2003 Updated Stimulation Product Catalog PDF

Stimulation Services
Schlumberger Confidential
and Products Catalog
Stimulation Product Catalog
Revision History
Effective
Rev. No. Date Description
01 1-July-00 Marti Srinagesh Created This Material
02 11-July-03 Kevin Mauth Update this Material
03 22-Sep-03 Michael Laggan Classification Update requested by Marketing
 Schlumberger 2000
Schlumberger Oilfield-Services 300 Schlumberger Drive Sugar Land TX 77478 USA
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transcribed in any form or
by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, without prior written permission of the
publisher.
An asterisk (*) is used throughout this document to denote a mark of Schlumberger.

Two asterisks (**) is used throughout this document to denote a mark of Marathon Oil Company.
TSL-
Stimulation Services and Products ii

Contents
Contents................................................................................................................................................iii
Stimulation Products – Listed by Function ....................................................................................... 1

Activators ............................................................................................................................... 1
Alcohols / Hydrocarbons ...................................................................................................... 1
Antifoam Agents .................................................................................................................... 1
Asphaltene Inhibitors............................................................................................................ 1
Ball Sealers............................................................................................................................. 2
Biocides / Bactericides ........................................................................................................... 2
Breakers / Fracture Cleanup Enhancers ............................................................................ 2
Breaker Aids........................................................................................................................... 3
Brine Saver ............................................................................................................................. 4
Buffering Agents .................................................................................................................... 4
Chelating Agents.................................................................................................................... 4
Clay Stabilizers ...................................................................................................................... 5
Corrosion Inhibitors / Corrosion Inhibitor Aids ................................................................ 5
Crosslinkers ........................................................................................................................... 7
Crosslink Activators.............................................................................................................. 8
Delay Agents .......................................................................................................................... 8
Diverting Agents .................................................................................................................... 9
Emulsifying Agents.............................................................................................................. 11
Fluid Loss Additives............................................................................................................ 11
Formation Cleaning Solution ............................................................................................. 12
Friction Reducing Agents ................................................................................................... 12
Gelling Agents ...................................................................................................................... 13
H2S Scavengers..................................................................................................................... 17
Intensifiers............................................................................................................................ 17
Iron Stabilizing Agents........................................................................................................ 17
Miscellaneous Additives ..................................................................................................... 18
Organic Acids....................................................................................................................... 19
Oxygen Scavengers ............................................................................................................. 19
Paraffin Dissolvers / Inhibitors / Dispersants .................................................................. 20
Proppants / Gravels / Resin Curing Aids........................................................................... 21
Proppant Flowback Control Additives ............................................................................. 22
Resin Consolidation System Components ....................................................................... 23
Salts ....................................................................................................................................... 23
Scale Dissolvers................................................................................................................... 23
Scale Inhibitors .................................................................................................................... 23
Scale Inhibitor Aids ............................................................................................................. 24
Surfactants (Mutual Solvents; Foaming, Dispersing, and Nonemulsifying Agents).... 24
Viscosifiers ...........................................................................................................................27
Stimulation Services and Products iii

Stimulation Systems........................................................................................................................... 28
Fracturing Systems.............................................................................................................. 28
Linear (Non-Crosslinked) Water Based Fluids ................................................... 28
Crosslinked Fluids................................................................................................. 28
ClearFRAC* systems .............................................................................................. 30
CleanFLOW* systems............................................................................................. 30
YF"GO" Fluids ......................................................................................................... 32
Super Sandfrac K-1 fluids ...................................................................................... 32
Leakoff Control Acid LCA* ...................................................................................32
Foam Fluids ............................................................................................................ 33
PropNET* systems ................................................................................................. 34
Matrix stimulation systems ................................................................................................ 35
Super X Acid ........................................................................................................... 35
Mud Acid.................................................................................................................. 35
Clay Acid.................................................................................................................. 36
Alcoholic Acid......................................................................................................... 37
Gas well Acid .......................................................................................................... 37
Gas Well Mud Acid ................................................................................................. 37
DAD*-Dowell Acid Dispersion.............................................................................. 38
Super X Emulsion and Super X Emulsion-HT..................................................... 38
Gelled Acid Fluids .................................................................................................. 39
Organic Clay Acid (OCA)) ..................................................................................... 40
FinesLOK* system .................................................................................................. 40
Breakdown Acid (BDA)......................................................................................... 42
Mud and Silt Remover (MSR) ............................................................................... 42
Non-Acid Reactive Solutions NARS 200 and NARS 201 .................................... 42
Organic Acids.......................................................................................................... 43
Organic Mud Acids ................................................................................................. 43
Perforating Acid III and VI .................................................................................... 44
Gas well perforating acids..................................................................................... 44
MISCA Micellar Iron And Sludge Control Acid.................................................. 44
Diverting systems ................................................................................................................ 45
OilSEEKER* acid diverter..................................................................................... 45
FoamMAT* Service ................................................................................................ 45
Self-Diverting Acid SDA*....................................................................................... 46
Matrix Acidizing Diverting Agent J237A.............................................................. 46
Water control systems ........................................................................................................ 47
MARA-SEAL**......................................................................................................... 47
MARCIT**................................................................................................................ 47
OrganoSEAL-R* ...................................................................................................... 47
OrganoSEAL-F* ...................................................................................................... 48
SqueezeCRETE* ..................................................................................................... 49
DGS*......................................................................................................................... 49
PERMABLOK* ........................................................................................................ 49
InstanSEAL* ............................................................................................................ 51
ZONELOCK*............................................................................................................ 51
Sand Control systems ......................................................................................................... 52
Waterpac Fluids...................................................................................................... 52
PERMPAC AV Fluids.............................................................................................. 52
OILPAC Fluids ........................................................................................................ 52
CLAY ACID PACK* Fluids..................................................................................... 53
HEVIPACK Fluids................................................................................................... 53
SANDLOCK V systems ...........................................................................................54
Furan Resin Sand Consolidation System............................................................. 54
Stimulation Services and Products iv

Special Systems ................................................................................................................... 55
PROTECTOZONE* -VP .......................................................................................... 55
CLEAN SWEEP* Fluids ........................................................................................ 55
Tubeclean* Fluids .................................................................................................. 56
OB Mud Removal System ......................................................................................56
Stimulation Services and Products v

Stimulation services ........................................................................................................................... 57
Fracturing Services ............................................................................................................. 57
DataFRAC Service.................................................................................................. 57
RampGEL* Service................................................................................................. 57
CoilFRAC* Service .................................................................................................58
CleanFRAC* Service .............................................................................................. 58
HyPerSTIM* Service............................................................................................... 58
STIMPAC* Service.................................................................................................. 59
Fracture-Height-Containment Services ............................................................... 59
ScaleFRAC* Service ............................................................................................... 61
Matrix Stimulation Services ............................................................................................... 62
SmartSTIM* Service ............................................................................................... 62
CarboSTIM* Service............................................................................................... 62
MudSOLV* Service ................................................................................................. 63
Sand Control Services......................................................................................................... 64
PERFPAC* Integrated Perforating and Gravel Packing Service ...................... 64
Alternate* Path Service – AllFRAC* Technique ................................................. 64
Multi-Zone Completion Service ............................................................................ 65
Software............................................................................................................................................... 66
Stimulation, Coiled Tubing, and Sand Control Software............................................... 66
FracCADE*.............................................................................................................. 66
StimCADE*.............................................................................................................. 67
ProCADE*................................................................................................................ 69
CoilCADE*............................................................................................................... 70
SandCADE* ............................................................................................................. 70
Water Management Software............................................................................................. 72
WaterCASE* ............................................................................................................ 72
WaterSupport* ........................................................................................................ 72
WaterTEMP* ........................................................................................................... 73
Stimulation Services and Products vi

Stimulation Products – Listed by Function ♣
Activators
Code Description Application Summary/Primary Purpose
J463 White crystals Gelling Activator Organic brine used to gel the ClearFRAC surfactant J508W. This is
used for applications above 200 °F. Recommended concentration
range from 20 to 40 lbm/1000 gal.
J534 Colorless Activator Base fluid for J551 based ClearFRAC fluids
Liquid
Alcohols / Hydrocarbons
F003 Liquid Alcohol Isopropyl alcohol
F034 Liquid Alcohol Ethylene glycol
K046 Colorless Alcohol Methanol. Flash point of 53°F (12°C). It is toxic and highly flammable.
Liquid
U051 Brown liquid Diesel No 2 Diesel. Normally added in concentrations ranging from 3 to 5%
(vol/vol) to reduce fluid loss in both Waterfrac and Widefrac fluids.
U052 Colorless to Kerosene Used as a clean up fluid mixed with a mutual solvent.
Pale yellow
liquid
Antifoam Agents
D047 Colorless Antifoam agent Antifoam surfactant; counteracts foaming tendencies of other
liquid surfactants; prevents foam but does not kill foam. Liquid form of D46.
Recommended concentration: 0.2 to 0.4 gal/1000 gal.
D144 Liquid Antifoam agent Particularly effective in saline, organic-rich and bentonitic mix waters.
Concentration ranges from 2 to 4 gal/1000 gal.
M045 Liquid Antifoam agent A solids-based anti-foam agent. Is effective at concentrations as low
as 0.02% (vol/vol).
Asphaltene Inhibitors
U101 Liquid Asphaltene Inhibitor Prevent asphaltene formation when combined with P124 in squeeze
inhibitor treatment at a volume of 10 to 20 gal/ft. Used also to disperse
asphaltene when combined with toluene (PARAN P121 Solvent) or
xylene (Xylene A26). Concentrations of 1 to 10% (vol/vol) are used.
♣ Note: All additives that are highlighted in yellow are not available for direct sale without associated services.
1 Stimulation Services and Products

Ball Sealers
J122 Solid Ball sealer Rubber covered Nylon core, 7/8 OD. Sp. Gr. of 1.3
J123 Solid Ball sealer Rubber covered Nylon core, 1 OD. Sp. Gr. of 1.3
J130 Solid Ball sealer Rubber covered Nylon core, 7/8 OD. Sp. Gr. of 1.1
J131 Solid Ball sealer Rubber covered Nylon core, 1 ¼ OD. Sp.Gr. of 1.3
J141 Solid Ball sealer Rubber covered Nylon core, 5/8 OD. Sp. Gr. Of 1.1
J144 Solid Ball sealer Rubber covered Phenolic core, 7/8 OD. Sp. Gr. Of 0.9. HT, HP ball
sealer.
J247 Solid Ball sealer Rubber covered Phenolic core, 7/8 OD. Sp. Gr. Of 1.4. HT, HP ball
sealer.
J258 Solid Ball sealer Rubber covered Aluminium, 7/8 OD. Sp. Gr. Of 1.9
J272 Solid Ball sealer Rubber covered nylon core, 5/8 OD. Sp. Gr. of 1.3
J322 Solid Ball sealer Rubber covered nylon core, 7/8 OD. Sp. Gr. of 1.2
J361 Solid Ball sealer Rubber covered plastic, 7/8 OD. Sp.Gr. of 0.9.
J434 Solid Ball sealer Rubber covered syntactic foam. The core is composed of small glass
spheres held in a plastic matrix. 7/8 OD. Sp.Gr. of 1.0.
J458 Solid Ball Sealer RCP 7/8 OD. Sp. Gr. of 1.0
J528 Solid Bio-ball Sealer Soluble ball sealers. Applicable temperature up to 200oF. Pumped in
acid in matrix treatments. Only available in 7/8" diameter. Soluble in
acid over a period of hours.
Biocides / Bactericides
M275 Solid Biocide Very concentrated isothiazoline compound that has been adsorbed
onto an inert solid for ease of handling. M275 is very effective at killing
bacteria, but does not inhibit the effect of enzymes. Recommended
concentration: 0.1-0.6 lbm/1000 gal.
M290 Liquid Bactericide Quaternary amine bactericide. Recommended concentration: 0.25-0.75

gal/1000 gal.
M291 Liquid Bactericide Used only in North sea.
Breakers / Fracture Cleanup Enhancers

J134 Solid Breaker Effective enzyme breaker (hemicellulase) for only guar and substituted
guars, provided the pH of the fluid is maintained between 3.5 and 8.5
and the temperature does not exceed 135°F (57°C).
J134L Liquid Breaker J134L is a liquid concentrate version of J134.
Stimulation Services and Products 2

J218 Solid Breaker Ammonium peroxydisulfate type breaker that is used in Waterfrac and
Widefrac* fluids at temperatures ranging from 125° to 225°F (52° to
107°C). Recommended concentration: 0.5-10 lbm/1000 gal.
J297 Powder Breaker Low-Temperature Breaker which is an organic acid used in the
SANDLOCK* V sand-control service. It is also used to break Waterfrac
fracturing fluids. Temperatures are limited to less than 225°F (102°C).
J349 Liquid Breaker Calcium Hypochlorite. Used as a breaker for fluids containing J164. The
J349 concentration is 0.1 to 0.3 lbm per 1.0 lbm of J164.
J475 Granules EB-CLEAN* Duran encapsulated J218 (Ammonium persulfate) breaker used as part
Encapsulated of the CleanFRAC* Service. 20/40-mesh material. Recommended
Breaker. concentration: 0.5-10 lbm/1000 gal. Applicable temperature: less than
180°F (82°C).
J479 Granules EB-CLEAN* LT A 20/40-mesh material, used as part of the CleanFRAC* Service,
Encapsulated produced by coating (encapsulating) breaker material J218 with a
Breaker water-resistant barrier. Recommended concentration: 0.5-10 lbm/1000
gal. Applicable temperature: less than 125°F (52°C).
J481 Granules Breaker Oxidative breaker composed of sodium bromate. J481 is approved only
for use with YF100HTD fluids. J481 is effective at temperatures ranging
from 200° to 275°F (93° to 135°C).
J490 Granules EB-CLEAN* EB-Clean* J490 HT Encapsulated Breaker (coated Breaker J481) is a
Encapsulated 20/40-mesh material used in high-temperature wells where J481 is
Breaker HT often not suitable. Applicable temperature: 230-350 °F. Recommended
concentration up to 10 lbm/1000gal.
J495 Yellow organic Breaker Additive Additive that prevents polymer fragment coagulation. Recommended
liquid CleanFLOW* concentration up to 4 gal/1000gal.
J496 Granules EB-CLEAN* Low temperature oxidative breaker used in CleanFLOW fluids.
Encapsulated Recommended concentration: 0.5-10 lbm/1000 gal. Applicable
Breaker temperature: 125-275 °F (52-135 °C).
J503 Liquid Breaker Intermediate-Temperature Enzyme Breaker for linear HEC fluids with a
working temperature ranging from 70° to 210°F (22° to 100 °C). The
normal concentration range is 0.2 to 0.6% by volume.
J523 White powder Cleanup Additive Improves the cleanup of fracturing fluids crosslinked with
organometallic crosslinkers by destroying the crosslinks. Applicable
temperature ranging from 175 0F to at least 3500F. Concentrations less
than 1 lbm/1000 gals are effective.
J550 Clear Colorless Breaker Pad breaker for ClearFRAC* Systems formulated with J508W or J533
Liquid
J556 Tan Granules Breaker Proppant pack breaker for J533 based fracturing fluids
J567 Tan Granules Breaker Proppant pack breaker for J566 ClearFRAC-HT* systems
Breaker Aids
J318 Liquid Breaker aid Liquid breaker aid used with J218 when the fluid temperature is less
than 125°F (52°C). Recommended concentration: 0.5-1 gal/1000 gal.

J364 Amber Liquid Breaker Aid
J459 Blue-green Breaker Aid Fe (II) SO4, 7H2O (Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate). Breaks fluids very
Granules quickly.
J466 Solid Breaker Aid Breaker Aid J466 is used in conjunction with J218 in the YF100D and
YF200D fluids when the fluid temperature is less than 125°F (52°C).
Recommended concentration: 0.5-2 lbm/1000 gal. Applicable
temperature <125 °F.
J603 Yellow Breaker Aid Breaker Aid for oil-base fluids. Recommended concentration ranges
Crystalline from 0 to 4.5 lb/1000 gal.
Powder
Brine Saver
J330 Liquid Brine saver A blend of oil-soluble resins, surfactants and salts dispersed in water.
The particle size of the hydrocarbon resins ranges from 4 to 45

microns. J330 is effective in all brines at temperatures less than 250°F
(121°C) when the permeability is less than 200 md. When used with
HEVIWATER II, J330 is effective at temperatures less than 425°F
(218°C) when the permeability is less than 200 md.
Buffering Agents
J464 Solid Buffering Agent Sodium bicarbonate, buffering agent, pH ~8.5. Also can act as breaker
for gelled oil. Recommended concentration: 4 to 14 lbm/1000 gal.
J464L Liquid Buffering agent Liquid form of J464. Prepared by dissolving 50lbm of J464 in 100 gal of
water. Recommended concentration: 12 to 24 gal/1000gals.
J488 Liquid Buffering Agent Hydration buffer for CMHPG (adjust pH to 6.5-7). Recommended
concentration: 2-5 gal/1000gals
J494 Solid pH Control Agent Sodium sesquicarbonate pH control. Used in YF120LG fluids at 12
lbm/1000 gal.
J602 Solid Buffering Agent pH Control Agent. Mixed with J601 and used for making GO III
crosslinking solution. Applicable temperature ranging from 100° to
200°F (38° to 93°C).
J602L White Liquid Buffering Agent pH Control Agent. It is mixed with J601 crosslinker solution, at a ratio of
1:5 by volume (one volume J602L to five volumes J601), to prepare the
“GO” III crosslinking solution. Applicable temperature ranging from
100° to 200°F (38° to 93°C).
U028 Liquid pH Control Agent 30% Sodium hydroxide
Chelating Agents

L041 Solid Chelating agent Liquid Iron Chelating Agent L41L is an iron stabilizing agent used in
acid to prevent ferric hydroxide precipitation. It can be used at
temperatures up to 400°F (204°C). Concentrations range from 50 to 275
lbm/1000 gal of acid.
L041L Liquid Chelating agent L41L and U42 are identical liquid solutions containing 40% L41.
Concentrations range from 10 to 55 gal/1000 gal of acid. It can be used
at temperatures up to 400°F (204°C).
U042 Liquid Chelating Agent Iron stabilizer chelating agent. L41L and U42 are identical liquid
solutions containing 40% L41. Concentrations range from 10 to 55
gal/1000 gal of acid. It can be used at temperatures up to 400°F (204°C).
U106 Chelating Agent Chelating agent used for iron control up to 10,000 ppm Fe+++ or to
dissolve carbonate deposits. A 50%solution will dissolve CaCO3 at 750
lbms/1000 gals. Temperature limit exceeding 315oF.
Clay Stabilizers
L042 Liquid Clay stabilizer Clay stabilizer containing a zirconium oxychloride that will effectively
reduce formation damage commonly caused by dispersion and
migration of formation clays. L42 is an acidic solution. When added to
dilute brines, 1 to 2 gal of Corrosion Inhibitor A260 should be used per
1000 gal of fluid. The ratio of L42 to the carrying fluid should not exceed
5% by vol (50 gal/1000 gal). Typical concentration would be 10 to 20
gal/1000 gal.
L055 Liquid Clay stabilizer Permanent clay stabilizer. Quaternary amine that is an effective
material for controlling clay dispersion and migration. Recommended
concentration: 1-3 gal/1000 gal.
L064 Liquid Clay stabilizer Temporary Clay Stabilizer L64 (tetramethyl ammonium chloride) is an
efficient liquid clay stabilizer that can be substituted for potassium
chloride (KCl) in most applications. L64 is not a permanent clay
stabilizer. It is effective at concentrations ranging from 1 to 4 gal/1000
gal. Recommended concentration: 1-2 gal/1000 gal. Applicable
temperature< 300 °F.
L237 Liquid Clay stabilizer MgCl2 clay stabilizer that can be substituted for KCl in most
applications. Not compatible with borate. At high pH Mg(OH)2
precipitates. Recommended concentration: 0.5-2 gal/1000 gal.
M117 Solid Clay stabilizer Potassium chloride. Controls clay dispersion and migration.
Recommended concentration: 1-2%.
Corrosion Inhibitors / Corrosion Inhibitor Aids

A120 Liquid Corrosion inhibitor Applicable temperature up to 300°F (127°C). It is used in brines having
densities greater than 18 lbm/gal up to 300°F (127°C) with
concentrations ranging from 8 to 16 gal/1000 gal.

concentrations ranging from 8 to 16 gal/1000 gal.
A153 White solid Corrosion Inhibitor Inhibitor aid for Alcoholic Acid, Gas Well Acid and Gas Well Mud Acid.
Aid It decreases the pitting tendency and maximizes corrosion protection.
Potassium iodide. Concentration ranges from 5 to 20 lbm/1000 gal.
Applicable temperature up to 250°F (121°C).
A179 Blue/green Corrosion Inhibitor Is effective in Gas Well Acid systems with the A166 or A254.
crystals Aid Concentration ranges from 2 to 10 lbm/1000 gal. Can also be used as
breaker aid.
A201 Clear liquid Corrosion Inhibitor Used with A250, A260 and A270, normally at temperatures >200°F
Aid (>93°C). Mixture of organic acids. Concentrations range from 5 to 80
gal/1000gal of acid solution.
A205 Liquid Downhole Corrosion CORBAN* 333 Corrosion Inhibitor A205 is used to reduce corrosion
inhibitor Corban 333 rates in HEVIWATER* brines. It contains organic and inorganic
components that act synergistically. Applicable temperature up to
400°F (204°C) at concentrations ranging from 8 to 24 gal/1000 gal.
A231 Liquid Downhole Corrosion An all-purpose downhole corrosion inhibitor designed for packer fluids,
Inhibitor CORBAN workover fluids, and flush fluids ahead of and behind primary
230DH cementing jobs. Maximum application temperature is 230°F (110°C).
Recommended concentration is 5 gal/100 bbl (1200 ppm). For extremely
corrosive waters and for temperatures above 180°F (82°C), the
concentration should be increased to 10 gal/100 bbl.
A250 Liquid Corrosion inhibitor It will protect most oilfield tubulars including grades J55, N80, P105,
P110 and S95 from corrosion and pitting. The temperature is 75 to 400°F
(24 to 204°C). Inhibitor Aid A201 is used to enhance performance at
temperatures greater than 250°F (121°C). Concentration ranges from 1
to 20 gal/1000 gal. Mixture of organic compounds.
A259 Red-brown Corrosion inhibitor Corrosion Inhibitor A259 protects most oilfield steelsduring matrix
liquid stimulation operations with HCl and mud acid at temperatures from
75oF to 300oF. A259 does not contain NPE surfactants and is
recommended for applications where environmentally acceptable
products are desired.
A261 Clear, amber, Corrosion inhibitor Corrosion Inhibitor A261 will protect most oilfield tubulars including
single-phase carbon steels and 13% Chrome steels from corrosion and pitting in
liquid hydrochloric acid and Mud Acid systems. A261 can be used at
temperatures ranging from 75° to 300°F (24° to 149°C). Inhibitor Aid
A201 is commonly used to enhance performance at temperatures
greater than 200°F (93°C). Inhibitor Aid A153 or Inhibitor Aid A179 is
added in certain formulations as required. Concentration up to 10
gal/1000 gal.
Corrosion inhibitor compatible with ClearFRAC* fluids.
A262 Dark Brown Corrosion inhibitor CORBAN* Acid Corrosion Inhibitor A262 is recommended for use when
Liquid acidizing through low carbon steels, such as J55, N80 and coiled
tubing, and chrome steels. A262 does not contain nonylphenol
ethoxylate (NPE) and is recommended

A262 can be used at temperatures ranging from 100°F (38°C) to 300°F
(149°C).
A264 Amber Liquid Corrosion Inhibitor CORBAN* Acid Corrosion Inhibitor A264 has excellent dispersion
properties and provides metal protection across most oilfield steel
types. A264 is recommended for most acidizing applications where
more environmentally friendly products are desired.
Corrosion Inhibitor A264 is designed for the corrosion inhibition at

temperatures from 75 to 300°F [24 to 149°C].
A270 Liquid Corrosion inhibitor HT corrosion inhibitor: will protect N80, Coiled Tubing (CT) and P105
steel alloys against hydrochloric acid (HCl) corrosion to at least 350°F
(177°C) for up to eight hours. Applicable temperature ranges from 275
to 400°F (135 to 204°C). The A270 system is not effective in the presence
of H2S.
Concentrations range from 5 to 20 gal/1000 gal.
A272 Dark Red- Corrosion inhibitor Organic Corrosion Inhibitor A272 was developed for use in organic acid
brown Liquid solutions. A272 is effective in formic acids prepared from Organic Acid
L36 or acetic acids prepared with Stabilizing Agent L400 or L401.
Protection is provided at temperatures as high as 500°F [260°C] for 16
hr in solutions of either 9% L36 or 10% L400.
A281 Colorless Corrosion Inhibitor Corrosion inhibitor aid, for high chrome steel, used with A280 corrosion
liquid Aid inhibitor. Concentrations range from 20 to 45 gal/1000 gal.
A282 Liquid Corrosion Inhibitor Corrosion inhibitor for High Chrome Steel. Green product for duplex
steel. Similar to A280.
Crosslinkers
J352 Liquid Crosslinker A titanate material used in the YF300LPH and YF400LPH fluids.
Concentration ranging from 0.6 to 1 gal/1000 gal.
J449 Solid Crosslinker A borate material used to give early viscosity to Widefrac fluids. Is
used in conjunction with J444 to produce DUO-VIS fluids.
Concentration up to 15 lbm/1000 gal. Applicable temperature up to
325°F (163°C).
J487 Liquid Crosslinker Zirconate Crosslinker used for YFCMHPG HT. Needs J489, the
Crosslinker stabilizer.
J489 Liquid Crosslinker stabilizer Crosslinker stabilizer used for CMHPGHT. Used with J487. Volume
needs to be adjusted to get a pH equal to 10. Recommended
concentration: 5 to 7 gal/1000gal.
J492 Liquid Crosslinker Used in the MARA-SEAL* and MARCIT* technologies. Applicable
temperature up to 3000F (149 0C). Concentration varies from 0.2 to 0.7
gal/bbl.
J506 Light green Crosslinker A boron compound slurried in an organic base and is used exclusively
liquid in the YF* 100.1HTD fracturing fluids.
J513 Liquid Crosslinker Low temperature Zirconate Crosslinker
J515 Straw color Crosslinker Zirconium lactate/ triethanolamine. Recommended concentration

li id i f 0 6 0 8 l/1000 l
liquid ranging from 0.6 to 0.8 gal/1000gal.
J524 Liquid Crosslinker Organic secondary crosslinker used for Organo-SEAL –F* fluids.
Applicable temperature up to 300°F (149°C). Recommended
concentrations range from 0.035 to 0.076 gal/bbl.
J525 Solid Crosslinker Organic primary crosslinker used for Organo-SEAL-F* and –R fluids.
Applicable temperature up to 300°F (149°C). Recommended
concentrations range from 0.35 to 0.70 lbm/bbl.
J532 Liquid Crosslinker Used for YF100LG fracturing fluid. Applicable temperature up to 200°F
(93 °C). Typical concentrations are from 1.5 to 6 gal/1000 gals.
J601 Pale Yellow Crosslinker Crosslinker used in GO III and OILPAC fluids. It is mixed with J602L (or
Liquid J602), pH control agent to prepare the crosslinking solution at a ratio of
1:5 by volume (one volume J602L to five volumes J601).
Applicable temperature ranging from 100° to 200°F (38° to 93°C).
L010 Solid Crosslinker A borate material that quickly crosslinks guar and HPG-thickened
Waterfrac fluids when the pH is raised above 8. Recommended
concentration: 0.12-5 lbm/Mgal.
Crosslink Activators
J465 Solid Crosslink activator Is the basic activator to be used for most applications, in particular in
YF200D fluids. Used to prepare J899: J465 slurried in No. 2 Diesel. The
concentration of J465 in the fracturing fluid should be in the range of
approximately 1.3 to 10.5 lbm per 1000 gal.
J474 Solid Crosslink activator Slowly dissolving MgO slurriable crosslinker activator. J474 will also
provide a controlled break for “GO” V systems and should be used in
the temperature range of 70°F to 20•°F (20°C to 90°C).
J899 Amber liquid Crosslink Activator Crosslink activator for YF200D fluids. When dissolved in water
increases the pH to 10.5.
J909 Amber Liquid Crosslink Activator Crosslink activator for YF100D fluid or YF200D fluid.
Delay Agents
J480 White to Delay agent Delay agent for YF100HTD fluids. Concentration: 15 to 40 lbm/1000 gal.
yellowish
powder
J493 Liquid Delay agent Low temperature delay agent (<125°F or 52°C) used in the MARA-
SEAL** and Protectozone* systems. Recommended delay agent
concentration for MARA-SEAL systems is 0.4 gal/bbl. Recommended
delay agent concentration for Protectozone systems is 0.65 gal/bbl.
J511 Solid Delay Agent Crosslink Delay Agent used in LGD fluids.
L022L Liquid Delay agent Hydroxyacetic Acid L22L delays the crosslink in the YF300LPH and
YF400LPH fluids. Concentration ranges from 0.1 to 1 gal/1000 gal.

Diverting Agents
J059 White Powder Diverting Agent Hydrated lime. Used as a breaker for “GO” III systems up to 125 °F
(50°C) with 4 to 5 lbm/1000 gal.
FIXAFRAC*
Breaker for PROTECTOZONE system for temperatures from 240 to 325°F
up to 200 lbm/1000 gal.
J066 Solid Diverting Agent - Sodium chloride. Granular salt used as a temporary diverting agent.
FIXAFRAC* Concentration: 3 to 4 lbm/gal is normally used
J066S Solid Diverting Agent - 100 mesh sodium chloride used as a temporary diverting agent.
FIXAFRAC* Concentration: 3 to 4 lbm/gal is normally used
J116 Solid Diverting Agent Naphthalene. Soluble in oil.
J227 Solid Diverting Agent - Diverting Agent (benzoic acid flakes). Bridging materials used as
FIXAFRAC* diverters in carbonate matrix stimulation treatments. Concentration:
typically slurried and pumped in a gelled fluid at a concentration of 1½
to 2 lbm/gal. Maximum applicable: 250°F (121°C)
J237A Liquid Diverting Agent A liquid dispersion of finely divided oil-soluble resins. The upper
temperature limit is 200°F (93°C). Recommended concentration: 0.025 to
0.05 gal/foot of perforation or 0.5 to 1 gal/1000 gal of carrier fluid.
J238 Powder Diverting Agent A finely divided oil-soluble resins. It will dissolve completely in
hydrocarbons, resulting in little or no formation or gravel-pack damage.
The average particle size is 4 microns. Applicable temperature up to
250°F (121°C). The recommended concentration is 0.2 to 0.4 lb. per
perforation.
J363 Solid Diverting Agent Used primarily for diversion when acidizing water-injection wells at
fluid temperatures up to 150°F (65°C). Effective for diversion in
formations having permeabilities as high as 5 darcies. Concentration
up to 250 lbm/1000 gal of acid solution.
J423 Solid Diverting Agent Buoyant, inorganic, diverting material used in the INVERTAFRAC
service. It may be mixed and pumped in any water-base, oil-base, or
acid-base fluid. Typically the concentration will range from 0.75 to 1.0
lbm/gal.
J477 Light Brown Diverting Agent HT diverting agent for high-temperature diversion of acids or other
Viscous Liquid aqueous-matrix treatment fluids in sandstone formations. It will provide
diversion over a wide range of permeabilities (10 md to 5 darcies.
Recommended concentrations range from 2 to 4% by vol in the carrier
fluid. Applicable temperature: from 68°F (20°C) up to 300°F (149°C).
J529 Liquid Diverting Agent Viscoelastic surfactant for OilSEEKER* diverting systems in matrix
treatments. Applicable temperature< 250 °F (1210C). Recommended
concentrations: from 35 to 100 gal/1000 gals.
M130 Powder Diverting Agent Additive used in ZONELOCK 150 or 155 formulations to gain added gel
strength. Concentration: 15 lbm/1000 gal.
U102 Colorless to Diverting Agent The U102 diverting solution is a cationic/anionic blend of U102 and oil
yellow liquid carrier fluid. It reacts with formation water on contact to produce a gel.
Thus, when a spearhead of U102 is introduced into a water zone, a gel
forms that can divert the treating acid to a different part of the
reservoir. It can be mixed at a concentration of 7 to 14% by volume in
diesel oil. However, a 10% concentration is normally recommended for

diversion. Its upper temperature limit is 300°F (149°C).

Emulsifying Agents
U074 Clear, yellow Emulsifying Agent Non-ionic emulsifier used to stabilize DAD fluids at 15 gal/1000 gal. Will
Liquid leave sandstone and limestone reservoirs water wet Applicable
temperature (emulsion stable 2 hours) up to 175°F (79°C).
U078 Clear amber Emulsifying Agent Cationic emulsifier. Recommended concentration: 5 gal/1000 gal of
liquid water (1.6 gal/1000 gal of emulsion). Applicable temperature up to 2000F
(930C).
U080 Dark amber Emulsifying Agent Cationic emulsifier used in Super X Emulsion Acid. Applicable
liquid temperature< 250 °F. Recommended concentration ranges from 5 to 20
gal/1000gal.
U103 Dark brown Emulsifying Agent HT emulsifying agent used in Super X Emulsion HT. Applicable
liquid temperature up to 350°F (177°C). Recommended concentration is 20
gal/1000gal.
Fluid Loss Additives

J084 Solid Fluid Loss Additive Silica flour that is effective in reducing fluid loss to rock in the 2- to 200-
md range. Recommended concentration: 10-35 lbm/1000 gal.
J110 Solid Fluid Loss Additive Mixture of colloidal particles and polymer. Recommended
concentration: 25-50 lbm/1000 gal.
J418 Solid Fluid Loss Additive More coarsely ground silica flour material than J084. The particle size
and distribution are designed to bridge micro-fractures or pore
openings. Recommended concentration: 10-35 lbm/1000 gal.
J426 Solid Fluid Loss Additive Oil-soluble, 100-mesh hydrocarbon resin. The particle size and
distribution are designed to bridge naturally occurring macro-fractures
that are greater than 50 microns in width. Applicable temperatures up
to 275°F (135°C). Concentration: 25 to 300 lbm/1000 gal.
J451 Liquid Fluid Loss Additive Diesel and toluene, solids-free, fluid loss additive for use in Widefrac
fluids. Recommended maximum concentration: 5 gal/1000 gal (0.5%).
J472 Liquid Fluid Loss Additive – Used in particular in the LCA systems. Applicable temperature up to
LCA* and SDA* 300 °F (149°C). Recommended concentration: 2.5 gal/1000gal minimum.
J478 Solid Fluid Loss Additive Chemically modified starch (100%) with specific enzymes.
Slurriable/ Recommended concentration: 15-50 lbm/1000 gal. Applicable
Degradable Additive temperature <250 °F.
J482 White powder Fluid Loss Additive Gravel Fluid-Loss Additive. It is a specially sized (1-600 microns)
calcium carbonate (CaCO3) product designed to control fluid loss to the
face of gravel-packed perforations or to the inside of gravel pack
screens. Applicable temperatures ranging from 75° to 175°F (24° to
80°C). Recommended concentration up to 10 lbm/1000gals.
Concentrations: 0.5 to 1 lbm/gal.
J484 White powder Fluid Loss Additive Is a specially sized calcium carbonate (CaCO3) product designed to
control fluid loss to the rock matrix. It can be used for formation
permeabilities ranging from 50 to 1000 md. J484 has been tested for use
at a fluid temperatures ranging from 75° to 175°F (24° to 80°C).

J497 Solid Fluid Loss Additive Same as J498 (contain 4% starch). Good for 2 to 50 md. Recommended
FLOSAVER* I Low- concentration: 15-30 lbm/1000 gal. Applicable temperature< 300 °F.
Perm Additive
J498 Solid Fluid Loss Additive FLOSAVER I (or HIGHSHEAR I) mixture of starch and particulate. Same
FLOSAVER* I High- as J497 (contain 40% starch). Recommended concentration: 15-30
Perm Additive lbm/1000 gal. Applicable temperature< 300 °F.
J499 Solid Fluid Loss Additive A low-cost, inert, fluid-loss additive. It is a mixture of starch and
FLOSAVER* II particulate and is specifically designed to reduce fluid loss during
high-shear conditions in formations having permeabilities ranging from
50 to 500 md. Recommended concentration: 15-30 lbm/1000 gal.
Applicable temperature ranging from ambient to 300°F (149°C).
J516 Solid Fluid Loss Additive FLOSAVER* NF: Fluid loss additive for formations with less than 2 md
permeability and natural fractures.
S131 Yellow to Fluid Loss Additive FLA* 100 RC

brown
granules
Formation Cleaning Solution
M091 Light yellow Formation Cleaning A water-base product containing 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), a
Liquid Solution strong oxidizer, and 5 to 7% sodium hydroxide (NaOH), caustic soda.
It is a strong oxidizing solution designed to restore permeability to

formations damaged by non-petroleum organic residues. These
residues may be naturally occurring bacterial slimes or may be gums
or polymers, which have been introduced into the well. Recommended
concentration: 25 to 75 gal/ft of interval.
Friction Reducing Agents

J120 Solid Friction Reducing A nonionic polyacrylamide polymer used as a friction-reducing agent
Agent for acid. It can be used in acid at strengths to 28%. It can also be used
in 9% Organic Acid L36, 10% Stabilizing Agent L400 and a broad range
of salt waters. Concentrations of up to 5 lbm/1000 gal of fluid.
Applicable temperature up to 200°F (93°C). At 150°F (66°C) A120
breakdown occurs in 2.5 to 3 hr. At 200°F (93°C), breakdown time is 0.5
hr.
J257 Liquid Friction Reducing Friction Reducing Agent for oil. It is a polymer suspended in kerosene
Agent that can be used in crude or refined oils. The recommended
concentration in crude and refined oils is 10 gal/1,000 gal.
J313 Liquid Friction reducing Water-in-oil emulsion of an anionic polyacrylamide polymer.

agent Recommended concentration: 0.5 gal/1000 gal.
J321 Liquid Friction reducing It is the liquid equivalent of J120 Friction-Reducing Agent. 2.25 lbm of
agent J120 are equivalent to 1.0 gal of J321.

Gelling Agents
J055 Gelling Agent Gelling Agent for oil based fluids
J133 Solid Gelling Agent Fast-Hydrating Guar Gum for Continuous Mix Waterfrac Service.
J164 Powder Gelling Agent Hydroxyethylcellulose. Degrades rapidly above 120 °F (49°C).
Concentrations are typically 40 to 80 lbm/1000 gal.
J312 Solid Gelling Agent Xanthan Gum used primarily in the preparation of stabilized foam
fracturing fluids.
J347 Solid Gelling Agent Hydroxypropyl guar gum (dry) designed for batch mix operations.
Recommended concentration: 10-80 lbm/1000 gal. Applicable
temperature is 50° to 200°F (10° to 93°C).
J360 Solid Gelling Agent Used to gel acid. Concentration: 60lbm/1000 gal. Applicable
temperature up to 150°F (66°C). It contains iron stabilizers and provides
iron control for normal levels of ferric iron.
J362 Solid Gelling Agent Rapid hydrating HPG used as a substitute for J347 in thickening cold
water. Recommended concentration: 10-80 lbm/1000 gal. Applicable
temperature is 50° to 200°F (10° to 93°C).
J369 Liquid Gelling Agent Liquid brine Thickener HEVIPACK* I. Recommended concentration
ranges from 0.5 to 3.0% by volume (0.21 to 1.26 gal/bbl) depending on
desired viscosity. Applicable BHST < 200°F (93°C).
J419 Liquid Gelling Agent Liquid Brine Thickener HEVIPACK* II. Recommended concentration
J421 Liquid Gelling Agent Used for Oilpack* fluids. Recommended concentration varies between
0.17 and 0.34 gal/bbl.
J422 Liquid Gelling Agent Liquid Brine Thickener HEVIPACK* III. Recommended concentration
J424 Solid Gelling Agent Guar gum (dry) designed for batch mix operations. Recommended
concentration: 10-80 lbm/1000 gal. Applicable temperature is 50° to
200°F (10° to 93°C).
J425 Liquid Gelling Agent Gelling agent used in the DGA200 Gelled Acid Series. Typical
concentration: 30 and 40 gal per 1,000 gal of HCl. Applicable
temperature up to 150°F (66°C).
J429 Liquid Gelling Agent Used in particular in the LCA systems. Applicable temperature up to
200 °F (93°C). Recommended concentration: 20 gal/1000 gal.
J433 Liquid Gelling Agent High molecular weight acrylamide-acrylate co-polymer emulsified in a
hydrocarbon. The polymer as delivered is 31% active. Used in the
MARCIT* technology. Applicable temperature up to 2500F (121 0C).
Recommended concentration ranging from 0.5 to 4 gal/bbl.
J443 White Powder Gelling Agent Acid gelling agent
J452 Green Brown Gelling Agent Gelling agent for GO IV fluids. Applicable temperature ranges from
Liquid 150°F to 300°F (65° to 150°C). Generally, the ratio of J452: J453 is close
to 3.4:1. Recommended concentration is 6 to 8 gal:1000gal of oil.

J453 Dark Brown Gelling Agent Liquid activator used for GO IV fluids. Applicable temperature ranges
Liquid from 150°F to 300°F (65° to 150°C).
J456 Pale yellow Gelling Agent Slurriable hydroxypropyl guar used to prepare J876 (49% by wt U51 and
powder 51% by wt J456). It contains suspending agents that allow the solution
to be stable for extended periods.
J457 Solid Gelling Agent Economic slurriable polymer. J457 is a guar gum used to prepare J877
(51% J457/49% U51). Applicable temperature is 50° to 200°F (10° to
93°C).
J486 Solid Gelling Agent Slurriable CMHPG
J491 Granular solid Gelling Agent Low molecular weight polymer (500,000) with an approximate 5%
degree of hydrolysis. This polymer is suitable for near-wellbore water
shutoff treatments using in the MARA-SEAL** or OrganoSEAL-R*
crosslinking technology. Concentration ranges from 4% to 7%.
Applicable temperature up to 2500F (121 0C).
J507 Liquid Gelling Agent Acid / water gelling agent used in particular in the LCA systems and
DGA400 fluids. Applicable temperature up to 300 °F (149°C).
Recommended concentration: 20 to 30 gal/1000gal. J507 is specially
formulated for application in the North Sea. Effective for use as a
friction reducer at low concentrations.
J508W Clear amber Gelling Agent Cationic viscoelastic surfactant concentrate used to make ClearFRAC
liquid Winterized version fluid. The maximum application temperature is 200°F (93°C).
Recommended concentration is in the range 0.5% to 5% (5 to 50
gal/1000 gal). Multiply the concentration of J508 to obtain equivalent
performance with J508W.
J509 Milky liquid Gelling Agent High molecular weight liquid dispersion polymer. The polymer as
delivered is 50% active. Used for the MARCIT** and OrganoSEAL-F*
technologies. Applicable temperature up to 2500F (121 0C).
Recommended concentration is in the range of 0.4% to 3%.
J512 Liquid Gelling Agent Liquid HEC used in the Protectozone*-VP technology.
J518 Liquid Gelling Agent Oil gelling agent for YFGO-V. Recommended concentration of J518 is 10
gal/1000 gal for most applications. Applicable temperature range from
70°F to 220°F (20°C to 100°C).
J519 White Gelling Agent High molecular weight polymer with an approximate 10% degree of
granules hydrolysis. Is used in the MARCIT** and in the OrganoSEAL-F*
technologies. Applicable temperature up to 2500F (1210C).
Recommended weight concentration ranging from 0.4% to 3%.
J520 Colorless Gelling Agent Low molecular weight polymer (500,000) with an ultra-low degree of
granules hydrolysis (<1%). Is suitable for near-wellbore water shutoff treatments
using the MARA-SEAL** or OrganoSEAL-R* fluid crosslinking
technology. Applicable temperature up to 3000F (149 0C). Recommended
concentrations range from 6 to 7%.
J521 Granular Gelling Agent High molecular weight polymer for use in high-temperature and/or
powder high-brine environments. This polymer is suitable for fracture/fissure
water control treatments using the OrganoSEAL-F* crosslinking
technology. Applicable temperature from 1750F to 3250F. Recommended
concentrations range from 0.4 to 1.05 lbm/bbl.

J522 Solid Gelling Agent High molecular weight (2 million) polymer with a degree of hydrolysis
less than 1%. Used for foamed gels.
J533 Clear Yellow Gelling Agent ClearFRAC* J533 fracturing fluids are water-base polymer-free
Liquid systems composed of a viscoelastic surfactant (J533), an activator
(U28) and a chelant (U42) in 5% KCl brine.
J551 Clear Yellow Gelling Agent ClearFRAC* LT J551 fracturing fluids are water-based systems
Liquid composed of a viscoelastic surfactant (J551) in J534 brine.
J557 Amber Liquid Gelling / Diverting Polymer free, self diverting acid system for carbonates (VDA) is
Agent formulated using this additive.
J559 Clear Yellow Gelling Agent ClearPAC (viscoelastic surfactant based gravel packing fluid) base
Liquid surfactant.
J560 Light yellow Gelling Agent HPG polymer for mixing into J563 slurry
powder
J561 Light yellow Gelling Agent Guar polymer for mixing into J564 slurry
powder
J562 Light yellow Gelling Agent CMHPG polymer for mixing into J565 slurry
powder
J563 Tan Viscous Gelling Agent Slurried HPG polymer in an environmentally improved carrying fluid
Liquid (Slurried)
J564 Tan Viscous Gelling Agent Slurried Guar polymer in an environmentally improved carrying fluid
Liquid (Slurried)
J565 Tan Viscous Gelling Agent Slurried CMHPG polymer in an environmentally improved carrying fluid
Liquid (Slurried)
J566 Brown Liquid Gelling Agent (VES) J566 is a surfactant-based gelling agent that extends the ClearFRAC
family of viscoelastic surfactants to 275 degF.
J876 Amber slurry Gelling Agent Blend It is a slurry of a hydroxypropylguar (HPG) gelling agent in No. 2 diesel
oil. The J876 slurry is a 51:49 (weight:weight) blend of Slurriable HPG
J456 in Diesel Oil U51. When mixed with water, the HPG hydrates to
produce the Waterfrac (WF) fluid. The typical use range in WF fluids is
50° to 200°F (10° to 93°C). When crosslinked to form YF fluids, the range
extends from 80° to 350°F (27° to 177°C). Concentrations range from 2.3
to 13.5 gal/1000 gal.
J877 Liquid Gelling Agent Blend Diesel-slurried polymer for batch mix or continuous mix operations.
When mixed with water, the guar hydrates to produce a Waterfrac 100
(WF100) fluid. Addition of appropriate crosslinkers and stabilizers
converts the WF fluid to the corresponding Widefrac (YF) fluid. The
temperature range for WF fluids is 50 to 200°F (10 to 93°C). When
crosslinked to form YF fluids, the temperature range is 80 to 325°F (27 to
163°C). J877 is a 51 to 49 (wt/wt) blend of J457 (polysaccharide) in
Diesel Oil U51. Recommended concentration: 4.5 to 11.2 gal/1000 gals.
J916 Amber red CMHPG Slurry Diesel slurried CMHPG. Applicable temperature up to 350°F (177°C).
liquid Polymer


H2S Scavengers
A255 Liquid H2S Scavenger Is used to control the corrosive effects of H2S that may be present in
acidizing fluids. It was developed to aid the inhibition of hydrochloric
acid (5% to 28%), Mud Acid (6% HCl + 1.5% to 12% HCl + 3% HF) and
special acid systems (MSR, DAD and Clay Acid) in sour environments.
Applicable temperatures up to 325°F (163°C) and protection times up to
24 hr for most hydrochloric acid and Mud Acid systems. Recommended
concentrations: 2-20 gal/1000 gal.
M295 Liquid Scavenger for Hydrogen Sulfide Scavenger

Hydrogen Sulfide
Intensifiers
Y001 White crystals Intensifier Ammonium bifluoride used in mud acid systems..
Y006 White granular Intensifier Fluoboric acid used in Clay acid systems.
powder
Iron Stabilizing Agents
J471A Liquid Iron Stabilizing Agent Iron control agent specific to LCA fluids. Applicable temperature up to
- LCA* and SDA* 300°F (149°C). Recommended concentration: 10 gal/1000gal minimum.
This will reduce up to 12,000 ppm of ferric iron. Add 1 gal/1000 gal for
each 1,200 ppm of ferric iron in excess of 12,000 ppm.
L001 Solid Iron Stabilizing Agent Anionic iron Stabilizing Agent. The normal recommended
concentration is 50 lbm of L1 per 1000 gal of acid.
L058 Solid Iron Stabilizing Agent Is a very effective additive for preventing the precipitation of ferric
hydroxide from spent acid. It reduces the ferric ion (Fe+3 ) to the more
soluble ferrous ion (Fe+2 ) state. Treating temperature does not affect
the performance of L58. Only 5 lbm of L58/1000 gal of acid will stabilize
1000 ppm of ferric iron. Recommended concentration up to 15 lbm/1000
gal.
L062 Solid Iron Stabilizing Agent L62 is a chelating agent for use in acid. Because it contains no
potassium or sodium, it can be used in mud acids without the
possibility of forming insoluble hexafluosilicates.
A concentration of 34 lbm of U62/1000 gal of acid will stabilize 1000 ppm

of ferric iron in solution. The maximum recommended concentration of
L62 is 300 lbm/1000 gal. Applicable temperatures to at least 400°F
(204°C).
L063 Liquid Iron Stabilizing Agent Iron Reducing Agent L63 is recommended for use with MISCA fluid. L63
is the agent of choice if well temperature is less than 175°F (79°C).
Concentration: 2.5 gal of L63/1000 gal of acid for each 1000 ppm of Fe+++
present in the acid
L400 Colorless Iron Stabilizing Agent Iron control agent. The normal recommended concentration is 10 gal of
Liquid L400 per 1000 gal of acid.

Miscellaneous Additives
D075 Colorless Sodium Silicate Used in the PERMABLOK* technology. For all applications up to 194°F
liquid additive (90°C) except zone consolidation, the preferred D75 concentration is
20% by volume. From 194°F (90°C) to the maximum application
temperature of 266°F (130°C), the recommended D75 concentration is
30%. For zone consolidation, the concentration should be 40% by
volume at any temperature.
D079 White solid Silicate additive Sodium metasilicate
D140 Yellow liquid Hardener - Low Used in the PERMABLOK* technology. 5-20% by volume of solution
Temperature depending on temperature required gel time and rigidity. Applicable
temperature up to 176°F (80°C)
D141 Yellow liquid Hardener -High Used in the PERMABLOK* technology. 5-20% by volume of solution,
Temperature depending on temperature, required gel time and rigidity. Applicable
temperature range of 158° to 267° F (70° to 130° C).
J170 Solid Plugging Agent - LT (50 to 200°F or 10 to 93°C) plugging agent used in the Protectozone*
Low-Temperature service. Typical concentrations are 300 or 500 lbm/1000 gal.
J171 Solid Plugging Agent - HT (200 to 325°F or 93 to 163°C) plugging agent used in the
High-Temperature Protectozone* service. Typical concentrations are 500 or 750 lbm/1000
gal.
J467 Solid Plugging agent Used in the DGS* technology. Applicable temperature up to 200°F
(95°C). Concentrations range from 250 to 500 lbm/1000 gal.
J468 Solid Organic Activator Used in the DGS* technology when bottom hole static temperature
ranges from 122 to 194°F (50 to 90°C).
J469 Solid Activator for LT gel Used in the DGS* technology below 122°F (50°C). Concentrations range
from1.7 to 4.2 lbm/1000 gal.
J470 Solid Activator for HT gel Used in the DGS* technology when bottom hole static temperature is
>194°F (>90°C).
J473 Yellow liquid Coal-bed Methane The CBMA* J473 Coal Bed Methane Agent. It is recommended at 2 to 4
Agent gal/1,000 gal of treating fluid for remedial treatments, on previously
treated coal seams. It can be used with fracturing treatments as well
as with matrix treatments to enhance the methane gas production from
coals. Its bottomhole temperature range of effectiveness is from 60° to
200°F (16° to 93°C).
J485 Potassium Carbonate
J504 Colorless ES Base Oil Slurry gel base oil. Meets North Sea environmental requirements
Liquid
J505 Liquid Suspending Agent Used to mix polymer slurry with J504. Meets North Sea environmental
requirements
J823 Colorless FREFLO* F Preflush Solvent and surfactant blend designed to condition the formation
liquid before a fracturing treatment. Recommended quantity is 10 to 20% of
the total fracturing fluid volume and is pumped as pre-pad.
M006 Crystals Catalyst Water-soluble catalyst (sodium dichromate). Used for control of setting
times in the PROTECTOZONE and Chemical Seal Ring technologies.
M007 Liquid Activator Sodium Hydroxide

M011 Liquid Buffering Agent Ammonium hydroxide (Aqua Ammonia)
M024 Powder Breaker Internal chemical breaker used in the PROTECTOZONE* technology.
It should be used at temperatures between 135 and 200°F (58 and

93°C). Concentration ranges from 1 to 6 lbm/1000 gal.
M038B Liquid Silicate Control A mixture of surface-active agents including a cationic and nonionic
Additive surfactant used in hydrochloric acid (HCl) formulations and water-base
fracturing fluids where clay and silt will be in contact with water or
spent acid. It is primarily used to control clay migration, and it is also
sometimes effective as a demulsifying agent. Typical concentration is 3
to 6 gal/1000 gal of acid or fracturing fluid.
T163 Solid Sterling Beads Abrasive agent
Organic Acids
L036 Liquid Organic Acid L36 (formic acid) can be used at concentrations up to 9% as an acid to
stimulate oil and gas wells. L36 reacts slowly with carbonate
formations and many minerals present in sandstone formations. It can
be inhibited for use at temperatures up to at least 350°F (177°C). Formic
acid is intermediate in strength between hydrochloric acid (HCl) and
acetic acid, both in cost per pound of carbonate dissolved and in
reaction rate.
L401 Colorless Glacial Acetic Acid Winterized L400.

Liquid
L801 Liquid Organic Acid 9% Formic Acid Solution
L802 Liquid Organic Acid 10% Acetic Acid Solution
Oxygen Scavengers
J353 White Scavenger for Oxygen scavenger. Used as High-Temperature gel stabilizer in
granules Oxygen Widefrac fluids at temperatures greater than 200°F (93°C).
Recommended concentration: 10lbm/1000gals.
J353L Liquid Scavenger for Oxygen scavenger. 30% J353 in water.

Oxygen
J450 Colorless Scavenger for Prevents polymer degradation above 200°F. Protects against iron. Used
liquid to straw Oxygen in the YF100HTD, YF600HT, and YF600UT fluids to extend the maximum
color liquid temperature limit. Recommended concentration: 0.75-3 gal/1000 gal.
M129.1 Solid Scavenger for Used in ZONETROL services and in downhole completion fluids. It is a
Oxygen stabilized hydrosulfite that has been flame retarded for safer handling.
It is normally used at a concentration of 4 lbm/100 bbl of mix water.

Paraffin Dissolvers / Inhibitors / Dispersants
A026 Colorless Paraffin Dissolver Xylene. Used in different stimulation systems such as CLEAN SWEEP
Liquid fluids or DAD. Is also used as paraffin solvent.
P020 Dark brown to Solvent A blend of aromatic solvents having a minimum of 75% aromatic
black Liquid solvent content. It is an effective solvent for a broad range of
"paraffins". Minimum quantities to use are 150 to 200 gal per net ft
formation.
P121 Clear Liquid Solvent P121 is a toluene solvent particularly effective for highly asphaltic
"paraffin" deposits as well as those more paraffinic in nature. Minimum
PARAN P121 quantities to use are 150 to 200 gal per net ft formation.
P124 Clear Liquid Paraffin Inhibitor Dual function inhibitor that can dissolve existing paraffin deposits
while preventing the formation of additional paraffin crystals.
Recommended concentration:
- in the pad, 5 gal/1000 gal.
- in a continuous injection process, 0.5 gal to 1.0 gal paraffin inhibitor

per 100 bbl of oil produced.
P125 Liquid Paraffin Inhibitor Will prevent the formation of paraffin crystals. Recommended
concentration: 5 gal/1000 gal.
P126 Dark blue Paraffin Inhibitor Dual function inhibitor that can dissolve existing paraffin deposits
Liquid while preventing the formation of additional paraffin crystals.
Recommended concentration: 5 gal/1000 gal.
P130 Clear Liquid Solvent PARAN Wellbore cleaning solvent
P800 Paraffin Dissolver Field blend. Will dissolve and disperse "paraffin" deposits. It is designed
for downhole applications. It can be used as a concentrate or can be
added to water- or acid-base treating fluid at a concentration of 5 to
10% by volume of treating fluid.
P801 Paraffin Dissolver Field blend. Will dissolve and disperse "paraffin" deposits. It is designed
for downhole applications. It can be used as a concentrate or can be
added to water- or acid-base treating fluid at a concentration of 5 to
10% by volume of treating fluid.
P802 Intensifier A Used in conjunction with either P800 or P801, aids in paraffin
dispersion and increases the potential for the amount of paraffin
removed. It is mildly acidic and should be used with treating fluids
where acid will not be detrimental.
P803 Intensifier B Used in conjunction with either P800 or P801, aids in paraffin
dispersion and increases the potential for the amount of paraffin
removed. It is mildly acidic and should be used with treating fluids
where acid will not be detrimental.
U082 Liquid Paraffin Dispersant A blend of surfactants and hydrocarbon solvents which are easily
dispersed in a carrier fluid of fresh water, high salinity salt water, or
acid. Effective in the removal of "paraffins". Concentration ranges from
1 to 10% by volume. To avoid potential re-deposition of paraffin, the
temperature of the U82/Carrier fluid dispersion should not be higher
that the temperature in the well where the paraffin formed.

Proppants / Gravels / Resin Curing Aids
S014 Solid Proppant 12/20-Mesh Sand
S041 Solid Proppant Polymer-coated sand used in the DIVERTAFRAC service as water
control agent. S41 is mixed in a fracturing fluid composed of water-free
oil. Applicable bottom hole static temperature up to 210°F (99°C).
Dilution with un-coated fracturing sand will reduce the effectiveness of
S041.
S074 Yellow to Proppant Curable Resin-Coated Sand. Available in 12/20, 16/30 and 20/40-Mesh
brown
granules
S074L Solid Proppant Curable Low-Resin Coated Sand. Includes 12/20, 16/30 and 20/40-Mesh
S079 Solid Proppant 30/50 mesh sand
S083 Solid Proppant 30/40-Mesh Resieved Gravel
S085 Solid Gravel 40/60-Mesh Resieved Gravel
S090 Dark Proppant Intermediate Strength Proppant (ISP)

green/gray
pellets
S093 Solid Proppant Precured Resin-Coated Sand. Available in 16/30 and 20/40 mesh sand.
S095 Yellow to Proppant Medium-Density ISP. Includes 16/30, 20/40 and 30/60 sand.
brown
granules
S100 Solid Proppant 70/140 mesh Sand
S103 Solid Gravel 12/20-Mesh Resieved Sand
S104 Solid Gravel 16/20-Mesh Resieved Sand
S105 Light grey solid Proppant Low-Density ISP (Intermediate Sand Proppant). Includes 10/14, 12/18,
16/20, 20/40 and 30/60 mesh sand.
S108 Yellow to Proppant High-Strength Resin-Coated Sand, 20/40 mesh

brown
granules
S114 Solid Proppant Pea-Sized Gravel

S123 Colorless Curing Agent Liquid Curing Agent is available to activate bonding.
Liquid
S128 Yellow to Proppant Precured Low-Resin-Coated Sand-16/30-Mesh. Available in 12/20,

brown 16/30, 20/40 mesh sands.
granules
S132 White to Tan Proppant 10/20-Mesh Sand

Granules
S133 Granules Isopac* Low-Density Available in 30/50 mesh and 40/60 mesh. Applicable temperature up to
Particles 2000F (930C). Maximum recommended concentration: 9.1 lbm/gal (30/50
mesh) and 9.3 lbm/gal (40/60 mesh).
S133A Granules Isopac* Low-Density 20/40 mesh particles. Applicable temperature up to 2000F (930C).
Particles Maximum recommended concentration: 8.8 lbm/gal
S134 Yellow to Proppant Curable Resin-Coated Sand - 12/20-Mesh

brown
granules
S138 Solid Proppant Light-Weight Ceramic Proppant, 20/40 and 30/50 mesh
S140 Grey/brown Proppant High-Strength Proppant. Available in 16/20, 16/30, 20/40 and 30/60 mesh
pellets
S141 Yellow to Proppant Curable Low-Resin Coated Sand

brown
granules
S142 Solid Proppant Precured Resin-Coated Proppant-20/40-Mesh
S143 Solid Proppant Curable AR Resin-Coated Proppant
S145 Solid Proppant Light-Weight Resin Coated Proppant, 20/40 mesh
S146 Solid Proppant High Strength Proppant- various mesh sizes
S147 Solid Proppant Curable Resin Coated Proppant. Low closure proppant
S148.1 SB Excel®
S149.1 SB Prime®
S807 Solid Proppant 20/40 Ceramic Prop/PN II
S808 Solid Proppant Low-Density ISP/PN II
Proppant Flowback Control Additives

J501 Fibrous glass PropNET* II Additive Fibrous glass materials that are mixed with proppant to prevent
solid flowback of proppant from hydraulic fractures. Applicable temperature
up to 3000F (1490C).
J502 Solid PropNET* Gold Fibrous synthetic polymer materials that are mixed with proppant to
Additive prevent flowback of proppant from hydraulic fractures. Applicable
temperature up to 450+0F (232+0C).

J527 Solid PropNET Hi-K Fibrous synthetic polymer. Applicable temperature up to 2500F (1210C).
Resin Consolidation System Components

K187 Liquid Catalyst Used in SANDLOCK V technology.
K230B Liquid Resin Solution Used in the SANDLOCK technology. Temperatures are limited to less
than 225°F (102°C).
K235B Liquid Curing Agent Used in the SANDLOCK technology. Temperatures are limited to less
than 225°F (102°C).
K300 Dark liquid Furan Resin K300 is a mixture of furan resin and a solvent, and contains a coupling
agent and surfactant. Recommended volume ranges from 30 to 50 gal/ft
of zone to treat.
Salts
J221 Solid Salt 2% Sodium Hydroxide. In YF100 and YF200 gels, foaming agent may be
premixed with Activator J221.
J285 White crystals Ammonium chloride Ammonium chloride for brine preparation. Concentration: 3% min.
M002 Solid Sodium hydroxide Caustic soda flakes.
M003 Solid Sodium carbonate Soda ash.
S001 Solid Salt 77% calcium chloride (CaCl2 ,2H20)
S002 Solid Salt 95% Calcium Chloride
Scale Dissolvers
L056 Solid Scale Dissolver Scale Removal Agent L56 can be used to dissolve scale and to chelate
the dissolved metal ions. Concentration: up to 32-lbm/bbl water iron.
U104 Colorless Scale dissolver for Sulfate scale remover. Stable at very high temperature (>450oF). Will
Liquid sulfates remove Barium, Strontium, and Calcium sulfate scales by chelating the
scale during 24-36 hours soak time.
U105 Colorless Scale dissolver for Chelating agent stable at high temperature (>450oF).
Liquid carbonates
Scale Inhibitors
L035 Solid Scale Inhibitor GYPBAN* 35 scale inhibitor. Polyphosphates type.
L047 Liquid Scale inhibitor L047, a strongly acidic material, is recommended to prevent deposition
of calcium, strontium and barium scales. L47 is a complex phosphonate
compound. Scale deposition is usually controlled by 1 to 10 ppm of
active ingredient. It can be used at temperatures up to 350°F (177°C).

Concentration ranges from 1 to 8 gal (usually 2 or 3) per 1000 gal of acid
for control of carbonate and sulfate scales which may form in the
presence of spent acid.
L049 Liquid Scale inhibitor L49 is recommended to prevent deposition of calcium, strontium and
barium scales. L49 is a complex phosphonate compound. Scale
deposition is usually controlled by 1 to 10 ppm of active ingredient. . It
has temperature stability in acid to 350°F (177°C).
L065 Liquid Scale inhibitor A phosphino-polyacrylate scale inhibitor system compatible with
ScaleFRAC* and ClearFRAC* systems. It is effective against all
common carbonate and sulfate scales. Applicable temperature up to
350°F (1800C). Minimum loading of 5 gals B034/1000 gals of carrying
fluid is required for adequate inhibitor retention. Preferred
concentration is >10 gals/1000 gals.
Scale Inhibitor Aids

L059 Solid Scale Inhibitor Aid Inorganic compound which precipitates L47 or L49 scale inhibitors to
extend the life of the treatment. Concentration: 15 lbm/1,000 gal)
Surfactants (Mutual Solvents; Foaming, Dispersing, and Nonemulsifying Agents)

F038 Liquid Surfactant Cationic surfactant for acid or water.
F040 Liquid Surfactant Non-ionic surfactant for acid and water. Use also as foaming agent.
Recommended concentration:
EZEFLO*
· As an additive in stimulation fluids: 2 to 10 gal/1000 gal.
· For continuous treatment of injection water: 20 ppm (0.25 pt/1000 gal).
· For batch or slug treatment of injection water: 1,000 to 10,000 ppm (1 to

10 gal/1000 gal) or 10-gal F40 slug in an individual injection well.
· As a foaming agent in water or brine: 1 to 5 gal/1000 gal
F056 Liquid Surfactant Anionic surfactant for acid and water. Concentration: 1 to 3 gal/1,000
gal.
F057 Yellow liquid Surfactant Surfactant for acid and water. Concentration: up to 4% by volume.
Used in the MUDPUSH technology.
F078 Liquid Surfactant - EZEFLO* Cationic/amphoteric surfactant with excellent silt-suspending qualities.
Used also as foaming agent. Recommended concentration: 2 to 10
gal/1000 gal of treating fluid. As foaming agent, use 5 gal/1000 gal.
F097 Liquid Surfactant Non-ionic surfactant used to prepare Mudclean* OB with

20gal/1000gal.
F098 Yellow orange Surfactant A non-ionic/anionic surfactant that retards acid reaction on limestone
liquid or dolomite by forming a protective film on the surface of the rock. F98
can be used with all concentrations of hydrochloric acid (HCl). Other

surfactants should not be used with F98 because they may adversely
affect retardation. Acid retarded with F98 can be inhibited with
Corrosion Inhibitor A260. Concentration: 5 gal/1000 gal.
F099 Liquid Coupling additive Coupling Agent (solubilizing additive) used in MISCA* solutions.
Concentration ranging from 5 to 25 gal/1000 gal. Applicable
temperature up to 250°F (121°C).
F100 Liquid Surfactant - EZEFLO EZEFLO* F100 Surfactant is an outstanding foaming and silt-suspending
agent that exhibits excellent and stable foam characteristics and silt
suspending qualities.
F100 is an amphoteric blend; therefore, it is a good surface-active

agent in low- and high-pH systems and is generally compatible
(depending on the pH of the fluid system) with cationic, anionic and
nonionic surfactants.
F102 Liquid Dispersing Agent Dispersant F102 is used to disperse PropNET* II Additive in gelled-oil
fluids such as YF"GO"*III fluid and YF"GO"V fluid. It is used in
conjunction with Mutual Solvent U66.
F103 Liquid Surfactant - EZEFLO EZEFLO* F103 Surfactant is a surface-active agent for use in
hydrochloric acid (HCI), Mud Acid (HCl-HF) and other aqueous-base
stimulation fluids.
F104 Liquid Foaming Agent Foaming Agent F104 is designed to be a direct replacement for
F52.1 in water, brines, water-based fracturing fluids and cement
slurries.
F104 contains an anionic surfactant that both promotes easy foam

generation and then very effectively stabilizes the foam. Compared
to F52.1, F104 provides improved foam stability in the presence of most
oils, especially at elevated temperatures.
F105 Surfactant Multifunctional Surfactant F105 is a unique blend of nonionic
surfactants, alcohols and glycol ethers. This proprietary
multifunctional surfactant blend functions as a water-wetting agent or
foaming agent in water- or acid-base stimulation fluids.
F107 Liquid Surfactant
F108
F800 Liquid Nonemulsifying Tri-functional, cationic/non-ionic, neutral wetting, nonemulsifying

Agent agent. Concentration: 2 gal/1000 gal.
Used also as breaker aid and Clay stabilizer.
F801 Liquid Foaming Agent Cationic amphoteric foaming agent with good silt suspending
capabilities.
F803 Liquid Surfactant A cationic/non-ionic, trifunctional additive.
F804 Liquid Surfactant Mud Remover OB 48
F805 Liquid Surfactant Mud Remover OB 96
G008 Liquid Foaming agent An Anionic hydrocarbon-foaming agent. Recommended concentration

0.75 gal/1000 gal. The G8 should be diluted in a hydrocarbon at 1/5 to
1/20 by volume, and added to the system at the discharge of the
blender.

J530 Liquid Nonemulsifying Anionic surfactant used to eliminate the emulsion tendency of
Agent ClearFRAC with certain crudes. Recommended concentration of J530
in the preflush is in the range 0 to 12%.
M054 Liquid Mud Dispersing An oil-soluble surfactant used to penetrate and remove mud blocks,
Agent Mudban* and to free stuck drillpipe. Its recommended concentration is 2% by vol
M54 in kerosene, diesel or appropriate clean high-gravity crude.
U066 Colorless- Mutual Solvent A multifunctional nonionic agent, soluble in acid, oil and water. It
White Liquid serves as a wetting agent, a surface-tension reducer, an interfacial
tension reducer and a non-emulsifier/demulsifier. Normal
concentration: 10% by vol of carrying fluid.
U079 Liquid Mutual Solvent A multifunctional nonionic solvent, soluble in oil, acid and water. It
solubilizes heavy hydrocarbons and water-wets scale and formation
solids. Recommended concentration: 35% by vol in acid. U79 can be
used with 15% hydrochloric acid (HCl), 28% HCl, Mud Acid or Super
Mud Acid.
U097 Liquid Mutual Solvent A nonionic mutual solvent, dispersible in brine, soluble in acid and
soluble in oil up to at least 50% by vol. Recommended concentrations
range from 10 to 40% by vol.
U098 Liquid Mutual Solvent A nonionic mutual solvent used primarily to prevent water blocks and
emulsions when matrix acidizing sandstone formations. Recommended
concentration: 2.5 to 5% by volume in hydrochloric acid (HCl) at
concentrations of 15% or less and in Regular (12+3) Mud Acid.
U099 Liquid Mutual Solvent A nonionic mutual solvent , proprietary blend of various water- and oil-
soluble alcohols and xylene, used to remove damage due to paraffin or
asphaltene. It leaves the formation water-wet and reduces the surface
tension of treating fluids. It will also prevent or break emulsions. In a
sandstone, U99 volume should be calculated to provide at least a 6-in.
penetration past the acid front In a carbonate matrix treatment, the
recommended volume is 10 to 25 gal/ft.
W053 Clear yellow Nonemulsifying Non-ionic surfactant for use in acid, water or oil-base stimulation fluids
liquid Agent to prevent emulsions. It can also be used to break existing emulsions.
W53 preferentially water-wets both sandstone and limestone rock.
Concentration ranges from 2 to 5 gal/1000 gal in acid, water or oil.
W054 Liquid Nonemulsifying Multi-component non-ionic surfactant developed to provide non-

Agent emulsifying, water-wetting, surface and interfacial tension-reducing
properties. It can also be used to break existing emulsions. W54
preferentially water-wets both sandstone and limestone rock.
Concentration ranges from 0.5 to 10 gal/1000 gal in acid or water. It can
also be used in oil.
W058 Liquid Anti-Sludge Agent Surfactants blend used to prevent sludging in MISCA fluids.
Recommended concentration: 5 gal/ 1000 gal.
W059 Liquid Nonemulsifying Cationic surfactant which preferentially water-wets limestone and oil-
Agent wets sandstone rocks. Used in SANDLOCK* V sand-control service
and in Furan Resin Sand Consolidation System as an oil-wetting agent.
Concentration ranges from 1 to 5 gal/1000 gal of acid, water or oil.
W060 Liquid Anti-sludge agent Green product. Similar to W35.

W061 Liquid Nonemulsifying Green product. Similar to W39

Agent
W062 Liquid Nonemulsifying Nonemulsifying Agent W62 is an multicomponent nonionic-cationic

Agent surfactant blend developed to provide nonemulsifying, water-wetting,
surface- and interfacial-tension-reducing properties when added to
stimulation fluids, whether acid or hydraulic fracturing fluids.
Viscosifiers
J483 Liquid Viscosifier A mixture of cationic viscoelastic surfactants, used to make PERMPAC
fluids. The maximum application temperature is 130 °F (69°C).
Recommended concentration is in the range 2 to 5% (20 to 50 gal/1000
gal).

Stimulation Systems
Fracturing Systems
Linear (Non-Crosslinked) Water Based Fluids
Summary
Waterfrac fluids use linear (uncrosslinked) gels of fresh water, seawater, or potassium chloride (KCl) brines as
efficient and economical fracturing fluids. Guar and hydroxy-propyl-guar (HPG) gelling agents are the most
commonly used polymers for preparation of Waterfrac fluids. A cellulose-derivative gelling agent and xanthan gum
are also available for certain applications.
Nomenclature
Waterfrac fluids are identified by WF (Waterfrac) followed by three digits to indicate the type and concentration of
gelling agent used.
The first digit indicates the type of gelling agent used: "1" for guar and "2" for HPG. The last two digits indicate the
concentration of thickener in lbm/1000 gal of fluid.
Example: WF140 contains a guar gelling agent at 40 lbm/1000 gal.
Temperature
The temperature range for Waterfrac fluids containing guar gelling agents is 50° to 200°F (10° to 93°C).
Waterfrac fluids
• The Waterfrac 100 (WF100): water-base, viscosified with refined guar polymers. They are also the base
gels that are crosslinked to form the Widefrac fluids (YF100, YF300, and YF500).
• The Waterfrac 200 (WF200): water-base, viscosified with refined hydroxy-propyl-guar (HPG) polymers.
They are also the base gels that are crosslinked to form the Widefrac fluids (YF200, YF400, and YF600).
Crosslinked Fluids
Summary
Widefrac fluids use very viscous fracturing fluids made by crosslinking Waterfrac fluids. Crosslinking agents are
used to dramatically increase the effective molecular weight of the polymer, thereby increasing the viscosity of the
solution.
Nomenclature
Widefrac crosslinked fluids are identified by YF (Widefrac) followed by three digits to indicate the type and
concentration of gelling agent used. The 1st digit indicates the gelling agent and crosslinker type. 2nd and 3rd
digits denote the gelling agent concentration in lbm/1000 gal.
Example:
YF840HT is a CMHPG gelling agent, zirconate crosslinked, at 40 lbm/1000 gal of fluid, designed for HT
Temperature
Applicable temperature ranges from 80° to 325°F (27° to 163°C).
Crosslinkers
A number of materials have been used to crosslink water-soluble polymers:
• Boric acid and borate salts are used to produce crosslinked gels with guar and HPG that are stable to
325°F (163°C).
• Transition-metal crosslinkers, titanate and zirconate, have been developed for fracturing deep, hot wells.
The upper temperature limit for these gels is 400°F (204°C).

Widefrac fluids
• Widefrac 100 (YF100): water-base systems composed of a refined guar gelling agent crosslinked by a
borate crosslinker. Fluids can be batch-mixed or continuous-mixed.
Temperature range:
Fresh water and fresh water containing KCl base fluids: 80° to 200°F (27° to 93°C).
Seawater-base fluids: 80° to 175°F (27° to 80°C)
• Widefrac 100HTD (YF100HTD): water-base systems composed of a refined guar gelling agent
crosslinked by a borate-type crosslinker. Fluids can be batch-mixed or continuous-mixed.
Temperature range: from 125 to 325°F (52 to 163°C).
• Widefrac 100.1HTD (YF*100.1HTD): water-base systems containing a refined guar gelling agent
crosslinked with a borate crosslinker. Designed for continuous-mixed.
Temperature range: from 175 to 350°F (79 to 177°C).
• Widefrac 100LG (YF* 100 LG): water-based systems containing a refined guar gelling agent (15 to 20
lbm/1000 gal) crosslinked with a borate crosslinker. Fluids can be batch-mixed or continuous-mixed.
Temperature range: from 100 to 200°F (38 to 93°C) for fluids prepared with fresh water or fresh water
containing KCl.
• YF100 LGD: water-based systems containing a refined guar gelling agent (20 to 50 lbm/1000 gal)
crosslinked with a borate crosslinker. Fluids can be batch-mixed or continuous-mixed. YF100 LGD fluids
are prepared using any of the Waterfrac 100 fluids.
Temperature range: from 175 to 325°F (79 to 163°C) for fluids prepared with fresh water.
• Widefrac 200 (YF200): water-base fluids composed of a hydroxy-propyl-guar (HPG) gelling agent
crosslinked by a borate crosslinker. Fluids can be batch-mixed or continuous-mixed.
Temperature range:
Fresh water and fresh water containing KCl base fluids: 80° to 200°F (27° to 93°C).
Seawater-base fluids: 80° to 175°F (27° to 80°C).
• Widefrac 300LPH (YF300LPH): water-base systems composed of a guar gelling agent crosslinked with
a titanium crosslinker. Fluids are designed for either batch-mix or continuous-mix operations.
Temperature range: from 75° to 225°F (24° to 107°C).
• Widefrac 400LPH (YF400LPH): water-base systems composed of a hydroxy-propyl-guar (HPG) gelling

agent crosslinked with a titanium crosslinker. Fluids are designed for either batch-mix or continuous-mix
operations.
Temperature range: from 75° to 250°F (24° to 121°C)
• Widefrac 500HT (YF500HT): water-base fluids composed of a refined guar gelling agent crosslinked
with a zirconate crosslinker. Fluids are designed for batch-mix or continuous-mix operations.
Temperature range: from175° to 325°F (79° to 163°C).
• Widefrac 600 (YF600): water-base fluids composed of a hydroxy-propyl-guar (HPG) gelling agent
crosslinked with a zirconate crosslinker. Fluids are designed for batch-mix or continuous-mix operations.
Temperature range:
- for YF600LT from150° to 250°F (66° to 121°C).
-for YF600HT from 250° to 350°F (121° to 177°C).
• Widefrac 600UT (YF600UT): water-base fluids composed of a hydroxy-propyl-guar (HPG) gelling agent
crosslinked with a zirconate crosslinker. Fluids are designed for batch-mix or continuous-mix operations.
A YF600UT fluid is prepared by post-adding HPG Polymer Slurry J876 to a fully-hydrated Waterfrac 200
(WF200) fluid.
Temperature range: from 325° to 450°F (163° to 232°C).
• Widefrac 800 (YF800LPH and YF800HT): fluids, which are temperature activated, zirconate
crosslinked, water-based fluids composed of carboxy-methyl-hydroxy-propyl guar (CMHPG). The YF800
fluids consist of two fluid designs: YF800LPH (pH 4.0 – 5.0) 100° to 250°F (38° to 121°C), and YF800HT
(pH 9 to 9.5) 275° to 350°F (135° to 177°C)

• PrimeFRAC Fluids: CMHPG systems which crosslink by temperature. Allow much lower polymer
loadings at temperatures up to 350oF (150oC)
ClearFRAC* systems
Summary
ClearFRAC* stimulation fluids are polymer free, water based fluids prepared by diluting a viscoelastic surfactant
(VES) in brine. Filtered sea water may also be used.
Advantages of the ClearFRAC fluid include:
• No polymer hydration is necessary, and there is no need to add crosslinkers or breakers.
• All that is required is the injection of surfactant into the brine stream on the suction side of the POD
blender.
• The breaker for ClearFRAC fluid is the produced hydrocarbon, or dilution by other formation fluids
• Solids-free fluid. Consequently, the retained permeabilities of proppant packs placed with ClearFRAC
fluids are typically greater than 90%.
Features
♦ Superior fluid efficiency
♦ Predictable leakoff control based on fluid viscosity
♦ No filter cake formation
♦ No chemical breakers needed
♦ Fewer additives for lower cost
Benefits
• Leaves no residue in the proppant pack to impair well productivity
• Optimizes fracture length and height
• Reduces friction pressure losses
• Requires no chlorides. Is environmentally friendly.
Applications
♦ Oil, gas, and condensate reservoirs with bottomhole temperatures up to 2250F (1070C).
♦ Gravel-pack and Frac-pack operations
♦ CoilFRAC* coiled tubing stimulation treatments
♦ Onshore and offshore treatments (seawater compatible)
CleanFLOW* systems
Summary
The CleanFLOW systems are based on the EB-Clean* breaker family (J496 Encapsulated Breaker), a properly
optimized breaker, designed to function at the desired temperature range for a period of time long enough to
facilitate adequate polymer degradation.
IEB-Clean breaker can be used in most fluids, with the exception of the new borate-crosslinked fluid,
YF100.1HTD.
Temperature
Temperatures range from 180° to 235°F (82° to 113°C).
Applications
The CleanFLOW additive can be used in conjunction with J218 and/or J475. The conductivity improvement can be
as much as 50% greater than breaker-only systems.
• In the temperatures ranging from 180° to 235°F (82° to 113°C)

The CleanFLOW additive can be used with J496 in all fluids except for YF100.1HTD, or with J218/J475
(lower end of the temperature range) or J481/EB-Clean J490 HT Encapsulated Breaker (high end of the
temperature range).
• Temperatures ranging from 235° to 275°F (113° to 135°C)

The CleanFLOW additive can be used in conjunction with J481 and/or J490. The damage difference
classically seen between zirconium and borate crosslinkers is eliminated with the CleanFLOW additive in
this temperature range.

YF"GO" Fluids
Summary
YF"GO" fluids are gelled, oil-base fluid designed for the treatment of water-sensitive formations. Diesel, kerosene,
condensate and a wide variety of crude oils can be used to prepare YF"GO" fluids.
Fluid loss is controlled either by viscosity alone or by the addition of wall-building materials.
Temperature
Applicable temperature ranges from 100° to 300°F (38° to 150°C) depending on the “GO” series.
YFGO III
The temperature range of YF"GO" III is 100° to 200°F (38° to 93°C). Application outside that range may result in
difficulty breaking the gel below 100°F (38°C) and insufficient viscosity stability at time and temperature above
200°F (93°C). YF"GO" III can be batch or continuous mixed.
YF"GO" IV
The temperature range for YF"GO" IV is 150° to 300°F (65° to 150°C). The fluid quickly reaches and maintains a
stable viscosity after it is mixed. This is an important operational feature that makes the field mixing, pumping and
quality control easy. At bottomhole temperature, the gel maintains viscosity even at the relatively high
temperatures above 250°F (121°C) and up to 300°F (150°C).
YF"GO" V
The temperature range of YF”GO” V is 70°F to 220°F (20°C to 100°C). YF”GO” V is designed for continuous mix
gelled oil system. The fluid can be energized with up to 50% carbon dioxide when using low sulfur #2 diesel. N2
can also be used.
Applications
Fracturing treatment in water sensitive formations.
Super Sandfrac K-1 fluids

Summary
Super Sandfrac K-1 is a water external emulsion, termed "poly-emulsion," where viscosified water is the
continuous phase and oil is the discontinuous phase. The fluid is 67% oil and 33% water, stabilized with an
emulsifier. Sandfrac K-1 may be batch mixed or continuously mixed.
Temperature
The temperature range for Super Sandfrac K-1 is 80° to 200°F (27° to 93°C).
Features
• High viscosity,
• Good fluid-loss control,
• Good proppant transport characteristics,
• Less formation damage than water-base fluids
• Good cleanup.
Applications
Super Sandfrac K-1 is a cost-effective fluid for use when good viscosity is required but the high viscosity and
temperature stability of crosslinked fracturing fluids are not.
Leakoff Control Acid LCA*

Summary
LCA *, Leak Off Control Acid, fluids contain a unique chemical system that reduces fluid losses during acid
fracturing of carbonate reservoirs. An LCA fluid blocks the growth of wormholes by temporarily forming a barrier
in the wormhole. This barrier halts channel growth, thereby reducing the loss of fluid from the fracture. After the
acid has spent, the barrier breaks and the LCA fluid returns to its original viscosity. Leakoff Control Acid is also
effective in reducing leakoff into natural fissures. The net result is more uniform acid leakoff along the fracture
face, which tends to resemble the fluid loss behavior of non-reactive Waterfrac fluids.

Temperature
Features
• Gels with 15% to 28% HCl
• Temporarily blocks wormhole growth
• Lowers fluid loss and fluid requirements
• Operates in temperatures to 300°F (149°C)
Benefits
• Improves live-acid penetration
• Increases production from stimulated well
Applications
Acid fracturing treatments in carbonate formations
Foam Fluids
Summary
A foam fracturing fluid is a stable emulsion composed of a liquid (external or continuous) phase surrounding a gas
(internal, dispersed or non-continuous) phase and a surfactant (foaming agent). Foam fluids are characterized by
their "quality." The quality of a foam (Q) is defined as the ratio of gas volume to the liquid and gas volume:
Q=VG/(VG+VL)
Thus, a 70% quality foam contains 70% gas and 30% liquid by volume.
Nitrogen and carbon dioxide are the gases most commonly used in foamed fluids.
In certain applications, carbon dioxide may have advantage over nitrogen. These includes:
• Greater hydrostatic pressure (CO2 is more dense than N2) resulting in lower treating pressure
• More expansion during flow back
• May prevent or remove water blocks
Features
• Stored compressed gas for better cleanup
• Good fluid efficiency
• Low fracture conductivity damage
• Equivalent rheological performance at reduced polymer loading
StableFOAM* Fluids
The StableFOAM* fracturing fluids are composed of an aqueous (external or continuous) phase surrounding a gas
(internal, dispersed or non-continuous) phase and a surfactant (foaming agent). The aqueous phase is a polymer
solution and the gas phase is typically nitrogen or carbon dioxide or both. The properties of StableFOAM* fluids
make them ideal fracturing fluids for low-pressure gas reservoirs. The aqueous phase of StableFOAM* fluids may
be prepared from any of the Waterfrac (WF) 100 or WF200 series of fluids. The addition of the appropriate
foaming agent and gas creates the StableFOAM* fluid.
A 50% to 90% gas phase is required in StableFOAM* fluids to provide adequate stability in the fracture.
Temperature
75° to 250°F (24° to 121°C).
SuperFOAM* Fluids
Super Foam is a stable, versatile foam prepared by adding a foaming agent and nitrogen to Widefrac fracturing
fluids. The resulting foam differs from conventional foam because of the high viscosity of the liquid phase. The
high liquid viscosity holds the foam bubbles in place just as it does sand particles and greatly reduces liquid
drainage from between them. As a result, stable foams can be prepared with virtually any gas content, that is, from
10 to 90% gas.

Super Foam fracturing fluids are made from crosslinked guar gums or hydroxypropyl guar (HPG) gums.
ClearFRAC* foam fluids

ClearFRAC* foam fluids use ClearFRAC* fluid as the aqueous phase containing a surfactant (foaming agent). J508,
the additive used to prepare ClearFRAC fluid is an excellent foaming surfactant. No additional foaming agents are
required. Applicable temperature range is from 75° to 200°F (24° to 93°C).
Applications
• Depleted or underpressured wells
• Water-sensitive wells
• Low-permeability gas wells.
PropNET* systems
Summary
Proppant flowback control additives (PropNET* I ADDITIVE J500 and PropNET* II ADDITIVE J501) are fibrous
materials that are mixed with proppant to hold the proppant in the fracture during the production of oil or gas (or
both), and to allow more flexibility in flowback. The PropNET* additives work by the physical mechanism of
random fiber reinforcement; therefore, chemical curing reactions are not necessary for the proppant to be held in
place.
Features
♦ Physical mechanism of proppant pack reinforcement for immediate flow back
♦ Increased permeability to base proppant at low closure stresses (<3000psi).
♦ No chemical interactions with fluids or breakers.
♦ Compatible with oil and water based fracturing fluids, including ClearFRAC polymer free fluids.
♦ Performance not limited by closure pressure or minimum shut in time
♦ Compatible with all common natural and ceramic proppants
Benefits
♦ Eliminates proppant flow back while increasing production rates
♦ Allows post-fracture flow back design changes, increasing operational flexibility.
♦ Significantly increases resistance proppant packs to closure stress cycling.
Applications
♦ Proppant flow back control in all reservoirs conditions
♦ Oil or gas wells with proppant flowback problems
♦ Wells with reservoir temperatures from ambient to steamflood conditions.

Matrix stimulation systems
Super X Acid
Summary
Solutions of hydrochloric acid (HCl) which have a concentration of 20% or more, by weight, are called Super X
Acid. The normal concentration is 28%, although the other concentrations are used.
Use of Super X Acid has resulted in successful treatments in carbonate reservoirs where other formulations have
failed. Because of its high initial acid strength, it will not only dissolve more rock than less concentrated systems,
it also will penetrate a greater distance into the reservoir before it becomes spent. These properties provide
deeper etch patterns in carbonate reservoirs, thereby providing better conductivity for producing well fluids.
Temperature
Super X Acid can be inhibited up to 300°F (149°C) using the appropriate corrosion inhibitors and corrosion
inhibitor aids.
Features
• Longer Spending Time (not to be confused with the reaction rate). This results in deeper acid penetration
of more concentrated acids before they spend.
• Better Conductivity of the etched patterns.
• Better Well Cleanup due to a greater conductivity created by Super X Acid. Another factor that improves
cleanup of spent Super X Acid is the larger amount of carbon dioxide that is produced.
• A greater density of a spent Super X Acids compared to more dilute acids, helps break emulsions. This
should aid in well cleanup by reducing spent acid and emulsion problems.
• A higher viscosity carrying more insoluble fines from the wellbore, improving clean-up. Additionally,
higher viscosity fluids will leak off more slowly (Darcy's law).
• A higher concentration when acidizing water injection wells. In any water well, the water will dilute the
acid being injected.
• Inhibition of Calcium Sulfate (CaSO4) Solubility: The CaSO4 can precipitate as the acid spends and
precipitation will restrict conductivity. Super X Acid reduces the solubility of CaSO4 in spent acid.
Applications
• Fracturing treatment in HT limestone formations
• Matrix treatments in HT limestone formation
Mud Acid
Summary
Mud Acid is a mixture of inhibited hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hydrofluoric acid (HF). Mud Acid will dissolve all
of the minerals that are soluble in 15% HCl. In addition, it will dissolve siliceous minerals such as bentonite,
naturally occurring formation clays and other siliceous minerals, all of which are only partially soluble in HCl.
Calcium and magnesium chlorides plus sodium and potassium brines will react with HF to form insoluble
precipitates. Thus, pretreatment with HCl ahead of Mud Acid and as an overflush behind is technically sound and
is a common practice.
Temperature
Mud Acid and Super Mud Acid can be inhibited at temperatures up to 400°F (204°C) using the appropriate
corrosion inhibitors and corrosion inhibitor aids.
Main Mud Acid formulations

• MSR 123 Acid (12-3) Acid with a mutual solvent which enhances the reactivity of the acid. Used to restore
permeability in oily, dirty, carbonate cemented sandstones.
• Dilute Mud Acid: Any solution containing up to and including 7.5% HCl and 1.5% HF. Used to restore
permeability to sandstone formations.

• Regular Mud Acid: Any solution containing 7.6 to 12.0% HCl and 1.6 to 3.0% HF. Used to restore
permeability to carbonate cemented sandstone formations.
• Super Mud Acid: Any solution containing 12.1 to 16% HCl and 3.1 to 6.0% HF. Used to restore permeability
to carbonate cemented sandstone formations that are extensively damaged or have a high clay content.
• Gas Well Mud Acid: Solution of mud acid prepared by diluting concentrated HCl with Methanol K46. It
contains approximately 67% by volume of methanol. Used to restore permeability to dry gas sandstone
formations.
• Super Gas Well Mud Acid: Solution of Super Mud Acid prepared by diluting concentrated HCl with
Methanol K46. It contains approximately 67% by volume of methanol. Used to restore permeability to dry
gas sandstone formations that are extensively damaged or have a high clay content
Mud Acid selection

The criteria for selecting the mud acid formulation, basically the HCl/HF ratio) to use are
• Rock mineralogy: chemical composition and surface area
• Mechanisms for formation damage and its removal
• Petrophysics and well conditions.
Treating fluid compatibility with the rock is an important factor. This concept of compatibility applies especially
to sandstones, where many damaging reactions may occur.
Using available data on HF-HCl acids/sandstone interactions and field experience, guideline has been established
for using mud acids in sandstone matrix treatments. This guideline, designed to avoid or retard by-products
precipitation include a wide range of permeability, formation mineralogy and temperature.
Applications
Mud Acid is applicable in the following cases:
• The average formation solubility in HCl acid is less than 20%.

• The formation solubility in Mud Acid is at least 15% and should be at least 10% greater than the solubility
in HCl.
• Mud Acid is also applicable as a wellbore cleanup treatment when clays or other siliceous materials have
damaged a formation.
Super Mud Acid is used in formations having high Mud Acid solubilities or that are extensively damaged. Special
care must be taken to assure the separation of fluoride ions and ions of Na, K, Ca and Mg.
Clay Acid
Summary
Clay acids are designed specifically for acidizing sensitive sandstone formations. They not only provide good
stimulation, but also provide permanent stabilization of clays and other fines, eliminating water sensitivity and the
mobility of migratory fines. Clay acids slowly release hydrofluoric acid (HF) from the hydrolysis of fluoboric acid
(HBF4) and can penetrate to a much greater distance from the wellbore before spending than can Mud Acid.
Temperature
Clay Acid can be inhibited at temperatures up to 400°F (204°C) using the appropriate corrosion inhibitors and
corrosion inhibitor aids.
Clay Acid formulations

There are four formulations of Clay Acid:
• Full Strength Clay Acid or Regular Clay Acid: recommended for use in a treating temperature range of 130
to 300°F (54 to 149°C).
• Half-Strength Clay Acid: recommended high quartz (>80%), low clay (<10%) content sands.
• Full Strength Clay Acid LT (low-temperature formulation): contains more hydrochloric acid (HCl) than
Regular Clay Acid, which aids in the hydrolysis of HBF 4, releasing HF at a faster rate. Clay Acid LT allows
much shorter shut-in times and is recommended in the treating temperature range of 100 to 130°F (38 to
54°C).
• Half-Strength Clay Acid LT.

Applications
Clay acids are suitable for a wide variety of applications, which include: use as an overflush fluid behind a
conventional matrix acidizing treatment, as a preflush fluid ahead of a matrix acid treatment, and as a sole
stimulation fluid.
Alcoholic Acid
Summary
Alcoholic acid formulations are a mixture of acid and alcohol. The acids normally employed are usually either
hydrochloric acid (HCl) or Mud Acid (HCl + HF). It can be one of the organic acids such as formic or acetic. The
alcohol of choice is either methyl or isopropyl. Alcohol is not intended to replace mutual solvents in most
applications.
Suggested concentrations are 20% by volume of isopropyl alcohol and 30% by volume of methyl alcohol. The ratio
terminology for alcoholic acid always lists the percent by volume of acid first. For example, a 70:30 mixture of
acid and methanol contains 70% acid and 30% methanol by volume.
Features
• Alcohol lowers the surface tension of acid and allows deeper penetration of the acid into the matrix of the
rock.
• Mixing alcohol with acid lowers the acid/mineral reaction rate and provides a retarding effect.
• Cleanup is facilitated because acid surface tension is decreased by alcohol while the vapor pressure of the
mixture is increased. This improves gas permeability by reducing water saturation.
• Alcoholic acids are often used to remove water blocks. Alcohol is soluble to an extent in both acid and
water, and penetration of low-surface-tension volatile alcohol into the water block will aid in its removal.
Applications
The main application of alcoholic acid is in low-permeability dry gas zones.
Gas well Acid

Summary
Gas Well Acid is 15% hydrochloric acid (HCl) prepared by diluting concentrated HCl with Methanol K46. It
contains approximately 67% by volume of methanol. Its principal advantages are its slow reaction rate and
improved cleanup properties. The low surface and interfacial tensions of spent acid and its increased volatility
assure rapid cleanup.
Temperature
Gas Well Acid may be used at temperatures up to 225°F (107°C). Corrosion Inhibitor A260 is the inhibitor of
choice.
Features
• Improved cleanup
• Retarded reaction rate.
• Lower surface tension. Low interfacial tension reduces the capillary forces, which restrict fluid
movement, causing the improved flow of the spent acid.
• Increased volatility of the spent acid. The high alcohol content gives the spent acid a lower boiling point
and causes it to readily vaporize. This reduces water saturation resulting in higher relative permeability to
gas.
• Retarded acid. When alcohol replaces part of the water in an acid solution, the degree to which HCl can
effectively ionize is reduced. The rate of reaction of Gas Well Acid is approximately one-half that of
regular 15% HCl.
Applications
Matrix acidizing of dry gas wells and gas storage wells.
Gas Well Mud Acid

Summary

Gas Well Mud Acid contains 8% hydrochloric acid (HCl) and 3% hydrofluoric acid (HF) by weight plus Methanol
K46. Its principal advantages are its slow reaction rate and improved cleanup properties. The surface and
interfacial tensions of spent acid, as well as its high volatility assure rapid cleanup.
The concentration of K46 can vary from 53 to 80% by volume depending on the composition of bulk acids used in
the preparation of this solvent.
Gas Well Super Mud Acid, a mixture of 8% HCl, 6% HF and K46 methyl alcohol, can be used in formations where
clay content is very high (>20%). Gas Well Acid must be used as a preflush ahead of Gas Well Super Mud Acid.
Temperature
Gas Well Mud Acid may be inhibited against corrosion up to 225°F (107°C). Corrosion Inhibitor A260 is the
inhibitor of choice.
Features
• Improved cleanup
• Reaction rate retardation. The presence of alcohol slows the ionization rate of the acid, thus reducing the
reaction rate, and enabling deeper penetration of live acid into the formation.
• Lower interfacial tension, which reduces the capillary, forces restraining fluid movement, thus resulting in
the improved cleanup of the spent acid.
• Increased volatility of the spent acid. The high methanol content gives the spent acid a lower boiling point
and causes it to evaporate much more readily than conventional acid systems. This reduces the water
saturation resulting in a higher relative permeability to gas.
Applications
Gas wells are the primary candidates for treatment with Gas Well Mud Acid.
DAD*-Dowell Acid Dispersion

Summary
Dowell Acid Dispersion (DAD) is a proven and versatile acid outside-phase emulsion prepared and stabilized with
Dispersing Agent U74. The purpose of the dispersion is to simultaneously dissolve acid-soluble minerals and
remove oily paraffinic deposits.
The dispersion can be prepared using various acids and hydrocarbon solvents; the most common
acid/hydrocarbon solvent in use is 15% hydrochloric acid (HCl) and PARAN P121 Solvent. Ratios of
acid/hydrocarbon solvent can be made from 10 to 50%.
Other acids may be Mud Acid, Super Mud Acid, Clay Acid, Organic Mud Acid or other acid such as 9% Organic
Acid L36. The hydrocarbon solvents, other than P121, may include Xylene A26, PARAN PLUS P129.
Temperature
Schedules for corrosion inhibitors are for 90:10 and 50:50 blends of 15% HCl and P121 at temperatures up to 300°F
(149°C).
Corrosion inhibitor data were developed to provide adequate corrosion protection at higher temperatures, but it
must be realized that the emulsion itself may not be stable at the higher temperatures
Applications
• One-stage cleanup and acidizing of hydrocarbon-coated formations, gravel packs, wellbore and tubulars.
• Preflush ahead of Mud Acid or Clay Acid during matrix treatment procedures.
• Cleanup of producing wells being converted to water injection or disposal wells
• Increase of injectivity in injection or disposal wells
Super X Emulsion and Super X Emulsion-HT

Summary
The Super X Emulsion is an oil external emulsion formed with a 70:30 hydrochloric acid-to-oil ratio, stabilized with
an emulsifier.

The Super X Emulsion-HT is a viscous, highly retarded concentrated acid system, similar to Super X emulsion, but
designed to work at a higher temperature range (above 250°F or 121°C) .
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) concentrations ranging from 7.5% to 28% may be used. The emulsion retards the acid
reaction rate of 28% HCl approximately 13-fold. Even greater retardation is achieved at lower acid concentrations.
The Super X Emulsion may be batch mixed or continuously mixed. The Super X Emulsion-HT is designed for
batch-mix operations.
Temperature
• Applicable temperature for the Super X Emulsion: up to 250°F (121°C).
• Applicable temperature for the Super X Emulsion-HT: from 250° to 350°F (121° to 177°C).
Features
• High degree of retardation
• Less fluid loss
• Operational range up to 350 °F ( 177°C).
Benefits
• Improved damage bypass via deeper wormhole penetration in high-temperature wells.
• Deeper live–acid penetration during acid fracturing and matrix stimulation.
• Superior corrosion inhibition
Applications
• High-temperature matrix stimulation of carbonate reservoirs.
• Acid fracturing of high-temperature carbonate reservoirs.
Gelled Acid Fluids

Summary
Gelled Acid Systems were designed primarily as fracturing fluids to be used in the Acid Fracturing procedures in
carbonate reservoirs although they can be used in the Matrix Acidizing of carbonates. Their primary feature and
main advantage is their viscosity, which will allow deeper penetration into the reservoir than conventional non-
gelled fluids. The overall effect of gelled acid systems when matrix acidizing a carbonate reservoir is to create
fewer but larger wormholes, thus increasing the acid penetration of the reservoir and communication with the
reservoir.
Benefits
• Reduced fluid loss resulting in deeper penetration
• Undissolved fines are suspended resulting in better cleanup
• Reduced friction pressure resulting in more efficient displacement
• Wider fractures.
DGA100 Fluids
The Gelled Acid 100 (DGA100) fluids are prepared by viscosifying 5% to 15% hydrochloric acid (HCl) with Gelling
Agent J360 at 60 lbm/1000 gal. These fluids provide stable, viscous acids for use in limestone or dolomite
formations.
The temperature range for the DGA100 fluids is 75° to 230°F (24° to 110°C). Stability times are short at
temperatures greater than 175°F (79°C); however, cooldown will allow treatment at higher temperatures.
DGA200 Fluids
The Gelled Acid 200 (DGA 200) fluids are prepared by viscosifying 15 to 28% hydrochloric acid (HCl) with Acid
Gelling Agent J425. These fluids, designated as the DGA215, DGA220 and DGA228 Gelled Acid Series, are prepared
from 15, 20 and 28% HCl (hence the suffixes 215, 220 and 228). They use 30, 40 and 40 gal of J425 per 1000 gal of
HCl, respectively. Fluid temperature for DGA200 fluids should not exceed 150°F (66°C). With adequate cooldown,
this maximum fluid temperature corresponds approximately to a bottom hole temperature of 225°F (107°C).
DGA300 Fluids

The Gelled Acid 300 (DGA 300) fluids are 15 to 28% hydrochloric acid (HCl) systems that are viscosified with Acid
Gelling Agent J429. These systems provide stable, viscous acids for use in limestone or dolomite formations.
The temperature range for the DGA300 fluids is 75° to 300°F (24° to 149°C).
DGA400 Fluids
The Gelled Acid 400 (DGA400) fluids are 15 to 28% hydrochloric acid (HCl) systems viscosified with Acid Gelling
Agents J476C or J507. The DGA400 fluids are designed for batch-mix or continuous-mix operations.
The temperature range for the DGA400 fluids is 75° to 300°F (24° to 149°C).
Applications
Fracturing of carbonate reservoirs
Matrix Acidizing of carbonates reservoirs.
Organic Clay Acid (OCA))

Summary
OCA is a matrix stimulation system designed for acidizing sandstone formations, with high silt and clay content
and HCl sensitivity minerals, such as zeolite and chlorite.
Temperature
Applicable temperatures range from 80° to 350°F (27° to 121°C).
Features
• Remove formation damage caused by clay and other aluminosilicate minerals.
• Minimize hydrated silica precipitation, know as the secondary reaction.
• Prevent migration of undissolved fines post acidizing treatments.
Applications
Matrix stimulation in high temperature sandstone formations with high silt and clay content and HCl sensitivity
minerals, such as zeolite and chlorite.
FinesLOK* system
Summary
FinesLOK treatment for fines stabilization is a surface adsorption polymerization reaction resulting in the
formation of a solid ultra thin film which is very stable. This film binds clays and fines particles on the rock
surface. This process involves adsorption of an ionic surfactant followed by a monomer solution, which
preferentially resides in the surfactant layer. An initiator solution is then used to polymerize the monomer on the
surface of pore walls forming a solid ultra thin film.
Temperature
FinesLOK provides fines inhibition up to more than 400°F (205°C).
Features
Acid compatible
Simple to mix and pump
Provides high retained permeability
Effective in consolidated and unconsolidated formations
Benefits
Prolonged fines free production
Reduced erosion damage to tubular and surface equipment
Reduced need for work-overs
Reduced near wellbore damage due to fines migration
Substantially higher production rates
Increased recovery
Higher draw down pressures without fines production.


Applications
Compatible with acid treatments to maintain peak production rates
Fines inhibitor treatment to prevent fines migration and the resulting effects
After a CT cleanout where fill from fines production is know to be detrimental to production
Breakdown Acid (BDA)

Summary
BDA (breakdown acid) is designed primarily to open or "breakdown" the target interval prior to a fracturing
treatment. It is normally prepared using inhibited 7.5% hydrochloric acid (HCl) with 5 gal of EZEFL0 F78
Surfactant per 1000 gal.
The advantage of using the BDA solvent is due to the surfactant properties of F78. F78 provides good dispersion
and suspension of both formation silt and the clays used in drilling muds.
Applications
• Ahead of fracturing or fluid injection treatments
• As a spearhead on squeeze cementing or liner cementing treatments.
Mud and Silt Remover (MSR)

Summary
MSR mud and silt remover is an acid solution containing a clay dispersant-suspending agent and an iron chelating
agent. This combination of additives provides not only good dispersion of drilling muds and formation silt, but also
provides unusually effective suspension properties.
There are three distinct formulations of MSR fluids:
• MSR100 is the most commonly used formulation. 100 is referring to the amount of iron chelating agent.
The carrier fluid is commonly 7.5 to 15% HCl, but it can be ammonium or potassium chloride water.
• MSR150 was developed specifically for formations that contain relatively large amounts of iron-bearing
minerals where chelates are required to prevent re-precipitation of iron from spent acid.
• MSR123 is a special Mud Acid version. It contains a mutual Solvent and the carrier fluid is a Regular Mud
Acid. A preflush is used ahead of MSR123 (as in most Mud Acid treatments) to minimize formation
damage caused by fluorosilicates.
Temperature
Applicable temperatures up to 350°F (177°C).
Applications
There are many applications for an MSR fluid. These include:
• The removal of drilling mud damage in carbonate and sandstone formations
• As a workover fluid to restore fracture conductivity
• As a breakdown or matrix treating fluid to open clogged perforations and restore permeability.
• In matrix acidizing to remove damage from the critical matrix.
• To restore natural permeability in fissured/fractured reservoirs following mud losses
Non-Acid Reactive Solutions NARS 200 and NARS 201

Summary
Non-Acid Reactive Solutions (NARS 200 and NARS 201) are intended for use as formation cleanup and breakdown
fluids in those formations that may be damaged by acid. These solutions do not contain low pH acids but instead
are alkaline in nature and contain strong chelating and clay control additives. Additionally, they contain mutual
solvents that enhance water-wetting. The chelate present in both of these solutions behaves as a solvent,
dissolving and partially dissolving some of the minerals present in sandstones. Affected minerals include those
that contain iron, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum.
Containing no acid in the conventional sense, NARS fluids are slightly alkaline, having a pH of between 10 and 11.
Corrosion inhibitors are not required.
Temperature

It is recommended for use in those formations having bottom hole static temperatures between 150° and 300°F
(66° to 149°C).
NARS 200
NARS 200 is a clay dispersing and suspending fluid that contains F78. When a strong clay dispersing agent is
desired for use as a perforating fluid or a cleanup fluid NARS 200 is preferred.
NARS 201
NARS201 is a clay flocculating and stabilizing fluid that contains F75N and Clay Stabilizer L55. NARS 201 should
be used when it is required to stabilize clay particles in place. When a breakdown or spearhead fluid is used in a
zone where produced fines may later become a problem, NARS 201 may be preferred to take advantage of clay
flocculating and permanent stabilizing properties. For example, NARS 201 would be advantageous in treating
injection wells where the formation might later be exposed to fresh water.
Applications
"Acid-sensitive" formations
Breakdown acid
High-temperature, harsh-environment wells where corrosion inhibition might be a problem
Organic Acids
Summary
Organic Acid L36 (formic acid) can be used at concentrations up to 9% as an acid to stimulate oil and gas wells.
L36 reacts slowly with carbonate formations and many minerals present in sandstone formations.
L36 has a relative reaction rate of approximately 4, intermediate between 15% HCl and 10% aqueous acetic acid. Its
dissolving power is also intermediate between 15% HCl and 10% acetic acid.
Temperature
Applicable temperatures up to at least 400°F (204°C).
Applications
Matrix stimulation of oil and gas wells.
Organic Mud Acids

Summary
Organic Mud Acid is a mixture containing 9% Organic Acid L36 (formic acid) and 3% hydrofluoric acid (HF). It is
less corrosive than comparable HCl + HF mixtures and is easily inhibited to protect the tubulars from acid
corrosion. As a result, low corrosion rates can be maintained at high treating temperatures.
In addition, it provides a reduced relative reaction and has a reduced tendency to form asphaltic sludge when it
contacts crude oils.
Temperature
Applicable temperatures up to at least 300°F (149°C).
Applications
• High-temperature matrix acidizing and wellbore damage removal in sandstone or limestone reservoirs
where extended pipe contact time is anticipated
• Reservoirs where asphaltic sludges form when contacted by hydrochloric acid (HCl)
• High-temperature acid breakdown

Perforating Acid III and VI
Summary
Perforating acids are useful when perforating any formation except one that is considered acid sensitive. In such
cases, NARS nonacid reactive solvent can be used.
They are equally effective with either jet or bullet perforation operations and can be spotted
• In the casing during primary cementing procedures. In this application, the perforating acid is pumped
behind the top cementing plug into the casing adjacent to the interval to be perforated.
• Through drillpipe, production tubing or coiled tubing.
Perforating acids can often eliminate the need for excessively high pressures when perforations are broken down.
Temperature
Applicable temperature up to 350°F (177°C)
Perforating Acid III

A solution of 15% HCl and additives that can be used at 200°F (94°C) for up to seven days.
Perforating Acid IV
A blend of acetic acid, Potassium Chloride M117 weighting agent and corrosion inhibitors that can be used in
350°F (177°C) wells for up to six days. Longer corrosion protection can be provided at lower temperatures.
Applications
Formation breakdown fluids for oil wells, in sandstone and limestone reservoirs.
Gas well perforating acids
Summary
Gas Well Perforating Acids are alcoholic acid solutions designed for use as perforating fluids, particularly in gas
wells or gas storage wells. The HCl strength of regular Gas Well Perforating Acid is 15%, although more dilute
solutions can be used.
Two HCl + HF formulations are available: 8% HCl + 3% HF or 8% HCl + 6% HF. These HF formulations may be
prepared using bulk storage HCl and HF acids with Methanol K46 instead of water. They can also be made using
HCl and Intensifier Y1 (ammonium bifluoride).
The high alcoholic content of these acids provides low surface and interfacial tensions to both the acid and the
spent acid. These properties, coupled with greatly increased volatility, ensure rapid cleanup. This is particularly
true of formations that are water-sensitive or are prone to water-block.
Temperature
Applicable temperature up to at least 250°F (121°C). Longer corrosion protection can be provided at lower
temperatures
Applications
• Formation breakdown fluid in gas wells.
MISCA Micellar Iron And Sludge Control Acid

Summary
MISCA, Micellar Iron and Sludge Control Acid, is designed to prevent the formation of asphaltic sludges when
acid, containing dissolved ferric iron, contacts crude oil.
Exposure of crude oil to a MISCA solution does not normally result in the formation of asphaltic sludge. After
considerable contact time, a crude oil/MISCA mixture will easily pass through a 100-mesh screen. Washing the
residue with warm water will cause it to easily wash through the screen.
MISCA solution must be formulated for each individual crude oil. The acid normally used with a MISCA solution is
15% hydrochloric acid (HCl).

Temperature
Applications
To prevent the formation of sludge during matrix acidizing in specific reservoirs (Canada).
Diverting systems
OilSEEKER* acid diverter
Summary
OilSEEKER* acid diverter, a solid/polymer free fluid, is used for matrix stimulation applications to divert acid
away from a high-water-saturation zone (water zone) into a hydrocarbon-rich zone. It can also be used to divert
treating fluids away from a thief zone into a lower permeability and/or damaged zone.
The OilSEEKER fluid is compatible with sandstone and carbonate formations in oil and gas condensate wells.
Temperature
Applicable operational temperature range from 750 to 2500F (240 to 1210C)
Features
• Non-polymeric, non-particulate aqueous system.
• Gelation in water-saturated matrix or fissure
•
Non-damaging to the formation
• No nitrogen requirement
Benefits
• Avoid formation damage and slow clean up
• Allows preferential treatment of oil zones
• Improves zonal coverage during matrix stimulation
• Improves treatment success
Applications
Acid diversion during matrix stimulation of limestone and dolomite formations with or without high water cut.
FoamMAT* Service
Summary
FoamMAT Diversion Service is designed to improve the diversion of treating fluids during matrix acidizing
treatments. Diversion is achieved by generating and maintaining a stable foam in the higher permeability zones
during the entire treatment. The result is complete zone coverage by the treating fluid and effective damage
removal, even from severely damaged zones.
Temperature
Applicable temperature range up to 300°F (149°C).
Applications
• Oil and gas wells
• High water-cut wells with oil/water contact
• Water-injection wells.

Self-Diverting Acid SDA*
Summary
Self Diverting Acid (or SDA) fluids contain a unique chemical system that reduces fluid loss during acid treatments
of carbonate reservoirs. The SDA fluid blocks the growth of wormholes by temporarily forming a barrier in the
wormhole. This barrier halts channel growth, thereby reducing the loss of fluid from the wormholes. After the acid
has spent, the barrier breaks and the SDA fluid returns to its original viscosity.
SDA fluids contain no solids or particulates, which could bridge when pumping through coiled tubing. They can be
used in either cased or openhole completions.
Temperature
SDA fluids can be used at fluid temperatures less than 300°F (149°C). At temperatures greater than 200°F (93°C),
wormhole growth and the resulting acid fluid loss are not as significant as they are at lower temperatures,
especially in very tight reservoirs.
Features
• Non-particulate aqueous system
• Crosslinks in thief zones, wormholes and fissures
• Non-damaging to the formation
• Nitrogen free
Benefits
• Diverts stimulation fluid into damaged and/or low-permeability zones
• Cleans up rapidly
• Can be pumped through coiled tubing or sliding sleeve for operational flexibility
• Reduces treatment cost
Applications
• Matrix stimulation of limestone and dolomite reservoirs
• Wells with bottomhole static temperature up too 300 °F (149°C).
• Horizontal and vertical wells.
• Cased or open hole completions
Matrix Acidizing Diverting Agent J237A

Summary
Matrix Acidizing Diverting Agent J237A is an excellent diverter when matrix treating sandstone reservoirs. It
contains a combination of agents that produces a filter cake having a very low permeability, which effectively
diverts the treating acid into other zones. The solid resins that comprise the bulk of the product are completely oil
soluble and clean up readily by dissolving in produced crude oil. Another effective feature of J237A is that it will
pass through a gravel-packed column, yet filter out on the formation to provide diverting action.
Temperature
The upper temperature limit of J237A is 200°F (93°C). It can be used at higher temperatures providing adequate
cool-down procedures are used to provide a carrier-fluid temperature of 200°F or less.
Applications
• Matrix acidizing of sandstone reservoirs.
• Matrix acidizing of dry gas wells
• Gravel pack wells

Water control systems
MARA-SEAL**
Summary
MARA-SEAL gel technology uses a high-strength, crosslinked synthetic polymer (PAA) gel capable of penetrating
the matrix. MARA-SEAL gel is primarily used for water shutoff, but can be used in place of cement squeeze for
casing bonding failures and for sealing the open-hole section during vertical or short-radius horizontal
recompletions.
Temperature
Applicable temperature range up to 300°F (149°C).
Features
• Shear Sensitivity: Because of the molecular size of the MARA-SEAL gels are not sensitive to shear
degradation.
• MARA-SEAL gel should not be formulated with mix-water having Ca++ or Mg++ levels higher than 400 to
500 ppm for applications in reservoirs with bottom hole static temperatures higher than 160°F (71°C).
Monovalent cations appear to have little, if any, effect on the long-term gel stability.
• MARA-SEAL technology has been successfully applied using seawater.
Applications
• Near-wellbore problems where complete blockage is required. These cases include:
o Near-wellbore channeling
o High-permeability layers without crossflow
o Zone abandonment.
• Matrix permeability >25md
• Reservoir temperature up to 300°F (149°C).
• MARA-SEAL has also been used in many cases in blocking unwanted gas production.
MARCIT**
Summary
MARCIT** gel is a crosslinked synthetic polymer (polyacrylamide) gel designed for water control in naturally
fractured reservoirs. MARCIT treatments can be applied to both injectors and producers, where a high water cut is
attributed to production through fissures. Polymers used in this treatment are high molecular weight, which limits
leakoff into the matrix and results in greater viscosities per polymer concentration. Crosslinking occurs relatively
early in the treatment process, further aiding in reduced leakoff and increasing fissure penetration efficiency. The
crosslinked material is best described as a flowing gel, which maintains the ability to penetrate natural fractures.
Although
Temperature
Temperature range from 60° to 200°F (16° to 93°C).
Features
• Low matrix leakoff losses
• Simple metering and mixing
Applications
MARCIT treatment application is primarily in:
• Fissured formations, where flow selectivity favors the fissures and the high molecular weight polymer
limits matrix penetration.
• Injector wells that are in communication to one or more producers though a fractured network
OrganoSEAL-R*
Summary

Rigid OrganoSEAL-R gel technology produces a high strength, crosslinked synthetic polymer (PAM) gel which is
capable of penetrating matrix prior to gelation. OrganoSEAL-R gel is primarily used for water shutoff, but can be
used in place of cement squeeze for casing bond failures and for sealing the openhole section during vertical or
short-radius horizontal recompletions.
Temperature
Applicable temperature ranges from 125° up to 325°F (50° to 170°C).
Features
• Synthetic polymer with low toxicity organic crosslinker
• Robust gel chemistry•
• No heavy metals
• Controllable rate of gelation
• Stability to 325°F (170°C)
• Stability in the presence of H2S and CO2
• No delay agents needed
• Except for very hot applications, no pre-cooling required
• Surface handling equipment does not tend to degrade the solution b polymer chain breakage.
OrganoSEAL-R Fluids
OrganoSEAL-RLT - Low Temperature gel which uses polymer, organic crosslinker and an activator
OrganoSEAL-RHT - High Temperature gel which uses polymer with dual organic crosslinkers
OrganoSEAL-RHE - Harsh Environment gels used for very high temperature and/or hard mixed waters and
containing dual organic crosslinkers
Applications
Water/gas shut off in near wellbore area.
Water/gas control in high permeability channels where vertical flow barriers doesn’t exist.
Openhole sealing for short radius horizontal re-entries (liquid liner applications)
Used in high temperature reservoirs.
Zone abandonment
OrganoSEAL-F*
Summary
OrganoSEAL-F is an aqueous-based gel formed from synthetic polymer and organic crosslinkers and is used for
water control in naturally fracture reservoirs. OrganoSEAL-F treatments can be applied to both injectors and
producers, where a high water-cut is attributed to production through fissures.
Temperature
OrganoSEAL-F treatments can be applied at bottom hole static temperature ranging from 125° to 325°F (50° to
170°C).
Features
• Synthetic polymer with low toxicity organic crosslinker
• Low matrix leakoff losses
• Selective flow into fissures
• No heavy metals
• Stability in the presence of H2S and CO2
• Stability to 325°F (170°C)
OrganoSEAL-F Fluids
• OrganoSEAL-F LT - Low Temperature gel which uses polymer, crosslinker and an activator
• OrganoSEAL-F HT - High Temperature gel which uses polymer with dual organic crosslinkers
• OrganoSEAL-F HE - Harsh Environment gels used for very high temperature and/or hard mixed waters
and containing dual organic crosslinkers
Applications
• Water shut off in fissured / fractured reservoirs.

• High temperature formation.
• Water/gas control
SqueezeCRETE*
Summary
SqueezeCRETE is composed of a micro cement, one of several particulate fluid loss additives, and a dispersant. It
applies the CemCRETE* physics to slurries on a micro-scale.
SqueezeCRETE is a potential solution to isolation problems that other cements cannot fix in particular when it is
not possible to get good injection with conventional slurries.
Temperature
Applicable temperature: from surface temperature up to 320°F (160°C).
Features
• Penetrates gap widths as small as 120 microns.
• Exhibits over 2000 psi (140 kg/cm2) compressive strengths at surface temperatures (85 0F or ~ 30 0C) at
only 14 lbm/gal (1.7 Sp.Gr.).
• Permeability lower than achievable with any other type of cement-based system and typically in the nano
Darcy region.
• Is gas tight.
Applications
• Sealing channels behind pipe to stop both water flow and gas channeling.
• Sealing perforations that would not accept conventional cements.
• Liner top leaks
• Stage-tool leaks
DGS*
Summary
The DGS delayed gelation system is a solution that maintains a very low viscosity until an internal
catalyst/activator causes a gel to form. Several unique features allow this gel to be placed deep into the formation
matrix where it can effectively block permeability. It is a total plugging solution.
Temperature
Gel time can be controlled for most applications up to 194°F (90°C). Use above that temperature is limited by the
ability to delay the gelation long enough to place the fluid.
Features
• Effective permeability reduction by more than 90%.
• Deep penetration
• Controlled working time
• Works with any mix water
• Shear insensitive
• Simple mixing
• Semi-selective placement
• Acid-soluble gel
Applications
• Water coning during production
• Water fingering through high-permeability streaks
• Injection and sweep inefficiency caused by thief zones in injection wells.
PERMABLOK*
Summary

The PERMABLOK* System is used for solving lost-circulation problems during drilling or prior to cementing; for
permanently or in some cases temporarily plugging zones, and for consolidating weak formations.

Temperature
The maximum static temperature that the hardened gel can withstand is 356°F (180°C).
Applications
There are four main situations where the PERMABLOK* system can be applied:
• Lost circulation during drilling,
• Expected losses during cementing,
• Permanent plugging/squeezing of zones, and
• Zone consolidation.
InstanSEAL*
Summary
InstanSeal* system is used to cure lost-circulation problems. It consists of a single fluid that rapidly generates a
high-viscosity gel downhole as soon as it is sheared through the bit nozzles. This gelling mechanism ensures
accurate placement at the loss zones and has a higher success ratio than pills set by bottomhole temperature or by
downhole fluid interaction.
Temperature
Reservoirs with a maximum bottomhole static temperature of 190°F (89°C).
Features
• Solids-free pill
• Pumpable through motors, bits and any BHA configuration
• Controllable setting time from a few seconds up to an hour
• Weighting agent can be added
• No lost-circulation material required
• Gel easily broken with weak acid
Benefits
• Accurate placement
• Eliminates BHA pull out
• Saves rig time (avoids tripping out)
• Effectively cures severe losses
• Does not plug nozzles or MWD tools
Applications
• Severe lost circulation problems
• 12-lbm/gal [1.44-sg] maximum density
ZONELOCK*
Summary
ZONELOCK 100, 150, and 155 services are acid-catalyzed sodium silicate gels used to permanently seal matrix
permeability. Acid strength and temperature control setting time. These three ZONELOCK services are
progressively more viscous and, in addition, ZONELOCK 155 contains particulate solids to help bridge in open
channels and fractures.
Temperature
ZONELOCK fluids should not be used where fluid temperature will exceed 180°F (82°C). However, they can be
used in those situations where cool-down procedures are used providing the fluids used in the ZONELOCK service
remain less than 180°F.
Applications
• To plug injection well thief zones
• To control unwanted water production.
• They can be used in either sandstone or limestone formations.

Sand Control systems
Waterpac Fluids
Summary
Waterpac fluids contain HEC and are effective in transporting gravel concentrations up to 15 lbm/gal.
The viscosity of the fluid is approximately 300 to 340 cp. at 170 sec-1 and 75°F (24°C). Higher salt concentrations
can be used to provide higher slurry density for well control or for enhanced protection against water sensitivity.
Waterpac fluid viscosity is adjustable by varying the concentration of the polymer. A minimum viscosity of 50 cp.
at 170 sec-1 and at downhole temperature is recommended for high gravel concentrations.
Temperature
Applicable temperature ranges from 150° to 200°F (65° to 93°C).
Nomenclature
The concentration of the gelling agent (J164) in lbm/1000 gal of mix-water is specified after the name, for example,
Waterpac 80 contains J164 at 80 lbm/1000 gal.
Applications
Fluids for high-density gravel-pack slurries.
PERMPAC AV Fluids
Summary
Increasing sensitivity to formation damage caused by polymer-base fluids has led to the design of low-viscosity
slurries that require the use of continuous-mix equipment such as, the WASP* mixer for gravel-pack operations.
As a result, emphasis has shifted from designing fluids to support particles at the surface to designing fluids that
have the required viscosity to allow the gravel to "turn-the-corner" and enter the perforation tunnels.
PERMPAC* AV (adjustable viscosity) gravel-pack fluids use a single-package, non-polymer-base viscosifier,

PERMPAC AV Carrier Fluid. It is a single solution, which can be mixed with a wide range of brines to form a
viscoelastic, surfactant-base fluid.
Depending on the type of brine and depending on the concentration of PERMPAC AV, viscosities range from 200
to 400 cp. at 170 sec-1 and 75°F (24°C).
Temperature
PERMPAC AV fluids are used when the BHCT is less than 150°F (66°C) corresponding, for most wells, to a BHST
less than 230°F (110°C).
Applications
Continuous-mix fluids for gravel pack slurries.
OILPAC Fluids
Summary
The OILPAC*, oil-base fluid system for gravel packing, was developed for use in water-sensitive formations and
high-temperature wells. OILPAC fluids are water-free, single-phase solutions with good leakoff characteristics.
Two formulations are available: OILPAC LT and OILPAC HT.
Temperature
Two formulations are available:
• OILPAC LT for temperatures ranging from 100 to 199°F (38 to 93°C)
• OILPAC HT for temperatures ranging from 200 to 300°F (93 to 149°C).
Applications
Fluids for gravel-pack slurries to be used in water-sensitive formations and high-temperature wells.

CLAY ACID PACK* Fluids
Summary
The CLAY ACID PACK* fluid systems for gravel packing are designed to:
• Transport high gravel concentrations (up to 15 lbm/gal)
• Provide simultaneous clay stabilization
• Remove formation damage due to clay fines
• Eliminate permeability damage in the gravel pack
• Save rig time compared to a Waterpac fluid followed by a clay acid treatment.
Temperature
• CLAY ACID PACK fluid using Regular Clay Acid as the base fluid, viscosified with Gelling Agent J164, for
temperatures up to 250°F (121°C).
• CLAY ACID PACK fluid using Clay Acid LT as the base fluid, viscosified with Gelling Agent J164 for
temperatures up to 130°F (54°C).
Applications
Fluids for gravel-pack slurry preparation to be used in formations where treatments for fines and/or clays control
are recommended.
HEVIPACK Fluids
Summary
The HEVIPACK* fluid systems for gravel packing are used for gravel-pack operations in high-pressure formations.
HEVIWATER* completion fluids weighing 9 to 19.2 lbm/gal are used as the base-fluid.
The following materials are used to thicken HEVIPACK fluids:

• Gelling Agent J164
• HEVIPACK I Liquid Brine Thickener J369
• HEVIPACK II Liquid Brine Thickener J419
• HEVIPACK III Liquid Brine Thickener J422
• PERMPAC* AV Carrier Fluid J483
Temperature
Applicable temperatures for HEVIPACK I, II and III Liquid Brine Thickener are up to 200°F (93°C).
Features
Features of HEVIPACK* I, II and III Liquid Brine Thickener include:
• Viscosity increase is rapid; typically 3 to 5 min
• Brine thickened with HEVIPACK* Liquid Brine Thickeners are capable of suspending solids
• Liquid additive
• Formation and pack damage is less than damage caused by hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) gelling agent
• Possibility of fisheyes is eliminated
HEVIPACK I Liquid Brine Thickener

HEVIPACK* I Liquid Brine Thickener is used to thicken brines containing zinc bromide (ZnBr2). J369 is used to
thicken ZnBr2 brines weighing 13.5 to 16.4 lbm/gal. Brines weighing less than 13.5 lbm/gal should be thickened with
Gelling Agent J164 (HEC).
HEVIPACK II Liquid Brine Thickener

HEVIPACK* II Liquid Brine Thickener J419 is used to thicken brines containing zinc bromide (ZnBr2). J419 is
used to thicken ZnBr2 brines weighing 16.5 to 17.5 lbm/gal.

HEVIPACK III Liquid Brine Thickener
HEVIPACK* III Liquid Brine Thickener J422 is used to thicken brines containing zinc bromide (ZnBr2). J422 is
used to thicken ZnBr2 brines weighing 18.6 to 19.2 lbm/gal.
Applications
Gravel-pack operations in high-pressure formations.
SANDLOCK V systems
Summary
SANDLOCK* V is a resin-coated-gravel-packing technique. A strong and highly permeable consolidated gravel-
pack is placed in the perforation tunnels and outside the casing to prevent the migration of formation sand into the
wellbore.
The following recommendations should be followed:

• Interval lengths greater than 20 ft are difficult to treat efficiently
• Exposure to mud acid causes significant strength reduction
Temperature
Temperatures are limited to less than 225°F (102°C).
Benefits
• Good compressive strength with high retained permeability
• Low resin content
• Short waiting-on-plastic (curing) times.
• Coiled tubing can be used to place the SANDLOCK V materials.
Applications
• Oil or gas wells, high-pressure wells and wells in water-sensitive formations.
• Not recommended for layers >25 to 30 ft height.
Furan Resin Sand Consolidation System

Summary
Furan Resin Sand Consolidation system are based on polymerization reactions of resins that are injected into
loose or unconsolidated formations just outside the perforations of a completed interval. Once in place, the resin
cures to a hard plastic that bonds sand particles together. This bonded material subsequently helps prevent
migration of other loose sand and fines from the formation into the wellbore. By penetrating out into the
formation, loose particles are immobilized away from the wellbore itself, beyond the point where fluid velocities
cause particle movement.
Temperature
Applicable bottom hole static temperatures up to more than 350°F (232°C).
Features
• Better high-temperature stability
• Imparts increased strength to the near-wellbore formation
• Less environmentally hazardous
Applications
Resin treatments are well-suited to oil or gas wells, high-pressure wells and wells in water-sensitive formations.

Special Systems
PROTECTOZONE* -VP
Summary
The PROTECTOZONE-VP system is a delayed, crosslinked-gel system that contains low-residue hydroxy-ethyl-
cellulose (HEC) polymer at 80 to 120 lbm/1000 gal and internal breakers to achieve controlled fluid loss and
cleanup.
The PROTECTOZONE-VP system is particularly useful in high-permeability formations where excessive losses of
heavy brines or linear gels are not acceptable. It can be used in formations ranging from 0.1 to 2 Darcies.
Temperature
The PROTECTOZONE-VP system can be used at temperatures ranging from 80° to 290°F (27° to 143°C).
Applications
The PROTECTOZONE*-VP system can be used:
• as a fluid-loss-control pill during workover operations
• as a temporary blocking gel for zone isolation.
CLEAN SWEEP* Fluids

Summary
CLEAN SWEEP* fluids are designed to remove damage common to oil and gas wells. This damage includes the
following:
• Emulsions
• Mixed deposits
• Paraffin and asphaltene deposits
• Saturation changes
• Scale
• Water blocks
• Wettability changes
The minimum treatment fluid volume is 150 gal/perforated foot.
CLEAN SWEEP systems can be:

• Xylene-base
• Toluene-base
• Alcohol-base
• Alkene-base fluids.
Each system can be formulated for summer or winter use.
Temperature
Applicable temperature up to more than 400°F (205°C).
CLEANSWEEP I: Xylene-Base System

CLEAN SWEEP I system is designed for oil wells requiring a slightly volatile aromatic solvent to remove the
damage. This system is used for the following:
• to remove oil-outside-phase emulsions
• to dissolve paraffin and asphaltene
• to water-wet the formation
• to dissolve calcium carbonate scale
• to dissolve mixed organic/carbonate deposits.
CLEANSWEEP II: Toluene-Base System

CLEAN SWEEP II system is designed for oil wells requiring a highly volatile aromatic solvent to remove the
damage.

This system is used for the following:
• to remove oil-outside-phase emulsions
• to dissolve paraffin and asphaltene
• to dissolve calcium carbonate scale
• to dissolve mixed organic/carbonate deposits.
The toluene-base system can be used in paraffinic gas condensate wells because of the solvent properties and
volatility.
CLEANSWEEP III: Alcohol-Base System

CLEANSWEEP III system is designed primarily for gas wells requiring a highly volatile non-aqueous fluid to
remove the damage. This system is used for the following:
• to remove water-outside-phase emulsions
• to dissolve calcium carbonate scale.
Applications
Clean Sweep fluids are designed for use in either oil or gas wells. They are effective in both low- and high-
temperature applications
Tubeclean* Fluids
Summary
Tubeclean* fluid is designed to clean the tubulars, limiting the amount of dissolved iron, rust, mill scale and silt
transported into the formation.
The recommended treatment volume should be calculated based on a volume of 100 gal/1000 ft of tubing. If small
diameter tubing or coiled tubing is used, the treatment volume should be based on a volume of 50 gal/1000 ft.
Temperature
Tubeclean fluids can be inhibited up to 300°F (149° C).
Applications
• Water-wet the tubular goods so that dissolution of iron scale or rust can easily take place
• Suspend silt or other particulate
• Limit corrosion of the metal.
OB Mud Removal System

Summary
OB Mud Removal System is a water-base system designed to remove oil-base drilling mud damage from a
producing formation. It can either be performed as a separate treatment or as a pretreatment prior to a matrix acid
or an acid breakdown treatment.
OB Mud removal removes the oil-base mud by reducing viscosity, dispersing fines and returning the formation to
a water-wet state.
Recommended volumes to use are 100 to 300 gal of total treating fluid per foot of perforated interval. In remedial
treatments where damage is further back in the formation, the amount of OB Mud Removal to use should be at
least 150 to 600 gal per foot of perforated interval.
Temperature
Applicable temperature up to more than 400°F (205°C).
Applications
• Removal of oil-base mud.
• Breakdown fluid prior to a stimulation treatment

• Perforation cleanup treatment
Stimulation services
Fracturing Services
DataFRAC Service
Summary
The DataFRAC* Service determines the in-situ parameters critical to optimum fracture treatment design. These
parameters are specific to each formation and often to each well. Assumed or inaccurate parameter values can
result in the following:
• Premature screen-out and reduced fracture penetration caused by pad fluid depletion.
• Unpropped fracture, increased damage to proppant-pack conductivity and increased treatment cost
because of excessive pad volume.
The DataFRAC* Service typically consists of two tests:

• The closure test: it determines closure pressure, which is the minimum in-situ rock stress. Accurate
determination of closure pressure is important because all fracture analysis is referenced from it.
• The calibration test: it is an injection/shut-in/decline procedure. A viscosified fluid (without proppant) is
pumped at proposed fracturing treatment rate. The well is then shut in and a pressure decline analysis is
performed. Pressure decline after shut-in is monitored and is analyzed using the Pressure Analysis,
Decline Data and DataFRAC modules in the FracCADE software
The DataFRAC Service uses the G-plot for complete, consistent analysis. The G-plot replaces the curve-matching
method and can accentuate non-ideal fracture behavior such as unrestrained height growth and extension after
shut-in and closure. Analysis results from the DataFRAC module in the FracCADE software automatically update
the fracture geometry simulator.
Applications
The DataFRAC Service can be routinely performed before all fracture treatments. It is an invaluable aid to assure
the best possible treatment is performed in cases where information is limited. Some opportunities where the
DataFRAC Service offers particular benefits include:
• Pilot projects or test wells that are critical to future development plans
• Wells that are considered typical to a field where designs are being tested to settle on an optimum
• Exploration wells that have no history on which to design a treatment with a high level of confidence
• Areas where fracture response is not as anticipated and the cause requires identification.
RampGEL* Service
Summary
The RampGEL* Service is a technique that optimizes the fracturing fluid polymer concentration. The RampGEL
service will provide the minimum amount of polymer necessary (per stage) to maintain adequate fracturing fluid
viscosity and fluid-loss control for fracture propagation and proppant transport. The RampGEL software is used
to determine the optimal polymer concentration schedule at given treatment conditions. It supports the Perkins-
Kern-Nordgren (PKN), Khristianovic-Geertsma de Klerk (KGD) and radial fracture models through the Fracture
Geometry Sensitivity (FGS) module in the FracCADE* software.
Benefits
• Increased treatment efficiency (no excess polymer)
• Improved well performance (lower post-closure polymer concentration resulting in lower proppant-pack
conductivity damage)
• Lower treatment cost.
Applications

Fracturing treatments
CoilFRAC* Service
Summary
CoilFRAC service is a blend of coiled tubing and fracturing technology combined with specially designed
bottomhole assemblies. The downhole assembly can selectively isolate zones of interest without the need for
expensive work over operations.
The CoilFRAC selective isolation tool eliminates the need for bridge plugs and allows stimulation of multiple
zones in a single trip into the well. CoilFRAC stimulation allows selective zonal isolation allowing optimal
reservoir stimulation of individual zones of interest.
The CoilFRAC technique can successfully complete marginal zones or re-enter a well, re-stimulating zones by-
passed during the original completion.
Features
♦ Method of stimulating bypassed or marginal zones
♦ Selective zonal placement of proppant
♦ Fewer wellsite service visits
♦ Single-trip well capabilities
♦ Isolation of wellhead and tubulars from treating pressure
Benefits
♦ Reduces operational cost of completion
♦ Significantly decreases total completion time per well
♦ Increases net production and adds reserves
Applications
Single or multiple fracturing stimulation using coil tubing as a conduit for both isolation and treatment
CleanFRAC* Service
Summary
The CleanFRAC* Service optimizes fracture conductivity by reducing proppant-pack damage caused by highly
concentrated polymer in fracturing fluids containing guar, hydroxypropylguar (HPG) and hydroxyethylcellulose
(HEC) gelling agents.
The CleanFRAC Service is most effective in stimulation services using Waterfrac (WF) and Widefrac (YF*) series
of fluids WF100, WF200, YF100, YF100D, YF200, YF200D, YF300LPH, YF400LPH, YF500HT, YF600LT and
YF600HT. The CleanFRAC Service is also effective in foam fracturing fluids.
The EB-Clean* J475 Breaker

Clean FRAC Service uses the EB-Clean* J475 Breaker technology. It is a 20/40 mesh material produced by coating
(encapsulating) a breaker material (J218) with a water-resistant barrier. Encapsulation of the breaker greatly
reduces fracturing fluid exposure to the breaker, and enables the use of high concentrations of breaker that
without coating, would rapidly reduce the fluid viscosity.
Applications
• Wells with a fracture design having low dimensionless fracture conductivity (CfD) and a high postclosure
polymer concentration
• Well in which the offset wells have experienced lower than expected production.
HyPerSTIM* Service
Summary
The HyPerSTIM* Service is the fracturing design, execution and evaluation service dedicated to fracturing
moderate- to high-permeability formations.

The primary objectives of the HyPerSTIM Service include:
• To extend fracturing services to exploit high-permeability reservoirs by providing an effective horizontal
and vertical communication pathway, a pathway possibly blocked by difficult-to-remove formation
damage
• To improve the high-rate well productivity of "unstable" formations where fines mobility resulting from
large pressure drawdowns associated with radial matrix flows in low-cohesion sands is a problem
• To complement sand-control services for unconsolidated low-cohesion sands
• To overcome the limitations of matrix acidizing and other solvent treatments when high-permeability
formations exhibit unacceptable response, or where damage is too deep and extensive to remove (cost-
effectively) using matrix injection techniques
• To provide a means and design methodology to improve all conductivity-limited fracture treatments.
Applications
• Damage Bypass
• Connecting Reservoir Permeability
• Mobility Control of Fines and Sand
STIMPAC* Service
Summary
STIMPAC service is the sand control design, execution and evaluation service dedicated to simultaneously
fracturing moderate- to high-permeability formations and controlling the production of proppant and/or formation
sand by placing an annulus gravel pack in the wellbore across the perforated interval. It combines the
HyPerSTIM stimulation technique with a sand control operation.
Features
• Near-wellbore damage is bypassed.
• Packing of the perforation occurs even if the perforations are not clean and the initial leakoff is lower
than ideal.
• The inflow area is increased, thereby reducing the drawdown across the pack and the tendency to
produce sand
Applications
• Provide an effective horizontal and vertical communication pathway to the wellbore, bypassing near-
wellbore damage
• Simultaneously improve the well productivity and control sand production
• Complement the HyPerSTIM design methodology applicable to all conductivity-limited fracture
treatments.
Fracture-Height-Containment Services
Summary
The Fracture-Height-Containment services is a way to control fracture height-growth within the reservoir during a
fracturing treatment. It includes
• The DIVERTAFRAC* Service
• The INVERTAFRAC* Service
• The BRACKETFRAC* Service.
Simultaneous application of the DIVERTAFRAC and INVERTAFRAC services is the BRACKETFRAC Service.
DIVERTAFRAC* Service
Undesired fracture migration downward can be controlled with the DIVERTAFRAC Service. This service places a
solid diverting material (usually sand) in the bottom of a fracture. The diverting material creates an artificial
barrier of reduced permeability resulting in fracture growth upward and outward.
DIVERTAFRAC fluid can use Water Control Agent S041 as a diverting material. S041 is sand that has been coated
with a synthetic polymer. It is mixed in a fracturing fluid composed of water-free oil. The polymer coating swells
and fills the pore space between the sand grains when encroaching water or brine contacts it. The artificial
barrier is stable to 210°F (99°C) and 1500-psi differential pressure indefinitely.


INVERTAFRAC* Service
Undesired fracture migration upward can be controlled with the INVERTAFRAC Service. This service places a
buoyant diverting material (Diverter J423) in the top of a fracture. J423 may be mixed and pumped in any water-
base, oil-base, or acid-base fluid. J423 creates an artificial barrier of reduced permeability resulting in fracture
growth downward and outward.
BRACKETFRAC* Service
The BRACKETFRAC is a combination of the DIVERTAFRAC and INVERTAFRAC services
Applications
Fracture-height-containment services can be used in all fracturing operations where fracture height-growth out of
the productive zone is predicted or experienced. Example applications include:
• Weak Zones: If the in-situ stress levels of the barrier zones are less than, equal to or slightly greater than
the pressure required to propagate the fracture, the fracture will grow in height through the barrier zones.
• Undesirable Zones: In addition to barren zones, water zones or a gas cap (oil wells) may exist. Fracturing
into a water zone may result in increased water production, which could limit production and increase
disposal costs. Fracturing into a gas zone could stimulate gas production instead of oil production,
resulting in premature depletion of reservoir energy and reduced ultimate recovery.
Computer simulation using the FracCADE* software is available for the DIVERTAFRAC Service, INVERTAFRAC
Service or BRACKETFRAC Service. Data for the module can be obtained from well tests, repeat formation tests,
sonic or digital sonic logs, cores, and the DataFRAC* Service.
ScaleFRAC* Service
Summary
ScaleFRAC is an integrated service that includes candidate identification and treatment design, pumping the
ScaleFRAC treatment, and the post-treatment monitoring. The service covers entire treatment life until the well is
found losing its protection.
The ScaleFRAC System allows a scale inhibitor to be pumped during a hydraulic fracture job, eliminating a
separate inhibitor squeeze treatment. It allows deep placement of inhibitor in the entire fracture, resulting in
prolonged productivity. Hydrocarbon production is not impaired because there is no need to overflush the scale
inhibitor to improve its placement.
Dowell YF*-100 or YF-200 series fracture fluids are used to convey the inhibitor system into the formation.
A produced fluids monitoring program is incorporated in the system to provide regular performance reports on
the ScaleFRAC-treated wells.
Features
• Single-step stimulation and scale inhibitor treatment
• Protection of the entire fracture and well-bore from scale
• Effective against carbonate and sulfate scales
• Post-treatment monitoring and reporting service
• Engineered recharge of inhibitor when ScaleFRAC depletes
Benefits
• Reduced total wellsite delivery cost
• Better inhibitor placement than conventional scale inhibitor squeeze treatments
• Improved well production from superior scale inhibition
• Greatly reduced re-treatment costs with extended treatment life
• Effective protection of fractures and wellbores from oilfield scale
Applications
• Formations with known or suspected carbonate or sulfate-scaling tendencies.
• All borate crosslinked fracturing fluids
• Oil and gas wells from 70° to mote than 300°F (21° to more than 150°C).

Matrix Stimulation Services
SmartSTIM* Service
Summary
SmartSTIM Service is the real-time treatment evaluation (skin or injectivity index evolution) performed during
matrix stimulation, utilizing measured bottomhole pressure and temperature. Its Integration with StimCADE
provides an engineered approach to matrix treatments.
Features
• Pre-treatment Step-Rate test to quantify permeability and skin
• Real-Time damage evolution (MatTIME) to modify design based on well response
• Post-Treatment Step-Rate test to quantify diverter and treatment efficiency
• Interpretation package compatible with several fluid diversion methods (e.g. OSR, SDA, etc). Currently
incompatible with foam.
• System hardware is coiled tubing-based, requiring a CT-wireline reel for sensor tool deployment.
Benefits
• Improved matrix treatments results
• Well performance optimization
The SmartSTIM* system

• StimCADE (pre-job analysis) for optimum job design and treatment simulation
• DSP (Downhole Sensor Package) to measure bottom hole pressure and temperature
• Signal is transmitted to surface via wireline within the CT
• CoilCAT System. It functions as surface monitor and control interface for DSP sensors (CTSI)
• DSP and surface sensor data is sent to CoilCAT laptop, which transmits data to StimCADE for processing.
Applications
Any treatment of producer or injector wells with deviations up to 60 degrees (current version) completed in
sandstone or carbonate reservoirs
CarboSTIM* Service
Summary
CarboSTIM* service is an engineered solution for production enhancement directed at improving production from
wells completed in carbonate reservoirs. CarboSTIM* uses state-of-the-art stimulation engineering software and
chemical technology with emphasis on:
• Placement using
o Self Diverting Acid (SDA)
o OilSEEKER
o FoamMAT
• Chemistry using
o Super X Emulsion
o High Temperature Emulsion (SXE - HT)
o Leakoff Control Fluid (LCA)
• Special Services
o MudSOLV
o ScaleSOLV
o Scale Blaster
CarboSTIM step-by-step approach

• Candidate recognition using StimCADE* to select the best candidates for maximum production
enhancement
• Stimulation Strategy using StimCADE* and FracCADE* to develop the optimum stimulation strategy
based on economics, and treatment Design using StimCADE* and FracCADE*, including
• Real-Time Monitoring at the wellsite based on StimCADE and FracCADE output
• Post-Treatment Evaluation using StimCADE and FracCADE to better understand treatment results and
improve future designs.

Complementary Services
• MudSOLV Filter Cake Removal Service for effective damage removal.
• Environmental Impact using additives with improved ECOTOX properties
• Corrosion Protection with Carbonate Scale Dissolver
Applications
Wells completed in carbonate reservoirs
MudSOLV* Service
Summary
MudSOLV* is a service that focuses on filter cake removal across the horizontal or vertical, producing or injecting
openhole interval. Filter cake removal in openhole reservoirs, when deemed necessary, has been an on-going
challenge. MudSOLV provides an engineering approach to select and optimize solutions.
The MudSOLV service facilitates an integration of cleanup solutions during the drilling and completion design
phase. This integrated approach includes solution selection and implementation on a well-by-well basis.
The selection of the least damaging drilling fluid for a reservoir section should be consistent with drilling
requirements, removal efficiency, environmental compatibility and cost.
Additionally, the composition of the drilling fluid will dictate the cleanup solution.
Features
• Synergy among sand control, drilling fluids and filter-cake cleanup design
• Tailored treatment for individual wells
• Low HS&E risk
• Long contact times for complete filter-cake dissolution
• Choice of enzymes and oxidizers for attacking the starch and polymeric filter cake components
• Choice of non-acid or acid systems for dissolving carbonates
• Fluid compatibility: non-acid carbonate dissolver combines with enzyme breaker
• Good zonal coverage
• Innovative placement techniques - namely, JET BLASTER or MudSOLV service tool valve
Benefits
• Maximized hydrocarbon production using optimal cleanup solution
• Increased rig time savings
• Reduced risk and uncertainty through engineered solutions
• Minimized corrosion damage to completion equipment
• Simultaneously gravel packing and filter cake removal
Applications
• Sandstone formations with barefoot, screen only or gravel-packed
• Carbonate reservoirs with barefoot or slotted liner completion

Sand Control Services
PERFPAC* Integrated Perforating and Gravel Packing Service

Summary
PERFPAC* Integrated Perforating and Gravel Packing Service is based on a one-trip completion system which
combines tubing-conveyed perforating (TCP), gravel- and frac-packing and test tool components in a single run in
the wellbore. Single-trip completions with the PERFPAC system minimize fluid losses to the formation, and the
completion time for gravel-packed completions is reduced because the system’s versatile bottomhole assemblies
(BHAs) eliminate additional trips.
Features
• Underbalanced perforating with high-performance bighole charges provides immediate cleanup of
perforating debris and nearby wellbore damage. Combining the perforating run with the gravel-pack
operation minimizes the damage caused by fluid loss and invasion. In short, the PERFPAC system gives
the best shot at an efficient, high-performance completion every time.
• The IRIS* dual-valve (IRDV) tool provides highly efficient flow control and circulating functions during
the perforating and cleanup operations. The tool is then disabled to ensure a fast, efficient pack during
sand control operations.
• The fullbore pressure- or percussion-activated TCP systems in PERFPAC strings allow the QUANTUM*
gravel-pack assembly to be run, and the well perforated, in only one trip. The innovative SXAR automatic
gun drop ensures that the guns are dropped at the instant they fire. This minimizes the possibility of the
guns sanding in and allows the gravel-pack treatment to begin immediately, saving time, cutting costs and
significantly reducing fluid loss.
• SPAN* Schlumberger Perforating Analysis Program and NODAL* production analysis techniques
determine the optimum gun-shot density for each zone.
• To measure down-hole pressure, a gauge carrier is placed in the service string above the QUANTUM
gravel-pack packer and loaded with as many as four electronic memory gauges.
• An integral part of the PERFPAC system, the Schlumberger shot detection system provides real-time
monitoring of both events and pressures during perforating.
Benefits
• Assured performance
• New and fast completion operations
• Fast and efficient permanent completions
• Optimal gun design
• Pressure measurement
• Surface shot detection
Alternate* Path Service – AllFRAC* Technique

Summary
Alternate Path service is based on the AllFRAC* technique for a maximum gravel placement for STIMPAC* service
and gravel packs.
The AllFRAC technique uses flow tubes (shunts) welded along the length of the gravel-pack screen to bypass any
bridges that may form in the annulus. If a bridge forms in the annulus, the slurry bypasses it by flowing through
the shunts and exiting through the tungsten carbide–strengthened nozzles. The shunts can be used in multiple
intervals isolated by packers.
Features
• More gravel placed in fracture and behind casing
• Complete gravel placement in perforation tunnels
• Excellent diversion over entire perforated interval
• Annular bridges bypassed by gravel slurry
• Steel shunts welded to the gravel-pack screen
• Shunts and exit ports in different sizes for different flow rates
• Compatible with cup-type annular packers
• Easily identifiable surface pressure response

Benefits
• Improved production from completely packed perforations and annulus
• Higher conductivity fracture
• Long intervals gravel packed effectively
• Reliable gravel packs in deviated and horizontal wells
• Control of water and gas influx possible
• Completion of multiple intervals without staging
Multi-Zone Completion Service

Summary
Multiple zones can now be completed with one trip in the wellbore. Each zone receives a specific STIMPAC or
gravel pack treatment through the use of shunt tubes and downhole MZ (Multi-Zone) packers. The MZ Packer is
an external opposable-cup isolation packer that extends application of the AllPAC* and AllFRAC* technique
without the need for numerous trips associated with conventional stack pack completions.
Production of each zone can be selective.
Features
• Uses proven Alternate Path Technology
• Can use both AllFRAC and AllPAC tubes
• Utilizes the MZ Isolation packer
• Removes the need for potentially damaging fluid loss control pills
Benefits
• Reduced completion costs
• Minimizes rig time requirements
• Reduces risks of failure during completion installation
• Improved production by minimizing completion skin damage
Applications
• Sandstone formations with multiple discrete pay zones
• Wellbores with multiple lobes in a single sandstone reservoir
• Zones with nearby unwanted water or gas
• Wells requiring multiple discrete fractures
• Wells requiring combinations of fractures/conventional sand control (gravel packing).

Software
Stimulation, Coiled Tubing, and Sand Control Software
FracCADE*
FracCADE software is used to design, optimize, and evaluate fracturing treatments. FracCADE simulates fracture
geometry and proppant placement in design and real time modes.
Features
• Accurate modeling of Pseudo-3D fracture geometry growth in multiple zones
• Numerical prediction within the fracture
• Fracture Optimization using Net Present Value (NPV)
• Analysis of treatment parameters
• Models all phases of fracturing process
• Customizes treatment design
Benefits
• Develops specific pumping schedules to meet well objectives
• Economically justifies designed treatment
•
Multiple sensitivity analyses for comparison of different scenarios
• Improved fracturing treatment design and well production
FracCADE Modules
Optimization (NPV) Module
The Optimization Module is used to calculate the most cost-effective fracture design. Production forecasting,
fracture geometry and economic analysis are coupled in the Optimization Module. Well, reservoir, fluid, proppant,
and operational constraints, including fixed costs and production constraints are used to calculate the optimum
fracture design.
PropFRAC* Placement
The PropFRAC Placement Module is used to simulate the treatment (fracturing fluid, proppant and the pump
schedule). Several fracture growth models are available including 2D models such as PKN, KGD, and Radial, and
the Pseudo 3D model to accurately account for height growth. A powerful rheology model and numerical heat
transfer model are used in the simulation.
DataFRAC* Module
Graphical analysis of Step Rate Tests, Injection Tests, and G-Function Decline to determine fracture closure
stress, fracture geometry, and fluid leakoff coefficient. Export of parameters to PropFRAC Placement for on-
location redesign of treatment.
Pump Schedule Generator (PSG)

The PSG Module is used to develop a pump schedule from a given set of parameters resulting in a fracture with
the desired propped length and fracture conductivity. This module allows input of a maximum (surface) proppant
concentration or the desired propped fracture concentration after closure as well as pump rate and desired fluid
and proppant properties.
Additional FracCADE Modules

Real Time Data Acquisition
Allows data to be recorded during the treatment or imported in ASCII format after the treatment for analysis such
as pressure matching and DataFRAC analysis.
AcidFRAC Placement Module

Acid fracturing simulator that uses a 3D flow model to account for acid reaction and kinetics.

MultiFRAC Placement (MLF)
The MLF module simulates the simultaneous initiation and extension of multiple hydraulic fractures. It couples a
single fracture model to a set of constraints that represent the hydraulic coupling of the fractures within the well.
Log Analysis Module

Capability to import LAS and ASCII log data to graphically define layers and zones. If mechanical properties are
present, they can be imported into the simulator along with zone depths.
Sensitivity Analysis (FGS)

Used to perform sensitivity studies for horizontal, KGD, PKN and radial fracture geometries. The impact on
fracture geometry can be seen by varying parameters such as Young Modulus, Fluid Leakoff Coefficient and
Toughness.
Tubing Movenent Module

Used to calculate the applied, pressure-induced, and thermally-induced forces on the tubing during a stimulation
treatment.
Foam Calculation Module

Used to calculate the liquid, gas, foaming agent, and proppant amounts. The Foam Calculation Module is linked to
the PropFRAC Placement and Pump Schedule Generator Modules.
Applications
• Design and evaluation of any fracture simulation
• Real-time evaluation and post treatment matching
StimCADE*
Summary
StimCADE* (Stimulation Treatment Integrated Module for Computer-Aided Design and Evaluation) is a
comprehensive software tool for the design of matrix stimulation treatments. The software was developed jointly
by ARCO, Dowell, and other operators to help improve matrix-treatment success rates. It uses technology from
ARCO and Dowell in a unified Windows-base software program with emphasis on an engineered approach to
design, execution, and evaluation. StimCADE software is applicable to production and injection wells completed
in sandstones and carbonates. The StimCADE software enhances the engineer’s expertise in all phases of
stimulation, from recognising candidate wells to evaluating production response.
Features
• Evaluates stimulation of horizontal, deviated and vertical wells.
• Improves candidate selection
• Provides economic and production forecast
• Models all phases of acidizing process
• Provides real-time skin determination
• Customizes treatment design
Benefits
• Develops specific pumping schedules to meet well objectives
• Economically justifies designed treatment
• Optimizes pumping schedule
• Increases production
The StimCADE modules

General Input Module
It is a program data-entry mechanism that allows you to input well and reservoir data relevant to multiple
applications from a common menu.
Candidate Selection Advisor (CSA)

It is a knowledge-base expert system that uses a set of rules to determine the suitability of a well for matrix
stimulation.

Formation Damage Advisor (FDA)
It is a knowledge-base expert system with rules pertaining to reservoir characteristics, production conditions, and
various test results. Because the FDA is an expert system, the questions asked by the program are asked in
random order based on the answers to previously asked questions. The software generates a list of possible
damage mechanisms that could be affecting the well.
Fluid Selection Advisor (FSA)

It is a knowledge-base question-and-answer expert system with rules linking damage mechanism, reservoir
lithology, well completion data, and downhole conditions. The fluid selection rules include permeability as well as
temperature criteria. Issues regarding HCl reactivity with clays such as zeolites, glauconite, and chlorite have also
been included.
Pumping Schedule Generator (PSG)

It uses numerical models to compute fluid volumes, diverter stages, and rate/pressure relationships based on
reservoir, well, and completion data; formation/damage mineralogy; fluid sequence; and treatment objectives for
each fluid per layer.
PSG can be used to estimate treatment volumes and rates for horizontal wells. However, since the model
estimates volumes based on damage removal and fluid penetration depths, the volumes will be much higher than
those typically used in horizontal wells.
Acid Placement Module

It simulates the effect of the proposed treatment and predicts key factor evolution such as skin values, flow
profile, rates, and pressures using a 2D reservoir model. The wellbore and reservoir simulators in Acid Placement
can be used to model treatments in wells of any inclination, including horizontal. In addition, a gravel pack model
is available so that damage to this critical part of the production system can be described and treatment of this
damage simulated.
StimCADE 3.0 adds the ability to model pressure by zone and acid spending on the wellbore in open hole
carbonate wells.
The Acid Placement Module can be used to optimize the pumping schedule specifications to meet treatment
objectives economically. The module can also be run with field-acquired rate and pressure data either in real time
 or for post-job analysis  using Real Data mode. In Real Data mode, the schedule actually pumped at the well
head is input into the model. Injection rate history is the actual rate as shown in the job data window.
GeoCHECK Module
It is a numerical model that predicts potential precipitation reactions resulting from the interaction of fluids and
minerals.
Step Rate/MIG Module

It is used to evaluate kh and skin by pressure analysis while injecting an inert fluid at different constant rates. Step
Rate uses transient flow equations and the principle of superposition to solve for these parameters. MIG uses the
Paccaloni steady-state technique.
MatTIME/BHP Module
It allows real-time analysis of skin evolution during a matrix-acidizing treatment. MatTIME uses the Prouvost
Economides method of determining skin from bottomhole pressure (BHP). The module can also be set to
calculate BHP only.
Additional standalone modules

Production Forecast/Economics Module
It predicts well performance and calculates treatment economics. The estimation method is valid for all well
deviations.
Critical Drawdown Module

It predicts the maximum sand-free bottomhole flowing pressure for a given well. An optional calculation can be
made to determine the reservoir pressure at which formation subsidence will occur.

Scale Prediction Module
It is a simplified geochemical model that allows you to predict saturation and precipitation of eight common
oilfield scales.
Ball Sealer Module

It calculates ball-seating efficiency under available treatment conditions and allows the engineer to determine the
feasibility of using ball sealers for diversion for a particular treatment scenario.
Applications
Identify candidates for matrix stimulation.
Design treatments for maximum value.
Determine permeability and skin values real-time, on location.
Evaluate well response real-time.
Perform post-treatment evaluation.
ProCADE*
Summary
ProCADE* is a Production Data Analysis tool developed specifically for well performance analysis, production
prediction, and economic evaluation of a proposed stimulation treatment. Forecast models include non-
fractured/vertical wells, finite conductivity fractures, and infinite conductivity horizontal wells. Infinite acting,
closed boundary or constant pressure reservoirs with single or dual porosity can be modeled. The types of
reservoir fluids that can be modeled are oil, solution-gas, dry or wet gas, and brine reservoirs.
Features
• Multiphase Flow Analysis
• Multi Layer (Commingled) Production Forecast
• Complete PVT package
• Logical Analysis Procedure
• Uses field production data
Benefits
• Designed to use readily availble data
• Quick analysis techniques
• Much easier to use than reservoir simulator
ProCADE Modules
Water Control Diagnostics
Quick look diagnostic plots generated from production data to determine if a water control problem exists.
Material Balance
Used to calculate estimates of Fluids in Place and Average Reservoir Pressure history based on production data.
Accounts for aquifer influx and formation pore compressibility.
Graphical Decline Curve Analysis

Graphical matching technique which allows for the estimation of reservoir and fracture properties including
reservoir permeability, skin, fracture half-length, and fracture conductivity.
Multi Layer Forecast

A multi-layer (commingled) multiphase production prediction tool. It has a vertical well model as well as a finite
conductivity vertical fracture model and an infinite conductivity horizontal well model. Multiple time steps and
various inner and outer boundary conditions are supported.
Economics
Shares the production prediction functionality of the Multi Layer Forecast Module and calculates many different
economic indicators to determine the viability of a treatment.

Applications
All types of Oil, Gas, and Brine reservoirs
Analysis of current well performance
Prediction of future well performance
Economic analysis of the viability of a stimulation treatment
CoilCADE*
Summary
CoilCADE is designed to simulate all aspects of coiled tubing operations including workover and Coiled Tubing
Drilling (CTD). Each of its modules is dedicated to a specific task. The package includes calculation and database
modules as well as the capability of several graphic and report format outputs. Since it is modular also allows
selective or reiterative use of models during the job design process.
The CoilCADE Modules

The Tubing Forces Module
It simulates the forces acting on a coiled tubing string as it is run in and pulled out of a well. This is a key part of
working on extended reach wells as coiled tubing size, wall thickness, bottom hole assembly size, and wellbore
geometry determine the depth to which coiled tubing can be inserted.
The Wellbore Simulator

The circulation of fluids is modeled with the pickup and transport of solids to determine required circulation rates
and pressures. Liquid, gas, and solids return at surface can be quantified to allow for appropriate disposal
arrangements
Solids Transport Module
It aids in the selection of the optimum fluid, minimum pump rates, and coiled tubing penetration rate for solids
transport out of the wellbore.
Friction Pressure Module

It predicts pressure gradients for Newtonian, Power Law, Bingham plastic, and foam rheological models. Pressure
drops are given for various fluids in a given coiled tubing string and annular configuration.
Foam Cleanout Module

It is used to determine rates and volumes of liquid and gas required to achieve a desired bottomhole foam quality
and the surface choke pressures required to maintain the desired wellbore conditions.
CoilLIMIT* Module
It is a detailed mathematical model used to determine the pressure and tension limits that can be imposed safely
on a given coiled tubing string under the anticipated wellbore conditions. The model calculates the collapse
pressure of oval coiled tubing and the maximum compressive load before corkscrewing and lockup.
CoilLIFE* Module
It is a mathematical model for tracking the life of a coiled tubing string to minimize the risk of fatigue failure
through forces imposed on the coil. Universal Tubing Integrity Monitor ( UTIM ) is stored here to provide a
complete picture of the condition of a spool of coiled tubing.
Applications
Design fill-clean out coiled tubing operations
Design coiled tubing logging operations
Coiled tubing reel follow up
SandCADE*
Summary
The SandCADE software is used to design and evaluate the sand control treatments.
Benefits
• Combat near-wellbore damage with the industry's only coupled frac and pack simulator

• Reduce design time using the innovative pseudo 3D gravel placement module
• Develop an optimal, executable treatment for horizontal or vertical wells
• Verify pressure limits to ensure safe working conditions
• Maximize hydrocarbon production by designing the best pack efficiency
SandCADE modules
Gravel Placement Module
• Innovative P3D gravel placement simulator
• Determines pack efficiency for horizontal or vertical; cased or openhole
Pump Schedule Generator

• Creates an initial schedule based on user's desired parameters (proppant concentration, pump rate,
fracture length)
• Reduces the number of iterations; saves on critical design time
StimPAC Module
• Industry's only coupled wellbore - hydraulic fracture simulator for rigorous analysis of Frac-Pack
treatment
• Accounts for wellbore hardware for the duration of pumping the treatment; Do the job right the first time.
Tubing Movement Module

• Determine movement due to buckling, piston, thermal, ballooning and friction effects
• Prevent deformation of the wellbore hardware
Packer Hydraulics Module
• Determine how to prevent tool from shifting prematurely
• Torque and Drag Analysis
• Determine optimal BHA to safely reach bottom
• Calibrate the friction coefficients real-time while RIH or POOH with BHA
Applications
Design and evaluation of gravel pack operations.

Water Management Software
WaterCASE*
Summary
WaterCase is a tool that provides the presentation of an expert's knowledge to the user. It is intended as a
Decision Support Tool and should be as applicable in training and simulation situation as in the field support role
WaterCASE is designed to help:
• Identify water production problem types
• Design appropriate water control treatments
• Determine mechanical means to shut off the water
• Find placement techniques to shut off the water with a fluid
• Recommend appropriate fluids
• Calculate volumes and rates
Applications
Water control problems identification.
WaterSupport*
Summary
WaterSupport* modules consists of various modules dedicated to supporting design and evaluation of Water
Control Services. Each module addresses a specific task.
WaterSupport modules
Master module
Provides storage for all common data. Data from this module will be automatically used in the other modules.
Treatments Database module

To store basic data on treatments performed
Water Control Diagnostic Plot module

It generates the water control diagnostic plots from production history data.
Coning critical rate module

It calculates water-coning parameters
PC-Gel module
It simulates polymer gel placement.
MARA-SEAL/MARCIT support module

It calculates fluid compositions
DGS Support module

It optimizes fluid compositions
Dual-Injection module
It helps in the design of the Dual injection technique
Reserves module
It determines increase in reserves from pre- and post-job production decline.
Applications
Water Control fluids design
Water control problems identification
Production prediction et reserves evaluation

WaterTEMP*
Summary
WaterTEMP* is a Wellbore Temperature Simulator. It enables the user to calculate the injected fluid temperature
as it travels down the wellbore and as it propagates away from the wellbore into the porous medium of the
treatment layer in the reservoir. The well is assumed to consist of a casing and optionally a tubing, both with
variable diameters and pipe weights from the surface to the perforations. Single injection and dual injection can be
simulated. The fluid can be injected in many successive stages, each stage having different fluid properties and
injection rate.
Features
• Model for Temperature of fluid in the wellbore and in the matrix up to two tubulars in the wellbore
• A different stationary fluid may occupy the annulus while injecting down the tubing
• Finite difference wellbore model coupled with analytic model for heat conduction in the rock around the
wellbore.
Applications
Water control treatment design

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Stimulation Services

Schlumberger Oilfield-Services 300 Schlumberger Drive Sugar Land TX 77478 USA

An asterisk (*) is used throughout this document to denote a mark of Schlumberger.

Stimulation Services and Products ii

Stimulation Products – Listed by Function ....................................................................................... 1

Stimulation Services and Products iii

Stimulation Services and Products iv

Stimulation Services and Products v

Stimulation Services and Products vi

F003 Liquid Alcohol Isopropyl alcohol

F034 Liquid Alcohol Ethylene glycol

1 Stimulation Services and Products

M290 Liquid Bactericide Quaternary amine bactericide. Recommended concentration: 0.25-0.75

M291 Liquid Bactericide Used only in North sea.

Breakers / Fracture Cleanup Enhancers

J134L Liquid Breaker J134L is a liquid concentrate version of J134.

Stimulation Services and Products 2

3 Stimulation Services and Products

J364 Amber Liquid Breaker Aid

The particle size of the hydrocarbon resins ranges from 4 to 45

U028 Liquid pH Control Agent 30% Sodium hydroxide

Stimulation Services and Products 4

Corrosion Inhibitors / Corrosion Inhibitor Aids

5 Stimulation Services and Products

Corrosion inhibitor compatible with ClearFRAC* fluids.

Stimulation Services and Products 6

Corrosion Inhibitor A264 is designed for the corrosion inhibition at

Concentrations range from 5 to 20 gal/1000 gal.

Concentration ranging from 0.6 to 1 gal/1000 gal.

J513 Liquid Crosslinker Low temperature Zirconate Crosslinker

J515 Straw color Crosslinker Zirconium lactate/ triethanolamine. Recommended concentration

Applicable temperature ranging from 100° to 200°F (38° to 93°C).

Stimulation Services and Products 8

J116 Solid Diverting Agent Naphthalene. Soluble in oil.

9 Stimulation Services and Products

Stimulation Services and Products 10

Fluid Loss Additives

11 Stimulation Services and Products

S131 Yellow to Fluid Loss Additive FLA* 100 RC

Formation Cleaning Solution

It is a strong oxidizing solution designed to restore permeability to

Friction Reducing Agents

J313 Liquid Friction reducing Water-in-oil emulsion of an anionic polyacrylamide polymer.

Stimulation Services and Products 12

J055 Gelling Agent Gelling Agent for oil based fluids

J443 White Powder Gelling Agent Acid gelling agent

13 Stimulation Services and Products

J486 Solid Gelling Agent Slurriable CMHPG

Stimulation Services and Products 14

15 Stimulation Services and Products

Stimulation Services and Products 16

M295 Liquid Scavenger for Hydrogen Sulfide Scavenger

Iron Stabilizing Agents

A concentration of 34 lbm of U62/1000 gal of acid will stabilize 1000 ppm

17 Stimulation Services and Products

D079 White solid Silicate additive Sodium metasilicate

J485 Potassium Carbonate

M007 Liquid Activator Sodium Hydroxide

Stimulation Services and Products 18

M011 Liquid Buffering Agent Ammonium hydroxide (Aqua Ammonia)

It should be used at temperatures between 135 and 200°F (58 and

T163 Solid Sterling Beads Abrasive agent

L401 Colorless Glacial Acetic Acid Winterized L400.