagram

06 January 2020 EE636A 11

 Protection device – Relay
 Relay senses the occurrence of fault via current from
Current Transformer (CT) and voltage from Potential
Transformer (PT) and then selectively isolates the faulty
part by the Circuit Breaker (CB)

Protection system Conceptual relay diagram

 Breaker is generally closed and opens when tripped
06 January 2020 EE636A 11
 Attributes of a relay
 SENSITIVITY: Relay should be very sensitive to fault
currents; smallest fault current detected, higher is the
sensitivity

06 January 2020 EE636A 12

 Attributes of a relay
 SENSITIVITY: Relay should be very sensitive to fault
currents; smallest fault current detected, higher is the
sensitivity
 SELECTIVITY: Isolate only the faulty part of system

06 January 2020 EE636A 12

 Attributes of a relay
 SENSITIVITY: Relay should be very sensitive to fault
currents; smallest fault current detected, higher is the
sensitivity
 SELECTIVITY: Isolate only the faulty part of system
 SPEED: Isolation should be done in minimum possible time
after the fault

06 January 2020 EE636A 12

 Attributes of a relay
 SENSITIVITY: Relay should be very sensitive to fault
currents; smallest fault current detected, higher is the
sensitivity
 SELECTIVITY: Isolate only the faulty part of system
 SPEED: Isolation should be done in minimum possible time
after the fault
 ACCURACY: Capability to distinguish between fault and
abnormal operating conditions

06 January 2020 EE636A 12

 Attributes of a relay
 SENSITIVITY: Relay should be very sensitive to fault
currents; smallest fault current detected, higher is the
sensitivity
 SELECTIVITY: Isolate only the faulty part of system
 SPEED: Isolation should be done in minimum possible time
after the fault
 ACCURACY: Capability to distinguish between fault and
abnormal operating conditions
 RELIABILITY: Simple logic based systems tend to be
reliable; local information based systems are more reliable
than remote information based systems

06 January 2020 EE636A 12

 Attributes of a relay
 SENSITIVITY: Relay should be very sensitive to fault
currents; smallest fault current detected, higher is the
sensitivity
 SELECTIVITY: Isolate only the faulty part of system
 SPEED: Isolation should be done in minimum possible time
after the fault
 ACCURACY: Capability to distinguish between fault and
abnormal operating conditions
 RELIABILITY: Simple logic based systems tend to be
reliable; local information based systems are more reliable
than remote information based systems
 DEPENDABILITY: There should always be a backup
06 January 2020 EE636A 12
 CT and PT
 CT and PT are system transducers that serve two purpose

06 January 2020 EE636A 13

 CT and PT
 CT and PT are system transducers that serve two purpose
• Extract current and voltage from high voltage and current to
very low voltage and current for relay to sense

06 January 2020 EE636A 13

 CT and PT
 CT and PT are system transducers that serve two purpose
• Extract current and voltage from high voltage and current to
very low voltage and current for relay to sense
• Act as isolator between HV and the protective system

06 January 2020 EE636A 13

 CT and PT
 CT and PT are system transducers that serve two purpose
• Extract current and voltage from high voltage and current to
very low voltage and current for relay to sense
• Act as isolator between HV and the protective system

 CT in series

Protective CT

06 January 2020 EE636A 13

 CT and PT
 CT and PT are system transducers that serve two purpose
• Extract current and voltage from high voltage and current to
very low voltage and current for relay to sense
• Act as isolator between HV and the protective system

 CT in series
• Two winding transformer
• Independent primary
and secondary

Protective CT

06 January 2020 EE636A 13

 CT and PT
 CT and PT are system transducers that serve two purpose
• Extract current and voltage from high voltage and current to
very low voltage and current for relay to sense
• Act as isolator between HV and the protective system

 CT in series
• Two winding transformer
• Independent primary
and secondary
• Line conductor acts as
one turn primary
• Secondary is inside the
bushings Protective CT

06 January 2020 EE636A 13

 CT
 Standard CT secondary current is 5A or 1A

06 January 2020 EE636A 14

 CT
 Standard CT secondary current is 5A or 1A
 Protective CT should always faithfully transform the
primary current without any errors in the event of faults

06 January 2020 EE636A 14

 CT
 Standard CT secondary current is 5A or 1A
 Protective CT should always faithfully transform the
primary current without any errors in the event of faults
 However, errors do creep due to improper ratio and phase
angle between primary and secondary

06 January 2020 EE636A 14

 CT
 Standard CT secondary current is 5A or 1A
 Protective CT should always faithfully transform the
primary current without any errors in the event of faults
 However, errors do creep due to improper ratio and phase
angle between primary and secondary
 CTs are also used for metering so as to get measurements

06 January 2020 EE636A 14

 CT
 Standard CT secondary current is 5A or 1A
 Protective CT should always faithfully transform the
primary current without any errors in the event of faults
 However, errors do creep due to improper ratio and phase
angle between primary and secondary
 CTs are also used for metering so as to get measurements
• In the event of fault, secondary
of metering CT should saturate
and protect the meter from
damage

06 January 2020 EE636A 14

 CT
 Standard CT secondary current is 5A or 1A
 Protective CT should always faithfully transform the
primary current without any errors in the event of faults
 However, errors do creep due to improper ratio and phase
angle between primary and secondary
 CTs are also used for metering so as to get measurements
• In the event of fault, secondary
of metering CT should saturate
and protect the meter from
damage

Operating points of protective and

metering CTs

06 January 2020 EE636A 14

 PT
 PT is connected in parallel where measurement is desired
 Standard secondary PT voltage is always 110V line-line

PT

06 January 2020 EE636A 15

 PT
 PT is connected in parallel where measurement is desired
 Standard secondary PT voltage is always 110V line-line

PT
 Every relay has a CT but may not have a PT
06 January 2020 EE636A 15