CHEMISTRY Q & A Booklet EM

CHEMISTRY 12TH STD (E/M)
QUESTION & ANSWER BOOKLET

Prepared under the guidance of our honorable CEO
mam of thiruvallur district.
Guided by: Mrs R.Tiruvalarselvi
Chief Educational officer
Thiruvallur
Coordinators: Mr. R.Annadurai

DEO
Ambattur Educational district
&
Mr. P.Pallavaselvan
DI
Ambattur Educational district
TEACHERS TEAM:
S.MARAGATHAM C.CHITRA
GHSSS, PKGHSS,
AYANAMPAKKAM. AMBATTUR.
M.SOUNDARI B.UMA
PKGHSS, GGHSS,
AMBATTUR. PORUR.
N.SANTHI R.SRIDHAR,
PKGHSS, GGHSS,
AMBATTUR. MOGAPPAIR EAST.
pg. 1 CHEMISTRY EM/CEO TIRUVALLUR/12TH

LESSON-1 METALLURGY
2 MARKS AND 3 MARKS

1. DEFINE MINERALS AND ORE?
MINERALS ORE
• A naturally occurring • the minerals that contains

substance obtained by a high percentage of
mining which contains the metal from which it can
metal in free state or in be extracted conveniently
the form of compounds. and economically
• example clay • eg: bauxite
• all ores are minerals . • all minerals are not ores.
2. What are the steps involved in the extraction of pure metals from their
ores?
ans: * Concentration of the ores
extraction of crude metal
Refining of crude metal
3.Write a short note on gravity separation?

Ans: This method is used to concentrate oxide ores
Ex. Haematite, tin stone
The ore having high specific gravity is separated from the gangue that
has low specific gravity.
Finely powdered ore is treated with rapidly flowing current of water
The lighter gangue particles are washed away by the running water
3. Write about flotation process
It is commonly used for sulphide ores
Sulphide ore particles are only wetted by oil
Gangue,oxide particles are only wetted by water
Process:
Powered ore is mixed with frothing agent(pine oil)
Small quantity of sodium ethyl xanthate– collector
Froth is generated by blowing air through this mixture
Ore particles are attached on the froth remaining impurities settle down
The froth is skimmed off and dried to recover the concentrate ore.
4. Define Leaching?
Powdered ore is allowed to dissolve in a suitable solvent
The metal present in the ore is converted to its soluble salt.
While gangue remains insoluble.
5. Define roasting?
Conversion of sulphide ores into there oxides.
Volatile oxides removed.
2PbS + 3O2 2 PbO + 2So2
6. Define Calcination?
Thermal decomposition of ores are called as calcination
CaCo3 CaO + CO2
7. Define Auto-reduction ?
Simple roasting of some of the ores gives the crude metal.
reducing agent is not necessary
Eg. Hgs (s) + O2 Hg(l) + SO2
8. Write the limitations of Ellingham diagram?
It does not tell anything about rate of reaction
It does not give idea about the possibility of other reaction that might be
taking place
The interpretation of G is based on the assumption that the reactants
are in equilibrium with the product which is not always true.
9. Write the applications of Elligham diagram? (Any 3)
It is used to select a suitable reducing agent and appropriate temperature
range of reduction.
Some of the oxides will decompose on heating even in the absence of
reducing agent
It is used to predict the thermodynamic feasibility of reduction of oxides
of one metal by another metal
10.Define electrolytic refining?

Anode : Impure metal
Cathode : Pure metal
Electrolyte : salt of the metal in dissolved state.
The metal dissolves from the at anode pass into the solution and get
deposited at cathode.
During electrolysis the impurities in the anode.
11.Explain the principle involved in zone refining
Based on the principle of fractional crystallization impure metal is melted
and allowed to solidity the impurities will prefer to be in the molten
region.
The impure metal is taken in the form of a rod.
One end of rod is heated using a mobile induction heater
When the heater is slowly moved to other end the pure metal crystallizes.
While the impurities will move on to the adjacent molten zone formed
due to the movement of the heater.
Ge and Si are purified by this method
12 .Give the basic requirement for vapour phase refining?
Metal + suitable reagent ---------> volatile compound with metal
Decompose to give pure metal.
13.How is nickel refined by mond’s process?

Impure Ni + CO 350 k Nickel Tetra carbonyl
Ni + 4CO 350 k Ni( CO)4
Nickel Tetra carbonyl ---------------→ Ni + 4CO

( Ni(CO)4) decompose
13.Example how titanium / zinrconium is refined by Van-Arkel method?
• Thermal decomposition of the metal compounds which lead to formation

of pure metals.
14.Write about magnetic separation ?

• The crushed ore is placed on the electro magnetic separator belt moving
two roller which one is magnetic.
• magnetic part fall near the magnetic roller, non – magnetic part fall away
from the magnetic roller.
• It is applicable ferro magnetic substance.
• pyrolusite ( magnetic ) is separated from non-magnetic siliceous
impurities.
15.Write about aluminothermic process?
• Metal oxide +Al powder → metal +Al oxide

• Ignition mixture ( Mg +BaO2) → produce large amount of heat 2400 c
BaO+ Mg--→BaO +MgO
CrO3 +2Al2 2Cr +Al2O3
16.Explain the principle of electrolytic refining of silver?
Cathode : Pure silver

Anode : Impure silver rods
Electrolyte : AgNo3 +HNO3
when a current passed,
17.List the uses of copper?

items uses
Cu-Au alloy coins and jewellery

Cu alloys nires
20. List the uses of gold?
items uses
Gold coinage
Au-Cu alloy jewellery
gold plate metals watches

LESSON 2 P BLOCK ELEMENTS I
1. Write a short note on anomalous properties of the first element of P-block
Ans : 1. Small size of the first member
2. High ionisation enthalpy and high electronegativity
3. Absence of d orbitals in their valance shell
2. what is inert pair effect ?

Ans :
The heavier post-transition metals, the outer s electrons (ns) have a
tendency to remain inert and show reluctance to take part in the bonding,
which is known as inert pair effect.
3.define catenation
Ans : The carbon has greator tendency to form chain of bond with itself or
with other atoms which is known as catenation.
4. list the uses of boron ?

Ans :
• 10B5 is used as moderator
• rocket fuel igniter.
• eye drops, washing powders

5. what is borax bead test ? how is it useful in identifying transition metal
ions?
Ans :
• on heating , borax first loses water molecules and swells up.
• on further heating it turns into a transparent liquid , which solidifies into
glass like material
6. list the uses of borax?

Ans: * identification coloured metal ion.
• flux in metallurgy
• manufacture of optical and glazes for pottery.
7. how will you identify the presence of borate in a given compound.
boric acid + ethyl alcohol ester

Ans: the vapour of this ester burns with a green edged flame.
8. list the uses of boric acid

Ans:
• manufacture of pottery glazes
• antiseptic , eye lotion
• food preservation

9. list the uses of diborane ?
Ans:
• high energy fuel for propellent
• reducing agent in organic chemistry
• used in welding torches.
10. Explain the structure of diborane
Ans:
• In diborane two BH2 units are linked by two bridged hydrogens.

• it has eight B-H bonds.
• it has only 12 valance electrons and are not sufficient to form normal
covalent bonds.
• The four terminal B-H bonds are normal covalent bonds ( 2c-2e bond).
• The remaining four electrons have to be used for the bridged bonds.
• two three centred B-H-B bonds utilise two electrons each.
• In diborne, sp3 hybridised orbitals contains single electron and the fourth
orbital is empty.
• Two of the half filled hybridised orbitals of each boron overlap with the
two hydrogens to form four terminal 2c-2e bonds.
• B-H-B bond formation involves overlapping the half filled hybridised
orbital of one boron.
11. how is potash alum prepared ?
Ans:
• It is prepared from alum stone with excess of sulphuric acid.
• aluminium hydroxide is converted into aluminium sulphate.
• calculated amount of potassium sulphate added
12. write uses of alum

Ans:
• it is used for purification of water
• water proofing and textile
• arrest bleeding
13. What are the conditions are necessary for cateration?

Ans:
• valency of element is greater than or equal to two .
• element should have an ability to bond with itself.
• self bond must be strong with other element.
14.Write the difference between graphite , diamond and fullerenes

Ans:
graphite diamond fullerenes
nature soft very hard discrete
molecules
c50,c60
conductivity conduct the no conduct c60 bucky ball
electricity electricity like structure
hybridization sp2 sp3 sp2
bond length c-c bond length c-c bond length c-c bond length
1.41 Å 1.54 Å 1.44 Å
uses lubricant oil rock drilling, catalyst
cutting glasses medicine
15. write difference bet. CO and CO2

CARBON MONOXIDE CARBON- DI OXIDE
1. linear structure 1. linear structure
2. C-O bond distance 1.128 Å 2.C-O bond distance 1.163 Å
3. pairs shared bet. carbon and 3. 3C 4e- bond covering all the
oxygen three atoms
4. co-ordination covalent bond
4. covalent bond
16. write the uses of silicons

Ans:
• low temperature lubrication and high temperature oil bath.

• making water proofing clothes
• mixed with paint ( resist and toward high temperature sunlight etc.,)

17.write about carbon nanotubes
Ans:
• carbon nanotubes have graphite like tubes with fullerene ends.

• Along the axis, they are stronger than steel and conduct electricity
• used in nanoscale electronics, catalysis, polymers and medicine.
18.write about producer gas

Ans:
The mixture of nitrogen and carbon monoxide is called producer gas.
19.write about fischer tropsch synthesis?

Ans: carbon monoxide + hydrogen --→ 50 atm using metal catalysts at 500 -
700 K yields saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
20. uses of carbon monoxide :

Ans:
• water gas and producer gas are used as industrial fuels
• good reducing agent
• used as ligand and forms carbonyl compound
21.write the uses of carbon dioxide ?

Ans:
• it is used for photosynthesis.

• fire extinguisher and as apropellent gas.
• production of beverages.
22.Give the structure of CO and CO 2

Ans:
23.Write a note on zeolites

Ans:
Zeolites are 3D crystalline solids with general formula
• NaO.(Al2O3).x(SiO2).yH2O (x=2 to 10; y=2 to 6).
• zerolite have porous structure in which the monovalent sodium ions and
water molecules are loosely held .
• water molecules moves freely in and out of these pores but the zeolite
frame work remains rigid.
• the pore sizes are nearly uniform allowing crystal to act as molecular sieve.
24.Write about burnt alum?

Ans:
• potash alum melts at 365K on heating at 475K loses water of hydration
and swells up
• the swollen mass is known as burnt alum
25.What is the hydroboration reaction ?
Ans:
Diborane adds on to alkenes and alkynes in ether solvent at room
temperature. This reaction is called hydroboration
26.How are silicones prepared?

Ans: the hydrolysis of (R2SiCl2) yields to a straight chain polymer which
grown both the sides .

LESSON 3 P BLOCK ELEMENTS
1. Write about synthesis of ammonia (Haber’s process)
High
N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3
Pressure
2. Write Structure of ammonia
i. Pyramidal in Shape
ii. N – H bond distance 1.645 A°
iii. H – H bond distance 1.645 A°
iv. Bond angle 107°
v. Tetrahedral with lone pair of electron hence it has pyramid shape.
3. Write Ostwald Process.
4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2 O + 120KJ
2NO + O2 → 2NO2
Temperature - 1275k
6NO2 + 3H2 O → 4HNO3 + 2NO + H2 O
4. Prove the Nitric acid across oxidizing agent and nitrating agent?
F2 + HNO → HF + NO3F [Oxidising agent]
Nitrating agent:
H2 SO4
C6 H6 + HNO3 → C6 H5 O
5. Write the uses of Nitric Acid?

i. Used as nitrating and oxidizing agent
ii. Preparation of aquaregia
iii. Used in Photography
6. Write the difference between Red Phosphorous and White Phosphorous.
S. No White Phosphorous Red Phosphorous
1. Colourless but become pale Red Phosphorous can be
yellow due to formation of converted into back into white
layer of red Phosphorous. Phosphorous.
2. Poisonous Nature Not poisonous in Nature
3. Garlic smell No smell
4. Show the Phosphorous Does not show
Phosphorescence
5. Ignition temperature low Does not ignite at low
temperature
7. Explain why fluorine always exhibit an oxidation state of – 1

Fluorine is the most electro negative element and hence it exhibit –
1 oxidation state.
8. What are Inter Halogen compounds? Give example.

Each halogen combines with other halogen to form a series of
compounds.
e.g : ClF3
9. Why fluoride is more reactive than other halogens?

i. Minimum value of F-F bond dissociation energy.
ii. Most electro negative.

10. Give the uses of Helium ?
i. Used in inflating aeroplane tyres.
ii. He − O2 mixture used by deep – sea divers.
iii. Used in electric are welding of metals.
11. Give the uses of Krypton?

i. Used in fluorescent bulbs.
ii. Used in airport as approaching light.
12. Give the uses of Sulphuric acid.

i. Used in manufacture of fertilizers.
ii. Used as a drying agent.
iii. Preparation of pigment, explosive.
13. Give a reason support that Sulphuric acid is a dehydrating agent?
HCOOH + H2 SO4 → CO + H2 SO4 . H2 O
(COOH)2 + H2 SO4 → CO + CO2 + H2 SO4 . H2 O
14. Write the reason for the anomalous behavior of nitrogen.

i. Small size.
ii. High electronegativity.
iii. High ionization energy and Non availability of d orbitals.
15. Give the uses of Argon?

i. It prevents the oxidation of hot filament and prolongs the life
in filament bulbs.
ii. Used in radio values and tubes.
16. Discuss the structure of Phosphorous?

i. The four atoms in phosphorous have polymeric structure with
chains of P4 linked tetrahedrally.
ii. P – P single bond is stable than P ≡ P
P P
P P P P
P P
White Phosphorous Red Phosphorous
17. Write the uses of phosphine (or) Write note about Holmes signal.
i. For producing smoke screen.
ii. Holmes signal :
In a ship a pierced container with a mixture of calcium
carbide and calcium phosphide liberates phosphine and
acetylene when thrown in to sea.
The phosphine catches fire and ignites acetylene. This
serves as a signal.
18. Shows that phosphine is powerful reducing agent?

3AgNO3 + PH3 → Ag 3 P + 3HNO3
19. Define Prismatic Sulphur (Monoclinic Sulphour)

i. Monoclinic Sulphur contains S8 molecules in addition to
small amount of S6 molecules.
ii. It exists as a long needle like prism and also called as
prismatic Sulphur.
20. Write about aquaregia (or) Royal Water.

i. 3 parts of conc. HCL and 1 part of conc. HNO3 gives Royal
water.
ii. Used to dissolve the Au , Pt.
21. Why the HF is liquid but other halides are gases.
i. HF – does not ionizes easily.
ii. HF is a liquid because of inter molecular
H – bonding.
22. Justify HF is weak acid among the halogen acids.

i. Greatest affinity
ii. Hydrogen bonding.
23. Why HF is stores in wax bottle and not in glass bottle?

i. HF easily attack the silicates.
SiO2 + 4HF → SiF4 + 2H2 O
Na2 SiO3 + 6HF → Na2 SiF6 + 3H2 O
24. Write the Properties of Inter halogen compounds.
i. Central atom will be large one.
ii. Formed between two halogens.
iii. Strong oxidizing agent.
iv. Undergo auto ionization.
25. Write about Rhombic Sulphur?

i. It is known as α - Sulphur.
ii. Thermodynamically stable.
iii. Yellow colour and composed S8 molecules.

XII – STANDARD CHEMISTRY: CHAPTER 4
TRANSITION AND INNER TRANSITION ELEMENTS
1. What are transition metal? Give example.
An elements whose atom has an incomplete d subshell or which
can give rise to cations with an incomplete d subshell.
e.g: Copper, Iron, Cobalt.
2. Transition metal show high boiling points. Why?

The transition metal have more number of unpaired d electrons
for metallic bonding.
3. Why first ionization enthalpy of Chromium is lower than that of Zinc?
Chromium : [Ar] 3d5 4s1
It can easily lose 4s electron to give stable half filled (3d5 ) configuration
so first I.E is less.
Zinc : [Ar] 3d10 4s2
It is difficult to remove one electron in 4s2 so I.E is greater.
4. Calculate the number of unpaired electrons in Ti+3 , Mn+2 and calculate

the spin only magnetic moment.
Ti+3
Electronic configuration : [Ar]3d1 4s0
Number of unpaired electrons : 1
Spin only magnetic moment :
μ = √n(n + 2)
= √1(1 + 2) = √3
= 1.732μB
Mn+2
Electron configuration : [Ar]3d5 4s0
Number of unpaired electrons : 5
Magnetic moment μ = √5(5 + 2) = √35
= 5.92μB
5. Write the electronic configuration of Ce+4 and Co+2
Ce+4 = [Xe] 4f 0 5d 6s
Co+2 = [Ar]3d7 4s0
6. Why transition metals and its compounds act as good catalyst?

i. Transition metals has energetically available d orbitals that can accept
electrons from reactant molecule. (or)
ii. Metal can form bond with reactant molecule using its d electron.
7. What is zeigler –Natta catalyst? Give a reaction in which it act as a catalyst?

i. Mixture of TiCl4 and trialkyl aluminium.
8. What is Hume-Rothery rule to form a substitute alloy?

i. The difference between the atomic radius solute and solvent is less
than 15%.
ii. The electro negative difference must be close to zero.
iii. Same valency.
iv. Same crystal structure.
9. What are interstitial compounds?

The interstitial compound is a compound that is formed when small
atoms like hydrogen, boron, carbon or nitrogen are trapped in the
interstitial holes in a metal lattice.
e.g : TiC , Mn4 N
10. What are the properties of interstitial compound?

i. Hard
ii. Show electrical and thermal conductivity.
iii. High melting points than pure metals.
iv. Hydrides are used as powerful reducing agent.
v. Carbides are chemically inert.
11. Why transition elements form complexes?

i. Transition metals ions are small and highly charged.
ii. They have vacant low energy orbitals to accept electron pair donated
by other group.
12. Explain Chromyl Chloride test.

Used to confirm the presence of chloride ion.
Chloride salt + Potassium dischromate + Conc. Sulphuric acid → red orange
vapours of chromyl chloride.
K 2 Cr2 O7 + 4NaCl + 6H2 SO4

→ 2KHSO4 + 4NaHSO4 + 2CrO2 Cl2 + 3H2 O
13. Hcl and HNO3 are not used for generating acidic medium for KMnO4
why? Suggest suitable acid medium for KMnO4 ?
i. Permanganate oxidizes HCl to Chlorine. So, HCl cannot be used.
ii. HNO3 is good oxidizing agent and reacts with reducing agent in the
reaction.
iii. H2 SO4 is found to be suitable because it does not react with KMnO4

14. Explain why Cr +2 is strongly reducing while Mn+2 is strongly oxidizing.
Cr +2 losses are electron and get half filled
(Changes from d4 to d3 )
Mn+3 accepts are electron and get stable half – filled (d5 ) electronic
configuration. (Changes from d4 to d5 )
15. Which is stronger reducing agent Cr +2 (or) Fe+2 ?

If the standard electron potential (E 0 ) of a metal is large and
negative, the metal is a powerful reducing agent because it loses electron
easily.
Cr +2 + 2e⊝ → Cr E 0 = − 0.91V
Fe+2 + 2e⊝ → Fe E 0 = − 0.44V
Since Cr +2 has large negative value of E 0 , Cr +2 is a strong reducing
agent than Fe+2 .
16. Why iron is more stable in +3 oxidation state than +2 and the reverse is
true for manganese?
Fe+3 : [Ar]3d5 Fe+2 : [Ar]3d6
Mn+2 : [Ar]3d5 Mn+3 : [Ar]3d4
Fe+3 ion has half filled d – orbital which is more stable than partially filled
d orbital of Fe+2 .
Mn+2 ion has half filled d – orbital which is more stable than partially
filled d orbital of Mn+3 .
17. Compare the stability of Ni+4 and Pt +4 from their ionization enthalpy
values.
IE Ni Pt
I 737 864
II 1753 1791
III 3395 2800
IV 5297 4150
Answer:
For Ni IE1 + IE2 + IE3 + IE4 = 11182KJ
For Pt IE1 + IE2 + IE3 + IE4 = 9605KJ.
Smaller the Ionisation enthalpy greater will be the stability of its
compounds. So Pt +4 is more stable than Ni+4 .
18. Why Gd+3 is colourless?

Gd : [Xe] 4f 7 5d1 6s2
Gd+3 : [Xe] 4f 7 5d0 6s0
In Gd+3 , no electrons are there in 5d orbital.
d-d transition is not possible. So Gd+3 is colourless.
19. What are inner transition elements.

The elements in which the extra electron enters (n-2)f orbital are
called f-block elements.
These elements are also called inner transition elements because they
form a transition series with in the transition elements.
20. What is lanthanoid contraction?

As we move across 4f series, the atomic and ionic radii of
lanthanoid show gradual decrease with increase in atomic number.
21. What is the cause for lanthanoid contraction ?

In 4F series as the atomic increases the nuclear charge increases by
one unit. An additional electron is added in to the same inner shell. Due
imperfect shielding of the 4F electrons, the effective nuclear charge
experienced by the 4F experienced by the 4F valence electron increases and
size of lanthanoid Ion’s decrease.
22. What are the consequences of lanthanoid contraction?

i. As we move from Ce+3 to La+3 , decrease in the size of La+3
decrease the ionic character of Ln − OH bond.
Which result in the decrease in the basicity.
ii. Their chemical properties are quite similar because of very small
charge in radii g lanthanoids.
iii. The elements of the second and third transition series resemble each
other.
23. Differentiate lanthanoids and actinoids.
Lanthanoids Actinoids
1. Differentiating electron Differentiating electron
enters in 4f orbital. enters in 5f orbital.
2. Binding energy of 4f Binding energy of 5f
orbitals are higher orbitals are lower.
3. Less tendency to form Greater tendency to form
complexes complex.
4. Most of the lanthanoids Most of the actinoids are
are colourless. coloured.
5. Do not oxocation Form oxocations.

24. Actinoid contraction is greater from element to element than the
lanthanoid contraction. Why?
This is due to poor shielding effect of 5f electrons in actinoids as
compared to that of 4f electrons in lanthanoid.
25. Out of La(OH)3 in more basic than Lu(OH)3 which is more basic and
why?
i. La(OH)3 in more basic than Lu(OH)3 .
ii. Size of La+3 large. So, ionic character of La-OH bond is high.
iii. Size of Lu+3 is small. So, ionic character of LU-OH bond is low.
26. Why Europium (II) is more stable than cerium II?
Ce+2 [xe] 4f 1 5d1 6so
Eu+2 [xe] 4f 7 5d0 6s0
Eu+2 has half filled 4f subshell. So, it is more stable than partially filled
Ce+2 .
27. Why do zirconium and hajnium exhibit similar properties?

Zirconium and Hajnium exhibit similar properties due to lanthanoid
contraction.
28. What are actionoids? Give three examples.

The fourteen elements following actinium is from thorium to
lawrentium are called actinoids.
e.g : Thorium, Uranium and plutonium.

UNIT – 5
CO-ORDINATE CHEMISTRY
Two and three marks
1. What are double salts? Give one example.

Double salts are formed by evaporation of solution containing two or
more salts in stoichiometric proportion.
They loose their identity
Dissociates into its constituent simple ions in solution.
E.g.: Mohr’s salt (Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate)
2. What are complex salts or Co-ordination compound?

Coordination compounds consists of a complex ion
It does not loose its identity.
It never dissociates to give simple ions.
Eg: Potassium ferrocyanide – k4[Fe(CN)6]
3. Write the limitation of Werner’s theory ?

Werner’s theory does not explain
a) The colour and the
b) Magnetic properties of coordination compound
4. Define Co-ordination number with eg.

The number of ligands (denote atoms) bonded to central metal atom are
called co-ordination number.
In k4[Fe(CN)6], the co-ordination number is 6
5. What are the different types of complexes based on kind of ligands?

Homoleptic complex:
The central metal atom is bonded only to one kind of ligands
Eg: k4[Fe(CN)6],[Co (NH3)3+
Heterleptic complex
The central metal atom is bonded to more than one kind of ligands.
Eg: k4[Fe(CN)6 Br3 ],[Co (NH3)5Cl]2+
6. Define Co-ordination isomers. Give eg.
Compounds must have both cation and anion as complex ions.
The ligands are interchanged between the cationic and anionic complex.
Eg. [Co(NH3)6] [Cr(CN)6] and [Cr(NH3)6] [Co(CN)6]
7. What is meant by Ionisation Isomer. Give eg

Co-ordination compounds having same molecular formula but forming
different ions in solution are called Ionisation isomer.
Simple ion acts as ligand and exchanges with one or more ligands.
[Co(H2o)5Cl]Br and [Co(H2o)5Br]Cl
8. What is Linkage isomerism explain with an example?

When an ambidentate ligand is bonded by two different donor atoms to
the central metal atom are called as Linkage Isomerism. (NO2/-ONO)
[Co(NH3)NO2]2+ and [CO(NH3)5ONO]2+
9. What are hydrate or solvate isomers. Give eg.

The exchange of solvent molecules like water or NH3 in the crystal lattice
with the ligand in the coordination entity will give different isomers.
These types of isomers are called hydrate isomers. Eg:- CrCl3.6H2O has 3
hydrate isomers
[Cr(H2O)6 Cl] Cl3 Violet Gives 3 Cl- in solution
[Cr(H2O)5 Cl]Cl2. H2O Pale green Gives 2 Cl- in solution
[Cr(H2O)4 Cl]Cl2. 2H2O Dark green colour Gives one Cl- in
solution
10. Define Cis and trans isomers.

Two similar groups present on the same side is Cis isomers
When two similar groups present on opposite side, it is called Trans
isomers.
11. Define Enantiomers

The pair of two optically active isomers which are mirror image of each
other are called enantiomers
Eg d and l isomers [Co(en)3]3+
12. Explain optical isomerism with an example?
Compounds with Chiral carbon are optically active
Enantiomers are optically active mirror images.
There are 2 types
Dextro isomer (d): It rotates the plane polarised light in the clockwise
direction.
Leavo isomer (l) : It rotates the plane polarised light in the
anticlockwise direction.Type equation here.
Eg: [Co (en)3]3
13. What are the limitations of Valance Bond Theory?

a) It fails to explain the colour of the complex.
b) It fails to explain the inner orbital and the outer orbital complexes of
the same metal.
c) It considers only the spin of the magnetic moment. It does not consider
the other components.
14. Write about crystal field splitting energy?

In the presence of ligand field, the five d- orbitals of the metal ion is
splitted into two sets having different energy.∆= ℎ𝑐𝜈 , where ∆=

𝑐𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 , ℎ = 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑘 ′ 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡, 𝑐 =
1
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡, 𝑣=wave number 𝑣 =
𝜆
15. What is crystal field stabilisation energy (CFSE)

It is the energy difference between the electronic configuration of the
ligand field (ELF) and the Isotropic field (bary centre) ( EISO)
CFSE(∆𝐸)=ELF-Eiso
16. Define d-d transition.

The excitation of d electrons of central metal ion from the lower energy
t2g level to higher energy level is known as d-d transition.
17. Define Co-ordination Polyhedron.

The three dimensional special arrangement of ligands that are directly
attached to central metal atom is called as Co- ordination Polyhedron.
In k4[Fe(CN)6], the co-ordination Polyhedron is octahedral.
In [Ni(Co)4], the co-ordination Polyhedron is tetrahedral.
18. Define Corrine ring.
Chlorophyll a green pigment present in green plants and algae, is a co-
ordination complex
This contains Mg2+ as central metal ion surrounded by a modified
Porphyrin ligand is called Corrine ring.
19. Define Stability Constant?

Stability constant of a complex is the measure of its resistance of replace
one ligand by another.
Cu 2+ +4NH3 ⇌ [Cu(NH3)4]2+
[Cu(NH3)4]2
𝛽=
[Cu 2+][NH3]4
20. Why Cu+ and Zn 2+ is colourless?

a) They have d10 configuration
b) They do not have d-d transition
c) Absence of single electrons.
21. [Ti(H2o)6]3+ is coloured while [Sc(H2o)6]3+is colourless- explain

[Ti(H2o)6]3+
Central metal ion Ti3+
Electronic configuration 3d1
Number of unpaired electron e- 1
Ti3+ has one unpaired e- for d- d transistion,hence it is coloured.
[Sc(H2o)6]3+
Central metal ion Sc3+
Electronic configuration 3d0
Number of unpaired electron e- 1
No unpaired e- , so d- d transistion is not possible. So Sc3+ is not coloured.
22. Ni2+ is identified using alcoholic solution of dimethyl glyoxime.

Write the structural formula for the rosy red precipitate of a complex
formed in the reaction.
Complex [Ni(DMG)2] Rosy red.
23. [Cucl4]2- exist while [CuI4]2- does not exist why?

In [Cucl4]2- the chloride ion does not reduce Cu2+ to Cu+
In [CuI4]2- complex, iodide reduces Cu2+ to Cu+ . Therefore the complex
is unstable.
24. Give an example of coordination compound used in medicine and

two examples of biologically important co-ordination compound.
Coordination compound used in medicine:
Cis Platin antitumor drug -- cancer treatment
Biologically important co-ordination compound.
NAME C.M.I USES

RBC composed Fe2+ Carrying
of HEME group oxygen from
lungs to tissue
CHLOROPHYLL Mg2+ photosynthesis
25. Give one test to differentiate [Co(NH3)5cl]so4 and [Co(NH3)5so4] cl.

[Co(NH3)5cl]so4
This complex produces sulphate ion in aqueous solution
With Barium Chloride (Bacl2) gives white precipitate
No reaction with AgNo3
[Co(NH3)5so4] cl.
This complex produces chloride ion in aqueous solution
With silver nitrate (AgNo3) gives curdy white precipitate
No reaction with BaCl2
26. Classify the following ligand based on the number of donor atoms.
A) NH3 b)en c) ox 2-
d) triaminotriethyl amine e)Pyridine
LIGAND NUMBER OF DONOR
ATOM
NH3 1 (N- donor)
en 2 (2N-donor)
2-
ox 2 (2-o-donor)
Triaminotriethyl amine 3 (3N-donor)
Pyridine 1(N-donor)
27. Why tetrahedral complexes do not exhibit geometrical isomerism

All the four ligand are adjacent to one another in tetrahedral complex
As the relative positions of donor atoms of ligands attached to the central
atom are same with respect to each other.
28. What is the coordination entity formed when excess of liquid

ammonia is added to an aqueous solution of copper sulphate.
When excess of liquid ammonia is added to an aqueous solution of copper
sulphate it gives tetraammine copper II sulphate
CuSo4+ 4NH3→ [Cu(NH3)4]so4
so the co-ordination entity is [Cu(NH3)4]2+
29. Give the differences between double salt and Co-ordination
compound
Double salt Co-ordination compound
Loose their identity Do not loose their identity
They give test for all the They do not show test for all the
constituent ions constituent ions
For example , For example , in k4[Fe(CN)6]
K2So4.Al2(So4)3.24H2O
30.What is hybridisation?
The process of mixing of atomic orbitals of comparable energu to form
equal number of new orbitals with same energy is called hybridisation.
30. Write the postulates of Werner’s theory

There are two types of valancy
a) Primary valency
b) Secondary valency
S.NO PRIMARY VALENCY SECONDARY
VALENCY
1 Oxidation number of the metal Coordination
atom number of the
metal atom
2 Its value will be positive or zero It is the number of
ligands bonded to
the central metal
ion
3 Satisfied only by negative ions Satisfied by
positive ions,
negative ions or
neutral molecule
4 It is non- directional It is directional
If the secondary valency =4 Tetrahedral shape

Secondary valency=6 Octahedral shape
There are two spheres around the metal atom
The inner sphere is called as the Co-ordination sphere
The outer sphere is called as Ionisation sphere

Limitations of Werner’s Theory
It fails to explain the colour and the magnetic properties.
31. Write the postulates of valence bond theory

• The ligand ⟶ metal bond is a co-ordination complex is covalent in
nature
• It is formed by sharing of electrons between the central metal atom and
the ligand
• Each ligand should have atleast one filled orbital containing a lone pair
of electrons
• In order to accommodate the electron pairs donated by the ligands, the
central metal ions provides required number of vacant orbitals
• Vacant orbital of central metal atom undergo hybridisation
• Vacant hybridised orbital of central metal ion, linearly overlap with the
filled orbitals of the ligand to form co-ordinate covalent sigma bond
between the metal and the ligand
• The hybridised orbitals are directional
• Their orientation in space gives definite geometry to the complex
CO- HYBRIDISATIO GEOMETRY EXAMPL
ORDINATIO N E
N NO
2 SP LINEAR [Cucl2]
3 SP2 TRIGONAL HgI3-
PLANAR
3
4 SP TETRAHEDRA [Nicl4]2-
L

4 dSP2 SQUARE [Ni(CN)4]2-
PLANAR
6 d2SP3 OCTAHEDRAL [Fe(CN)6]2-
6 SP3 d2 OCTAHEDRAL [F6 F6]4-

UNIT – 6
SOLID STATE
Two and three marks
1. Define unit cell?
A basic repeating structural unit of a crystalline solid is called a unit cell.
2. Write the Bragg’s equation. Explain the terms in it?

n𝜆=2dsin 𝜃
n= order of reflection
𝜆= wavelength of x- ray
d= interplanar distance in crystal
𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
3. Classify the following solids

a)P4 b) brass c) diamond d)Nacl e)
iodine
a) P4 Covalent solid
b) brass Metallic solid
c) diamond Covalent solid
d) Nacl Ionic solid
e) iodine Molecular solid
4. Name the seven types of primitive unit cell?

• Cubic
• Rhombohedral
• Orthorhombic
• Tetragonal
• Hexagonal
• Monoclinic
• Triclinic
5. What is meant by co-ordination number? What is the co-ordination

number of atoms in a BCC structure?

The neighbouring atoms surrounded by each atom is called co-ordination
number
In BCC (body centred) each atom is surrounded by eight nearest
neighbours and co-ordination number is 8.
6. Name the types of molecular solids with e.g.?

Types of molecular solids Eg.
Non polar molecular solids :held Naphthalene anthracene
by weak London forces
polar molecular solids: held by Solid Co2, Solid NH3
strong dipole-dipole interaction
Hydrogen bonded molecular: Solid ice, glucose, urea
held by hydrogen bonds
7. What are the general characteristics of solid?

• Have definite volume and shape
• Rigid and incompressible
• Have strong cohesive forces
• Have shorter inter atomic, ionic or molecular distances.
8. What are the types of crystals?

(i) Ionic crystals Nacl
(ii) Covalent crystal Diamond.
(iii) Molecular crystals- glucose
(iv) Metallic crystal Na, Ag
(v) Atomic solid - frozen element of group 18.
9. Differentiate crystalline solids and amorphous solid?

S.NO. CRYSTALLINE AMORPHOUS
SOLID SOLID
1 Long range orderly Short range (or)
arrangement of random arrangement
constituents of constituents
2 Definite shape Irregular shape
3 Anisotropic nature Isotropic nature
4 True solids Pseudosolids (or)
Super cooled liquids
5 Definite heat of fusion Heat of fusion not
definite
6 Sharp melting point No sharp melting
point
7 Eg: Nacl, Diamond Eg: rubber , plastic
10. Explain Schottky defect?
Missing of Na+(ion) Missing of Cl-

(ion)
• Schottky defect is due to missing of equal number of cations and

anions from the crystal lattice.
• Hence the stoichiometry of the crystal is not changed.
• Size of cations and anions are of similar size.
• So the crystal remains neural
• Presence of large number of schottky defects in a crystal lowers its
density
• Eg: NaCl
11. Give any three characteristics of Ionic crystals?

(i) Ionic solids have high melting point
(ii) They do not conduct electricity (because the ions are fixed in their
lattice position
(iii) They conduct electricity in molten state
(iv) They are hard
12. Explain Frenkel Defect?

• Frenkel defect arises due to the dislocation of ions from its crystal
lattice.

• The ion which is missing from the lattice point occupies an interstitial
position
• Size of cation and anion are different
• Frenkel defect does not affect the density of the crystal
• E.g.: AgBr size of Br- is greater than Ag+
13. Draw and calculate the number of atoms in a body centred (BCC)
cubic cell?
𝑁𝑐 𝑁𝑏
number of atoms in a BCC unit cell= +
8 1
8 1
= + = 1+1=2
8 1

14.Sketch Face Centred unit cell (FCC) and calculate its number of
atoms?
𝑁𝑐 𝑁𝑓
number of atoms in a FCC unit cell= +
8 12
8 6
= + = 1+3=4
8 2
15.What are point defects?

Point defects are the deviations from ideal arrangement that occurs at
some points or atoms in a crystalline substance
16.Sketch Sc and calculate the number of atoms present in it?
𝑁𝑐 8
number of atoms in a FCC unit cell= = =1
8 8

17.Mention the classification of point defects?
Point Defects
Stoichiometric Non-Stoichiometric Impurity defects
Schottky Frenkel defect Metal excess defect Metal deficiency defect
18.Write short notes on metal excess defect?

Metal excess defect arises due to the presence of more number of metal
ions than the anion.
The electrical neutrality is maintained by the presence of anionic
vacancies equal to the excess metal ions or by the presence of extra cation
and electron in the interstitial position.
E.g.: Nacl crystals are heated in the presence of sodium vapour.

19.Explain the metal deficiency defect?
When the metal ion present lesser than the anion, it is called metal
deficiency defect.
E.g.: Foe
Fe2+iis missing from the crystal lattice to maintain electrical neutrality,
two Fe2+ ion oxides to Fe3+ ion
20.Why ZnO turns yellow on heating?

This is due to the formation of metal excess defect
On heating it loses oxygen atom and forms a free Zn2+ ion
This Zn2+ ion and electrons occupy the interstitial position.
21.How F centres are formed when Nacl crystals are heated in the
presence of Sodium vapour, excess if Na+ ions are observed. Justify your
answer?
When NaCl crystals are heated in the presence of Sodium vapour, Na+
ions are formed and are deposited on the surface of the crystal/
Chloride ions diffuse to the surface from the lattice points and combine
with Na+
The electron lost by the Sodium vapour diffuse into the crystal lattice and
occupies the vacancy created by the Cl- ions
Such anionic vacancies which are occupied by unpaired electrons are
called F centres.
Hence the formula of NaCl which contains excess Na+ ions can be written
as Na1+x Cl
22.Write short notes on covalent solids?

In covalent solids, the atoms are bound together by covalent bond. E.g.:
Diamond
• They are hard
• They have high melting points.
• They do not conduct electricity
• They are poor thermal conductors.
23.What are molecular solids?

A molecular solid contains neutral molecules.
• They are held by weak vanderwaals force
• They are soft
• They do not conduct the electricity
24.Define Packing efficiency or fraction?

Packing efficiency (or) fraction
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙
=
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙
25.Write about metallic solids?

In metallic solids, the lattice points contain positive charged metal ions
and cloud of electrons.
• They are hard
• They have high melting points.
• They are good conductors of heat and electricity
• They have bright lustre. E.g.: Gold is metals and their alloys.
26.Mention the packing efficiency of SC, BCC and FCC?

Types of unit cell Packing efficiency
𝜋
SC- Simple Cubic *100= 52.31 %
6
BCC- Body Centred √3𝜋
*100= 68 %
Cubic 8
FCC – Face Centred √2𝜋
*100= 74 %
Cubic 6
27.Define Isotropy and Anisotropy?

When the physical properties are identical in all directions it is called
isotropy. E.g.: Rubber
When the physical properties are not identical in all directions it is called
Anisotropy. E.g.: Nacl crystal
UNIT – 7
CHEMICAL KINETICS
Two and three marks:
1. Define Half life period (t1/2)
The time required for the reactant concentration to reach one half initial
value
0.693
t1/2= sec
𝑘
2. Define Average Rate

The change in concentration of reactants at a given interval of time in a
chemical reaction is called as Average rate.
3. Define Instantaneous Rate

The rate of reaction at a particular instant during the reaction is called
instantaneous rate.
4. Define Rate law

The expression which relates the rate of the reaction
Rate constant (k) and the concentration of the reactants is named as Rate
law
XA+yB→k [A]x [B]y
Where R → Rate constant
[A] & [B] → Molar concentration of reactant
x+y → order of the reaction
5. Define Rate Constant

It is defined as the rate of the reaction when the concentration of each of
the reactants is unity in the reaction
6. What is elementary reaction?

Each and every single step in a reaction mechanism is called elementary
reaction.

7. Write Arrhenius equation and explain the terms involved
K=A e-Ea/RT
A→ Frequency factor
R→ Gas constant
T→absolute temperature
Ea→ Activation energy
8. What is meant by zero order reaction give example:

The reaction in which the rate is independent of the concentration of the
reactant over the wide range of concentration is called as Zero order
reactions
E.g.: Photochemical reaction between H2 &Cl2
H2(g)+Cl2(g) →2HCl (in presence of catalyst h𝜈)
9. Define first order reaction with example

A reaction whose rate depends on the reactant concentration raised to first
power is called first order reaction.
E.g.: Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
1
H2O2(𝑎𝑞) →H2O(l)+ O2 (g)
2
10. Define Pseudo first order reaction with example

A second order reaction can be altered to a first order reaction by taking
one of the reactant is large excess, such reaction is called as Pseudo first
order reaction
E.g.; Acid hydrolysis of an ester
CH3COOCH3(aq) + H2O(l) → CH3COOH(aq)+CH3OH(aq)

11.Show that for a first order reaction half life is independent of initial
concentration of initial concentration?
2.303 [A0]
K= log
𝑡 [𝐴]
[A0]
When t= t1/2 then [A]=
2
2.303 [A0]
K= log [A0]
t1/2
2
2.303
t1/2= log2
𝑡
2.303
t1/2= *0.3010
𝐾
t1/2=0.693/K
No concentration terms involved, so half life of the I order reaction
is independent of initial concentration of reactant.
11. Define Activation Energy

A minimum energy possessed by a colliding molecule is called activation
energy
Activation energy = Threshold energy – Energy of colliding molecule
12. Differentiate rate and rate constant?

S.NO RATE OF A REACTION RATE CONSTANT
1 It represents the speed at It is a proportionality constant
which the reactants are
converted into product at
any instant
2 It is measured as decrease It is equal to the rate of reaction,
in the concentration of the when the concentration of each
product of the reactants is unity
3 It depends on the initial It does not depend on the initial
concentration of the concentration of reactant
reactant
13. Give any three examples for 1st order reaction?
(i) Decomposition of H2O2 in aqueous solution
1
H2O2(aq) → H2O(l)+ O2 (g)
2
(ii) Decomposition of dinitrogen pentoxide
1
N2O5(g) → 2 NO2(g)+ O2 (g)
2
(iii) Decomposition of thionyl chloride
SO2Cl2(l) → SO2(g)+ Cl2 (g)
(or)
(iv) Isomerisation of cyclopropane to propene
14. Mention any three examples for Zero order reaction

a) Photochemical reaction between H2 & I2
H2(g)+Cl2(g) →2HCL (in presence of catalyst h𝜈)
b) Decomposition of N2O on hot platinum surface

1
N2O(g) ⇋N2(g)+ O2 (g)
2
c) Iodination of acetone in acidic medium is Zero order with respect to

iodine
15. Give the differences between order and molecularity?

S.NO. ORDER OF REACTION MOLECULARITY
1 It is the sum of the power It is the total number of reactant
of the concentration species that are involved in
terms involved in elementary step
experimentally
determined rate law
2 It can be zero or It is always whole number, cannot
fractional or integer be zero or fraction
3 It is assigned for overall It is assigned for each elementary
reaction step of mechanism

16. What are the factors affecting the reaction rate?
(i) Nature and state of reactant
(ii) Concentration of reactant
(iii) Surface area of the reactant
(iv) Temperature of reaction
(v) Presence of catalyst
17. Identify the order for the following reaction

(i) Rusting of iron Ans: First order
238
(ii) Radioactive disintegration of 92U Ans: First order
(iii) 2A+ 3B → product Ans: Rate= K[A]1/2
[B]2=(1/2)+2=5/2
5 MARKS:
18.Derive integration rate law for a first order:

Reaction A →Product
Rate is directly proportional to the concentration of one reactant is called
first order reaction
A →Product
1
Rate law, R= K[A]
𝑑[𝐴]
- = K[A]
𝑑𝑡
𝑑[𝐴]
- =k dt
[𝐴]
At t=0, concentration of reactant =[A0]
At t=t, concentration of reactant left =[A]
Integrate between limits of [A0] at t=0 and [A] at time ‘t’
[𝐴] 𝑑[𝐴] 𝑡
-∫[A0] = k ∫0 𝑑𝑡
[𝐴]
[𝐴]
(− ln[𝐴])[𝐴0] = k(𝑡)10
−ln [𝐴]-(-ln[A0]=k(t-0)
−ln[A]+ ln[A0]= kt
[𝐴0]
ln = kt
[𝐴]
1 [𝐴0]
k= ln
𝑡 [𝐴]
2.303 [𝐴0]
k= log
𝑡 [𝐴]
19.Derive an integrated rate law for a Zero order reaction:
Rate is independent of the concentration of reactant is called as Zero order
reaction
A →Product
At t=0, concentration of reactant =[A0]
At t=t, concentration of reactant left =[A]
R= K[A]0
𝑑[𝐴]
- = K[A]0
𝑑𝑡
- d[A]=k dt
integrate between limits of [A0] at t=0 and [A] at time ‘t’
[𝐴] 𝑡
-∫[A0] 𝑑[𝐴]= k ∫0 𝑑𝑡
[𝐴]
−(𝐴)[𝐴0] = k(𝑡)10
[A0]-[A]=kt
[A0]−[A]
K=
𝑡
20.Derive an equation for the half life period of a zero reaction

[[A0]−[A]
rate constant k =
𝑡
[A0]−[A]
at t= t1/2 .[A]=
2
[A0]−[A]/2
k=
t1/2
[A0]
k=
2t1/2
[A0]
t1/2=
2𝑘
half life of a zero order reaction is directly proportional to the initial
concentration of the reactant.

Unit – 8
Ionic Equilibrium
Two and three mark question:
1. What are lavis acids and bases? Give two example for each.
i. Lavis acid is and electron pairs acceptor.
E.g : H+ , K + , BF3
ii. Levis base is an electron pair donor.
E.g : OH − , NH3
2. Discuss lowry -Bronsted concept of acids and bases.
Acid is a proton donor and base is a proton acceptor.
E.g : NH3 + H2 O ⇌ NH4+ + OH −
NH3 - base
H2 O - Acid
NH4+ - Conjugate acid
OH − - Conjugate base
3. Define pH.
pH of a solution is definded as the negative logarithm of base 10
of the molar concentration of hydronium ion.
pH = −log10 [H3 O+ ]
4. State Ostwald’s dilution law?

Ostwald’s law related the dissociation constant of the weak acid
Ka with its degree of dissociation (α) and the concentration (c).
5. Derive an expression for Ostwald’s dilution law.

Consider a weak acid HA
HA ⇌ H + + A−
HA H+ A−
Concentration at (1 − α)C αC αC
equilibrium
Ka = [H + ] [A− ] / [HA]
= (Cα x Cα) / (C (1 − α))
Ka = α2 C / (1 − α)
6. Define ionic product of water. Give its value at room temperature.

The product of concentration of H+ and OH − at a particular
temperature.
K w = [H+ ] [OH− ]
K w = 1 × 10−14 mol2 dm−6 at 25°C
7. Explain common ion effect with an example.

The suppression of dissociation of weak acid in presence of
salt with an ion common to the weak electrolyte.
E.g : Decrease in dissociation of acetic acid in presence of acids (or)
bases.
8. Define buffer solution. Explain the typs of buffer solution.

Solution which resists the drastic change in its pH upon
addition of acids (or) bases.
i. Acidic buffers
Weak acids and its salt.
E.g : Acetic acid + Sodium acetate.
ii. Basic buffer
Weak base and its salt.
E. g : Ammonium Chloride +
Ammonium Hydroxide
9. Define buffer index.

The number of gram equivalence of acid or base added to one litter
of the buffer to change its pH by unity.
10. Derive Henderson – Hassel balch equation.

HA ⇌ H3 O+ + A+
[H3 O+ ] = K a × [(acid)eq / (base)eq]
Due to common ion effect
(acid)eq = (acid)initial
(base)eq = (salt)initial
Taking logarithm on both sides
log[H3 O+ ] = log K a + log [(acid) / (salt)]
Reversing sign on both sides,
−log[H3 O+ ] = −log K a - log [(acid) / (salt)]
Since pH = −log[H3 O+ ] and pK a = −log(K a )
pH = pK a − log [(acid) / (salt)]
pH = pK a + log [(salt) / (acid) ]
for basic buffer,
pOH = pK b + log([(salt) / (base)])

11. Define solubility product.
Product of molar concentration of the constituent ions, each
raised to the power of its stoichiometric co-efficient in a balanced
equilibrium equation.

Unit 9
ELECTRO CHEMISTRY
Two and Three mark questions.

1. Define resistivity (or) specific resistance.
Resistance of an electrolyte conjoined between two electrodes having unit
cross sectional area and are separated by a unit distance.
ρ = R (l/a)
Unit : ohm. Meter
2. Define specific conductance (or) Conductivity.

The reciprocal of specific resistance is called specific conductance (or)
conductivity.
κ = C × (l/a)
Unit ∶ Sm−1
3. Define molar conductivity.

Conductivity of a cell conducting electrodes separated by 1m and having
Vm3 of electrolytic solution one mole of electrolyte.
Λ m = κ × 10−3 ) / M
Unit: Sm2 mol−1
4. Define equivalent conductance.

Conductivity of Vm3 of electrolytic solution containing one gram
equivalent of electrolyte in a conductivity cell in which the electrodes are one
meter apart.
Λ m = κ × 10−3 / N
Unit : Sm2 gram equivalent −1
5. Define – Kohlrausch’s law.
At infinite dilution the limiting molar conductivity of a electrolyte is equal
to the sum of the limiting molar conductivities of its constituent ions.
(Λ°m )NaCl = (λ°m )Na+ + (λ°m )Cl−
6. How is Kohlrausch’s law useful to determine the molar conductivity of weak

electrolyte at infinite dilution ?
(Λ°m )CH3 COOH Cau be calculated using the limiting molar conductivities
of CH3 COONa , HCl , NaCl as follows,
(Λ°m )CH3 COOH = (λ°m )CH3 COO− + (λ°m )Na+
(Λ°m )HCl = (λ°m )H+ + (λ°m )Cl−
(Λ°m )NaCl = (λ°m )Na+ + (λ°m )Cl−
(Λ°m )CH3 COONa + (Λ°m )HCl - (Λ°m )NaCl = λ° H+ + λ°CH3 COO−
= Λ°CH3 COOH
7. Why does conductivity of a solution decreases on dilution of the solution?

Upon increasing dilution, amount of electrolyte present in 1sqm area of the
cell decreases. So conductivity decreases.
8. Define Anode and Cathode.

Anode : The electrode at which oxidation takes place.
Cathode : The electrode at which reduction takes place.
9. Describe the construction of Daniel cell. Write the cell reaction.

Anode – oxidation half cell :
Metallic Zin strip + aquous solution of zin sulphate.
Cathode – Reduction half cell:
Copper strip + aquous solution of copper sulphate

Joining the half cell : Cu and Zn strip are connected externally with a metal
wire.
Salt bridge - U tube containing agar – agar gel mixed with an inert
electrolyte (KCl, Na2 SO4 )
Cell reaction :
At anode :
Zn(s) → Zn2+ (ag) + 2e−
At cathode :
Cu2+ (ag) + 2e− → Cu(s)
Overall reaction :
Zn(s) + Cu+2 (ag) → Zn2+ (ag) + Cu(s)
10. Why is anode is galvanic cell considered to be negative and cathode

positive electrode ?
Since oxidation occurs at anode and e− s are librated at anode and it is
negative.
Reduction takes place at cathode. As electrons are consumed cathode
is positive electrode.
11. Why is AC current used instead of DC in measuring the electrolytic

conductance ?
Application of DC current will lead to electrolysis of the solution
taken in the cell. So AC current is used to prevent electrolysis.

12.Derive an expression for Nernst equation.
xA + yB ⇌ lC + mD
Q = {[(C)l (D)m ] / [(A)x (B)y ]}
∆G = ∆G° + RTlnQ
∆G = − nFEcell ; ∆° G = − nFE ° cell
−nFEcell = −nFE ° cell + RTln {[(C)l (D)m ] / [(A)x (B)y ]}
/ (-nF)
Ecell = E ° cell – [(RT)/(nF)]ln {[(C)l (D)m ] / [(A)x (B)y ]}
13.Write a note on sacrificial protection.

Metals such as Mg (or) Zinc which is corroded more easily than iron
can be used as a sacrificial anode and the iron material acts as a cathode. So
iron is protected from corrosion.
14.Explain the function of H2 − O2 fuel cell.

Fuel / Electrode / Electrolyte / Electrode / Oxidant
Fuel : Hydrogen
Oxidant : Oxygen
Electrode : Graphite containing Ni and NiO
Electrolyte : Aquous KOH maintained at 200° C and 20-40 atm.
At anode :
ZH2 (g) + 4OH − (aq) → 4H2 Ol + 4e−
At cathode :
O2 (g) + 2H2 O(l) + 4e− → 4OH − (aq)
The overall reaction :
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2 Ol
15.What is corrosion.
The redox process which causes the deterioration of metal is called
corrosion.

UNIT -10
SURFACE CHEMISTRY
1. Give two important characteristics of physisorption.
i. Physical forces which as vendor Waals force of attraction, dipole –
dipole interaction, dispersion forces etc. exist between adsorbent and
adsorbate.
ii. Heat of adsorption is low, hence physical adsorption occurs at low
temperature.
2. Differentiate physisorption and chemisorptions.

Chemisorption Physorption
1. Very slow Instantaneous
2. Specific Non – Specific
3. When temperature is Decrease with increase in
raised, chemisorptions first temperature.
increases and then
decreases.
4. Involves transfer of No transfer of electrons
electrons
5. Heat of adsorption is high Heat of adsorption is low
6. Monolayer adsorption is Multilayer of the adsorbate is
high formed
7. Adsorption occur at active It occurs on all sides
centers
8. Activation energy is Activation energy insignificant
needed

3. In case of chemisorptions, Why adsorption first increases and then
decreases with temperature ?
Increase in adsorption is due to the fact that formation of activated
complex requires certain energy.
The decrease at high temperature is due to desorption, as the kinetic
energy of the adsorbate increases.
4. Write note on peptisation.

Process of converting precipitated particles into colloidal state by
adding suitable electrolyte.
Electrolyte added is called peptising agent.
HCl
AgCl → AgCl
peptising agent
Precipitate Colloid
5. What are the characteristics of catalysts ?

i. Catalyst is needed in very small quantity
ii. Catalyst remains unchanged in mass and chemical composition.
iii. Catalyst cannot initiate a reaction, it can increase the rate of a
reaction.
iv. Finally divided solid catalyst will be more effective.
v. Catalysts are specific is nature.
vi. Catalysts do not affect the position of equilibrium.
vii. Catalysts are highly effective at optimum temperature.
viii. Presence of catalysts do not change the nature of product.
6. What are promoters ?

Substance which increase the activity of a catalyst.
In Haber’s process for manufacturing NH3 , M6 is a promoter for Fe
catalyst.

7. What is a catalyst poison ?
Substance which decreases (or) completely destroys the activity of
catalyst.
pt
2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3
For pt, As2 O3 is a poison.
8. What is auto catalysis ?

Reaction in which one of the products formed acts as a catalyst to the
reaction.
E.g : In hydrolysis of ethylacetate, acetic acid acts as an auto catalyst.
9. What is negative Catalysis ?

Substance which decreases the rate of a reaction is called negative
catalyst, and such process is called negative catalysis.
E.g : For decomposition of hydrogen peroxide glycol is a negative catalyst.
10. Explain the intermediate compound formation theory of catalysis.
i. Explains homogeneous catalysis.
ii. Catalyst may combine with one or more reactant to form an
intermediate.
iii. This intermediate react with other reactant or decomposes to give
product.
iv. Catalyst is regenerated.
E.g : Formation of water due to reaction between H2 and O2 is presence of
Cu
2Cu + Y2 O2 → H2 O + 2Cu

11.Explain adsorption theory of catalysis.
i. Explains homogeneous catalysis.
ii. Reactant molecules diffuse from bulk to catalyst surface.
iii. Adsorption of reactant by catalyst.
iv. Adsorption reactants get activated form activated complex
which decompose to give product.
v. Product is desorbed.
vi. Diffusion of product from preparing.
12. What are the chemical methods of preparing colloids ?

i. Oxidation :
HIO3 + 5HI → 3H2 O + I2 (Sol)
ii. Reduction :
2AgCl3 + 3HCHO + 3H2 O →2Au(sol) + 6HCl + 3HCOOH
iii. Hydrolysis :
FeCl3 + 3H2 O → Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl
iv. Double decomposition :
As2 O3 + 3H2 S → As2 S3 + 3H2 O
v. Decomposition :
S2 O2−
3 + 2H
+
→ S + H2 O + SO2
13.What is dialysis ?
Separation of electrolyte from colloidal solution using semipermiable
membrane is called dialysis.
14.What is electrodialysis ?
Separation of electrolyte from colloidal solution through
semipermeable membrane in presence of electric field is called
electrodialysis.

15.What is Tyndall effect ?
The scattering of light by colloidal particles is called Tyndall effect.
16. What is Brownian movement ? What is the reason for Brownian

movement ?
The zigzag, random and continuous movement of colloidal particles is
called Brownian movement.
Reason :
Sol particles are continuously bombarding with the molecules of dispersion
medium.
17.What is electrophoresis ?
Migration of sol particles under the influence of electric field is called
Electrophoresis.
18.What is electro osmosis?

Movement of dispersion medium under the influence of electric
potential is called electro osmosis.
19.What is the difference between a sol and a gel ?

Sol is a colloidal solution of solid dispersed in liquid.
Gel is a colloidal solution of liquid dispersed in solid.
20.Why are lyophillic colloidal sols are more stable than lyophobic colloidal
sol ?
In lyophillic colloids definite attractive force exist between dispersion
medium and dispersed phase.

In lyophobic colloids, no attractive force exist between dispersed phase
and dispersion medium.
21.What are the factors which influence the adsorption of a gas on a solid ?
i. Nature of adsorbent.
ii. Nature of adsorbate.
iii. Temperature
iv. Pressure
22.What are enzymes?Write brief note on mechanism of enzyme catalysis ?

Enzymes are complex protein molecules with three dimensional
structure.
E + S ⇌ ES → P + E
E - Enzyme
S - Substrate
ES – Activated complex
P – Products
23. Explain any one method for coagulation.

A colloidal solution can be coagulated by adding electrolyte. A
negative ion causes the precipitation of positively changed sol and vice
versa.

11.HYDROXY DERIVATIVES
2 & 3 Marks
 Explain Kolbe’s reaction
2.What is Williamson synthesis?

When an alkyl halide is heated with an alcoholic solution of sodium alkoxide, the
corresponding ethers are obtained. The reaction involves SN2 mechanism.
CH3 -ONa + Br-C H3 CH3 -O-C H3 + NaBr
3. What is Coupling reaction?
Phenol couples with benzene diazonium chloride in an alkaline solution to form p-hydroxy
azobenzene(a red orange dye).

4.What is Hydroboration?
Antimarkonikov’s addition of alkenes to diboranes
5.Explain Lucas test?

6.What is Saytzeff’s Rule?
During intramolecular dehydration, if there is a possibility to form a

carbon – carbon double bond at different locations, the preferred
location is the one that gives the more (highly) substituted alkene i.e.,
the stable alkene.
7.What is Swern Oxidation?

In this method, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is used as the oxidising
agent, which converts alcohols to ketones / aldehydes.
8.How TNG is prepared?

9.How Acrolein is prepared?
10.What is Dow’s process?
11.Convert Benzene to cumene and Cumene to Phenol?

12.Convert Phenol to Benzene?
13.What is Schotten-Baumann reaction?
14.Give the test for phenol?

i. Phenol gives violet coloration with neutral FeCl3.
ii. Phenol decolourises Bromine water to give 2,4,6 tri bromophenol.
15.Write the Oxidation and Reduction reactions of Phenol?

5 Marks Questions:
1.Explain the Various Dehydration reactions of Glycol?

16.Explain Victor meyer test?

12.CARBONYL COMPOUNDS
2 & 3 Marks:
1.Convert but2ene into ethanal
2.Write notes on Stephen’s reaction?

When alkyl cyanides are reduced using SnCl2 / HCl , imines are formed,
which on hydrolysis gives corresponding aldehyde.
3.What is Etard reaction?
4.What is Gattermann-Koch reaction?

Here Benzene is converted into benazaldehyde.

5.Write notes on Friedal craft acetylation?
6.How Urotropine is prepared? Write its structure and uses?
Formaldehyde reacts with ammonia to form hexa methylene tetramine,

which is also known as Urotropine.
7.What is Popoff’s rule. Give example?

8.Write notes on i.Clemmenson reduction ii.Wolf-kishner reduction?
i. Clemmenson Reduction:
ii.Wolf-Kishner reduction:
9.Convert Acetone to Pinacol?
10.Write notes on Haloform reaction?

Acetone reacts with Cl2 in presence of NaOH gives Trichloro acetone which on
reacts with NaOH gives choloroform.

11.Write notes on Claisen-Schmidt reaction?
12.What is Cannizaro reaction?
13. Write notes on i. Perkin reaction ii. Knoevenegal reaction iii. Schiff’s base
formation
i. Perkin reaction
ii. Knoevenegal reaction:

iii. Schiff’s base formation:
14.Give the test for Aldehydes?

Tollen’s test:
Tollens reagent is an ammonical silver nitrate solution. When an aldehyde
is warmed with Tollens reagent a bright silver mirror is produced due to
the formation of silver metal. This reaction is also called silver mirror test
for aldehydes.
Fehling’s solution test:

When aldehyde is warmed with Fehlings solution deep blue colour
solution is changed tored precipitate of cuprous oxide.
15. Write notes on Kolbe electrolytic reduction?
16. What is HVZ reaction?

17. Explain the reducing action of Formic acid?
18.What is trans esterification?
5 Marks:
1.What is aldol condensation? Give the mechanism Aldol condensation?
In presence of dilute base NaOH, or KOH, two molecules of an aldehyde or ketone
havingα - hydrogen add together to give β- hydroxyl aldehyde (aldol) or β - hydroxyl
ketone (ketol).The reaction is called aldol condensation reaction.

2.Explain the mechanism of Cannizaro reaction?

13.ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
1. How will you distinguish between primary secondary and tertiary alphatic amines.
2.What is Nef carbonyl synthesis?
3.Write notes on Hoffmann Bromamide reaction?
4.Write notes on Gabriel phthalime synthesis?

5.Write notes on Sabatier-Mailhe method?
When vapour of an alcohol and ammonia are passed over alumina, WO 2 5(or) silica at400 C,
0
all types of amines are formed.
6.Write notes on Schotten-Baumann reaction?
7.Write notes on Carbylamine reaction?

Aliphatic (or) aromatic primary amines react with chloroform and alcoholic KOH to
give isocyanides (carbylamines), which has an unpleasant smell. This reaction is known as
carbylamines test. This test used to identify the primary amines.
8.What is Mustard oil reaction?

9.What is Hoffmann-Mustard oil reaction?
10.Write notes on Sandmeyer reaction?

On mixing freshly prepared solution of benzene diazonium chloride with cuprous
halides(chlorides and bromides), aryl halides are obtained. This reaction is called
Sandmeyer reaction.

11.What is Gattermann reaction?
12.What is Baltz-Schiemann reaction?
13.Convert Aniline to phenol?

14.Write notes on Gomberg reaction?
15.Write notes on coupling reaction?

16.What is Thrope nitrile condensation?
17.Arrange the following in increasing order of solubility in water,

C6H5NH2,,(C2H5 )2 NH,C2H5NH2
The more extensive the H−bonding, the higher is the solubility. C2H5NH2
contains two H-atoms whereas (C2H5)2NH contains only one H-atom. Thus,
C2H5NH2 undergoes more extensive H−bonding than (C2H5)2NH. Hence, the
solubility in water of C2H5NH2 is more than that of (C2H5)2NH .
Further, the solubility of amines decreases with increase in the molecular mass.
This is because the molecular mass of amines increases with an increase in the
size of the hydrophobic part. The molecular mass of C6H5NH2 is greater than
that of C2H5NH2 and (C2H5)2NH .
Hence, the increasing order of their solubility in water is as follows:
C6H5NH2 < (C2H5 )2 NH < C2H5NH2

5 Marks
1.Explain the various reduction products of Nitrobenzene in basic medium ?
2. Account for the following

i.Amines are more basic than amides
Comparing the basicity of alkylamines to amides. With an alkyl amine the lone pair
electron is localized on the nitrogen. However, the lone pair electron on an amide are
delocalized between the nitrogen and the oxygen through resonance. This makes amides
much less basic compared to alkylamines.
ii.Gabriel phthalimide synthesis is preferred for synthesising primary amines.

Secondary or tertiary amines are not formed in this synthesis. thus, the pure primary amine
can be obtained. Therefore, Gabriel phthalimide synthesis is preferred for synthesising
primary amines
iii.Ethylamine is soluble in water whereas aniline is not

Ethylamine when added to water forms intermolecular H−bonds with water. And therefore
it is soluble in water. But aniline does not form H−bond with water to a very large extent
due to the presence of a large hydrophobic −C6H5group. Hence, aniline is insoluble in
water.

14. BIOMOLECULES
2 and 3 marks:
1.What type of linkages hold together monomers of DNA?

The two strands of the DNA are held together by weak hydrogen
bonds that form between the nitrogen bases.
2.Give the differences between primary and secondary structure of

proteins.
The main difference between primary secondary and tertiary structure
of protein is that the primary structure of a protein is linear and the
secondary structure of a protein can be either an α-helix or β-sheet
.
The primary structure comprises the amino acid sequence. Hydrogen
bonds formed between amino acids are responsible for the formation of
the secondary structure of a protein .
3. Name the Vitamins whose deficiency cause i) rickets ii) scurvy
Rickets—Vitamin D deficiency
Scurvy--- Vitamin C deficiency
4. Write the Zwitter ion structure of alanine

5. Give any three difference between DNA and RNA
6. Write a short note on peptide bond

The carboxyl group of the first amino acid react with the amino group
of the second amino acid to give an amide linkage between these
amino acids. This amide linkage is called peptide bond.
7. Give two difference between Hormones and vitamins

8. Write a note on denaturation of proteins
The process of a protein-losing its higher order structure without
losing the primary structure, it called denaturation. When a protein
denatures, its biological function is also lost.
Since the primary structure is intact, this process can be reversed in
certain proteins.
Example: coagulation of egg white by action of heat.
9. What are reducing and non – reducing sugars?

A reducing sugar is a sugar that has a free aldehyde or ketone that can act as a
reducing agent. A non-reducing sugar does not have a free aldehyde or
ketone, so it cannot act as a reducing agent.
10. Why carbohydrates are generally optically active.

Almost all carbohydrates are optically active as they have one or more
chiral carbon. The number of optical isomers depends on the number
of chiral carbons.
11. Classify the following into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides

and polysaccharides.
i) Starch—Polysaccharides
ii) fructose --- Monosaccharides
iii) sucrose--- Disaccharides
iv) lactose---- Disaccharides
v) maltose---Disaccharides
12. How are vitamins classified?

Vitamins are classified into two groups based on their solubility in
water and in fat.
Fat soluble vitamins: These vitamins absorbed best when taken with
fatty food and are stored in fatty tissues and livers. These vitamins do
not dissolve in water. Hence they are called fat soluble vitamins.
Vitamin A, D, E & K are fat-soluble vitamins.
Water soluble vitamins: Vitamins B (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9 &
B12) and C are readily soluble in water. On the contrary to fat soluble
vitamins, these can’t be stored. The excess vitamins present will be
excreted through urine and are not stored in our body.
13. What are harmones? Give examples

Hormone is an organic substance (e.g. a peptide or a steroid) that is
secreted by one tissue into the blood stream and induces a
physiological response (e.g. growth and metabolism) in other tissues.
It is an intercellular signalling molecule.
Chemically, hormones may be classified as either protein (e.g. insulin,
epinephrine) or steroids (e.g. estrogen, androgen).
Hormones are classified according to the distance over which they act
as, endocrine, paracrine and autocrine hormones
14. Write the structure of all possible dipeptides which can be obtained
form glycine and alanine?

15. Define enzymes
Enzymes are biocatalysts that catalyse a specific biochemical reaction.
They generally activate the reaction by reducing the activation energy
by stabilising the transition state.
E + S [ES]
Enzyme substrate complex
[ES] E + P
16. Write the the structure of D (+) glucophyranose
17. What are different types of RNA which are found in cell
RNA molecules are classified according to their structure and function
into three major types
i. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
ii. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
iii.Transfer RNA (tRNA)
18. Write a note on formation of α -helix .

α-Helix
In the α-helix sub-structure, the amino acids are arranged in a right
handed helical (spiral)structure and are stabilised by the hydrogen
bond between the carbonyl oxygen one amino acid (nth residue) with
amino hydrogen of the fifth residue (n+4th residue).
19. What are the functions of lipids in living organism.

1. Lipids are the integral component of cell membrane. They are
necessary of structural integrity of the cell.
2. They act as protective coating in aquatic organisms.
3. Lipids of connective tissue give protection to internal organs.
4. Lipids help in the absorption and transport of fat soluble vitamins.
5. Lipids act as emulsifier in fat metabolism.
20.Explain DNA finger printing?
i.In this method, the extracted DNA is cut at specific points along the strand with
restriction enzymes resulting in the formation of DNA fragments of varying lengths
which were analysed by technique called gel electrophoresis.
ii.This method separates the fragments based on their size.
iii.The gel containing the DNA fragments are then transferred to a nylon sheet
using a technique called blotting. Then, the fragments will undergo
autoradiography in which they were exposed to DNA probes

iv. A piece of X-ray film was then exposed to the fragments, and a dark mark
was produced at any point where a radioactive probe had become attached.
v. The resultant pattern of marks could then be compared with other samples.

15.CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE
2&3 Marks:
1.Which chemical is responsible for the antiseptic properties of dettol.
The two main constituents of dettol composition for its antiseptic
property are Chloroxylenol & Terpineol.
2. What are antibiotics?

The medicines that have the ability to kill the pathogenic
bacteria are grouped as antibiotics. Antibiotic drugs: amoxicillin,
ampicillin,cefixime, cefpodoxime, erythromycin,tetracycline etc
3. Name one substance which can act as both analgesic and

antipyretic? Acetaminophen or Paracetamol
4. Write a note on synthetic detergents

Synthetic detergents are formulated products containing either sodium
salts of alkyl hydrogen sulphates or sodium salts of long chain alkyl
benzene sulphonic acids. There are three types of detergents.
Anionic detergent: Example--Sodium Lauryl sulphate (SDS)
Cationic detergent: Example-- n-hexaadecyltrimethyl ammonium
chloride
Non-ionic detergent: Example-- Pentaerythrityl stearate.
5. How do antiseptics differ from disinfectants?

Antiseptics and disinfectants are effective against micro-organisms.
However, antiseptics are applied to the living tissues such as wounds,
cuts, ulcers, and diseased skin surfaces, while disinfectants are applied
to inanimate objects such as floors, drainage system, instruments, etc.
Disinfectants are harmful to the living tissues.
Iodine is an example of a strong antiseptic. Tincture of iodine (2 - 3
percent of solution of iodine in alcohol - water mixture) is applied to
wounds.
1 percent solution of phenol is used as a disinfectant.
6. What are food preservatives?

Preservatives are capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the
process of fermentation, acidification or other decomposition of food
by growth of microorganisms. Acetic acid is used mainly as a
preservative for the preparation of pickles and for preserved
vegetables. Sodium metasulphite is used as preservatives for fresh
vegetables and fruits.
7. Who do soaps not work in hard water?

Hard water contains calcium and magnesium ions. When soaps are
dissolved in hard water, these ions displace sodium or potassium from
their salts and form insoluble calcium or magnesium salts of fatty
acids. These insoluble salts separate as scum. This is the reason why
soaps do not work in hard water.
8. What are drugs? How are they classified

A drug is a substance that is used to modify or explore physiological
systems or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient. It is used
for the purpose of diagnosis, prevention, cure/relief of a disease.
Classification of drugs:
Drugs are classified based on their properties such as chemical
structure, pharmacological effect, target system, site of action etc.
9. How the tranquilizers work in body.

Tranquilizers
They are neurologically active drugs.
Transquilizers acts on the central nervous system by blocking the
neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain
10.Write the structural formula of aspirin.

11. Which sweetening agent are used to prepare sweets for a diabetic
patient?
Those compounds that are used like sugars (glucose, sucrose) for
sweetening, but are metabolised without the influence of insulin are
called sugar substituents.
Eg. Sorbitol, Xylitol,Mannitol.
12. What are narcotic and non – narcotic drugs. Give examples
Analgesics (Non –narcotic)
Analgesics reduce the pain without causing impairment of
consciousness. They alleviate pain by reducing local inflammatory
responses
i. Anti inflammatory drugs
Example-Acetaminophen or paracetamol, Ibuprofen, Asprin.
ii.Antipyretics
Example-Salicylates Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), Acetaminophen or
Paracetamol
iii. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Example:Ibuprofen
Opioids (Narcotic Analgesics)
Relive pain and produce sleep. These drugs are addictive. In poisonous
dose,these produces coma and ultimately death.
Examples- Morphine, codeine

14. What are anti fertility drugs? Give examples.
Antifertility drugs
These synthetic hormones that suppresses ovulation/fertilisation.
Synthetic oestrogen - Ethynylestradiol, Menstranol
Synthetic Progesterone -Norethindrone,Norethynodrel
15. Write a note on co –polymer

A polymer containing two or more different kinds of monomer units is
called a copolymer. For example, SBR rubber (Buna-S) contains
styrene and butadiene monomer units. Co-polymers have properties
quite different from the homopolymers.
16. What are bio degradable polymers? Give example?

The materials that are readily decomposed by microorganisms in the
environment are called biodegradable.
Examples:
Polyhydroxy butyrate (PHB)
Polyglycolic acid (PGA), Polylactic acid (PLA)
17. How is terylene prepared?
18. Write a note on vulcanization of rubber

Natural rubber is mixed with 3-5% sulphur and heated at 100-150˚C
causes cross linking of the cis-1,4-polyisoprene chains through
disulphide (-S-S-) bonds. The physical properties of rubber can be
altered by controlling the amount of sulphur that is used for
vulcanization.
19. Classify the following as linear, branched or cross linked polymers

a) Bakelite—Cross linked polymers
b) Nylon ---Linear polymers
c) polythene--- Linear polymers
20. Differentiate thermoplastic and thermosetting.

21.Explain the mechanism of addition polymerization or free radical
polymerization?

22.Explain agonist and antagonist type of drugs?
In medicines, an agonist attaches to a receptor site and causes a response

whereas an antagonist works against the drug and blocks the response. While
agonists stimulate an action, antagonists sit idle, doing nothing.


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CHEMISTRY 12TH STD (E/M)

QUESTION & ANSWER BOOKLET

Coordinators: Mr. R.Annadurai

AMBATTUR. MOGAPPAIR EAST.

pg. 1 CHEMISTRY EM/CEO TIRUVALLUR/12TH

2 MARKS AND 3 MARKS

• A naturally occurring • the minerals that contains

3.Write a short note on gravity separation?

10.Define electrolytic refining?

13.How is nickel refined by mond’s process?

Ni + 4CO 350 k Ni( CO)4

Nickel Tetra carbonyl ---------------→ Ni + 4CO

• Thermal decomposition of the metal compounds which lead to formation

14.Write about magnetic separation ?

pg. 5 CHEMISTRY EM/CEO TIRUVALLUR/12TH

15.Write about aluminothermic process?

• Metal oxide +Al powder → metal +Al oxide

Cathode : Pure silver

17.List the uses of copper?

pg. 6 CHEMISTRY EM/CEO TIRUVALLUR/12TH

20. List the uses of gold?

pg. 7 CHEMISTRY EM/CEO TIRUVALLUR/12TH

2. what is inert pair effect ?

4. list the uses of boron ?

pg. 8 CHEMISTRY EM/CEO TIRUVALLUR/12TH

6. list the uses of borax?

7. how will you identify the presence of borate in a given compound.

boric acid + ethyl alcohol ester

8. list the uses of boric acid

pg. 9 CHEMISTRY EM/CEO TIRUVALLUR/12TH

• In diborane two BH2 units are linked by two bridged hydrogens.

• calculated amount of potassium sulphate added

12. write uses of alum

13. What are the conditions are necessary for cateration?

14.Write the difference between graphite , diamond and fullerenes

15. write difference bet. CO and CO2

16. write the uses of silicons

• low temperature lubrication and high temperature oil bath.

pg. 12 CHEMISTRY EM/CEO TIRUVALLUR/12TH

• carbon nanotubes have graphite like tubes with fullerene ends.

18.write about producer gas

19.write about fischer tropsch synthesis?

20. uses of carbon monoxide :

21.write the uses of carbon dioxide ?

• it is used for photosynthesis.

22.Give the structure of CO and CO 2

23.Write a note on zeolites

24.Write about burnt alum?

26.How are silicones prepared?

pg. 15 CHEMISTRY EM/CEO TIRUVALLUR/12TH

5. Write the uses of Nitric Acid?

7. Explain why fluorine always exhibit an oxidation state of – 1

8. What are Inter Halogen compounds? Give example.

9. Why fluoride is more reactive than other halogens?

pg. 17 CHEMISTRY EM/CEO TIRUVALLUR/12TH

11. Give the uses of Krypton?

12. Give the uses of Sulphuric acid.

14. Write the reason for the anomalous behavior of nitrogen.

15. Give the uses of Argon?

16. Discuss the structure of Phosphorous?

White Phosphorous Red Phosphorous

18. Shows that phosphine is powerful reducing agent?

19. Define Prismatic Sulphur (Monoclinic Sulphour)