01 Part1a PDF

Copyright@United Nations 2013.
All rights reserved
Î ƔǄŪơ
ƨǷƾǬǷ
Copyright@United Nations 2013. All rights reserved
Î-Î ǲǐǨǳơ
ƽơȂŭơ ǦȈǼǐƬǳ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪĈǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ Ǒǂǣ
ǾǬȈƦǘƫȁ ǾǫƢǘǻȁ ƢȀũȁȁ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ
ǑǂǤǳơ Î-Î-Î
ƤºǻƢƳ ńƛ ǾºǻƗ Śǣ .ȆŭƢǠǳơ ǩƢǘǼǳơ ȄǴǟ ǁƢǌƬǻȏơ ƨǠǇơȁ ƨǇǁƢŲ ƧƢȈūơ śǈŢȁ ǄȇǄǠƬǳ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ǲưŻ Î-Î-Î-Î
śǻơȂǫ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ȁƗ ǹơƾǴƦĄǳơ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ ǞǓȁă Ǯǳǀǳȁ .ƨƠȈƦǳơ ȁƗ ǅƢǼǴǳ ƨƦǈǼǳƢƥ ƧǁƢǓ ƩơŚƯƘƫ ƭȁƾƷ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ƾƳȂƫ ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ ǽǀǿ ƾƟơȂǧ
ƨºȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǹȂǷƾƼƬǈȇ Ǻȇǀǳơ ǍƢƼǋȋơ ńƛ ƢȀǴǬǻȁ ƽơȂŭơ ǽǀǿ Ǻǟ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ƽơƾǟƛ ȆǔƬǬƫ śǼǈǳơ ǁơƾǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƫ ƶƟơȂǳ ȁƗ
ǹƢȈǯ ȅȋ ǺǰŻ ȏ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǺǷ ƧŚƦǯ ƽơƾǟƗ ǂǧƐȂƫ ńƛ ǂǜǼǳƢƥȁ .(SDS) ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǦƟƢƸǏ ȁƗ ǶǇȂǳơ ƩƢǫƢǘƥ ǱȐƻ ǺǷ
ƽơȂºŭơ ǽǀºǿ ƨºȈǿƢǷ ƨǧǂǠǷ ǺǷ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ȆǷƾƼƬǈǷ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ŚǧȂƫ ǺƐǰŻȁ .ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ ǽǀǿ ǞȈǸŪ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƫ ƨƸƟȏ ƽơƾǟƛ ǾǼȈǠƥ
.ƨȈǴƄơ ǵơƾƼƬǇȏơ ǝƢǓȁƗ Ŀ ƨƦǇƢǼŭơ ƨȈƟƢǫȂǳơ ŚƥơƾƬǳơ ǀȈǨǼƫ ƶȈƬƫȁ ƢēǁȂǘƻȁ
ȆºǨǰȇ ƢŠ ƧŚƦǯ ƢȀǼȈƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƩƢǧȐƬƻȏơ ǹƜǧ ƧŚưǯ ƤǻơȂƳ Ŀ ƨǸƟƢǬǳơ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬǳơ ƶƟơȂǴǳơȁ śǻơȂǬǳơ ǽǀǿ ǾƥƢǌƬƫ ƢǸǼȈƥȁ Ï-Î-Î-Î
ƩƢǧȐƬƻȏơ ǱȐƻ ǺǷȁ .ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ǹơƾǴƦǳơ Ŀ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳ ƨǨǴƬű ǦƟƢƸǏȁ ƨǨǴƬű ǶǇȁ ƩƢǫƢǘƥ ǲǸŢ ƧƾƷơȂǳơ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǲǠŪ
Ŀ ƨǼǗǂǈǷ ŐƬǠƫ ƾǫ ȁƗ .ǂƻƕ ƾǴƥ Ŀ ƨƥȂŮ Śǣȁ ƾǴƥ Ŀ (ǱƢǠƬǋȐǳ ƨǴƥƢǫ) ƨƥȂŮ ƢǷ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǯ ƧƽƢǷ ŐƬǠƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǦȇǁƢǠƫ Ŀ
ǶºǇȁ ƨºǫƢǘƥ ȄºǴǟ ƧǁȂǘŬơ Ǻǟ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǢȈǴƦƫ ƨȈǨȈǯ ȁƗ ǺǷǄƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩơǁơǂǬǳơ ǦǴƬţ ơǀǰǿȁ .ǂƻƕ ƾǴƥ Ŀ ƨǼǗǂǈǷ Śǣȁ ƾǴƥ
ƨºȈǳȁƾǳơ ƧǁƢºƴƬǳơ Ŀ ƨǯǁƢǌŭơ Ŀ Ƥǣǂƫ Ŗǳơ ƩƢǯǂǌǳơ ȃƾǳ ǂǧȂƬƫ ǹƗ ƾƥ ȏȁ ŃƢǠǳơ Ŀ ǂƻȉ ǹƢǰǷ ǺǷ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳ ƨǨȈƸǏ ȁƗ
ƩƢºǻƢȈƥ ǦƟƢƸǏȁ ǶǇȂǳơ ƩƢǫƢǘƥ ǦǴƬű ƽơƾǟƛȁ ƶƟơȂǴǳơȁ śǻơȂǬǳơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƩơŚǤƬǳơ ƨǠƥƢƬǷ ǹȂǠȈǘƬǈȇ Ǻȇǀǳơ ƔơŐŬơ ǺǷ ƧŚƦǯ ƽơƾǟƗ
ƢƆºǬǴǘǷ ƾƳȂȇ ȏ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǶǇȁȁ ǦȈǼǐƬǳ ǲǷƢǋ ǵƢǜǻ ǀȈǨǼƫȁ ǂȇȂǘƫ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƾȈǬǠƬǳ ƨƴȈƬǼǧ Ǯǳƿ Ǻǟ Ȑ
Ɔ ǔǧȁ .ƨǷǃȐǳơ ƨǷȐǈǳơ
.ǶǇȂǳơȁ ǦȈǼǐƬǴǳ ǝȂǻ ȅƗ ǺǷ ǵƢǜǻ ƧŚưǯ ǹơƾǴƥĄ ȃƾǳ
ƨºǬȇǂǘƥ ƢȀǷơƾƼƬǇơ ǹƢǸǔǳ ƨȈǼǗȁ ƲǷơǂƥ ǞǓȁ ńƛ ƨƳƢūơȁ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ Ŀ ǩƢǘǼǳơ ǞǇơȂǳơ ȆŭƢǠǳơ ǁƢšȐǳ ơƆǂǜǻȁ Ð-Î-Î-Î
.ƲǷơŐǳơ ǽǀǿ ǲưŭ ǅƢǇȋơ ǂǧƐȂȇ ǹƗ ǶǇȂǳơȁ ǦȈǼǐƬǴǳ ƢƆȈǳȁƽ ǪǈǼǷ ƲĔ ǹƘǋ ǺǷ ǹƘƥ ƨǟƢǼǫ ǭƢǼǿ ƪǻƢǯ ƢȀǼǷ ǎǴƼƬǳơȁ ƢȀǴǬǻȁ ƨǻȂǷƘǷ
ƨȈǇƢǇȋơ ƨȈǼƦǳơ ǞǓȁ ǺǰǸŭơ ǺǷ ƶƦǏƗ ƢȀƴƬǼƫ ȁƗ ƢǿƽǁȂƬǈƫ Ŗǳơ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ Ǻǟ ƨƦǇƢǼǷȁ ƨǬǈƬǷ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǹơƾǴƦǴǳ ƩǂǧȂƫ ŕǷȁ
.ƨǴǷƢǋ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ƨƠȈƦǳơȁ ǅƢǼǳơ ƨȇƢŧȁ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂǸǴǳ ǑǂǠƬǳơ ƩȏƢƷ ƨƦǫơǂŭ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ǪȈǬŢ ǺǷ ǽǀȈǨǼƫ ƾǼǟ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǺƐǰŻ ǹƗ ǞǫȂƬăȇĄȁ .ǪȈǈǼƬǳơ Ǒǂǣ śȈǠƬǳ Ƨƾȇƾǟ ƣƢƦǇƗ ǭƢǼǿȁ Ñ-Î-Î-Î
ƧǁȂǘŬơ Ǻǟ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǢȈǴƦƬǳ ƢƆȈǳȁƽ ǾǸȀǧ ǲȀǈȇ ǵƢǜǻ ŚǧȂƫ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƨƠȈƦǳơȁ ǂǌƦǳơ ƨƸǏ ƨȇƢŧ ǄȇǄǠƫ ( Ɨ)
ǶǇȂǳơȁ ǦȈǼǐƬǴǳ ƨǸƟƢǫ Ƕǜǻ ƢȀȇƾǳ ǂǧȂƬƫ ȏ Ŗǳơ ǹơƾǴƦǴǳ Ǿƥ ǥǂƬǠǷ ǁƢǗƛ ŚǧȂƫ (ƣ)
ƢȀǸȈȈǬƫȁ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǁƢƦƬƻơ ńƛ ƨƳƢūơ ǲȈǴǬƫ ( Ʊ)
.Ņȁƽ ǅƢǇƗ ȄǴǟ ƢēǁȂǘƻ śȈǠƫȁ ǂȇƾǬƫ ǶƬȇ Ŗǳơ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ Ŀ ƨȈǳȁƾǳơ ƧǁƢƴƬǳơ ŚǈȈƫ ( ƽ)
ƩƢǗơǂƬǋȏơ ǒǠƥ ƧŚưǯ ǹơƾǴƥ ȃƾǳ ƾƳȂƫ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǸǼȈƥȁ .ǲǸǠǳơ ǩƢǘǻ śȈǠƫȁ ƨǸƟƢǬǳơ ǶǜǼǳơ ƨǇơǁƾƥ ǲǸǠǳơ Ɨƾƥ ƾǫȁ Ò-Î-Î-Î
:ƢƆȈŭƢǟ Ǫǈ
Ĉ Ǽŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǞǓȂǳ ŅȁƗ ǅƢǇƘǯ ƪǷƾƼƬǇơȁ "ƨȈǈȈƟǂǳơ" ƨǸƟƢǬǳơ ǶǜǼǳơ ŐƬǠƫ ƨȈǳƢƬǳơ ǶǜǼǳơ ǹƗ ȆƟǁĄ
3
ƩƢǧȉơ ƩơƾȈƦǷȁ śǰǴȀƬǈŭơȁ ǲǸǠǳơ ǹƢǰŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǳơ Ŀ ǶǜǼǳơ ƩƢǗơǂƬǋơ ( Ɨ)
ƩƢǧȉơ ƩơƾȈƦǷȁ śǰǴȀƬǈŭơȁ ǲǸǠǳơ ǺǯƢǷƘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ơƾǼǯ ƩƢǗơǂƬǋơ (ƣ)
ƩơǂǔƸƬǈŭơȁ ƽơȂŭơ ǶǇȁȁ ǦȈǼǐƬǳ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƩƢȀȈƳȂƫ ( Ʊ)
.ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦǳơ ǲǬǻ ǹƘǌƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩƢȈǏȂƫ ( ƽ)
ǲǔºǧƗ ƽƢºǸƬǟȏ ǲƦǈºǳơ ƽƢŸƛ Ŀ ƪǴưƐŤ ńȁȋơ ƨǸȀŭơ Ǻǰǳ .ǲǸǠǳơ ǵƾǬƫ ƢǸǴǯ ȃǂƻƗ ǹơƾǴƥ ƩƢǗơǂƬǋơ ƪǇǁƽ ƢǸǯ Ó-Î-Î-Î
:ƨȈǴǸǠǳơ Ɣƾƥ Ŀ ƩƾǸƬǟơ ǪȈǈǼƬǴǳ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǪǨƬǷ ƝƽƢƦǷ ǅƢǇƗ ȄǴǟ ǲǸǠǳơ ơǀǿ ǀǨǻ ƾǫȁ .ǪǈǼǷ ƲĔ ǞǓȁȁ ƨǸƟƢǬǳơ ǶǜǼǳơ ƤǻơȂƳ
ǪȈǈǼƬǳ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƨƠȈƦǳơȁ ǵƢǠǳơ ǁȂȀǸŪơȁ śǰǴȀƬǈŭơȁ śǴǷƢǠǴǳ ǂǧȂȇ ȅǀǳơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ȃȂƬǈǷ ǒǨƼǼȇ ȏƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ( Ɨ)
ǶǇȂǳơȁ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ ǶǜǻĄ
ǖȈǳƢºƼŭơȁ ƽơȂŭơ Ŀ ƨǴǏƘƬŭơ ǍơȂŬơ ǺǷ ƨƠǋƢǼǳơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ńƛ ƨȈǇƢǇƗ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǦȈǼǐƫ ƨȈǴǸǟ Śǌƫ (ƣ)
(Î)ƨȈǟƢǼǘǏơ ȁƗ ƨȈǠȈƦǗ ƽơȂŭơ ǽǀǿ ƪǻƢǯ ƔơȂǇ
ǾºǼǷ ǁƢºƬţ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƢēƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǢȈǴƦƫȁ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǦȈǼǐƬǳ ǪǈƬǷ ǭǂƬǌǷ ǅƢǇƗ ǞǓȁ ǪȈǈǼƬǳơ řǠȇ ( Ʊ)
ƨƠȈƦǳơȁ śǴǷƢǠǳơȁ śǰǴȀƬǈŭơȁ ǲǬǼǳơ ƩƢǟƢǘǫ ƨȇƢǸŞ ƨǴǐǳơ Ʃơƿ ƨƦǇƢǼŭơ ǂǏƢǼǠǳơ
ƩƢºǫƢǘƥ ǲưǷ ƧǁȂǘŬơ Ǻǟ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǢȈǴƦƫ ǲƟƢǇȁȁ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǦȈǼǐƫ ŚȇƢǠǷ ǺǷ Ȑ Ɔ ǯ ǪȈǈǼƬǳơ ǩƢǘǻ ǺǸǔƬȇ ( ƽ)
(Ï )
Ŀ ƨºȈǳȁƾǳơ ǲǸǠǳơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǂȇǂǬƫ Ŀ ƨǼȈƦŭơ ƨǸƟƢǬǳơ ƨǠƥǁȋơ ǶǜǼǳơ ǀƻƗ ǞǷ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǦƟƢƸǏȁ ǶǇȂǳơ
ǹƢƦǈūơ
Ʊơǁƽƛ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ ȆŭƢǠǳơ ȃȂƬǈŭơ ȄǴǟ ǪǈǼǷ ǵƢǜǻ ǡȂǴƥ ǥƾđ ǶǜǼǳơ ǽǀǿ ǞȈŦ Ŀ ƩơŚȈǤƫ ƔơǂƳƛ ǂǷȋơ ƤǴǘƬȈǇ (ǿ)
ƾȇƾŪơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ńƛ ǱƢǬƬǻȏơ ƨȈǴǸǟ Ŀ ƨȈǳƢǬƬǻơ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ
śǴǷƢºǠǳơȁ ǱƢºǸǟȋơ ƣƢƸºǏȋ ƨºȈǳȁƾǳơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ǪȈǈǼƬǳơ ƨȈǴǸǟ Ŀ ƨǯǁƢǌŭơ ǹƢǸǓ ȆǤƦǼȇ (ȁ)
ƨǴǐǳơ Ʃơƿ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǂƟƢǇȁ śǰǴȀƬǈŭơȁ
śǴǷƢºǠǳơ ǲºưǷ ƨǧƾȀƬǈºŭơ ƩƢºƠǨǳơ ȃƾǳ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ƧǁȂǘƻ Ǻǟ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǶȀǧ ƨǳƘǈǷ ǱȁƢǼƫ ȆǤƦǼȇ ( ǃ)
ǵƢǠǳơ ǁȂȀǸŪơȁ śǰǴȀƬǈŭơȁ
ǲºǠǨǳƢƥ ƪºǬǬŢ Ŗǳơ ƨƬƥƢưǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ǱȂƦǫ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ Ŀ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǦȈǼǐƫ ƧƽƢǟƛ ƾǼǟ ( Ƶ)
ƨǸƟƢǬǳơ ǶǜǼǳơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ ǑǂǤǳ
ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǁƢƦƬƻȏ ƧƽȂƳȂŭơ ǪƟơǂǘǳơ ǦȈȈǰƫ ƾȇƾƳ ǪǈǼǷ ǦȈǼǐƫ ǵƢǜǻ ǞǓȁ ƤǴǘƬȇ ƾǫ ( Ǖ)
ǁȂºȀǸŪơȁ śǰǴȀƬǈŭơȁ śǴǷƢǠǳơ ƨƸǏȁ ƨǷȐǇ ǹƢǸǓ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǢȈǴƦƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ( ȅ)
ǽǁǂǬƫ ȅǀǳơ ȂƸǼǳơ ȄǴǟ ǾǈǨǻ ƪǫȂǳơ Ŀ ƨȇǂǈǳơ ƨȇǁƢƴƬǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƨȇƢŧ ǞǷ ƨƠȈƦǳơ ƨȇƢŧ śǷƘƫ Ǯǳǀǯȁ ǵƢǠǳơ
.ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƩƢǘǴǈǳơ
ººººººººººººº
ƨƳǁƽȁ ǖǤǔǳơ ǲưǷ) ǕȂǴƼŭơ ȁƗ ƧƽƢǸǴǳ ƨȈƟƢȇǄȈǨǳơ ƨǳƢūơ ǲȈƦǫ ǺǷ ȃǂƻƗ ǎƟƢǐƻ ǺǷ ƘǌǼƫ Ŗǳơ ǁƢǘƻȋơ ƧƢǟơǂǷ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǵǄǴȇ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ (Î)
.(ƔƢŭơ ǞǷ ǆǷȐƬǳơ ǺǷ ƲƬǼƫ Ŗǳơ ƩơǃƢǤǳơ Ŀ ǱƢǠƬǋȏơ ƨȈǴƥƢǫ ǲưǷ) ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƩȐǟƢǨƬǳơ ǒǠƥ ƢȀƴƬǼƫ Ŗǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǍơȂƻ ȁƗ (Ƨǁơǂūơ
.ƧǂǘŬơ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǶǇȁȁ ǦȈǼǐƬǳ ƨǸƟƢǬǳơ ǶǜǼǳơ ǪȈǈǼƫ ƨǸȀǷ ǶƴƷ Ǻǟ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǠǳ ƨȈǳȁƾǳơ ǲǸǠǳơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǂȇǂǬƫ (Ï)
4
ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǩƢǘǻ Ï-Î-Î

:ƨȈǳƢƬǳơ ǂǏƢǼǠǳơ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǺǸǔƬȇ Î-Ï-Î-Î
ȁ ƨȇƽƢŭơȁ ƨȈƠȈƦǳơȁ ƨȈƸǐǳơ ƢēǁȂǘŬ ƢƆǬǧȁ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơȁ ƽơȂŭơ ǦȈǼǐƬǳ ƨǬǈǼǷ ŚȇƢǠǷ ( Ɨ)
.ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǦƟƢƸǏȁ ǶǇȂǳơ ƩƢǗơǂƬǋơ Ǯǳƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƧǁȂǘŬơ Ǻǟ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǢȈǴƦƬǳ ƨǬǈǼǷ ǂǏƢǼǟ ( ƣ)
ƧƽƢūơ ƨȈǸǈǳơ ǲưǷ) ǂǘŬơ ǝȂǻ ƤǈƷ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǢȈǴƦƫ ǂǏƢǼǟȁ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ ŚȇƢǠǷ ƨǬȈƯȂǳơ ǽǀǿ Ǧǐƫȁ Ï-Ï-Î-Î
ƨºǴưǷƗ ǒºǠƥ śƦƫȁ .ǂǘŬơ ǝơȂǻƗ ǺǷ ǝȂǻ ǲǰǳ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ Ʃơǁơǂǫ ƿƢţȏ ƩƢǘǘű ƪǠǓȁ Ǯǳƿ Ǻǟ ƆȐǔǧȁ .(ǱƢǠƬǋȐǳ ƨȈǴƥƢǬǳơ
ǞºǓȁ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƩŚƯƗ Ŗǳơ ǲƟƢǈŭơ ǒǠƦǳ ƨǌǫƢǼǷ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǭƢǼǿȁ .ŚȇƢǠŭơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ƨȈǨȈǯ Õ Ǫǧǂŭơ Ŀ Ǯǳǀǯȁ ǎǼǳơ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂǳơ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ
.ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǀȈǨǼƬǳ ƨȈǧƢǓƛ ƩƢȀȈƳȂƫ ŉƾǬƫ ǵǄǴȇ ǾǻƗ ȆƟǁ ƢǸưȈƷ ǵƢǜǼǳơ
ǞǓȂƥ ÎÖÖÏ ǵƢǠǳ ƨȈǸǼƬǳơȁ ƨƠȈƦǳƢƥ řǠŭơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǂŤƚǷ ǺǷ ǒȇȂǨƬǳơ ńƛ ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǩƢǘǻ ƾǼƬǈȇȁ Ð-Ï-Î-Î
ƔƢºƥ ȆºůƢǻŐǳơ ǱƢºĐơ ÎÖ ǲǐǨǳơ ÏÎ ǹǂǬǳơ ǱƢǸǟƗ ǱȁƾƳ ǺǷ ÏÔȁ ÏÓ śƫǂǬǨǳơ Ŀ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ȂƸǼǳơ ȄǴǟ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ơǀǿ ǲưǷ
:ǽƢǻƽƗ ƺǈǼƬǈŭơ
ǱƢǸǠƬǇȏơ ǄȇǄǠƫ ǑǂǤƥ ƩƢǫƢǘƦǳƢƥ ƢǿǄȈȈŤȁ ƧǂǘŬơ ƽơȂŭơ ǦȈǼǐƬǳ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ƨǬǈǼǷ Ƕǜǻ ǹȉơ ŕƷ ǂǧȂƬƫ ȏ -ÏÓ"
ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǦȈǼǐƫ ƔơǂƳƛ ǺǰŻȁ .Ǳŗŭơ Ŀ ȁƗ ǲǸǠǳơ ǹƢǰǷ ƢȀǼȈƥ ǺǷ ǺǯƢǷƗ ƨǴŦ Ŀ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂǸǴǳ ǹȂǷƘŭơ
ƽơȂºŭơ ǦȈǼǐƬǳ ƨǬǈǼǷ Ƕǜǻ ƽơƾǟƛ ńƛ ƨƳƢūơ Ȃǟƾƫȁ .ǶǇȂǳơ Ƕǜǻ ǞǓȁ ƾǼǟ ơƆƾƳ ƨǷƢǿ ƧơƽƗ Ȃǿȁ ƨǨǴƬű Ǒơǂǣȋ
ƨȇǁƢŪơ ǱƢǸǟȋơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǈȈǇƘƫ ƢȀũȁȁ ƧǂǘŬơ
ƧǂºǘŬơ ƽơȂºŭơ ǦȈǼǐƬǳ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼǷ ǵƢǜǻ ƆƢȈǴǸǟ Ǯǳƿ ǺǰǷƗ ơƿƛ ÏÍÍÍ ǵƢǟ ǱȂǴŞ ǂǧȂƬȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ -ÏÔ
".ƢȀǸȀǧ ǲȀǈȇ ǃȂǷǁȁ ƽơȂǸǴǳ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǦƟƢƸǏ Ǯǳƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƨǫȁƢǈƬǷ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ƢȀũȁȁ
ƨƴȈƬǻȁ .ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƩơǂƬǷơǁƢƥ śȈǠƬǳ ǪȈǈǼƬǳơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƔƢǼƯƗ Ŀ ƢƆǬƷȏ ǒȇȂǨƬǳơ ơǀǿ śǈŢȁ ǲȈǴŢ ȃǂƳ ƾǫȁ Ñ-Ï-Î-Î
ǹƢǸǔºǳ ŅƢƬǳơ ƶȈǓȂƬǳơ (IOMC) ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂǸǴǳ ƨǸȈǴǈǳơ ƧǁơƽȎǳ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ śƥ ǭǂƬǌŭơ ƲǷƢǻŐǴǳ ǞƥƢƬǳơ ǪȈǈǼƬǳơ Ǫȇǂǧ ƾǸƬǟơ Ǯǳǀǳ
:ƾȀŪơ ơǀǿ ǩƢǘǼǳ śǯǁƢǌŭơ ǭơǁƽƛ
.ƢºȀǘȈǳƢűȁ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȈǸŪ ǪǈǼǷ ǵƢǜǻ ǞǓȁ ȄǴǟ ǶǇȂǳơȁ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǦȈǼǐƫ ǪȈǈǼƫ ǱƢů Ŀ ǲǸǠǳơ Ǆǯǂȇ"
ƾǫ ǾǻƜǧ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǯ ƧƽƢǷ ƪǨǼĈǏ ŕǷȁ .ƲăƬǼŭơ ƧƢȈƷ Ƨǁȁƽ ƨǴƷǂǷ ȁƗ ƲăƬǼŭơ ǝȂǼƬǳ ƢƆǠƦƫ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǂǏƢǼǟ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǦǴƬź ƾǫȁ
ƢǿƿƢţơ ȆǤƦǼȇ Ŗǳơ ȃǂƻȋơ ƩơȂǘŬơ ȁƗ ƨȈǷȐǟȍơ ƩơȂǘŬơ ȅƗ Ŀ ƪƦǴǳ ƧǁƢǔǳơ ƩơŚƯƘƬǳơ ƭȁƾƷ ǱƢǸƬƷơ ǅǁƾȇ
ȁƗ ƨȈǻȏƾȈǐºǳơ ƩơǂǔºƸƬǈŭơ ƢƆºȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǲǸǌȇ Ǻǳȁ .ƢȀǼȈǠƥ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ǝƢǓȁƗ ȁƗ ǾǼȈǠƥ ƲƬǼŭ ƨƦǈǼǳƢƥ
ǩƢȈǇ Ŀ ǶǇȂǳƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ Ǯǳƿȁ ƔơǀǤǳơ Ŀ ƩƢǧȉơ ƩơƾȈƦǷ ƩƢǨǴű ȁƗ ǲȈǸƴƬǳơ ƩơǂǔƸƬǈǷ ȁƗ ƨȈƟơǀǤǳơ ƩƢǧƢǔŭơ
ǝƢǘǫ Ŀȁ ǹȂǴǷƢǠǳơ ƢŮ ǑǂǠƬȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƢǸưȈƷ ȄǘǤƫ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǺǷ ǝơȂǻȋơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ Śǣ .ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǭȐȀƬǇȏơ
ǂǷȋơ ǹƗ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǦȈǼǐƫ Ƕǜǻ ǪȈǈǼƬƥ řǠŭơ ǪȈǈǼƬǳơ Ǫȇǂǧ ǭǁƾȇȁ .Ǯǳƿ ǁŐȇ ǲǸƬƄơ ǑǂǠƬǳơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ǲǬǼǳơ
ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ƩƢƠǧ ǒǠƦƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ ǹƘǌƥ ƨǏƢƻ ƢȇƢǔǫ ǱȁƢǼƬǳ ƩƢǌǫƢǼŭơ ǺǷ ƾȇǄǷ ƔơǂƳƛ ȆǔƬǬȇ
.(Ð)"ƨǐǐƼƬǷ ƩơŐş ƨǻƢǠƬǇȏơ ƤǴǘƬƫ ƾǫ Ŗǳơ
ǪȈƦǘƬǳƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƧŚưǯ ƨǨǴƬű ǲƟƢǈŭ ƨǬȈǫƽ ƨǇơǁƽ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ ơǀǿ ǞǓȁ ƔƢǼƯƗ CG/HCCS ǪȈǈǼƬǳơ Ǫȇǂǧ ȃǂƳƗ ƾǫȁ Ò-Ï-Î-Î
ǪĈƦǘȈǇ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸǟ ȁƗ ƆȐưǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƩƢƴƬǼǷ ȁƗ ƩƢǟƢǘǫ ƔƢǼưƬǇơ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸǟ ƨǴƠǇƗ ƩŚƯƗȁ .ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǴǳ ǺǰǸŭơ
.IFCS/ISG3/98.32B ǂǜǻơ ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ǪǈƬŭơ ǵƢǜǼǴǳ ǞǫȂƬŭơ ǪȈƦǘƬǴǳ ƶȈǓȂƬǳơ ǺǷ ƾȇǄŭơȁ IOMC ǭǂƬǌŭơ ƲǷƢǻŐǳơ ǦǏȁ ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȐǳ (Ð)
5
ȅƗ Ŀ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǪȈƦǘƬǳ ƨũƢƷ Ȇǿȁ ƩơǂƬǷơǁƢƥ ƨƯȐƯ ȄǴǟ ƨǌǫƢǼŭơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ǪǨƫơ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƧƽƢŭơ ƧƢȈƷ Ƨǁȁƽ ǲƷơǂǷ ǞȈŦ ȄǴǟ ȏƆ ȁƗ
:ƩơǂƬǷơǁƢƦǳơ ǽǀŮ ǦǏȁ ǽƢǻƽƗ ƽǂȇȁ .ǶȈǴǫƛ ȁƗ ƾǴƥ
ǢºȈǴƦƫ ǂǏƢǼǟ ǪȈƦǘƫ ƨǬȇǂǗ ǦǴƬţ ƾºǫȁ .ƧǂǘŬơ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȈŦ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ȆǘǤȇ :Î ǂƬǷơǁƢƦǳơ (Ɨ)
ƨƠǨǳ ƢƆǠƦƫ (ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǦƟƢƸǏ ǶǇȂǳơ ƩƢǫƢǘƥ ǲưǷ) ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ Ŀ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ
śǰǴȀƬǈºŭơ ƢƆºȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǴǳ ƨǧƾȀƬǈŭơ ƩƢƠǨǳơ ǲǸǌƫȁ .ƲƬǼŭơ ƧƢȈƷ Ƨǁȁƽ Ŀ ƨǴƷǂŭơ ȁƗ ƲƬǼŭơ
.ƝǁơȂǘǳơ ƩƢǷƾƻ ƽơǂǧƗȁ ǲǬǼǳơ ǱƢǸǟȁ śǴǷƢǠǳơȁ
ƨºǴǸƬƄơ ƨºȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȈǸŪ ƨǼǰǸŭơ ǑǂǠƬǳơ ƩȏƢƷ ǶǇȂǳơȁ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǦȈǼǐƬǳ ƨǸƟƢǬǳơ ǶǜǼǳơ ǱȁƢǼƬƫ 'Î'
ǲºǸǠǳơ ǹƢºǰǷ ǵơƾƼƬºǇơȁ ǲǬǼǳơȁ ǺȇǄƼƬǳơȁ ƱƢƬǻȍơ ƢȀȈǧ ƢŠ ǵơƾƼƬǇȏơ ƩȏƢƷ ǞȈŦ Ŀ ƧǁȂǘŬơ
ƨººǷƢǟ ƨǨǐƥȁ .ƨƠȈƦǳơȁ Ǫǧơǂŭơȁ ǅƢǼǳơ ƨȇƢŧ ƢȀǼǷ ƾǐǬȇȁ .ƨƠȈƦǳơ Ŀ ƽȂƳȂǳơȁ ȆǯȐȀƬǇȏơ ǵơƾƼƬǇȏơȁ
Ŗºǳơ ƨºǸƟƢǬǳơ ǶǜǼǳơ Ŀ ƔơǄƳƗ Ŀ ƨǳȂǸǌŭơ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ȄǴǟ ƨǬƦǘŭơ ƢƆǟȂȈǋ ǂưǯȋơ ƩƢǗơǂƬǋȏơ ƾƳȂƫ
ǲǰǌƥ ǵƾƼƬǈȇ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƧƽƢŭơ ƶǴǘǐǷ ǹƗ ńƛ ƧǁƢǋȍơ ǁƾšȁ .ǲǬǼǳơ ǝƢǘǫ ȁƗ ǲǸǠǳơ ǹƢǰǷ ȄǴǟ ǪºƦǘǼƫ
ȁƗ ƽơȂºŭơ ǲǸǌºȈǳ ƨǬƷȐǳơ ǪƟƢƯȂǳơȁ UNCED ƨȈǸǼƬǳơȁ ƨƠȈƦǳƢƥ řǠŭơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǂŤƚǷ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ǵƢǟ
ƨºǸƟƢǬǳơ ǶǜǼǳơ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬǈǷ ǹȂǰƫ ƾǫ ȃǂƻƗ ƩƢƸǴǘǐǷ ȅƗ ȁƗ ƩơǂǔƸƬǈŭơ ȁƗ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơ ȁƗ ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ
ƨȈǘǤƬǳơ ǩƢǘǻ ǹƢºȈƦǳ
(ƨȈǯȐȀƬǇȏơ ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ ƢȀȈǧ ƢŠ) ǲǸă ǟă ǹƢǰǷ Ŀ ǞǼċǐƫĄ ǩȂǈǳơ Ŀ ƧƽȂƳȂŭơ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȈŦ ǹȋ ơƆǂǜǻȁ 'Ï'
ƩơƔƢǼưƬǇơ ƾƳȂƫ ȏ ǾǻƜǧ ǱƢǸǠǳơ ƢȀǷƾƼƬǈȇ ƢǷ ơƆŚưǯȁ ǱƢǸǠǳơ ƨǘǇơȂƥ ǲǬǼǳơȁ ǺƸǌǳơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƢȀƬǳȁƢǼǷ ȃǂšȁ
ǹơƾºǴƦǳơ ǒǠƥ ȆǨǧ .ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ ȁƗ ƽơȂŭơ ǺǷ ǾǼȈǠƥ ǝȂǻ ȅȋ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǩƢǘǻ ǺǷ ƨǴǷƢǯ
ǞȈǼǐƬǳơ ǲƷơǂǷ Ŀ ǲǬǼǳơȁ ǲǸǠǳơ ǹƢǰŭ ƩƢǗơǂƬǋƢƥ Ǻǿơǂǳơ ƪǫȂǳơ Ŀ ƨȈǻȏƾȈǐǳơ ƩơǂǔƸƬǈŭơ ȄōǘǤƫ ƆȐưǷ
śǯǁƢǌºŭơ śǴǷƢǠǳơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǲǸǠǳơ ǹƢǰǷ ƩƢǗơǂƬǋơ ǪƦǘǼƫ ƾǫȁ .ƲƬǼŭơ ƧƢȈƷ Ƨǁȁƽ ǺǷ ǲǬǼǳơȁ ǺȇǄƼƬǳơȁ
ƨȇƢǟǂǳơ ǝƢǓȁƗ Ŀ ƨǴǸƬƄơ ǑǂǠƬǳơ ǝơȂǻƗ ǺǷ ƢǿŚǣȁ ƨƦǰǈǼŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ǦȈǜǼƫ Ŀ ȁƗ ŚǫƢǬǠǳơ ǒǠƥ ƔƢǘǟƛ Ŀ
ǪºƦǘȇ ǹƗ ǞǫȂƬȇȁ .śǴǷƢǠǳơ ƔȏƚŮ ƤȇǁƾƬǳơȁ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǦƟƢƸǏ ŚǧȂƫ ƨǼȈǠǷ Ƕǜǻ ǑǂǨƫȁ .ƨȈƸǐǳơ
ǾƥƢǌǷ ƣȂǴǇƘƥ ƨȈǻȏƾȈǐǳơ ƩơǂǔƸƬǈŭơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ
.ƢȀǈǨǻ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǽǀǿ ƧƢȈƷ Ƨǁȁƽ ǺǷ ȃǂƻƗ ǲƷơǂǷ Ŀ ƆƢǫȐǗƛ ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǪƦǘǼȇ ȏ ƾǫȁ 'Ð'
Ǒơǂǣȋ ǹơȂȈūơ ȁƗ ǹƢǈǻȎǳ ƢȀƟƢǘǟƛ ȁƗ ƨȈǻȏƾȈǐǳơ ƩơǂǔƸƬǈǸǴǳ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǵơƾƼƬǇȏơ ǩƢȈǇ Ŀ ƆȐưǸǧ
.ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǶºǇȁ Ǖǂǌǳ ƨǸƟƢǬǳơ ǶǜǼǴǳ ƆƢǬǧȁ ƨǷƢǟ ƨǨǐƥ ƩơǂǔƸƬǈŭơ ǽǀǿ Ǟǔţ ȏ ƨȇǂǘȈƥ ȁƗ ƨȈƦǗ
ǁƾºš) .ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǪȈƦǘƬǳ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƽƢƬǠŭơ Ŀ ƩƢǗơǂƬǋȏơ ǽǀǿ ǪƦǘƫ ȏȁ
ƨºŪƢǠŭơ ƨºƴȈƬǻ ƨǔºȇǂŭơ ƩƢºǻơȂȈūơ ȁƗ ȄǓǂŭơ ƢŮ ǑǂǠƬȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ŗǳơ ǁƢǘƻȋơ ǹƗ ńƛ ƧǁƢǋȍơ
ǲºưŤ ȏȁ ƲƬǼŭƢƥ ƨǬǧǂŭơ ƩơǂǌǼǳơ Ŀ ƆƢǷȂǸǟ ǂǯǀƫ ƨȇǂǘȈƥ ȁƗ ƨȈƦǗ Ǒơǂǣȋ ƨȈǻȏƾȈǐǳơ ƩơǂǔƸƬǈŭƢƥ
ƩƢȈǸǯ ȅȂƬŢ ƾǫ Ŗǳơ ƨȈƟơǀǤǳơ ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ ǲưǷ ƩƢƴƬǼǷ ǹƜǧ ǲưŭƢƥȁ .( ǽǀǿ ǪȈǈǼƬǳơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǺǷ ƆơƔǄƳ
ƽȂƳȁ śƦƫ ǶǇȁ ƩƢǫƢǘƥ Ǻǿơǂǳơ ƪǫȂǳơ Ŀ ǲǸŢ ȏ ƩƢǧȉơ ƩơƾȈƦǷ ȁƗ ƨȈƟơǀǤǳơ ƩƢǧƢǔŭơ ǺǷ ƨǴȈƠǓ
ǞǓȁ ǕơǂƬǋơ ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǱȁƢǼƬȇ ȏƗ ȄƻȂƬȇȁ .Ƣđ ƨǘƦƫǂǷ ƧǁȂǘƻ ȅƗ ƽȂƳȁ ȁƗ ƽơȂŭơ ǽǀǿ ǲưǷ
.ƆƢǔȇƗ ƨǳƢūơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ǶǇȁ ƨǫƢǘƥ
6
ƔơǂºƳƛ ǞȈƴǌƫ ȁƗ ƧƾƷȂǷ ǁƢƦƬƻơ ǪƟơǂǗ ǞǓȁ ȄǴǟ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǞǓȂƥ ǒȇȂǨƬǳơ ǲǸƬǌȇ ȏ :Ï ǂƬǷơǁƢƦǳơ (ƣ)
.ƨƸǐǳƢƥ ƧǁƢǔǳơ ƲƟƢƬǼǳơ ƨŪƢǠŭ ƨȈǧƢǓƛ ƩơǁƢƦƬƻơ
ƢƆºȈǳȁƽ Ƣđ ǥǂƬǠǷ ƨȈǸǴǟ ƝƽƢƦŭ ƢƆǬǧȁ ȃǂš Ŗǳơ ƧǂǘŬơ ǎƟƢǐŬơ śǠƫ Ŗǳơ ƩơǁƢƦƬƻȏơ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ǺǰŻ 'Î'
Ȇºǿ ƨȈƠȈƦǳơȁ ƨȈƸǐǳơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ śȈǠƬǳ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ŚȇƢǠǷȁ .ƨȈƠȈƦǳơȁ ƨȈƸǐǳơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ śȈǠƫ Ǒơǂǣȋ
ǺºǷ ƨǸȈǴºǇ ƲȀǼǳơ ǽǀǿ ƪǷơƽ ƢǷ ƨǨǴƬű ƲĔƌ ǵơƾƼƬǇƢƥ ƶǸǈƫ ǁƢƦƬƻȏơ ǪƟơǂǘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƧƾȇƢŰ ŚȇƢǠǷ
ƨºƦƫǂƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǲǠǨǳƢƥ ƨǸƟƢǬǳơ ǶǜǼǳơ Ŀ ƢȀȈǳƛ ǁƢǌǷ ƨȈǳȁƽ ŚȇƢǠǷȁ ƩơƔơǂƳȍ ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨǬǬŰȁ ƨȈǸǴǠǳơ ƨȈƷƢǼǳơ
ǹơƾȈŭơ Ŀ ƨȈǸǼƬǳơȁ ǹȁƢǠƬǳơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǲưŤ śƷ ȄǴǟȁ .ƨǯǂƬǌǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƨǳȂƦǬǷ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ȆǘǠƫȁ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ
ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǹƜǧ ƨȈƸǐǳơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ śȈǠƬǳ ƨǬǈǼŭơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ǞǓȁ Ŀ ƧƾƟơǂǳơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ (OECD) ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ
ƪǠºǓȁ ƢºȀȈǴǟ ǪǨƬǷ ŚȇƢǠŭ ƢƆǬǧȁ ŚǫƢǬǠǳơ ŐƬţ Ȑ Ɔ ưǸǧ .ƩơǁƢƦƬƻȏƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƢēƢȀȈƳȂƫ ƲǷƢǻŐƥ ƾȈǬǷ Śǣ
.ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ Ŀ ƨǳȂƦǬǷ ǹȂǰƫ ƩơǁƢƦƬƻȏơ ǽǀŮ ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨšƢǼǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơȁ .ƨȈŭƢǠǳơ ƨƸǐǳơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƨȇƢǟǂƥ
UNSCETDG ƧǂºǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦǳơ ǲǬǼƥ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨȈǟǂǨǳơ ƔơŐŬơ ƨǼŪ ƢȀƬǠǓȁ Ŗǳơ ƨȇƽƢŭơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ŚȇƢǠǷ ǖƦƫǂƫȁ
ǁƢƴǨǻȐǳ ƨȈǴƥƢǬǳơȁ ǱƢǠƬǋȐǳ ƨȈǴƥƢǬǳơ ǲưǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƧǁȂǘƻ Ƥƫǂǳ ƨǏƢƻ ǁƢƦƬƻơ ǪƟơǂǘƥ
ǞǓȂƫ ƨǬǈǼŭơ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ ŚȇƢǠǷ ǹȋ ơƆǂǜǻȁ .Ǻǿơǂǳơ ƪǫȂǳơ Ŀ ƨƷƢƬŭơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƾǼƬǈȇȁ 'Ï'
Ŗºǳơ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǁƢƦƬƻơ ƧƽƢǟƛ ƤǴǘƬȇ ȏ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ǽǀŮ ǱƢưƬǷȏơ ǹƜǧ ƆƢȈǳƢƷ ƨƷƢƬŭơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ǅƢǇƗ ȄǴǟ
.ƨǳȂƦǬǷ ǁƢƦƬƻơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǲǠǨǳƢƥ ƢĔƘǌƥ ǂǧȂƬƫ
ƧŐºŬơ ǂŏǧȂĄƫ ƨȈǴǸǠŭơ ƩơǁƢƦƬƻȐǳ ƨƸȈƸǐǳơ ƲƟƢƬǼǳơȁ ƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ȄǴǟ ƣǁƢƴƬǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥ :Ð ǂƬǷơǁƢƦǳơ (Ʊ)
ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ȃƾǳ ƢȀƬǇơǁƽ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨǸȀǷ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ƨȇǂȇǂǈǳơ ƩơǁƢƦƬƻȏơȁ ƨȈƟƢƥȂǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơȁ ƨȇǂǌƦǳơ
.ƢȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ
ƨºƷƢƬŭơ ƨȇǂǌºƦǳơ ƩơŐŬƢƥȁ ƆƢȈƥƽƗ ǱȂƦǬǷ ƣȂǴǇƘƥ ƧǃǂƄơ ƨȇǂǌƦǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳƢƥ ƨȈǳƢūơ ǶǜǼǳơ ǶǜǠǷ ǥǂƬǠƫ 'Î'
ǵơƾƼƬºǇơ ǹȁƽ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǱȂŹ ȏƗ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ .ƩơŐŬơȁ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ǮǴƫ ǶǜǼǳơ ǽǀǿ ǵƾƼƬǈƫȁ
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨǴǐǳơ Ʃơƿȁ ƨƦǇƢǼŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǞȈŦ ƧƾƟƢǧȁ ƽȂƳȂƥ ƨƷơǂǐƥ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǥǂƬǠȇȁ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ǽǀǿ ǲưǷ
.(ǂǘŬơ ȅƗ) ƧǁƢǓ ƩơŚƯƘƫ ƭȁƾƷ ǱƢǸƬƷƢƥ ȁƗ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǁƽƢǐŠ
ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǩƢǘǼǳ ȃǂƻƗ ƽȁƾƷ Ó-Ï-Î-Î
ƽȁƾƷ śȈǠƫ ǲȈƦǫ ǺǷ) ǁƢǘƻȋơ Ƨǁơƽƛ Ʃơǁơǂǫ ȁƗ ǁƢǘƻȋơ ǶȈȈǬƫ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ǪȈǈǼƫ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳƢƥ ƾǐǬȇ ȏ Î-Ó-Ï-Î-Î
.ƧǁȂºǘŬơ ǦȈǼǐºƫ ƤºǻƢƳ ńƛ ǁƢǘƻȋơ ǶȈȈǬƫ ǺǷ ơƆǁƾǫ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ƤǴǘƬȇ ƢǷ Ȃǿȁ (śǴǷƢǠǳơ ǑǂǠƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ Ǿƥ ƵȂǸǈŭơ ǑǂǠƬǴǳ
.(Ð)ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳƢƥ ƨǴǏ ƢŮ ƪǈȈǳ ǹơƾǴƦǳơ ǦǴƬű Ŀ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ƽǂƳ ƩƢǗơǂƬǋơ ǹƜǧ Ǯǳƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ
ǂǘŬơ ǲƥƢǬǷ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǁƾǐǷ Ï-Ó-Ï-Î-Î
śȈºǠƬƥ (ǲǬǼǳơ ǮǴȀƬǈŭơ ǲǸǠǳơ ǹƢǰǷ) ƢēƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǢȈǴƦƫȁ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǁƽƢǐǷ ǦȈǼǐƬǳ ǵƢǜǻ ǲǯ Ŀ ƨȈǘǤƬǳơ ƗƾƦƫ Î-Ï-Ó-Ï-Î-Î
ƭơƾƷƛ ȄǴǟ Ƣēǁƾǫ ȅƗ ƢȀȈǧ ƨǴǏƘƬŭơ ǍơȂŬơ ȄǴǟ ǁơǂǓȍơ ȄǴǟ ƧƽƢŭơ Ƨǁƾǫ ƨƳǁƽ ǦǫȂƬƫȁ .ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƨǘƦƫǂŭơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ
ǑơǂǠƬºǇơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǇƢǇƗ Ǯǳƿ ƾǸƬǠȇȁ .łƛ ǲǯƖƬǳơ ƭơƾƷƛ ȁƗ ǁƢƴǨǻȏơ ȁƗ ǱƢǠƬǋȏơ ȄǴǟ Ƣēǁƾǫȁ ƨȇƽƢǠǳơ ƨȇȂȈūơ ƩƢȈǴǸǠǳơ Ŀ ǲǴƻ
.IFCS/ISC3/98.32B ǂǜǻơ ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǴǳ ǞǫȂƬŭơ ǪȈƦǘƬǴǳ ƶȈǓȂƬǳơ ǺǷ ƾȇǄǷȁ IOMC ǭǂƬǌŭơ ƲǷƢǻŐǳơ ǦǏȁ ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȐǳ (Ð)
7
ǑǂǠƬǳơ ƨǇơǁƽ ƾǼǟ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǽǀǿ ǢȈǴƦƫ ȁƗ ǲǬǻ ŅƢƬǳƢƥȁ ǁǂǓ ƭȁƾƷ ǱƢǸƬƷơ ȁƗ ǂǘŬơ ǵȂȀǨǷ ǪƦǘǼȇȁ .ƨƷƢƬŭơ ƨȈǸǴǠǳơ ƩƢǇơǁƾǳơ
:ƨȈǳƢƬǳơ ƨǘȈǈƦǳơ ƨǳƽƢǠŭƢƥ ǂǘŬơ ǂȇƾǬƬǳ ȆǇƢǇȋơ ƲȀǼǳơ ƽƾŹȁ .ƨǼǷƢǰǳơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳƢƥ ǾƬǫȐǟȁ
ǂǘŬơ = ǑǂǠƬǳơ × ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǁƾǐǷ
ǝȂºǫȁ ǱƢǸƬƷơ ǲȈǴǬƫ ȁƗ ǂǘŬơ ǲȈǴǬƫ Ǯǳǀƥ ǺǰǷƗ ǑǂǠƬǳơ ǲȈǴǬƫ ȁƗ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǲȈǴǬƫ ǺǰǷƗ ơƿƛ ơǀǰǿȁ Ï-Ï-Ó-Ï-Î-Î
ǑǂºǠƬǳơ ƩȏƢºƷ ǲȈǴǬƫ ƧǁȁǂǓ ńƛȁ ƧǁȂǘƻ ƽȂƳȁ ńƛ ǵƾƼƬǈŭơ ǾȈƦǼƫ ńƛ ƵƢƴǼƥ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǢȈǴƦƫ ȅƽƚȇȁ .ǁǂǔǳơ
.ƢȀȈǴǟ ƨƦƫǂƬŭơ ǁƢǘƻȋơȁ
ǁƽƢǐºǷ ǺǷ ǲǯ ƾȇƾŢ ȄǴǟ ƢǷ ǲǰǌƥ (ǲǬǼǳơ ǮǴȀƬǈŭơ ǲǸǠǳơ ǹƢǰǷ) ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǢȈǴƦƫ Ƕǜǻ ǞȈŦ ǲǸƬǌƫȁ Ð-Ï-Ó-Ï-Î-Î
ǑǂǠƬǳơ ƩȏƢƷ ǹƘǌƥ ǵƾǬƫ Ŗǳơ ǲȈǏƢǨƬǳơ ȃȂƬǈǷȁ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǂǧȂƫ ƨȈǨȈǯȁ ǹƢǰǷ śȈǠƫ Ŀ ǶǜǼǳơ ǦǴƬţȁ .ǂǘƼǴǳ ǑǂǠƬǳơȁ ƧǁȂǘŬơ
ƨȈǓǂǷ ƨǳƢƷ ƨŪƢǠŭ ƤȈƦǘǳơ ƢȀǨǐȇ ƨǟǂƳ ƾȇƾŢ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǻȏƾȈǐǳơ ƩơǂǔƸƬǈǸǴǳ ǮǴȀƬǈŭơ ǑǂǠƫ ȅȂǘǼȇ ǱƢưŭơ ǲȈƦǇ ȄǴǟȁ .ƨǴǸƬƄơ
ƨǟǂŪƢƥ ǹǂƬǬȇ ǮǴȀƬǈǸǴǳ ƨƦǈǼǳƢƥ ǱȂƦǬǷ ǂǘƻ ȃȂƬǈǷ ƾƳȂȇ ǾǻƗ ƨȇȁƽȋơ ǶȈǜǼƬǳ ƢǷ ƨǳƢǯȁ ƽƾŢ Ǯǳǀǳ .ƽȂǐǬǷ ƢǼǿ ǑǂǠƬǳơȁ .ƨǼȈǠǷ
ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǆȈǳȁ ƨȇȁƽȋơ ǶȈǜǼƫ ƨǳƢǯȁ ǾǼȈǠƫ ȅǀǳơ ǂǘŬơ ǁơƾǬǷ Ɣơȁƾǳơ ǀƻƘȇ ȅǀǳơ ǎƼǌǴǳ ǵƾǬƫ Ŗǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƽƾŢȁ .ƨǧȂǏȂŭơ ƧƽƾƄơ
.ǾƫƢǻȂǰǷ ȁƗ ȆƟơȁƾǳơ ǂǔƸƬǈŭơ Ŀ ƨǴǏƘƬŭơ
ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǪȈƦǘƫ Ð-Î-Î
ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǪȈǈǼƫ Î-Ð-Î-Î
ƩƢºǷȂǴǠŭơ ǢȈǴƦƫȁ ƢȀǘȈǳƢűȁ ƽơȂŭơ Ŀ ƧƽȂƳȂŭơ ƨǴǏƘƬŭơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ śȈǠƫ Ȃǿ ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǥƾǿ ǹƛ Î-Î-Ð-Î-Î
ƩƢºǸǴǯȁ ǃȂǷǂǳơȁ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƪǬǈǻȁ ƩƾƷȁȁ .ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǦȈǼǐƬǳ ƨǷǃȐǳơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ƪǬǈǻ ƾǫȁ .ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǽǀđ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ǢºȈǴƦƫ ǂºǏƢǼǟ śºƥ ƣǁƢǬƬǳơ ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƶȈƬȈǇȁ .ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǢȈǴƦƬǳ ƆȐǷƢǰƬǷ ƆƢǷƢǜǻ ǹȉơ ǲǰǌƫ Ȇǿȁ ǾȈƦǼƬǳơ
ǪºǈǼŭơ ǵƢºǜǼǳơ ǂǏƢǼǟ ǦǴƬű Ƣđ ǪƦǘƫ Ŗǳơ ƨȈǨȈǰǳơ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƩƢǘǴǈǳơ ǁǂǬƬǇȁ .ƨǸƟƢǬǳơ ǶǜǼǳơ Ŀ ƧƽȂƳȂŭơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ
ǶºǇȂǳơ :ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǢȈǴƦƫ :ǹơȂǼǟ ƪŢ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ) .ƨǧƾȀƬǈŭơ ƩƢƠǨǳơȁ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴǈǳơ ƩƢƳƢȈƬƷơ ǅƢǇƗ ȄǴǟ ƆƢºȈŭƢǟ
.(Ò Ǫǧǂŭơ ǁǂǔǳơ ƩȏƢǸƬƷơ ǅƢǇƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǯȐȀƬǇȏơ ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ ǶǇȁ :ǹơȂǼǟ ƪŢȁ (Ï-Ñ-Ò-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î ƧǂǬǨǳơ Ñ-Î ǲǐǨǳơ)
ǄȈȈŤ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ .ƨǼǿơǂǳơ ǲǬǼǳơ ƩƢǗơǂƬǋȏ ȐƆ ƯƢŲ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǲǬǼǳơ ǝƢǘǬǳ ƨƦǈǼǳƢƥ ǞǫȂƬȇȁ Ï-Î-Ð-Î-Î
ǝƢǘǫ Ŀ ǹȂǴǷƢǠǳơ ƣǁƾȇȁ .ƨȈƠȈƦǳơ ƧǁȂǘŬơȁ ƨȇƽƢŭơ ƧǁȂǘŬơȁ ƧƽƢūơ ƨȈǸǈǳƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ Ŗǳơ ƨȈǘȈǘƼƬǳơ ǵȂǇǂǳƢƥ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦǳơ ƩƢȇȁƢƷ
Ŗºǳơ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǂǏƢǼǟ ǲǬǼǳơ ǝƢǘǫ Ŀ ǞƦƬƫ ǹƗ ǞǫȂƬȇ ȏȁ .ȃǂƻȋơ ƩƢǟƢǘǬǳơ Ŀ śǴǷƢǠǳơ ȄǴǟ ǪƦǘǼȇ ȅǀǳơ ȂƸǼǳơ ȄǴǟ ǲǬǼǳơ
.ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥȁ ǾȈƦǼƬǳơ ƩƢǸǴǯ ǲȈƦǫ ǺǷ ǂǏƢǼǟ ǱȁƢǼƬƫ
ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǺǸǔƬƫ Ŗǳơ ǶǇȂǳơ ƩƢǫƢǘƥ ƢȀȈǧ ƢŠ ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǂǏƢǼǟ ǞȈŦ ǞƦƬƫ ǹƗ ǞǫȂƬȇ ǲǸǠǳơ ǹƢǰǷ Ŀȁ Ð-Î-Ð-Î-Î
Ŀ ƧƾǟƢǈǸǴǳ śǨǛȂŭơ ƤȇǁƾƬƥ Ǯǳƿ ǲǸǰƬǈȇ ǹƗ ǞǫȂƬȇ ƢǸǯ .ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǦƟƢƸǏȁ ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨǬǈǼŭơ ƨȈǇƢǇȋơ
.ƧǁȂǘŬơ Ǻǟ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǢȈǴƦƫ ƨȈǳƢǠǧ ǹƢǸǓ
ƩƢºǫƢǘƥ ȄǴǟ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǪȈƦǘƫ Ŀ ȆǇƢǇȋơ ǄȈǯǂƬǳơ ƤǐǼȇ ǹƗ ǞǫȂƬȈǧ śǰǴȀƬǈŭơ ǝƢǘǬǳ ƨƦǈǼǳƢƥ ƢǷƗ Ñ-Î-Ð-Î-Î
Ŀ ǝƢǘǫ ǲǰƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƩơǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ǒǠƦǳ Ǟǔţ Ŗǳơ ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǴǳ ƨȈǇƢǇȋơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǶǇȂǳơ ƩƢǫƢǘƥ ǺǸǔƬƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ .ǶǇȂǳơ
ǶǇȁ :ǹơȂǼǟȁ (Ï-Ñ-Ò-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î ƧǂǬǨǳơ Ñ-Î ǲǐǨǳơ) ǶǇȂǳơ :ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǢȈǴƦƫ :ǹơȂǼǟ ƪŢ ǂǜǻơ) .ƨǼȈǠǷ ǦȈǼǐƫ Ƕǜǻ
.(Ò Ǫǧǂŭơ ǁǂǔǳơ ƩȏƢǸƬƷơ ǅƢǇƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǯȐȀƬǇȏơ ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ
8
(ƨǬǈǼŭơ ƩƢǟȂǸĐơ) ƨȈƟƢǼƦǳơ ǲƬǰǳơ ƲĔ Ò-Î-Ð-Î-Î

Śǣ .ƢȀǸǜǻ ǺǷ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ƔơǄƳȋơ Ŀ ƢȀǬƦǘƫ Ŗǳơ ƨȈƟƢǼƦǳơ ǲƬǰǳơ śȈǠƫ ƨȇǂƷ ǹơƾǴƦǴǳ ǭǂƬƫ ƨȈƟƢǼƦǳơ ǲƬǰǳơ ƲȀǼǳ ƢƆǬǧȁ Î-Ò-Î-Ð-Î-Î
.ƨǬǈºǼǷ ƨȈǘǤƬǳơ ǽǀǿ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǾǻƜǧ ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǀǨǼȇȁ ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ Ŀ ơƆƽȂƳȂǷ ƢƆƠȈǋ ƢǷ ǵƢǜǻ ȆǘǤȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǾǻƗ
ǪǈºǼŭơ ǦȈǼǐºƬǳơ ǖºǘű ǵƢǜǼǳơ ơǀǿ ǞƦƬȇ ǹƗ ƤƳȁ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǯ ƧƽƢǷ Ŀ ƨǼǗǂǈǳơ ƨȈǏƢƻ ȆǘǤȇ ƢǷ ǵƢǜǻ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ǱƢưŭơ ǲȈƦǇ ȄǴǟȁ
.ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƦǳ ƨǬǈǼŭơ ǂǏƢǼǠǳơȁ
ƧǁȂǐƬŭơ ƩƢƳƢȈƬƷȐǳ ƢƆǠƦƫ ǦǴƬź ƾǫ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƨȈǘǤƫ ǩƢǘǻ ǹƗ ƨǸƟƢǬǳơ ǶǜǼǳơ ƩƢǗơǂƬǋơ ƨǇơǁƽ ƾǼǟ ǚƷȂǳ ƾǫȁ Ï-Ò-Î-Ð-Î-Î
ǲǸǌȇ Ń ǾǼǰǳ ƨȇƽƢŭơ ƧǁȂǘŬơȁ ƧƽƢūơ ƨȈƸǐǳơ ƩơŚƯƘƬǳơ ȄǴǟ ǲǬǼǳơ ǝƢǘǫ Ǆǯŏ ǂȇ ƨǏƢƻ ƨǨǐƥȁ .ƨǧƾȀƬǈŭơ ƩƢƠǨǳơ ȃƾǳ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ńƛ
ȃǂºƻƗ ƩƢǧȐƬƻơ ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰƫ ƾǫ Ǻǰǳ .ǝƢǘǬǳơ Ǯǳƿ Ŀ ƢȀƬǴƥƢǬǷ ǺǰŻ Ŗǳơ ǑǂǠƬǳơ ƩȏƢƷ ńƛ ǞƳǂƫ Ŗǳơ ƨǼǷǄŭơ ƩơŚƯƘƬǳơ ǹȉơ ŕƷ
.ǵơƾƼƬǇȏơ ǝƢǓȁƗ ǺǷ ǞǓȁ ǲǯ Ŀ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƢŮȁƢǼƬȇ Ŗǳơ ƩơŚƯƘƬǳơ ǞȈŦ ƨȈǘǤƫ ǵƾǟ ǁƢƬţ Ŗǳơ ǹơƾǴƦǳơ ǞǷ Ǯǳǀǯ
ǺºǰŻ ƨºȈƟƢǼƦǳơ ǲºƬǰǳơ ǺǷ ƨǟȂǸů ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ Ŀ ƨǬǈǼŭơ ǂǏƢǼǠǳơ ńƛ ǂǜǼǳơ ǺǰŻ ƢǼǿ ǺǷ Ð-Ò-Î-Ð-Î-Î
śǠǷ ŚƯƘƫ ƨȈǘǤƫ ƢǷ ƨǸǜǼǷ ȁƗ ƾǴƥ ƽơǁƗ ơƿƛ ǾǷơƾƼƬǇơ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ ǞȈǸƴǴǳ ƵƢƬǷ ǲǷƢǯ ǩƢǘǻ ƾƳȂȇ ƢǸǼȈƥȁ .ȆǸȈǜǼƫ ƲĔ ǲȈǰǌƬǳ ƢȀǷơƾƼƬǇơ
ǲǸǠǳơ ǹƢǰǷ ǩƢȈǇ Ŀ ƨǸȀǷ ƨȇƽƢŭơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƨǳƘǈǷ ŐƬǠƫ ƢǸǼȈƥȁ .ǲǷƢǰǳƢƥ ǾǟƢƦƫơ ȅǁȁǂǔǳơ ǺǷ ǆȈǳ ǾǻƜǧ ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǝƢƦƫơ ƾǼǟ
ƲƬºǼǷ Ŀ ǶȀȈºǼǠȇ ȅǀǳơ ǵơƾƼƬǇȏơ ǝȂǻ Ŀ ƧƽƾƄơ ƨȇƽƢŭơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǾƳȁƗ ǒǠƥ ƨǧǂǠǷ ńƛ ǹȂǰǴȀƬǈŭơ ƱƢƬŹ ȏ ƾǬǧ ǲǬǼǳơ ǝƢǘǫ Ŀȁ
ŐºƬǠȇ Ǯǳƿ ǹƜǧ ǾƫƢǗơǂƬǋơȁ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ŚȇƢǠǷ ǞǷ ǪǈƬǷ ǲǰǌƥ ȄōǘǤƫ ǵƢǜǻ ȁƗ ǝƢǘǫ ƢȀȈǘǤȇ Ŗǳơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƪǷơƽ ƢǷȁ .ǾǼȈǠƥ
ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǀȈǨǼƫ ǲƳƗ ǺǷ ƧƽǁȂƬǈŭơ ǹơƾǴƦǳơ ƩƢǗơǂƬǋȏ ǁĈƾǐŭơ ǲưƬŻ ǹƗ ǵǄǴȇ ǾǻƗ ǺǷ Ƕǣǂǳơ ȄǴǟȁ .ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǴǳ ƆƢƦǇƢǼǷ ơƆǀȈǨǼƫ
.ƢƆǷƢŤ ǪǈǼǷ ǞǓȁ ńƛ ǥƢǘŭơ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ ȆŭƢǠǳơ ǩƢǘǼǳơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ȅƽƚȇ ǹƗ ǲǷƚȇĄ ǾǻƜǧ ƆƢȈŭƢǟ
ƨȈƟƢǼƦǳơ ǲƬǰǳơ ƲĔ ǹƘǌƥ ƩƢȀȈƳȂƫ Ñ-Ò-Î-Ð-Î-Î
:ƨȈƟƢǼƥ Ȑ
Ɔ Ƭǯ ƧǁȂǘŬơ Ƥƫǁ ǲưŤ (Ɨ)
Ǻºǟ Ȑ
Ɔ ǔºǧ ǲºǷƢǰǳơ ǪǇƢǼƬǳơ ǥƾǿ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ ƨǠǓơȁȁ ƢȀƬȇȏȁ ǩƢǘǻ Ŀ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƩƢǘǴǈǴǳ ǃȂŸ
ƢȀǬƦǘƫ Ŗǳơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ Ƥƫǁ ǁǂǬƫ ǹƗ ƨȈǳȁƾǳơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ
:ƨȈƟƢǼƥ ƨǴƬǯ ƢȀǨǏȂƥ ƧǁȂǘƻ ƨƠǧ ǲǯ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇ ǹƗ ƧǁȂǘƻ ƨƦƫǁ ǩƢǘǻ Ŀ ǺǰŻ (ƣ)
Śǣ .ƩƢƠǨǳơ ǞȈŦ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǵƾǟ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƧǁȂǘƻ ƨƦƫǂƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƩƢǘǴǈǴǳ ƵƢƬƫ ǹƗ ǃȂŸ
:ȆǴȇ ƢǸǯ ƗƾƦŭơ ȄǴǟ ƽȂȈǬǳơ ǒǠƥ ǞǓȁ ǩƢǈƫȏơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǛƢǨƷ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǾǻƗ
Śǣ .ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢƠǧ ƽƢǸƬǟȏ ǄȈǯǂƬǳơ ƽȁƾƷ ȁƗ ƨȇƾūơ ǶȈǬǳơ ǲưǷ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ ŚȇƢǠǷ ŚȈǤƫ ǵƾǟ ȆǤƦǼȇ 'Î'
ƾȈƥ .ƧƾƷơȁ ƨƠǧ Ŀ (ƔƢƥÎ ǦǳƗÎ ƨǼǗǂǈŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ŖƠǧ ǲưǷ) ƨƥǁƢǬƬŭơ ƨȈǟǂǨǳơ ƩƢƠǨǳơ ƲǷƽ ǃȂŸ ǾǻƗ
ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ .ƨȈǬƦƬŭơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢƠǧ ǶȈǫǂƫ ƧƽƢǟƛ ǾǼǟ ƲƬǻ ơƿƛ ƨƥǁƢǬƬŭơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢƠǧ ƲǷƽ ǃȂŸ ȏ ǾǻƗ
Ŀ ƨȈǴºǏȋơ ƨȈǟǂǨǳơ ƩƢƠǨǳơ ǵƢǫǁƗ ȁƗ ƔƢũƘƥ ǙƢǨƬƷȏơ ƤŸ ƨȈǟǂǧ ƩƢƠǧ ƲǷƾƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ Ǯǳƿ ńƛ
ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǹƘǌƥ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǢȈǴƦƫ ŚǈȈƬǳ (ƔƢƥ/ǦǳƗÎ ȁƗ Î ƨǼǗǂǈǳơ ƨƠǧ ǲưǷ) ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ
ȄǴǟȋơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢȇȂƬǈǷ ƩƢƠǧ ǞȈŦ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƾǸƬǠƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƧǁȂǘƻ ƨƠǧ ƨǐƬű ƨǘǴǇ ƾǸƬǠƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ 'Ï'
ȄǴǟ ƢƆǸƟơƽ ƾǸƬǠƬǇ ƢĔƜǧ ƢǷ ƧǁȂǘƻ ƨƦƫǁ ƨǐƬű ƨǘǴǇ ƾǸƬǠƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ Ǯǳǀǳ ƨƴȈƬǻȁ .ƨƦƫǂǳơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ
ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢƠǧ ǹƜǧ ƧƾƷơȁ ƧǁȂǘƻ ƨƠǧ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ƾǸƬǠƫ ƢǷƾǼǟȁ (Î ƨƠǨǳơ) ƧǁȂǘƻ ƨƠǧ ȄǴǟƗ ǲǫȋơ
.Ȑ
Ɔ ǏơȂƬǷ Ȑ
Ɔ ǈǴǈƫ ǲǰǌƬǇ ǽǀǿ
9
ǲȈƦǇ ȄǴǟ ƨǴǬƬǈǷ ƢĔƗ ǅƢǇƗ ȄǴǟ ƢȀȈǳƛ ǂǜǼǳơ ǺǰŻ ƨȈǧƢǓƛ ƩƢƠǧ ȄǴǟ ƧǁȂǘŬơ Ƥƫǁ ǒǠƥ ȅȂƬŢ :Î ƨǜƷȐŭơ
ƨǴǷƢǌºǳơ ƨȈǸǈºǳơ" ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƨƦƫǂƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ "ƧƽƾŰ ƨǧƾȀƬǈǷ ƔƢǔǟȋ ƨǴǷƢǌǳơ ƨǓǁƢǠǳơ ƩơŚƯƘƬǳơ" Ð ƨƠǨǳơ ǱƢưŭơ
ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƨƦƫǂƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ "ǾǳȐƻ ǺǷ ȁƗ ǝƢǓǁȍơ Ŀ ŚƯƘƬǳơ" ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƨƠǧȁ (Õ-Ð ǲǐǨǳơ) "ƧƽƾŰ ƨǧƾȀƬǈǷ ƔƢǔǟȋ
.(Ô-Ð ǲǐǨǳơ) "ƨȈǴǇƢǼƬǳơ ƨȈǸǈǳơ"
.(Ð-Ï-Î-Î ǂºǜǻơ) ǩƢǘǼǳơ ȆŭƢǟ ǪǇƢǼƫ ǪȈǬŢ Ȃǿ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǥƾºǿ ǹƗ ǚƷȐȇ ǾǻƗ ƾȈƥ :Ï ƨǜƷȐŭơ
ƨºǟȂǸů ǵơƾƼƬºǇơ ǞȈƴǌƫ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƩƢǟƢǘǬǳơ śƥ ƩƢǧȐƬƻơ ƽȂƳȁ ǂǸƬǈȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ǾǻƗ ǺǷ Ƕǣǂǳơ ȄǴǟ ǾǻƜǧ ǾȈǴǟȁ
.ǝƢǘǫ ǲǯ Ŀ ȆŭƢǟ ȃȂƬǈǷ ȄǴǟ ƩƢƠǨǳơ ǺǷ ƨǬƥƢǘƬǷ
ǾƬǠƥƢƬǷȁ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǀȈǨǼƫ Ï-Ð-Î-Î
ƨººǼŪ ǲȈǰǌºƫ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌǳ ǞƥƢƬǳơ ȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǆǴĐơ ƽƢǟƗ ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǀȈǨǼƫ Ǒơǂǣȋ Î-Ï-Ð-Î-Î
ƨºǼŪ ǚǨƬŢȁ .ÎÖÖÖ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/Ǳȁȋơ Ǻȇǂǌƫ ÏÓ ƹǁƚŭơ ÓÒ/ÎÖÖÖ ǁơǂǬǳơ ƤƳȂŠ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦǳơ ǲǬǼƥ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƔơŐƻ
ƨȈǟǂǨǳơ ƢȀƬǼƴǴƥ (UNCETDG/GHS) ƢȀũȁȁ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǦȈǼǐƬǳ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơȁ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦǳơ ǲǬǼƥ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƔơŐŬơ
ƢƆºȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳƢƥ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨȈǟǂǨǳơ ƔơŐŬơ ƨǼŪ Ȇǿ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƨȈǟǂǧ ƨƠȈǿ ƪƠǌǻƗȁ (UNSCETDG) ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦǳơ ǲǬǼƥ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƔơŐƼǴǳ
:ƨȈǳƢƬǳơ ǦƟƢǛȂǳƢƥ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƨȈǟǂǨǳơ ƨǼƴǴǳơ ǽǀǿ ǵȂǬƫȁ .(UNSCEGHS) ƢȀũȁȁ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǦȈǼǐƬǳ
ǪȈǈǼƬǳơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǾȈƳȂƫȁ Ƨǁơƽƛȁ ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǴǳ ƨȈǟơǁ ƢȀǨǏȂƥ ǲǸǠǳơ ( Ɨ)
ǁơǂǸƬǇơ ǹƢǸǓȁ ƨǷǃȐǳơ ƩơŚȈǤƬǳơ ǱƢƻƽƛ ƧƢǟơǂǷ ǞǷ Ƨǁȁǂǔǳơ ƪǟƽ ƢǸǴǯ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƮȇƾŢ (ƣ)
ǲǸǠǳơȁ ƮȇƾƸƬǳơ ơǀǿ ƪȈǫȂƫȁ ƨȈǼǬƬǳơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ƮȇƾŢ ńƛ ƨƳƢūơ ǂȇƾǬƫȁ ƨȈǴǸǠǳơ ǾƫƾƟƢǧȁ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƨǷƔȐǷ
ƔƢǔƬǫȏơ ƤǈƷ ƨǸƟƢǬǳơ ƩƢƠȈŮơ ǞǷ
Ƨƾƫǂŭơ ƨȇǀǤƬǳơ ǞȈƴǌƫȁ ǾǷơƾƼƬǇơȁ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǶȀǧ ǄȇǄǠƫ (Ʊ)
ȆŭƢǠǳơ ǩƢǘǼǳơ ȄǴǟ ǾǬȈƦǘƫȁ ǾǷơƾƼƬǇȏ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƨƷƢƫƛ ( ƽ)
Ƕºǟƽ ǥƾđ ƨȈǼǬƬǳơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ǵơƾƼƬǇơȁ ŚǈǨƫ ǹƘǌƥȁ ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǹƘǌƥ ƩƢȀȈƳȂƬǳơ ŚǧȂƫ (ǿ)
ǪȈƦǘƬǳơ ǩƢǈƫơ
.ƨǼƴǴǳơ ńƛ ƩƢȈǏȂƬǳơ ŉƾǬƫȁ ǲǸǠǳơ ƲǷơǂƥ ƽơƾǟƛ (ȁ)
ƪºŢ ƢºŷƢƬǴǯ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦǳơ ǲǬǼƥ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨȈǟǂǨǳơ ƨǼƴǴǳơȁ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳƢƥ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨȈǟǂǨǳơ ƨǼƴǴǳơ ǲǸǠƫȁ Ï-Ï-Ð-Î-Î
ǞƳơǂƫ ǹƗ ȄƻȂƬȇ ȏȁ .ƨȈǼǬƬǳơ ǲƟƢǈŭơ ǆȈǳȁ ƨȈƴȈƫơǂƬǇȏơ ǲƟƢǈŭơ Ǻǟ ƨǳȁƚǈǷ ƨǼƴǴǳơȁ .śǳƢĐơ Ǻȇǀǿ Ǻǟ ƨǳȁƚǈŭơ ǵȋơ ƨǼƴǴǳơ ǥơǂǋƛ
:Ȇǿ ƨȈǈȈƟǂǳơ ƢȀǨƟƢǛȁ ǹƜǧ ǾȈǴǟȁ .ǹƢƬȈǟǂǨǳơ ǹƢƬǼƴǴǳơ Ƣǿǁƾǐƫ Ŗǳơ ƨȈǼǬƬǳơ ƩƢȈǏȂƬǳơ ƭĈƾºŢ ȁƗ ǂºĈȈǤƫ ȁƗ ƨǼƴǴǳơ
ƨƷƢƬŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ƔȂǓ Ŀ śƬȈǟǂǨǳơ śƬǼƴǴǳơ ǲǸǟ ƲǷơǂƥ ƽƢǸƬǟơ ( Ɨ)
ǭǂƬǌºŭơ ǵƢºǸƬǿȏơ Ʃơƿ ƩȏƢºĐơ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠǳơ ƨǇƢȈǈǳơ ƩƢȀƳȂƫȁ ƨºȈƴȈƫơǂƬǇȏơ ƩƢºȀƳȂƬǳơ ǪȈǈǼƫ (ƣ)
ƨǴƻơƾƬŭơ ƩȏƢĐơȁ
ńƛ ƩƢȈǏȂƬǳơ ǽǀǿ ƨǳƢƷȍ ƨǷǃȐǳơ ƨȈǳȉơ ŚǧȂƫȁ śƬȈǟǂǨǳơ śƬǼƴǴǳơ ƩƢȈǏȂƫ ȄǴǟ ƨȈũǂǳơ ƨǬǧơȂŭơ ƔƢǘǟƛ (Ʊ)
ȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǆǴĐơ
.ǲǸǠǳơ ƨǇȐǇ śǷƘƬǳ śƬȈǟǂǨǳơ śƬǼƴǴǳơ ǲǸǟ ǪȈǈǼƫȁ ŚǈȈƫ ( ƽ)
10
10
ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƨǬȈƯȁ Ñ-Î-Î

ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǢȈǴƦƬǳ ƨǬǈǼŭơ ǂǏƢǼǠǳơȁ ǦȈǼǐƬǴǳ ƨǬǈǼŭơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ǺǸǔƬƫ Ȇǿȁ .ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƨǬȈƯȂǳơ ǽǀǿ Ǧǐƫ Î-Ñ-Î-Î
ǵƢǜǼǳơȁ .ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǀȈǨǼƫ ƩơȁƽƗ ǂȇȂǘƫ Ŀ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơȁ ǹơƾǴƦǳơ ƧƾǟƢǈŭ ƩƢȀȈƳȂƫ ƨǬȈƯȂǳơ Ŀ ƽǂƫ Ǯǳƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ .ƧǁȂǘŬơ
ƢºȀƟƢǬƥ ǞǷ ƨǈǻƢƴƬǷ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ǦȈǼǐƬǴǳ ƨȈǼǗȂǳơ ƩƢǇƢȈǈǳơ ǞǓȁ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǲǸǟ ƤȈǳƢǇƗ ƶȈƬƫȁ .ļơƿ ǦȈǼǐƫ ƔơǂƳƛ ǺǷ śǰǸƬǴǳ ǶǸċ ǐ ă ǷĄ
ǵƾƼƬǈǸǴǳ ơƆǂǈȈǷ ƢƆƴĔ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǂǧȂȇ ǹƗ ȄƻȂƬȇ Ǯǳƿ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧȁ .ƢǿƙƢǨȈƬǇơ ǵǄǴȇ ƾǫ ƨǏƢƻ ƩƢǗơǂƬǋơ ȅƗ ƣƢǠȈƬǇȏ ȆǨǰȇ ƢŠ ƨǻǂǷ
.ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ ǲǴǬȇȁ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƿƢǨǻƛ Ǻǟ ƨǳȁƚǈŭơ ƩƢƠȈŮơ ǲǸǟ ǲĈȀǈȇ ǹƗȁ
ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨȈǼǬƬǳơ ƧƾǟƢǈǸǴǳ ƩơȁƽƗ ǂǧƐȂƫ ǹƗ ǞǫȂƬȇĄ ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǦǏȂǳ Ņȁȋơ ǅƢǇȋơ ƨǬȈƯȂǳơ ǽǀǿ ǂǧƐȂƫĄ ƢǸǼȈƥȁ Ï-Ñ-Î-Î
.ǽǄȇǄǠƫȁ ǀȈǨǼƬǳơ Ŀ ƧƾǟƢǈŭơ
11
11
Ï-Î ǲǐǨǳơ
ƩơǂǐƬűȁ ǦȇǁƢǠƫ
:ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ Ǒơǂǣȋ
ƨǳƾǠŭơ ǾƬǤȈǐƥ "ƨȇŐǳơ ǩǂǘǳƢƥ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦǴǳ Ņȁƾǳơ ǲǬǼǳƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ" :ADR
ƢȀǴǐǧ ǲȀǈǳơ ǺǷ ǲǠš ȏ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƧƾƸƬǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ ǺȇǂǐǼǟ ǺǷ ǹȂǰƬƫ ňƢȈǠǳơ ȃȂƬǈŭơ ȄǴǟ ƨǈǻƢƴƬǷ ƨȇǄǴǧ ƧƽƢǷ :ƨǰȈƦǈǳơ - Alloy
ǖȈǳƢƼǸǯ ǮƟƢƦǈǳơ ǲǷƢǠƫ ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ Ǒơǂǣȋȁ .ƢƆȈǰȈǻƢǰȈǷ
ǺǷ ƧƆ ǂǋƢƦǷ ȆǴǨǈǳơ ȆǈǨǼƬǳơ ǃƢȀŪơȁ ƨȈƟơȂŮơ ƨƦǐǬǳơ Ŀ ƨƦǴǏ ȁƗ ƨǴƟƢǇ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǯ ƧƽƢǷ ǱȂƻƽ :ȆǈǨǼƬǳơ ǃƢȀŪơ Ŀ ǖǨǌǳơ - Aspiration
ƔȆǬǳơ ǺǷ ƧǂǋƢƦǷ Śǣ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ȁƗ ȆǨǻȋơ ȁƗ ȆǸǨǳơ ǦȇȂƴƬǳơ ǱȐƻ
"ƽơȂŭơȁ ǁƢƦƬƻȐǳ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ" :ASTM
"ȆƟƢȈƷȋơ ǄȈǯǂƬǳơ ǲǷƢǟ" :BCF
"śƴǈǯȋơ ǺǷ ȆƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƤǴǘǳơ/śƴǈǯȋơ ǺǷ ȅȂȈūơ ȆƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƤǴǘǳơ" :BOD/COD
"ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴǈǳơ" :CA
ǾƯȁƾƷ ƾȇǄȇ ȁƗ ǹƢǗǂǈǳơ ƭƾĉ ƸȇĄ ǕȂǴű ȁƗ ƧƽƢǷ :ǺǗǂǈǷ - Carcinogen
"ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƩƢǐǴƼƬǈŭơ ƧǂƟơƽ" :CAS
"ƨȇǂǇ ƨȇǁƢš ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ" :CBI
Ƕºǜǻ ǞºǷ ǪǨƬȇ ƢƆũơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ȃǿȁ .ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǯ ƧƽƢǷ ǦȇǂǠƫ ȅǂǐƷ ǲǰǌƥ śǠȇ ǶǇơ :ȆƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ǶǇȏơ - Chemical identity
ƆƢȈǼǬƫ ƢƆũơ ȁƗ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƩƢǐǴƼƬǈŭơ ƧǂƟơƽ ȁƗ ƨȈǬȈƦǘƬǳơȁ ƨƬƸƦǳơ ƔƢȈǸȈǰǴǳ Ņȁƾǳơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƢȀǠǓȁ Ŗǳơ ƨȈǸǈƬǳơ
Ɔ ǟƢǨƫ ǲǟƢǨƬȇ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǁƽƢǫ ƣȂŮ ǃƢǣ :ƢƆȈƟƢȈǸȈǯ ǂǬƬǈǷ Śǣ ǃƢǣ - Chemically
ȁƗ ƔơȂºŮơ ƣƢºȈǣ Ŀ ŕºƷ ơƆǂƴǨƬǷ Ȑ unstable gas
śƴǈǯȁȋơ
ǵƢǜǼǳƢƥ ǲǐƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨǨǐǳơ ǽǀđ ǂƻƕ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ Ƣđ ǥǂƬǠǷ ȁƗ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨȈǼǗȁ ƨƠȈǿ ȁƗ ƨǘǴǇ ƨȇƗ :ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴǈǳơ - Competent authority
ƢȀũȁȁ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǦȈǼǐƬǳ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ
ƩơǃƢǤǳơ ǞȈŦ Ǯǳƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ǅ°ÒÍ - ƧǁơǂƷ ƨƳǁƽ Ŀ ƘƦǠȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƢƆǷƢŤ ƨȇǃƢǤǳơ ƨǳƢūơ Ŀ ȄǬƦȇ ǃƢǣ :ǕȂǤǔǷ ǃƢǣ - Compressed gas
ǅ°ÒÍ - ƨƳǂūơ ƢēǁơǂƷ ƨƳǁƽ ǹȂǰƫ Ŗǳơ
ȆƟƢȈǸȈǯ ǲǟƢǨƫ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƢǿǂǷƾƫ ƢŠǁ ȁƗ ƩơǄǴǨǳơ ǦǴƬƫ ƽơȂǷ ǕȂǴű ȁƗ ƧƽƢǷ :ǄǴǨǴǳ ǱƢƐǯƗ - Corrosive to metal
ȅǀºǳơ ǖǤǔǳơ ƽơǃ ƢǸȀǷ ƢȀǫȂǧ ȁƗ ƢǿƾǼǟ ȆǬǻ ǃƢǣ ƨǳƢǇƛ ǺǰŻ ȏ Ŗǳơ Ƨǁơǂūơ ƨƳǁƽ :ƨƳǂūơ Ƨǁơǂūơ ƨƳǁƽ - Critical temperature
Ǿǳ Ǟǔź
13
13
"skin corrosion" ǂǜǻơ :Dermal corrosion

"skin irritation" ǂǜǻơ :Dermal irritation
ǖǤǓ ƪŢ ǾƬƠƦǠƫ ƾǼǟ ǲƟƢǇ ƤȇǀǷ Ŀ ƤƟơǀǳơ ǁȂǘǳơ Ŀ ǹȂǰȇ ǃƢǣ :ƣơǀǷ ǃƢǣ - Dissolved gas
(ƧƽƢǟ ƔơȂǿ) ǃƢǣ Ŀ ǪǴǠǷ ǕȂǴű ȁƗ ƧƽƢǷ ǺǷ ƨƦǴǏ ƩƢǸȈǈƳ :ǁƢƦǣ - Dust
ȃȂǐǬǳơ ƨƥƢƴƬǇȏơ ǺǷ ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ ÒÍ ƤƦǈȇ ȅǀǳơ ƢǷ ƧƽƢŭ ǱƢǠǨǳơ ǄȈǯǂƬǳơ :(ȆǨǐǼǳơ ǱƢǠǨǳơ ǄȈǯǂƬǳơ) 50 ǥ Ʃ - EC50
ƽơȂºŭơ ƢȀǼǷ ƢǸȈǇ ȏȁ ƧǂǘŬơ ƽơȂŭơ ǦȇǂǠƬǳ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǾǷƾƼƬǈȇ ȆǠƳǂǷ Ƕǫǁ :ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ Ƕǫǁ (ECN) - ȁƗ EC number
EINECS ƧǁƢƴƬǳơ Ŀ ƨǳȁơƾƬŭơ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂǸǴǳ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƽǂŪơ ƨǸƟƢǫ Ŀ ƨǴƴǈŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋƢƥ ȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǆǴĐơ :ECOSOC
"ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ ǅ ǢǴƦƫ ƨƥƢƴƬǇơ ƨƦǈǼƥ ǖƦƫǂǷ ǄȈǯǂƫ" :ECx
"ƢƆȈǳƢƷ ƧƽȂƳȂŭơ ƨȇǁƢƴƬǳơ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂǸǴǳ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƽǂŪơ ƨǸƟƢǫ" :EINECS
ȂǸǼǳơ ǱƾǠǷ ǒǨƻ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ȆǨǐǼǳơ ǱƢǠǨǳơ ǄȈǯǂƬǳơ :50ǹ ǥ Ʃ - ErC50
"ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ" :EU
ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ ƧǂƴǨƬǷ ƧƽƢǷ ȅȂƬŢ ƨǠǴǇ :ƧǂƴǨƬǷ ƨǠǴǇ - Explosive article
ƨƳǁƽ Ŀ ơƆǃƢǣ ȆƟƢȈǸȈǯ ǲǟƢǨƬǳ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƨȈƟƢǬǴƫ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƲƬǼƫ (ƽơȂǷ ǕȂǴű ȁƗ) ƨǴƟƢǇ ȁƗ ƨƦǴǏ ƧƽƢǷ :ƧǂƴǨƬǷ ƧƽƢǷ - Explosive substance
ƩơǃƢǣ ƢȀǼǷ ƮǠƦǼƫ Ń ơƿƛ ŕƷ ƨȇǁƢǼǳơ ƣƢǠǳȋơ ƽơȂǷ ƶǴǘǐŭơ ǲǸǌȇȁ .ƨǘȈƄơ ƨƠȈƦǴǳ ơƆǁǂǓ ƤƦǈƫ ƨǟǂǇȁ ǖǤǓȁ ƧǁơǂƷ
ƢƆǷƢŤ ƩơŚǤƬǳơ ǽǀǿ ǱȁǄƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ȆǴƻơƾǳơ ƢȀƸǘǇ ȄǴǟ ǁƢƦƬƻơ ƧƽƢǷ ǞǓȁ ƾǼǟ śǠǳơ Ŀ ƩơŚǤƫ ƭȁƾƷ :śǠǳơ ƲȈē - Eye irritation
ƧƽƢŭơ ǞǓȁ ǺǷ ƢƆǷȂȇ ÏÎ ǺǷ ǲǫƗ ǱȐƻ
ǖǤºǓȁ ǅ°ÏÍ ƨºƳǁƽ ƾºǼǟ ƔơȂºŮơ ǞºǷ ǾǗȐƬƻơ ƾǼǟ ǱƢǠƬǋơ ǩƢǘǻ Ǿǳ ǃƢǣ :(ǱƢǠƬǋȐǳ ǲƥƢǫ) ƣȂŮ ǃƢǣ - Flammable gas
ǱƢǰǇƢƥȂǴȈǯ ÎÍÎ,Ð ȅǁƢȈǠǷ
ǅ°ÖÐ ȄǴǟ ƾȇǄƫ ȏ ǒȈǷȁ ƨǘǬǻ Ǿǳ ǲƟƢǇ :(ǱƢǠƬǋȐǳ ǲƥƢǫ) ƣȂŮ ǲƟƢǇ - Flammable liquid
ƨºƴȈƬǻ ǾºȈǧ ǶȀǈºƫ ȁƗ Ǫȇǂūơ ƤƦǈƫ ƾǫ ȁƗ ƨǳȂȀǈƥ ǩơǂƬƷȐǳ ƨǴƥƢǫ ƨƦǴǏ ƧƽƢǷ :ǱƢǠƬǋȐǳ ƨǴƥƢǫ ƨƦǴǏ ƧƽƢǷ - Flammable Solid
ǭƢǰƬƷȐǳ
ƧǂºşƗ ƢǿƾǼǟ ǲǠƬǌƫ (ǱƢǰǇƢƥȂǴȈǯ ÎÍÎ,Ð ǽǁơƾǬǷ ȅǁƢȈǠǷ ǖǤǔǳ ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨǳƾǠǷ) ƧǁơǂƷ ƨƳǁƽ ŇƽƗ :ǱƢǠƬǋȏơ ƨǘǬǻ - Flash point
ƧƽƾŰ ǁƢƦƬƻơ ǥȁǂǛ Ŀ ǱƢǠǋƛ ǁƾǐŭ ƢȀǔȇǂǠƫ ƾǼǟ ƢǷ ǲƟƢǇ
"ƨǟơǁǄǳơȁ ƨȇǀǣȌǳ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨǸǜǼǷ" :ȁƢǨǳơ - FAO
ƢƆººǷƢŤ ƨȇǃƢǣ ƨǳƢƷ Ŀ ǹȂǰƫ ‘Ï‘ ȁƗ (ǪǴǘǷ) ǱƢǰǇƢƥȂǴȈǯ ÐÍÍ ȄǴǟ ǅ°ÒÍ ƾǼǟ ȅǁƢƼƦǳơ ƢȀǘǤǓ ƾȇǄȇ ‘Î‘ ƧƽƢǷ :ǃƢǣ - Gas
ǱƢǰǇƢƥȂǴȈǯ ÎÍÎ,Ð ȅǁƢȈǠǷ ǖǤǓȁ ǅ°ÏÍ ƾǼǟ
14
14
ƨǟơǁǄǳơȁ ƨȇǀǣȋơ ƨǸǜǼǷ/ƨȈǳȁƾǳơ ƨȇǂƸƦǳơ ƨǸǜǼǸǴǳ ǞƥƢƬǳơ ƨȇǂƸƦǳơ ƨƠȈƦǳơ ƨȇƢǸū ƨȈǸǴǠǳơ ƤǻơȂŪƢƥ řǠŭơ ǭǂƬǌŭơ ƔơŐŬơ Ǫȇǂǧ" :GESAMP
ƨºȈǳȁƾǳơ ƨǳƢǯȂǳơ/ƨȈŭƢǠǳơ ƨƸǐǳơ ƨǸǜǼǷ/ƨȇȂŪơ ƽƢǏǁȌǳ ƨȈŭƢǠǳơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ/(ȂǰǈǻȂȈǳơ) ƨǧƢǬưǳơȁ ǶǴǠǳơȁ ƨȈƥǂƬǴǳ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨǸǜǼǷ/(ȁƢǨǳơ)
"ƨƠȈƦǴǳ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ/ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ/ƨȇǁǀǳơ ƨǫƢǘǴǳ
"ƢȀũȁȁ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǦȈǼǐƬǳ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ Ǫǈ
Ĉ Ǽŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ" :GHS
Ƕǔƫȁ ƧǁȂǘƻ ƩƢƠǧ ǆŨ ƧƽƢūơ ƨȇȂǸǨǳơ ƨȈǸǈǳơ Ƕǔƫ :ǱƢưǷ ƧǁȂǘƻ ƨƦƫǁ ǲǯ ǲƻơƽ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ƨƦǠǋ :ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƨƠǧ - Hazard category
ƩƢºƠǧ ƨǻǁƢǬŭ ǀƼƬƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ȏȁ ƢȀǼȈǠƥ ƧǁȂǘƻ ƨƦƫǁ ǲƻơƽ ƧǁȂǘŬơ Ƨƾǋ ƩƢƠǨǳơ ǽǀǿ ǹǁƢǬƫȁ ƧǁȂǘƻ ƩƢƠǧ ǞƥǁƗ ƨƥȂȀǴǳơ ǲƟơȂǈǳơ
ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ǁƢǘƻȋơ
ƨºȈũ ƨǼǗǂǈǷ ƧƽƢǷ ǱƢǠƬǋȐǳ ƨǴƥƢǫ ƨƦǴǏ ƧƽƢǷ :ǱƢưǷ ƨȈƠȈƦǳơ ȁƗ ƨȈƸǐǳơ ȁƗ ƨȇƽƢŭơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƨǠȈƦǗ :ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƨƦƫǁ - Hazard class
ƧƽƢƷ ƨȇȂǸǧ
Ǯºǳƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƧǂǘŬơ ƧƽƢŭơ ƧǁȂǘƻ ƨǠȈƦǗ Ǧǐȇȁ ƢǷ ƧǁȂǘƻ ƨƠǧ ȁƗ ƧǁȂǘƻ ƨƦƫǂǳ ƽƾŰ ǹƢȈƥ :ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǹƢȈƥ - Hazard statement
ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƨƳǁƽ ƔƢǔƬǫȏơ ƤǈƷ
"ƨȇǁǀǳơ ƨǫƢǘǴǳ ƨȈǳȁƾǳơ ƨǳƢǯȂǳơ" :IAEA
"ǹƢǗǂǈǳơ ƭȂƸƦǳ ƨȈǳȁƾǳơ ƨǳƢǯȂǳơ" :IARC
"ƨȈǳȁƾǳơ ǲǸǠǳơ ƨǸǜǼǷ" :ILO
"ƨȈǳȁƾǳơ ƨȇǂƸƦǳơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ" :IMO
ǖǤǔºǳơ ƢǿƾºǼǟ ȅǁƢƼƦǳơ ǾǘǤǓ ȅȁƢǈȇ Ŗǳơ ǲƟƢǈǳơ ƧǁơǂƷ ƨƳǁƽȁ ǹƢȈǴǤǳơ Ɣƾƥ ƨƳǁƽ :ǹƢȈǴǤǳơ Ɣƾƥ ƨƳǁƽ - Initial boiling point
ƨȇǃƢǣ ƩƢǟƢǬǧ ǱȁƗ ƢȀȈǧ ǂȀǜƫ Ŗǳơ ȅƗ (ǱƢǰǇƢƥȂǴȈǯ ÎÍÎ,Ð) ȅǁƢȈǠŭơ
"ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂǸǴǳ ƨǸȈǴǈǳơ ƧǁơƽȎǳ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ śƥ ǭǂƬǌŭơ ƲǷƢǻŐǳơ" :IOMC
"ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ƨǷȐǈǳ Ņȁƾǳơ ƲǷƢǻŐǳơ" :IPCS
"ȆǇƢȈǬǳơ ƾȈƷȂƬǴǳ ƨȈǳȁƾǳơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ" :ȁǄȇƗ - ISO
"ƔƢȇǄȈǧȂȈŪơȁ ƢȈǈȇƽȂȈƴǴǳ Ņȁƾǳơ ƽƢŢȏơ" :IUPAC

ƨǴºǏ Ʃơƿ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ǁƢƬţ ǂǘƻ ƲăƬǼŠ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨǷȂǇǂǷ ȁƗ ƨǟȂƦǘǷ ȁƗ ƨƥȂƬǰǷ ƨƦǇƢǼǷ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǂǏƢǼǟ ƨǟȂǸů :ǶǇȁ ƨǫƢǘƥ - Label
ƨºȈƳǁƢŬơ ƧȂƦǠǳơ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ ǂǘŬơ ƲăƬǼŭơ ȅȂƬŹ ȅǀǳơ ƔƢǟȂǳơ Ʃơƿ ȄǴǟ ǪǴǠƫ ȁƗ ǞƦǘƫ ȁƗ ǪǐǴƫ (ƨǧƾȀƬǈǷ ƩƢǟƢǘǬƥ) ǥƾȀƬǈǷ ǝƢǘǬƥ
ǂǘŬơ ƲăƬǼǸǴǳ
ǾȈƦǼƬǳơ ƨǸǴǯ ƨȈǘȈǘţ ƧǁȂǏ :ǱƢưǷ ǶǇȁ ƨǫƢǘƦǯ ǵơƾƼƬǇȐǳ ƪǬǈǻ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ :ǶǇȁ ǂǐǼǟ - Label element
Ǧǐºǻ ǲƬǫ ƤƦǈȇ ƔƢŭơ Ŀ ȁƗ ƔơȂŮơ Ŀ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǯ ƧƽƢǷ ǄȈǯǂƫ :(ȆǨǐǼǳơ ǲƫƢǬǳơ ǄȈǯǂƬǳơ) 50ǩ Ʃ - LC50 (50% lethal concentration)
ǁƢƦƬƻȏơ ƩƢǻơȂȈƷ ƨǟȂǸů ƽơǂǧƗ
ƨºǟȂǸů ƽơǂºǧƗ ƽƾºǟ Ǧǐǻ ǲƬǫ ƧƾƷơȁ ƨǠǧƽ ƢȀƟƢǘǟƛ ƾǼǟ ƤƦǈƫ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǯ ƧƽƢǷ ƨȈǸǯ:(ƨȈǨǐǼǳơ ƨǴƫƢǬǳơ ƨǟǂŪơ) 50 ǩ Ʊ - LD50
ǁƢƦƬƻȏơ ƩƢǻơȂȈƷ
15
15
EC50 ȁƗ LC50 :L(E)C5O

ȆǤƦǼȇȁ .ǅ°ÒÍ- ǺǷ ȄǴǟƗ ƧǁơǂƷ ƨƳǁƽ Ŀ ǖǤǓ ƪŢ ǾƬƠƦǠƫ ƾǼǟ ƢƆȈƟǄƳ ǲƟƢǇ ǲǰǋ Ŀ ǹȂǰȇ ǃƢǣ :ǲºĈȈǈǷ ǃƢǣ - Liquefied gas
:śƥ ǄȈȈǸƬǳơ
ǅ°ÓÒ+ȁ ǅ°ÒÍ- śƥ ƨƳǂūơ ǾƫǁơǂƷ ƨƳǁƽ ǞǬƫ ǃƢǣ :ǱƢǟ ǖǤǓ ƪŢ ǲĈȈǈǷ ǃƢǣ 'Î'
ǅ°ÓÒ+ ǩȂǧ ƨƳǂūơ ǾƫǁơǂƷ ƨƳǁƽ ǞǬƫ ǃƢǣ :ǒǨƼǼǷ ǖǤǓ ƪŢ ǲĈȈǈǷ ǃƢǣ ' Ï'
ƨºȇǃƢǣ ǹȂºǰƫ ȏȁ (ǁƢƥ Ð) ǱƢǰǇƢƥȂǴȈǯ ÐÍÍ ȄǴǟ ǅ°ÒÍ ƾǼǟ ȅǁƢƼƦǳơ ƢȀǘǤǓ ƾȇǄȇ ȏ ƽơȂǷ ǕȂǴű ȁƗ ƧƽƢǷ :ǲƟƢǇ - Liquid
ǲǫƗ ȁƗ ǅ°ÏÍ ƢǿǁƢȀǐǻơ Ɣƾƥ ƨƳǁƽ ȁƗ ƢǿǁƢȀǐǻơ ƨƳǁƽ ǹȂǰƫȁ ǱƢǰǇƢƥȂǴȈǯ ÎÍÎ,Ð ȅǁƢȈǠǷ ǖǤǓȁ ǅ°ÏÍ ƨƳǁƽ ƾǼǟ ǲǷƢǰǳƢƥ
ƨȈǟȂǼǳơ ƢǿǁƢȀǐǻơ ƨƳǁƽ śǠƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ȏ Ŗǳơ ƨƳǄǴǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǕȂǴű ȁƗ ƨƳǄǴǳơ ƧƽƢŭơ Ǟǔţȁ .ǱƢǰǇƢƥȂǴȈǯ ÎÍÎ,Ð ȅǁƢȈǠǷ ǖǤǓ ƾǼǟ
Ñ-Ð-Ï Ŀ śƦŭơ (ǩơǂƬƻȏơ ǅƢȈǬǷ ǁƢƦƬƻơ) ƨǳȂȈǈǳơ śȈǠƫ ǁƢƦƬƻȏ ȁƗ ASTM D 4359-90 ƽơȂŭơȁ ǁƢƦƬƻȐǳ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ ǁƢƦƬƻȏ
ƨȇŐǳơ ǩǂǘǳƢƥ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦǴǳ Ņȁƾǳơ ǲǬǼǳƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ǩƢǨƫȏƢƥ ǦǳƗ Ǫǧǂŭơ ǺǷ
"ǺǨǈǳơ ǺǷ ƭȂǴƬǳơ ǞǼŭ ƨȈǳȁƾǳơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ" :MARPOL
(ƧƽƢǟ ƔơȂǿ) ǃƢǣ Ŀ ƨǬǴǠǷ ǲƟƢǇ ǕȂǴű ȁƗ ƨǴƟƢǇ ƧƽƢǷ ǺǷ ƩơŚǘǫ :ƿơƿǁ - Mist
ǾȈǧ ǾƫƢǻȂǰǷ ǲǟƢǨƬƫ ȏ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ śƫƽƢǷ ǺǷ ǹȂǰǷ ǱȂǴŰ ȁƗ ǕȂǴű :ǕȂǴű - Mixture
ȁƗ/ȁ ƨºƸǬǼŭơ ǾƬǤȈǐƥ ƔơȂǇ ǹȁǃȁȋơ ƨǬƦǘǳ ƧƾǨǼƬǈŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ǹƘǌƥ ǱƢȇǂƬǻȂǷ ǱȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ :ǱƢȇǂƬǻȂǷ ǱȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ - Montreal Protocol
ǱȂǯȂƫȁŐǳơ Ŀ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǲƦǫ ǺǷ ƨǳƾǠŭơ
ƨȇȂǔǠǳơ ƩƢǼƟƢǰǳơ ȁƗ/ȁ ƢȇȐŬơ ƩƢǟȂǸů Ŀ ƩơǂǨǗ ƭȁƾƷ ƧƽƢȇǃ ńƛ ȅƽƚȇ ǲǷƢǟ :ǂƐǨǘǷ - Mutagen
ƢǷ ƨȈǴƻ Ŀ ƨȈƯơǁȂǳơ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤȈǯǂƫȁ ƨȈǸǯ Ŀ ŉƾƬǈǷ ǂĈȈǤƫ :ƧǂǨƒ ǗƊ - Mutation
"ƨȈǷȂǰƷ Śǣ ƨǸǜǼǷ" :NGO
ƤƦǈȇ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ƢƆȈƟƢǐƷƛ Ǳơƽ ǁƢƦƬƻơ Ŀ ǄȈǯǂƫ ŇƽƗ Ǻǟ ƧǂǋƢƦǷ ǲǬȇ ǁƢƦƬƻơ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼǳơ ǄȈǯǂƬǳơ :ǙȂƸǴǷ ŚƯƘƫ ǹȁƾƥ ǄȈǯǂƫ - NOEC
ƨǘƥƢǔǳơ ƨǟȂǸĐƢƥ ƨǻǁƢǬǷ ƢƆȈƟƢǐƷƛ ƨǳơƽ ƨƳǁƾƥ ƨȈƦǴǇ ǁơǂǓƗ Ǿǳ ǆȈǳ ǙȂƸǴǷ ŚƯƘƫ ǹȁƾƥ ǄȈǯǂƬǳơȁ .ƨȈƦǴǇ ơƆǁơǂǓƗ
"ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹơƾȈŭơ Ŀ ƨȈǸǼƬǳơȁ ǹȁƢǠƬǳơ ƨǸǜǼǷ" :OECD
-Ɨ-Ɨ- ƚǧƢǰƬǳơ ƨȈƟƢǼƯ śƴǈǯƗ ƨǘƥơǁ ȃȂƬŢ ƨƦǴǏ ȁƗ ƨǴƟƢǇ ƨȇȂǔǟ ƧƽƢǷ :ȅȂǔǟ (ƾȈǈǯȁŚƥ) ȆǫȂǧ ƾȈǈǯƗ - Organic peroxide
ƶǴǘǐºŭơ ǲǸǌȇȁ .śƳȁǁƾǿ ļǁƿ ȁƗ Ƨǁǀƥ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ ȅȂǔǟ Ǫǋ ǾȈǧ ǱƾƦƬǇơ śƳȁǁƾǿ ƾȈǈǯƗ ǩȂǧ ƩƢǬƬǌǷ ƾƷƗ ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟơ ǺǰŻȁ
ƨȇȂǔǠǳơ ƨȈǫȂǨǳơ ƾȈǇƢǯȋơ (ǖȈǳƢű) ƩƢƦȈǯǂƫ ƢƆǔȇƗ
ƧƽƢǟ śƴǈǯȋơ ŚǧȂƬƥ ƔơȂŮơ ǲǠǨȇ ƢŲ ǂưǯƗ ȃǂƻƗ ƧƽƢǷ ǩơǂƬƷơ Ŀ ǶȀǈȇ ȁƗ ƤƦǈȇ ƾǫ ǃƢǣ ȅƗ :ƾÊǈǯƚǷ ǃƢǣ - Oxidizing gas
Ƨǁƾǫ Ʃơƿ ƨȈǬǻ ƩơǃƢǣ ǖȈǳƢű ȁƗ ƩơǃƢǣ :"ƔơȂŮơ ǲǠǨȇ ƢŲ ǂưǯƗ ȃǂƻƗ ƧƽƢǷ ǩơǂƬƷơ Ŀ ǶȀǈƫ ȁƗ ƤƦǈƫ ƩơǃƢǣ" :ƨǜƷȐǷ
.ISO 10156:2010 Ŀ ƨǧȂǏȂŭơ ƨǬȇǂǘǳơ Ŀ ƽƾŰ Ȃǿ ƢǸƦǈƷ ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ ÏÐ,Ò ȄǴǟ ƾȇǄƫ ƧƾǈǯƗ
Ȃºǿ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ƢǸǼȈƥ ƧƽƢǟ śƴǈǯȋơ ŚǧȂƬƥ ȃǂƻƗ ƧƽƢǷ ǩơǂƬƷơ Ŀ ǶȀǈȇ ȁƗ ƤƦǈȇ ƾǫ ǲƟƢǇ :ƾǈ
Ê ǯƚǷ ǲƟƢǇ - Oxidizing liquid
ƧǁȁǂǔǳƢƥ ƢƆƥȂŮ ǾǈǨǻ
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16
Ȃºǿ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ƢǸǼȈƥ ƧƽƢǟ śƴǈǯȋơ ŚǧȂƬƥ ȃǂƻƗ ƧƽƢǷ ǩơǂƬƷơ Ŀ ǶȀǈȇ ȁƗ ƤƦǈȇ ƾǫ ƤǴǏ :ƾÊǈǯƚǷ ƤǴǏ - Oxidizing Solid
ƧǁȁǂǔǳƢƥ ƢƆƥȂŮ ǾǈǨǻ
ȃƾºǷ ǲưŤ ǹȂƥǂǯȂǳƢŮơ ǁƽƢǐǷ ǝơȂǻƗ ǺǷ ǝȂǻ ǲǰǳ ƧǄȈŲ ƨǴǷƢǰƬǷ ƨȈǸǯ :ǹȁǃȁȋơ ƽƢǨǼƬǇơ Ʃơǁƾǫ - Ozone Depleting Potential
ǦȇǂǠƬǳơȁ .ÎÎ-ǹȂƥǂǯȁǁȂǴǧȁǁȂǴǰǳƢƥ ƨǻǁƢǬǷ ƨǴƬǰƥ - ƨǴƬǯ ǅƢǇƗ ȄǴǟ ŚǨǇȂƫơǂƬǈǳơ Ŀ ǹȁǃȁȋơ ƨǬƦǗ ƽƢǨǼƬǇơ ȄǴǟ ǹȂƥǂǯȂǳƢŮơ Ƨǁƾǫ
ńƛ śºǠǷ ƤºǯǂǷ ǺǷ ƨǴƬǯ ƩƢƯƢǠƦǻơ Ǻǟ ƨšƢǼǳơ ǹȁǃȁȋơ ŅƢŦȍ ƨǴǷƢǰƬŭơ ƩƢƥơǂǘǓȏơ ƨƦǈǻ Ȃǿ ǹȁǃȁȋơ ƽƢǨǼƬǇơ ƩơǁƾǬǳ Ȇũǂǳơ
ÎÎ-ǹȂƥǂǯȁǁȂǴǧȁǁȂǴǰǳơ ƢȀƯƾŹ ƨǴƯƢŲ ƩƢƯƢǠƦǻơ
"ǕƢǌǼǳơȁ ƤȈǯǂƬǳơ śƥ ƨȈǸǰǳơ ƩƢǫȐǠǳơ" :QSAR
ǢȈǴƦƫ Ƣđ ƾǐǬȇĄ ƨȈǓǁƗ ǹȂǳ ȁƗ ǲǰǋ ȁƗ ǁƢǗƛ ǲưǷ ƨȈǘȈǘţ ǂǏƢǼǟ ǞǷ ơƆǄǷǁ ǺǸǔƬȇ ƾǫ ȆǘȈǘţ ǺȇȂǰƫ :ȆǘȈǘţ ǶǇǁ - Pictogram
ƧƽƾŰ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ
ƲƬǼƫ ƧǁƢǓ ƩơŚƯƘƫ ǞǼǷ ȁƗ ǲȈǴǬƬǳ ƢǿƿƢţƢƥ ȄǏȂȇ Śƥơƾƫ Ǧǐƫ (ȆǘȈǘţ ǶǇǁ ȁƗ/ȁ) ƧǁƢƦǟ :ȅǂȇǀŢ ǹƢȈƥ - Precautionary statement
Ƨǂǘƻ ƧƽƢǷ ƨǳȁƢǼǷ ȁƗ ǺȇǄţ ƔȂǇ ǺǷ ȁƗ Ƨǂǘƻ ƧƽƢŭ ǑǂǠƬǳơ ǺǷ
ǂǧȂȇ Ȃǿȁ .ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ Ŀ ȁƗ ǶǇȁ ƨǫƢǘƥ ȄǴǟ ǂǘƻ ƲƬǼǷ ǦȇǂǠƬǳ ǵƾƼƬǈȇ ƽƾǟ ȁƗ ǶǇơ :ƲăƬǼŭơ ǹƢȈƥ - Product identifier
ǲǸǠǳơ ǹƢǰǷ ȁƗ ǮǴȀƬǈŭơ ȁƗ ǲǬǼǳơ ǲưǷ ƽƾŰ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ǩƢȈǇ Ŀ ǕȂǴƼŭơ ȁƗ ƧƽƢŭơ ǦȇǂǠƫ ƲƬǼŭơ ǵƾƼƬǈǷ Ƣđ ǞȈǘƬǈȇ Ƨƾȇǂǧ ƨǴȈǇȁ
ƨǈǷȐǷ ƾǠƥ ǪƟƢǫƽ ǆŨ ǱȐƻ ǾǼǷ ƧŚǤǐǳơ ƩƢȈǸǰǳơ Ŀ ŕƷ ǱƢǠƬǋȐǳ ǲƥƢǫ ǲƟƢǇ :ǱƢǠƬǋȏơ ȆƟƢǬǴƫ ǲƟƢǇ - Pyrophoric liquid
ƔơȂŮơ
ƾǠƥ ǪƟƢǫƽ ǆŨ ǱȐƻ ƢȀǼǷ ƧŚǤǐǳơ ƩƢȈǸǰǳơ Ŀ ŕƷ ǱƢǠƬǋȐǳ ƨǴƥƢǫ ƨƦǴǏ ƧƽƢǷ :ǱƢǠƬǋȏơ ƨȈƟƢǬǴƫ ƨƦǴǏ ƧƽƢǷ - Pyrophoric solid
ƔơȂŮơ ƨǈǷȐǷ
ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ ƨȇǁƢǻ ƧƽƢǷ ȅȂƬŢ ƨǠǴǇ :ƨȇǁƢǻ ƨǠǴǇ - Pyrotechnic article
ȁƗ ǹƢƻƽ ȁƗ ǃƢǣ ƱƢƬǻƛ ȁƗ ļȂǏ ȁƗ ȆƟȂǓ ȁƗ ȅǁơǂƷ ǂƯƗ ƱƢƬǻȍ ƨǸǸǐǷ ƽơȂǷ ǕȂǴű ȁƗ ƧƽƢǷ :ƨȇǁƢǻ ƧƽƢǷ - Pyrotechnic substance
ƧǂƴǨƬǷ Śǣ ǁơǂǸƬǇȏơ ƨȈƫơƿ ƧǁơǂƸǴǳ ƧƽǁƢǗ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǯ ƩȐǟƢǨƬǳ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƩơŚƯƘƬǳơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ƨǟȂǸů
ơƿƛ Ƨǂºǘƻ ǹȂǰƫ ƨºǻȂƴǠǷ ȁƗ ƨȈƦȈƦƷ ȁƗ ƨǫȂƸǈǷ ƽơȂǷ ǕȂǴű ȁƗ ƧƽƢǷ :ǩơǂƬƷȏơ ƨǴȀǇ ƨƦǴǏ ƧƽƢǷ - Readily combustible solid
ƨǟǂǈƥ ǂǌƬǼȇ ƲƫƢǼǳơ ƤȀǴǳơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁ ƣƢǬƯ ƽȂǟ ǲưǷ ǱƢǠǋƛ ǁƾǐǷ ǞǷ Śǐǫ ǆǷȐƬƥ ƨǳȂȀǈƥ ƢŮƢǠǋƛ ǺǰŻ ǹƢǯ
ǶǷȋơ ƢºēǁƾǏƗ ƨƸǬǼǷ ƩƢȈǏȂƫ ǂƻƕ - Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Manual of Tests and Criteria
ƢĔƘǌƥ ƧǁȂǌǼǷ ƩȐȇƾǠƫ ȅƗȁ ŚȇƢǠŭơȁ ƩơǁƢƦƬƻȏơ ǲȈǳƽ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦǳơ ǲǬǻ ǹƘǌƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩƢȈǏȂƫ :ǹơȂǼǠƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ
:ǹơȂºǼǠƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǁȂǌǼŭ ƨƸǬǼǷ ƨǠƦǗ ǂƻƕ -Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Model Regulations
ƢĔƘǌƥ ƧǁȂǌǼǷ ƩȐȇƾǠƫ ȅƗȁ ƨȈƳƿȂŶ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƫ ƨƸƟȏ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦǳơ ǲǬǻ ǹƘǌƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩƢȈǏȂƫ
ǾƫǁơǂƷ ƨƳǁƽ ǑƢǨŵơ ƤƦǈƥ ǾƬƠƦǠƫ ƾǼǟ ƢƆȈƟǄƳ ǲĈȈǈȇĄ ǃƢǣ :ƽŐǷ ǲºĈȈǈǷ ǃƢǣ - Refrigerated liquefied gas
ƧƽƢŭơ ǩƢǌǼƬǇơ ƾǠƥ ƨȈǈǨǼƬǳơ ǮǳƢǈŭơ Ŀ ƨȈǇƢǈƷ Ǖǂǧ ƤƦǈƫ ƧƽƢǷ :ȆǈǨǼƬǳơ ǃƢȀƴǴǳ ƨǈďǈŰ ƧƽƢǷ - Respiratory sensitizer
Ņȁƾºǳơ ǲºǬǼǳơ ƾǬǠǳ ƧƾƷȂŭơ ƾǟơȂǬǳơ) ƔƢƥ ǲȈȇǀƬǳƢƥ Î Ǫǧǂŭơ] ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰǈǳƢƥ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦǴǳ Ņȁƾǳơ ǲǬǼǳƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨƸƟȐǳơ :RID
ƨǳƾǠŭơ ƢȀƬǤȈǐƥ [(ǦȈƫȂǯ ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰǈǳƢƥ Ņȁƾǳơ ǲǬǼǳƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ) (ƨȇƾȇƾūơ ǮǰǈǳƢƥ ǞƟƢǔƦǴǳ
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17
"ǕƢǌǼǳƢƥ ƤȈǯǂƬǳơ ƨǫȐǟ" :SAR

"ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ" :SDS
ƢǿƾǼǟ ƭƾŹ ƾǫ ƧǁơǂƷ ƨƳǁƽ ŇƽƗ :ǝǁƢǈƬǳơ ļơǀǳơ ǲǴƸƬǳơ ƧǁơǂƷ ƨƳǁƽ - Self-accelerating Decomposition Temperature (SADT)
ƧƘƦǠǷ ƧƽƢŭ ǝǁƢǈƬǳơ ļơƿ ǲǴŢ
ǲǟƢǨƬǳƢƥ ļơǀǳơ śƼǈƬǴǳ ƨǴƥƢǫ ǱƢǠƬǋȏơ ƨȈƟƢǬǴƬǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǥȐş ƨǴƟƢǇ ȁƗ ƨƦǴǏ ƧƽƢǷ :śƼǈƬǳơ ƨȈƫơƿ ƧƽƢǷ - Self-heating substance
(ƩƢǷơǂǣȂǴȈǯ) ƧŚƦǯ ƩƢȈǸǰƥ ȏƛ ǲǠƬǌƫ ȏ ƢĔƗ Ŀ ǱƢǠƬǋȏơ ƨȈƟƢǬǴƬǳơ ƧƽƢŭơ Ǻǟ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǦǴƬţȁ ƨǫƢǘǳƢƥ ƢǿƽơƾǷƛ ǹȁƾƥȁ ƔơȂŮơ ǞǷ
(ǵƢȇƗ ȁƗ ƩƢǟƢǇ) ƨǴȇȂǗ ƨȈǼǷǃ ƩơǂƬǧ ǁȁǂǷ ƾǠƥȁ
ǹȁƾƥ ŕƷ ƧȂǬƥ ƧǁơǂƸǴǳ ƽǁƢǗ ǲǴƸƬǳ ƨǓǂǠǷ ƆƢȇǁơǂƷ ƧǂǬƬǈǷ Śǣ ƨǴƟƢǇ ȁƗ ƨƦǴǏ ƧƽƢǷ :ǲǟƢǨƬǳơ ƨȈƫơƿ ƧƽƢǷ - Self-reactive substance
ƨȈǫȂǧ ƾȈǇƢǯƗ ȁƗ ƩơǂƴǨƬǸǯ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨǨǼǐŭơ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơ ȁƗ ƽơȂŭơ ǦȇǂǠƬǳơ ơǀǿ ǲǸǌȇ ȏȁ .(ƔơȂǿ) śƴǈǯƗ ƽȂƳȁ
ƧƾÊǈǯƚǷ ƽơȂǷ ȁƗ ƨȇȂǔǟ
ƶǘǈǳơ ȄǴǟ ǁƢƦƬƻơ ƧƽƢǷ ǞǓȂǳ ƨƴȈƬǻ ǂǜǼǴǳ ƾȇƾǋ ǁǂǓ ȁƗ śǠǳơ ƨƴǈǻƗ Ŀ ǦǴƫ ƭȁƾƷ :śǠǴǳ ƾȇƾǋ ǦǴƫ - Serious eye damage
ƧƽƢŭơ ǞǓȁ ƾǠƥ ƢƆǷȂȇ ÏÎ ǹȂǔǣ Ŀ ǲǷƢǰǳƢƥ ǱȁǄȇ ȏ śǠǴǳ ȆǴƻơƾǳơ
ƧǁȂºǘŬơ ńƛ ƝǁƢºǬǳơ ǾƦǼƫȁ ƢǷ ƧǁȂǘƻ Ƨƾǌǳ œǈǼǳơ ȃȂƬǈŭ ǹƢȈƦǳ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ȄǴǟ ƤƬǰƫ ƨǸǴǯ :ǾȈƦǼƬǳơ ƨǸǴǯ - Signal word
ǾȈƦǼƬǴǳ "ǂȇǀŢ"ȁ "ǂǘƻ" ŖǸǴǯ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǵƾƼƬǈȇȁ .ƨǴǸƬƄơ
ƩƢǟƢǇ Ñ ńƛ ǲǐƫ Ƨƾŭ ǾȈǴǟ ǁƢƦƬƻơ ƧƽƢǷ ǞǓȁ ƾǠƥ ǱȁǄȇ ȏ ƾǴƴǴǳ ǦǴƫ ƭȁƾƷ :ȅƾǴƳ ǲǯƘƫ - Skin corrosion
ƩƢǟƢǇ Ñ ńƛ ǲǐƫ Ƨƾŭ ǾȈǴǟ ǁƢƦƬƻơ ƧƽƢǷ ǞǓȁ ƾǠƥ ǱơȁǄǴǳ ǲƥƢǫ ƾǴƴǴǳ ǦǴƫ ƭȁƾƷ :ȅƾǴƳ ƲČȈē - Skin irritation
ƾǴƴǴǳ ƢȀƬǈǷȐǷ ƾǠƥ ƨȈǇƢǈƷ ƨƥƢƴƬǇơ ƤƦǈƫ ƧƽƢǷ :ƾǴƴǴǳ ƨǈĈǈŰ ƧƽƢǷ - Skin sensitizer
ǃƢǤǳơ ȁƗ ǲƟƢǈǳơ ǦȇǂǠƫ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǪƦǘǼȇ ȏ ƽơȂǷ ǕȂǴű ȁƗ ƧƽƢǷ :ƨƦǴǏ ƧƽƢǷ - Solid
ƨȇǁȁǂºǓ ƩƢǧƢǔºǷ ȅƗ Ǯºǳƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƱƢƬǻƛ ƨȈǴǸǟ ȅƘƥ ǹȂǰƬȇ ȁƗ ƨȈǠȈƦǘǳơ ƨǳƢūơ Ŀ ǾƫƢƦǯǂǷȁ ȆƟƢȈǸȈǯ ǂǐǼǟ :ƧƽƢǷ - Substance
ŚƯƘƬǳơ ǹȁƽ ƢȀǴǐǧ ǺǰŻ ƩƢƦȇǀǷ ȅƗ ǲǸǌȇ ȏ ƶǴǘǐŭơ Ǻǰǳȁ ƨǷƾƼƬǈŭơ ƨȈǴǸǠǳơ ǺǷ ƨšƢǻ ƤƟơȂǋ ƨȇƗȁ ƲƬǼŭơ ǁơǂǬƬǇơ ȄǴǟ ƨǜǧƢƸǸǴǳ
ƢȀƦȈǯǂƫ ŚȈǤƫ ȁƗ ƧƽƢŭơ ǁơǂǬƬǇơ Ŀ
ȁƗ ƨƦǴºǏ ƧƽƢǷ :ƔƢŭơ ǞǷ ƢȀǈǷȐƫ ƾǼǟ ƨƥȂŮ ƩơǃƢǣ ǪǴǘƫ ƧƽƢǷ - Substance which, in contact with water, emits flammable gases
Ƨǂǘƻ ƩƢȈǸǰƥ ƨƥȂŮ ƩơǃƢǣ ǪǴǘƫ ȁƗ ƨȈƟƢǬǴƫ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƨƥȂŮ ƶƦǐƫ ǹƗ ƔƢŭơ ǞǷ ƢȀǴǟƢǨƬǳ ƨƴȈƬǻ ǺǰŻ ƽơȂǷ ǕȂǴű ȁƗ ƨǴƟƢǇ
ǂººǘƻ ƲăƬǼǷ ƨȇȁƢƷ ȄǴǟ ǲƴǈȇ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǺǷ ǪǇƢǼƬǷ Śǣ ĿƢǓƛ ǝȂǻ ȅƗ :ȆǴȈǸǰƫ ǶǇȁ ǂǐǼǟ - Supplemental label element
Ŀ ǹȂºǰƫ ƾǫ ȁƗ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǽǀǿ ȃǂƻƗ ƨǐƬű ƩƢǘǴǇ ƤǴǘƬƫ ƾǫ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ Ŀȁ .ǾȈǴǟ ǎǼȇ ȁƗ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǾȈǔƬǬȇ ȏȁ
ǝĈǃȂŭơ ȁƗ ǞǻƢǐǳơ ǂȇƾǬƫ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥ ǵƾĈ ǬƫĄ ƨȈǧƢǓƛ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ƧǁȂǏ
ƧǄƳȂǷ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǢȈǴƦƫ Ǿƥ ƾǐǬȇ ȆǘȈǘţ ǂǐǼǟ :ǄǷǁ - Symbol
ǥȐºş ǕȂºǴű ȁƗ ƧƽƢǷ ǦȇǂǠƬǳ ƩƢǻȁƾŭơȁ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬǳơ ƶƟơȂǴǳơȁ ƧǁƢƴƬǳơ Ŀ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ǵƾƼƬǈȇ ǶǇơ :řǬƬǳơ ǶǇȏơ - Technical name
ƨǴưǷƗ ǺǷȁ .ƨȈǸǴǠǳơ ǕƢǇȁȋơ Ǿƥ ǥǂƬǠƫȁ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƩƢǐǴƼƬǈŭơ ƧǂƟơƽȁ ƔƢȇǄȈǧȂȈŪơȁ ƢȈǈȇƽȂȈƴǴǳ Ņȁƾǳơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǾǷƾƼƬǈȇ ȅǀǳơ ǶǇȏơ
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18
Ƕºǜǻ ǲºưǷ) ƩƢǧȉơ ƩơƾȈƦǷȁ (ƨȈǠȈƦǘǳơ ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ ȁƗ ǖǨǼǳơ ƩƢǬƬǌǷ ǲưǷ) ƧƾǬǠŭơ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơ ƨȈǸǈƬǳ ƨǷƾƼƬǈŭơ ƔƢũȋơ ƨȈǼǬƬǳơ ƔƢũȋơ
ǹƽƢǠŭơȁ (ǹơȂǳȋơ ǲȈǳƽ Ƕǜǻ) ǡƢƦǏȋơȁ (ŚȇƢǠŭơȁ ǆȈȇƢǬǸǴǳ ȆǰȇǂǷȋơ řǗȂǳơ ƾȀǠŭơȁ ȆǇƢȈǬǳơ ƾȈƷȂƬǴǳ ƨȈǳȁƾǳơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ
"ƨȈǸǼƬǳơȁ ƨƠȈƦǳƢƥ řǠŭơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǂŤƚǷ" :UNCED
"ƢȀũȁȁ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǦȈǼǐƬǳ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳƢƥȁ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦǳơ ǲǬǼƥ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƔơŐƻ ƨǼŪ" :UNCETDG/GHS
"ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ" :UN
"ƨƠȈƦǴǳ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ" :UNEP
"ƨǧƢǬưǳơȁ ǶǴǠǳơȁ ƨȈƥǂƬǴǳ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨǸǜǼǷ" :ȂǰǈǻȂȈǳơ :UNESCO
"ƮƸƦǳơȁ ƤȇǁƾƬǴǳ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƾȀǠǷ" :ǁƢƬȈǻȂȈǳơ - UNITAR
"ƢȀũȁȁ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǦȈǼǐƬǳ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳƢƥ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋƢƥ ƨȈǟǂǨǳơ ƔơŐŬơ ƨǼŪ" :UNSCEGHS
"ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦǳơ ǲǬǼƥ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋƢƥ ƨȈǟǂǨǳơ ƔơŐŬơ ƨǼŪ" :UNSCETDG
ƤǴǐǳơ ȁƗ ǲƟƢǈǳơ ǾǴǰǋ ǺǷ ǪǴǘǼȇ ȅǀǳơ ǕȂǴű ȁƗ ƧƽƢŭ ȅǃƢǤǳơ ǲǰǌǳơ :ǁƢş - Vapour
"ƨȈŭƢǠǳơ ƨƸǐǳơ ƨǸǜǼǷ" :WHO
."ƨȇȂŪơ ƽƢǏǁȌǳ ƨȈŭƢǠǳơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ" :WMO
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19
Ð-Î ǲǐǨǳơ
ƧǂǘŬơ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơȁ ƽơȂŭơ ǦȈǼǐƫ
ƨǷƾǬǷ Î-Ð-Î
ƨºǸǜǼǷ Ŀ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ ŚȇƢǠǷ ƽơƾǟƛ Ŀ ǲǸǠǳƢƥ ƢȀũȁȁ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǦȈǼǐƬǳ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǞǓȁ Ɨƾƥ
ƧǁȂºǘŬơ ǁƽƢǐºŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ "ǶǇȂǳơȁ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ ǪȈǈǼƬƥ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ǲǸǠǳơ ƨǫǂǧ" Ǿƥ ƪǷƢǫ ȅǀǳơ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹơƾȈŭơ Ŀ ƨȈǸǼƬǳơȁ ǹȁƢǠƬǳơ
ǞƟƢǔºƦǳơ ǲǬǼƥ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƔơŐƻ ƨǼŪ śƥ ǭǂƬǌŭơ ƨȇƽƢŭơ ǁƢǘƻȋơ ǹƘǌƥ ǲǷƢǠǳơ ǪȇǂǨǳơ Ǿƥ ǵƢǫ ȅǀǳơ ǲǸǠǳơȁ ƨȈƠȈƦǳơȁ ƨȈƸǐǳơ
.ƨȈǳȁƾǳơ ǲǸǠǳơ ƨǸǜǼǷȁ ƧǂǘŬơ
ƨȈǸǼƬǳơȁ ǹȁƢǠƬǳơ ƨǸǜǼŭ ƨǠƥƢƬǳơ ǶǇȂǳơȁ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ ǪȈǈǼƬƥ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ǲǸǠǳơ ƨǫǂǧ :ƨȈƠȈƦǳơȁ ƨȈƸǐǳơ ǁƢǘƻȋơ ƤƫăǁĄ Î-Î-Ð-Î
ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹơƾȈŭơ Ŀ
:ƨǘƥơǂƬǷ ǝơȂǻƗ ƨƯȐƯ ǺǷ ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ǹȂǰƬȇ ǶǇȂǳơȁ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ ǪȈǈǼƫ ǹƘǌƥ ƨǫǂǨǳơ ǲǸǟ ǹƢǯ Î-Î-Î-Ð-Î
Śǣ ǂǏƢǼǠǴǳ ƨƦǈǼǳƢƥ ǲǏȂƬǳơȁ ƨǬƥƢǘƬŭơ ȁƗ ƨđƢǌƬŭơ ǂǏƢǼǠǳơ ƾȇƾŢȁ ƨȈǈȈƟǂǳơ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ Ƕǜǻ ƨǻǁƢǬǷ ( Ɨ)
ǖǇȁ ǲƷ ȄǴǟ ǪǧơȂƫ ńƛ ƨđƢǌƬŭơ
ƧƽƢºūơ ƨȈǸǈºǳơ ǲºưǷ) ǪºǴǬǴǳ Ȃǟƾƫ Ŗǳơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƨƦƫǁ śǠƫ Ŗǳơ ŚȇƢǠǸǴǳ ȆǸǴǠǳơ ǅƢǇȋơ ƮŞ ( ƣ)
ȃȂƬǈºǷȁ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ŚǈǨƫȁ ǁƢƦƬƻȏơ ǪƟơǂǗ ǹƘǌƥ ƔơŐŬơ Ɣơǁƕ Ŀ ǪǧơȂƫ ńƛ ǲǏȂƬǳơȁ (ƨǼǗǂǈŭơȁ
ǺǸǔºƬƫ ȏ ƧǁȂǘŬơ Ƥƫǁ ǒǠƦƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ .ŚȇƢǠŭơ ǹƘǌƥ Ɣơǁƕ ǪǧơȂƫ ńƛ ȆǠǈǳơ Ľ ǺǷȁ ǪǴǬǳơ
ƨǴǐǳơ Ʃơƿ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ǞǓȁ ǲǸǠǳơ ƨǫǂǧ ƪǳȂƫȁ ǦȈǼǐƬǴǳ ŚȇƢǠǷ ƨǸƟƢǬǳơ ǶǜǼǳơ
ƩƾºƳȁ ƢǸưȈƷ ȁƗ (ǱƢưŭơ ǲȈƦǇ ȄǴǟ ƲĈȈȀƬǳơ ǹƘǌƥ) ǁơǂǬǳơ ƿƢţȏ ǖǘű ƲĔ ƾƳȂȇ ǹƢǯ ƢǸưȈƷȁ ( Ʊ)
ƨȈǴǸǠǳơ ǹƘǌƥ Ɣơǁȉơ Ŀ ǪǧơȂƫ ńƛ ǲǏȂƬǳơ (ƧƽƢūơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƨȈǸǈǳơ) ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ ǵƢǜǻ Ŀ ƨǴǬƬǈǷ Śǣ ŚȇƢǠǷ
.ŚȇƢǠŭơ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ Ŀ ǞƦƬȇ ȅǀǳơ ǖǘƼŭơ ȁƗ
ƨȈǳƢƬǳơ ƩơȂǘŬơ ƩǀǨǻ ƾǫȁ .ǦȈǼǐƬǴǳ ƨǬǈǼŭơ ƢǿŚȇƢǠǷ ǞǓȁ ǲƳƗ ǺǷ ƩơȂǘƻ Ŀ ǲǸǠǳơ ƨǬȇǂǗ ƨǫǂǨǳơ ƪǠƥƢƫȁ Ï-Î-Î-Ð-Î
:ƧǁȂǘŬơ Ƥƫǁ ǺǷ ƨƦƫǁ ǲǰǳ
ǽŚȇƢºǠǷȁ ǵƢºǜǼǴǳ ȆºǸǴǠǳơ ǅƢǇȋơ Ǯǳƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƨǸƟƢǬǳơ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ ǶǜǼǳ ǲǷƢǋ ǲȈǴŢ :Î ƧȂǘŬơ ( Ɨ)
ƤǈºƷ ƩȐȇƾºǠƫ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƪǴƻƽƗȁ Î ƧȂǘŬơ ǪƟƢƯȁ ƩƾǟƗȁ .ǾǷơƾƼƬǇơ ƨǬȇǂǘǳ Ƶǂǋȁ ǾƫơǁŐǷȁ
śºǠǳơ ǦºǴƫ :ƨȈǳƢƬǳơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ Ƥƫǁ ǹƘǌƥ ƨǸǜǼǸǴǳ ƨǠƥƢƬǳơ ǲǸǠǳơ ƨǫǂǧ ƢēǂƳƗ ƨǌǫƢǼǷ ƾǠƥ ƔƢǔƬǫȏơ
ƨȈǸǈǳơ ƨȈǴǇƢǼƬǳơ ƨȈǸǈǳơ ƨȈǈǼŪơ ƢȇȐŬơ ǁƢǨǗƛ ƨǈĈǈƄơ ƽơȂŭơ ƾǴŪơ ƲĈȈē/ǲǯƘƫ śǠǳơ ƲĈȈē/ƾȇƾǌǳơ
ƨȈƟƢǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǖȈǳƢűȁ ƧƽƾŰ ƨǧƾȀƬǈǷ ƔƢǔǟȋ ƨǴǷƢǌǳơ
ƩƾºǟƗȁ .ƧǁȂǘƻ ƨƠǧȁ ƧǁȂǘƻ ƨƦƫǁ ǲǰǳ ǦȈǼǐƬǴǳ ƨǬǈǼǷ ŚȇƢǠǷȁ ǵƢǜǼǳ ƵơǂƬǫơ ǞǓȁ :Ï ƧȂǘŬơ ( ƣ)
ǲǸǠǳơ ƨǫǂǧ ƢēǂƳƗ ƨǌǫƢǼǷ ƾǠƥ ƔƢǔƬǫȏơ ƤǈƷ ƩȐȇƾǠƫ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƪǴƻƽƗȁ Ï ƧȂǘƼǴǳ ƨǬȈƯȁ
:Ð ƧȂǘŬơ ( Ʊ)
ȁƗ Ï ƧȂǘƼǴǳ ƶǬǼŭơ ƵơǂƬǫȏơ ǹƘǌƥ Ɣơǁȉơ Ŀ ǪǧơȂƫ ńƛ ǲǸǠǳơ ƨǫǂǧ ƪǴǏȂƫ 'Î'
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21
ǵƾºǟ" ǂǏƢǼǟ śǠƫ ǲǸǠǳơ ƨǫǂǧ ƪǻƢǯ ǪǧơȂƫ ńƛ ǱȂǏȂǳơ ƩȏȁƢŰ ǲǌǨƫ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷƾǼǟ 'Ï'
.ƢŮ ǲƷ ƽƢŸƛȁ ƢȀƬǌǫƢǼǷ ƨǴǏơȂŭ Ï ƧȂǘƼǴǳ ƶǬƐ ǼǷ ƵơǂƬǫơ Ŀ ǲƟơƾƦǯ ƧƽƾƄơ "ǪǧơȂƬǳơ
ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹơƾȈŭơ Ŀ ƨȈǸǼƬǳơȁ ǹȁƢǠƬǳơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǝƢǸƬƳơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈƟƢȀǼǳơ ƩƢƷơǂƬǫȏơ ƪǓǂǟ :Ñ ƧȂǘŬơ ( ƽ)
ƢºȈƳȂǳȂǼǰƬǳơȁ ƩƢǧȉơ ƩơƾȈƦǷȁ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭƢƥ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ǲǸǠǳơ ƨǫǂǧȁ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ƨǼƴǴǳ ǭǂƬǌŭơ
śƥ ǭǂƬǌŭơ ƲǷƢǻŐǴǳ ǞƥƢƬǳơ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ Ƕǜǻ ǪȈǈǼƫ Ǫȇǂǧ ȄǴǟ ƪǓǂǟ Ľ ǺǷȁ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƨǬǧơȂǸǴǳ ƨȈƟƢȈƷȋơ
.ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ Ŀ ƢȀƳơǁƽȍ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ
ƨǸǜǼǷȁ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦǳơ ǲǬǼƥ ƨºȈǼǠŭơ ƔơŐºŬơ ƨǼºŪ śƥ ǭǂƬǌŭơ ƨȇƽƢŭơ ǁƢǘƻȋƢƥ řǠŭơ ǲǷƢǠǳơ ǪȇǂǨǳơ Ï-Î-Ð-Î
ƨȈǳȁƾǳơ ǲǸǠǳơ
ǺǸĈ ǔºƫȁ .ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹơƾȈŭơ Ŀ ƨȈǸǼƬǳơȁ ǹȁƢǠƬǳơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǲǸǟ ƨǫǂǧ ƨȈǴǸǠǳ ƨǴƯƢŲ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǲǷƢǠǳơ ǪȇǂǨǳơ ǵƾƼƬǇơ
ǲºƷ ȄºǴǟ ǪǧơȂƫ ńƛ ǂǏƢǼǠǳơ ƪǨǴƬƻơ ƢǸưȈƷ ǲǏȂƬǳơȁ ƨǬƥƢǘƬŭơ ȁƗ ƨđƢǌƬŭơ ǂǏƢǼǠǳơ śȈǠƫȁ ƨȈǈȈƟǂǳơ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ Ƕǜǻ ƨǻǁƢǬǷ ǲǸǠǳơ
ƢĔƛ ƮȈƷ ǲǸǠǴǳ ǅƢǇƘǯ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ ŚȇƢǠǷȁ ǁƢƦƬƻȏơ ǪƟơǂǗȁ ǲǬǼǳơ ǦȇǁƢǠƫ ƪǷƾƼƬǇơ ƨȇƽƢŭơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǁƽƢǐŭ ƨƦǈǼǳƢƥ ǾǻƗ Śǣ .ǖǇȁ
ǪºƟơǂǗ ǹƘǌºƥ ǪǧơȂƫ ńƛ ǲǏȂƬǳơȁ ŚȇƢºǠǸǴǳ ȆǸǴǠǳơ ǅƢǇȋơ ƮŞ ǱȐƻ ǺǷ ǲǸǠǳơ ǂǸƬǇơȁ .ǲǠǨǳƢƥ ŚƦǯ ƾƷ ńƛ ƨǬǈǼǷ ƪǻƢǯ
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ǲƟƢǈŭơ ƨǇơǁƾǳ ǥ
Ċ Ƣǯ ǵƢǸƬǿơ ƔȐȇƛ ȄǴǟ ǲǸǠǳơ ǺǷ ƔǄƳ Ǆǯǁ ǅƢǇȋơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟȁ .ŚȇƢǠŭơȁ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ŚºǈǨƫȁ ǁƢºƦƬƻȏơ
.śǰǴȀƬǈŭơȁ ƨƠȈƦǳơȁ ǲǸǠǳơ ǹƢǰǷ ƨǷȐǈƥ
ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǹƘǌƥ ƨǷƢǟ ƩơǁƢƦƬǟơ Ï-Ð-Î
ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǩƢǘǻ Î-Ï-Ð-Î
Ŀ ƨǧċǂǠǷ Ȇǿ ƢǸƦǈƷ "ǞǴǈǳơ" ƢǷƗ .ƢȀǘȈǳƢű ȄǴǟȁ ƨǨǨƼŭơ ƢȀǴȈǳƢŰȁ ƨȈǬǼǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǪƦǘǼȇ Î-Î-Ï-Ð-Î
Ŀ ȁƗ ƨºȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǳƢƥ ƨƸǐǳơȁ ƨȈǼȀŭơ ƨǷȐǈǳơ Ƨǁơƽƛ ǾƬǠǓȁ ȅǀǳơ (29 CFR 1910.1200) ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǢȈǴƦƫ ǁƢȈǠǷ
.ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǩƢǘǻ Ŀ ǲƻƾƫ ȏ ȆȀǧ ȃǂƻȋơ ǦȇǁƢǠƬǳơ
ǺǷ ƩƢƠǨǳơȁ Ƥƫǂǳơ śƥ ƶǓơȁ ǄȈȈŤ ƽȂƳȁ ǞǷ ƢƆǧƢǨǋȁ ȐƆ ȀǇ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǥơƾǿƗ ǺǷȁ Ï-Î-Ï-Ð-Î
ƨºȈǟȂǻ ȁƗ ƨȈǸǯ ǾƦǋ ŚȇƢǠǷ ȄǴǟ ƧǁȂǘŬơ Ƥƫǁ ǺǷ ƧŚưǯ Ƥƫǁ ǦȈǼǐƫ ǵȂǬȇȁ .ǹƢǰǷȍơ ǁƾǬƥ "ļơǀǳơ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ" ǺǷ śǰǸƬǳơ ǲƳƗ
ǱƢưŭơ ǲȈƦǇ ȄǴǟ) ƧǁȂǘŬơ Ƥƫǁ ǒǠƦǳ ƨƦǈǼǳƢƥ ǵƾǬȇ Ǯǳƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ .ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ Ǒơǂǣȋ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ŚǈǨƬǳ ƔơŐŬơ ȅƗǁ ǂǷȋơ ƤǴǘƬȇȁ
.ǵơƾƼƬǇȏơ ƨǳȂȀǇ ǄȇǄǠƬǳ ǁơǂǬǳơ ƿƢţȏ ǖǘű (ǲǟƢǨƬǳơ ƨȈƫơǀǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ȁƗ ƩơǂƴǨƬŭơ ȁƗ śǠǳơ ƲĈȈē
"ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ" ǵȂȀǨǷ Ï-Ï-Ð-Î
ƨǴºǏƘƬŭơ ƧǂǘŬơ ǎƟƢǐŬơ ȃȂǇ ǱȁƢǼƬȇ ȏ ǾǻƗ ǹƢȈƦǳ "ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǦȈǼǐƫ" ǵȂȀǨǷ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǵƾƼƬǈȇ Î-Ï-Ï-Ð-Î
.ǖȈǳƢƼŭơ ȁƗ ƽơȂǸǴǳ
:Ȇǿ ƩơȂǘƻ ƭȐƯ ȃȂǇ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǦȈǼǐƫ ǺǸǔƬȇ ȏȁ Ï-Ï-Ï-Ð-Î
ȁ ǕȂǴƼŭơ ȁƗ ƧƽƢŭơ ƧǁȂǘş ƨǴǐǳơ Ʃơƿ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ śȈǠƫ ( Ɨ)
ȁ ǕȂǴƼŭơ ȁƗ ƧƽƢǸǴǳ ƨǷǃȐŭơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǺǷ ƾǯƘƬǳơ ǥƾđ Ǯǳƿ ƾǠƥ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ǮǴƫ ǑơǂǠƬǇơ ( ƣ)
ƾºǼǟ ƧǁȂºǘŬơ ƨƳǁƽȁ Ƨǂǘƻ ǖȈǳƢű ȁƗ ƽơȂǸǯ ǦǼǐƫ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơ ȁƗ ƽơȂŭơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸȈǧ ƪƦǳơ ( Ʊ)
.ƢȀȈǴǟ ǪǨƬŭơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǦȈǼǐƫ ŚȇƢǠǷ ǞǷ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ƨǻǁƢǬǷ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƔƢǔƬǫȏơ
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ǞºǫȂƬŭơ ǪºȈƦǘƬǳơ ƶȈǓȂƫ ƧƽƢȇǄǳȁ IOMC ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂǸǴǳ ƨǸȈǴǈǳơ Ƨǁơƽȍơ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ ǦǏȁ Ŀ ǂǯƿ ƢǸƦǈƷȁ Ð-Ï-Ï-Ð-Î
ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǯ ƧƽƢǷ ƪǨǼǏ ŕǷ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǾǻƜǧ (Ñ-Ï-Î-Î ƧǂǬǨǳơ Î-Î ǲǐǨǳơ) ǪȈƦǘƬǳơȁ ǩƢǘǼǳơȁ ǑǂǤǳơ ǹơȂǼǟ ƪŢ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǴǳ
ƨƦǈǼǳƢƥ ȃǂƻƗ ƩơȂǘƻ ȁƗ ƨȈǷȐǟƛ ƩơȂǘƻ ǺǷ ǽƿƢţơ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƢǷ ƾȇƾŢ Ŀ ǂǜǼȇ ǹƗ ƧǁƢǓ ƩơŚƯƘƫ ƢŮ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǲǸƬŹ ƢĔƗ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǼȈǠƥ
.ǾǼȈǠƥ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ǞǓȁ ȁƗ ǾǼȈǠƥ ƲăƬǼŭ
ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ ŚȇƢǠǷ Ð-Ï-Ð-Î
ƧǁȂǘƻ ƨƦƫǁ ƢȀǼǷ ǲǰǳ ǎǐź ǖȈǳƢƼŭơȁ ƽơȂŭơ ǦȈǼǐƬǳ ŚºȇƢǠǷ ƨǬȈƯȂǳơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ Ñȁ Ðȁ Ï ƔơǄƳȋơ Ŀ ǵƾǬƫ Î-Ð-Ï-Ð-Î
Ƣºđ ȄºǏȂŭơ ƨȈǴǸǠǳơ ŘƦƫ ƧǁȂǘŬơ Ƥƫǁ ǶǜǠŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ .ƢƆǬȈƯȁ ȏƆ Ƣǐƫơ ƢȀǼȈƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǲǐƬƫ Ŗǳơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ Ƥƫǁ ǺǷ ƨǟȂǸů ȁƗ ƧƽƾŰ
:ŅƢƬǳơ ƤǫƢǠƬǳơ ǅƢǇƗ ȄǴǟ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơ ǦºȈǼǐƬǳ
ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ǮǴƫ ǅƢǇƗ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǸƟơƽ ǕȂǴƼŭơ ǦȈǼǐƫ ǞǓȂȇ ǲǷƢǰǳơ ǕȂǴƼǸǴǳ ǁƢƦƬƻơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǂǧȂƬƫ ƢǸưȈƷ ( Ɨ)
Ŀ ƨƷȁǂǌºŭơȁ ƨƳǁƾŭơ ǱƢǸǰƬǇȏơ ƝƽƢƦǷ Ŀ ǂǜǼȇ ǾǈǨǻ ǕȂǴƼŭơ Ǻǟ ǁƢƦƬƻơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǂǧȂƬƫ ȏ ƢǸưȈƷ (ƣ)
ǕȂǴƼŭơ ǦȈǼǐƫ ƶȈƬƫ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǽǀǿ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ śȈǠƬǳ ƧƾƷ ȄǴǟ ǲǐǧ ǲǯ
ƨȈƠȈƦǳơȁ ƨȈƸǐǳơ ƧǁȂǘŬƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǾǻƜǧ Ǯǳƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ
ǺǰǸƬºǴǳ ƨȈǧƢǯ ƨƷƢƬŭơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ǹȂǰƫ ȏ ‘Ï‘ȁ ǾǈǨǻ ǕȂǴƼŭơ Ǻǟ ǁƢƦƬƻơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǂǧȂƬƫ ȏ ‘Î‘ ƢǸưȈƷ (Ʊ )
ƢºȀȈǴǟ ǪºǨƬǷ ǪƟơǂǗ ǕȂǴƼŭơ ǦȈǼǐƫ ǲƳƗ ǺǷ ǪƦǘƫ ǽȐǟƗ ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ ǱƢǸǰƬǇȏơ ƝƽƢƦǷ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǺǷ
.ƨǧȁǂǠŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǅƢǇƗ ȄǴǟ ƧǁȂǘŬơ śȈǠƬǳ ǲǐǧ ǲǯ Ŀ ƨƷȁǂǌǷȁ
ǱȂƸƬǳơ ǂǗƢű Ƥƫǁ ǲƳƗ ǺǷ ƨǴǷƢǰǳơ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơ Ǻǟ ƨǫȂƯȂǷ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƵƢƬƫ ǹƗ ǞǫȂƬŭơ ǺǷ ǆȈǳ ƩȏƢūơ ǶǜǠǷ Ŀȁ Ï-Ð-Ï-Ð-Î
ńƛ ƽƢǼƬǇȏƢƥ ƨƆ ǷƢǟ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơ ǦǼǐƬǇ ǽǀǿ ǂǗƢƼŭơ Ƥƫǂƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǨǧ ŅƢƬǳƢƥȁ .ƨȈƥƢųȍơ ƨȈǸǈǳơȁ ƨǼǗǂǈǳơȁ ƨȈǈǼŪơ ƢȇȐƼǴǳ řȈŪơ
ǲȇƾǠƫ ǺǰŻȁ .ǲǐǧ ǲǯ Ŀ ƨȇƾūơ ƩơǄȈǯǂƬǳơ/ƨȇƾūơ ǶȈǬǳơ ǩǂǗ ǵơƾƼƬǇƢƥ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơ ƩƢǻȂǰǷ ǺǷ ǹȂǰǷ ǲǯ Ǻǟ ƨƷƢƬŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ
ȄǴǟ ƨũƢƷ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ǽǀǿ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ǲǷƢǰǳơ ǕȂǴƼŭơ ǹƘǌƥ ƨƷƢƬŭơ ǁƢƦƬƻȏơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬǇơ ƧƾƷ ȄǴǟ ƨǳƢƷ ǲǯ ǅƢǇƗ ȄǴǟ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ
.ǲǐǧ ǲǯ Ŀ śƦŭơ ȂƸǼǳơ
ǁƢƦƬƻȏơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨȈǟȂǻȁ ǁƢƦƬƻȏơ ǪƟơǂǗȁ ƨƷƢƬŭơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ Ñ-Ï-Ð-Î
ǵƢºǜǼǳơ Ŀ ǕơǂƬǋơ ƾƳȂȇ ȏ Ǯǳǀǳ .ǖȈǳƢƼŭơ ȁƗ ƽơȂŭơ ǁƢƦƬƻȏ ƩƢǗơǂƬǋơ Ǿƫơƿ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǺǸǔƬȇ ȏ Î-Ñ-Ï-Ð-Î
ǱȂǐūơ ȆǔƬǬƫ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬǳơ ƶƟơȂǴǳơ ǵƢǈǫƗ ǒǠƥ ǹƗ ǥȁǂǠŭơ ǺǷȁ .ƧǁȂǘƻ ƨƦƫǁ ƨȇȋ ƨƦǈǼǳƢƥ ǁƢƦƬƻȏơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ȄǴǟ ǱȂǐƸǴǳ
ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳƢƥ ƾȇƾƸƬǳơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟ ƨǴǐƬǷ ƪǈȈǳ ƩƢǗơǂƬǋȏơ ǽǀǿ Ǻǰǳ (ƩƢǧȉơ ƩơƾȈƦǷ ƨǳƢƷ Ŀ ǱƢưŭơ ǲȈƦǇ ȄǴǟ) ǁƢƦƬƻơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ȄǴǟ
ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ȁƗ/ȁ ƨđƢǌǷ ǖȈǳƢű Ǻǟ ȁƗ/ȁ ǾǈǨǻ ǕȂǴƼŭơ Ǻǟ ƨƷƢƬŭơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ǵơƾƼƬǇƢƥ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơ ǦȈǼǐƬǳ ƨǟȂǓȂŭơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ƶǸǈƫȁ .ƢƆȈŭƢǟ
.ǕȂǴƼŭơ ƩƢǻȂǰǷ Ǻǟ ƨƷƢƬŭơ
ǒǠƥ Ŀȁ .ŚȇƢǠŭơ ǅƢǇƗ Ƕǟƾƫ Ŗǳơ ǁƢƦƬƻȏơ ǪƟơǂǗ ƨȈǫȂƯȂǷ ȄǴǟȁ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ȄǴǟ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơȁ ƽơȂŭơ ǦȈǼǐƫ ƾǸƬǠȇȁ Ï-Ñ-Ï-Ð-Î
ƩƢºǻȂǰǷ ȁƗ ƽơȂºǸǴǳ ȆƟƢºȈƷȋơ ǲǴƸƬǳơ ǁƢƦƬƻơ ǱƢưŭơ ǲȈƦǇ ȄǴǟ) ǾǼȈǠƥ ǁƢƦƬƻơ ǲǌǧ ȁƗ ǃƢȈƬƳơ ȄǴǟ ƔÅ ƢǼƥ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ ƽƾŹ ƩȏƢūơ
ƔƢºǼƯƗ ǲƴǈºƫ Ŗºǳơ ƩƢǜƷȐŭơ ǺǷȁ ƨƥƢƴƬǇȏơ/ƨǟǂŪơ ƨǫȐǟ ƩƢȈǼƸǼǷ ǺǷ ƩơŚǈǨƬǳơ ǖƦǼƬǈƫ ȃǂƻƗ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ ƢǸǼȈƥ (ǖȈǳƢƼŭơ
ƢºǸǯ ǁƢƦƬƻơ ǞǓȂǷ ƧƽƢǷ ƨȇȋ ƨƦǈǼǳƢƥ ƨȇǁơǂǰƬǴǳ ƨǴƥƢǫ ƲƟƢƬǼǳơ ǹȂǰƫ ƮȈŞ ǁƢƦƬƻȏơ ǥȁǂǛ ƾȈƷȂƫ ǵǄǴȇ ƩȏƢūơ ǞȈŦ Ŀȁ .ǁƢƦƬƻȏơ
ǁƢºƦƬƻȏơ ƨǬȇǂǗ ǪȈǬŢ řǠȇ ǩƢȈǈǳơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ .ǪǴǬǳơ ǁƾǐǷ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƨƦƫǁ śȈǠƬǳ "ƨƸȈƸǏ" ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ȆǇƢȈǬǳơ ǁƢƦƬƻȏơ ȆǘǠȇ ǹƗ ǵǄǴȇ
.ƽƾŰ Ǒǂǣ ǪȈǬƸƬǳ ƢǷ ƨǬȇǂǗ ƨǷƔȐǷȁ ƨȈǫȂƯȂǷ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ƪƦưƬǳơ ǶƬȇ Ŗǳơ ƨȈǴǸǠǳơ
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Ŗºǳơȁ ƧǂǘŬơ ǎƟƢǐŬơ śǠƫ Ŗǳơ ƩơǁƢƦƬƻȏơ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ƨƠȈƦǳơȁ ƨƸǐǳơ ȄǴǟ ƧǁȂǘŬơ śȈǠƫ Ǒơǂǣȋ ǺǰŻȁ Ð-Ñ-Ï-Ð-Î
ǪºƟơǂǘƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƧƾȇƢŰ ƨȈƠȈƦǳơȁ ƨȈƸǐǳơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ śȈǠƬǳ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ŚȇƢǠǷȁ .ƢƆȈǳȁƽ Ƣđ ǥǂƬǠǷ ƨȈǸǴǟ ƝƽƢƦŭ ƢƆǬǧȁ ȃǂš
ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ Ƕǜǻ Ŀ Ƣǿǂǯƿ ǪƦǇ ƨȈǳȁƽ ŚȇƢǠǷȁ ƩơƔơǂƳȍ ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨǬǬŰȁ ƢƆȈǸǴǟ ƨǸȈǴǇ ǪƟơǂǘǳơ ƪǷơƽ ƢǷ ƨǨǴƬű ƲȀĄǻ ǝƢƦƫƢƥ ƶǸǈƫȁ ǁƢƦƬƻȏơ
ƨǷƾƼƬǈºŭơ ǁƢƦƬƻȏơ ǪƟơǂǗȁ .ƨǯǂƬǌǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƨǳȂƦǬǷ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ȆǘǠƫ ǪƟơǂǘǳơ ƪǷơƽ ƢǷȁ ƮƸƦǳơ ǞǓȂǷ ƧǁȂǘŬƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨǸƟƢǬǳơ
.ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ Ŀ ƨǼȈƦǷ Ȇǿȁ ŐǯƗ ƨƳǁƾƥ ƨǠǗƢǫ ƧƽƢǟ ǹȂǰƫ ƨȇƽƢŭơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ śȈǠƬǳ
ƢȀǨȈǼǐƫ ǪƦǇ Ŗǳơ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ Ñ-Ñ-Ï-Ð-Î
Ŗǳơ ǁƢƦƬƻȏơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǱȂƦǫ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ IOMC-CG-HCCS ǪȈǈǼƬǳơ Ǫȇǂǧ ƢȀǠǓȁ Ŗǳơ ƨǷƢǠǳơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ƾƷƗ ǎǼȇ
ƤºǼš ŅƢƬǳƢƥȁ ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǴǳ ƢƆǬǧȁ ƽơȂŭơ ǽǀǿ ǦȈǼǐƫ ƾǼǟ ƨǸƟƢǬǳơ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ Ƕǜǻ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂǸǴǳ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǱȂǐūơ ǪƦǇ
ǵƢǜǼǳơ ŚȇƢǠǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǦǴƬţ Ŗǳơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀ ƨǸȀǷ ǁƢƯƕ ƨǇƢȈǈǳơ ǽǀŮȁ .ǁƢƦƬƻȏơ ƩƢǻơȂȈū ȅǁȁǂǔǳơ Śǣ ǵơƾƼƬǇȏơȁ ǁƢƦƬƻȏơ ƨȈƳơȁƽǃơ
ǺºǷ ƧǂǧȂƬŭơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ƨȈǟȂǻ ǶȈȈǬƫ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ ƤǠǐǳơ ǺǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫȁ .ǶƟƢǫ ǦȈǼǐƫ ǵƢǜǻ Ŀ ƧƽȂƳȂŭơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ Ǻǟ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ
.ŚƦƻ ȅƗǂƥ ƨǻƢǠƬǇȏơ ȅǁȁǂǔǳơ ǺǷ ǹȂǰȈǇ ƩȏƢūơ ǽǀǿ ǲưǷ Ŀȁ .ƨŻƾǫ ƩƢǇơǁƽ
ƨǏƢƻ ǲǯƢǌǷ ǲưŤ Ŗǳơ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơ/ƽơȂŭơ Ò-Ñ-Ï-Ð-Î
ƨȈƟƢȇǄȈǨǳơ - ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ǎƟƢǐŬơ ƢȀǼǷ ƧƽƾǠƬǷ ǲǷơȂǠǳ ƨȈƠȈƦǳơȁ ƨȈƟƢȈƷȋơ ǶǜǼǳơ Ŀ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơ ȁƗ ƽơȂŭơ ŚƯƘƫ Ǟǔź Î-Ò-Ñ-Ï-Ð-Î
ǲǯƢǌºǷ ƽơȂŭơ ƩƢǟȂǸů ǒǠƥ ǲưŤ ƾǫȁ .ƆƢȈƳȂǳȂȈƥ ƨǻȂǰŭơ ƽơȂŭơ Ƣđ ƵƢƬƫ Ŗǳơ ƨǬȇǂǘǳơȁ ǕȂǴƼŭơ ƩƢǻȂǰǷ ȁƗ/ȁ ǕȂǴƼŭơ ȁƗ ƧƽƢǸǴǳ
ƩƢºǻƢȈƥ ǺǷ ƪƦưȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơ ȁƗ ƽơȂŭơ ǦȈǼǐƫ ǵƾǟ ƤŸȁ .ƩơǄǴǨǳơȁ ƩơǂǸȈǳȂƦǳơ ǒǠƥ ǱƢưŭơ ǲȈƦǇ ȄǴǟ ƽƾǐǳơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƨǏƢƻ
ǦȈǼǐºƫ ȃƾǳ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǾǻƜǧ ǲưŭƢƥȁ .ƆƢȈƳȂǳȂȈƥ ƨƷƢƬǷ Śǣ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơ ȁƗ ƽơȂŭơ ǹƗ ƢƆȈǳȁƽ ƨǳȂƦǬǷ ǁƢƦƬƻơ ǪƟơǂǗ ǝƢƦƫơ ǺǷ ƨšƢǻ ƨǠǗƢǫ Ƥȇǂš
.ǪǈǼŭơ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ ŚȇƢǠŠ ƨǻǂƬǬǷ ǕȂǴƼŭơ ƩƢǻȂǰŭ ȆƟƢȈƷȋơ ǂǧơȂƬǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ƔƢǔƬǫȏơ ƾǼǟ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơ
(Ƨƾǈºǯƚŭơ ȁƗ ƧǂƴǨƬŭơ ƢȀǐƟƢǐƻ ƤƦǈƥ ǱƢưŭơ ǲȈƦǇ ȄǴǟ) ƨȈƟƢȇǄȈǨǳơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǾƳȁƗ ǒǠƥ ŚǤƬƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻȁ Ï-Ò-Ñ-Ï-Ð-Î
Ŀ Ȅºǟơǂƫ ǹƗ ȆºǤƦǼȇȁ .ȃǂƻƗ ǲǷơȂǟ ȁƗ ƧȂƦǟ ȁƗ ƨǠǴǇ ȁƗ ǕȂǴű Ŀ ƢŮƢƻƽƜƥ ȁƗ ƨǈǈƄơ Śǣ ƩơǂƴǨƬŭơ ƨǳƢƷ Ŀ ƢǸǯ ǦȈǨƼƬǳƢƥ
.ƨȈǼǨǳơ ƨǧǂǠŭơȁ ƩơŐŬơ (ǺȇǄƼƬǳơ ǲưǷ) ƧƽƾŰ ƩƢǟƢǘǬǳ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ
ƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ƨǷȐǇ Ó-Ñ-Ï-Ð-Î
ǂƫȂºƬǳơ ǦºȈǨţ ȄǴǟ ǲǣƢǌǳơ ơǀǿ ǂǐƬǬȇ ȏȁ .ƣǁƢƴƬǳơ ƩƢǻơȂȈƷ ƨǷȐǇ Ŀ ƨȈǫȐƻȋơ ǲǣơȂǌǳơ ƾƷƗ ǲưǸƬȇ
ƢǸǴǯ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ .ƣǁƢƴƬǳơ Ǒơǂǣȋ ƢȀǯȐȀƬǇơȁ ƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ǵơƾƼƬǇƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƤǻơȂŪơ ǹơƾǴƦǳơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ ǲǸǌȈǳ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƾƬŻ ƢŶƛȁ ƧƢǻƢǠŭơȁ
ƩƢǻơȂȈƷ ƢȀȈǧ ǵƾƼƬǈƫ Ŗǳơ ǪƟơǂǘǳƢƥ ƨȈƷ ƩƢǻơȂȈƷ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ǹȁƾƥ ƢȀȈǳƛ ǲǏȂƬǳơ ǺǰŻ Ŗǳơ ƩơŐŬơȁ ƩơǁƢƦƬƻȏơ ǲȈǔǨƫ Ǯǳƿ ǺǰǷƗ
Śºǣ ƩƢǇƢȈǫ ȁƗ ƩƢǜƷȐǷ ƧƽƾŰ ƧǁȂǘƻ ǾƳȁȋ ƨƦǈǼǳƢƥ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ ǵƢǜǻ ǺǷ ƔǄƴǯ ƪƳǁƽƗ ǑǂǤǳơ ơǀŮȁ .ƨǇƢǈūơ ƨȈūơ ƣǁƢƴƬǳơ
ƨǳȂƦǬǷ ǲǫƗ ƧƢǻƢǠǷ ƤƦǈƫ ȁƗ ƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ǺǷ ǲǫƗ ƽơƾǟƗ ƢȀȈǧ ǵƾƼƬǈƫ Ŗǳơ ƨǴȇƾƦǳơ ƨȈǻơȂȈūơ ƣǁƢƴƬǳơ ŐƬǠƫ Ǯǳƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ .ƨȈǻơȂȈƷ
.ƢȀǴȈǔǨƫ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ Ņȁƾǳơ ȃȂƬǈŭơ ȄǴǟ
ǂǌƦǳơ ǺǷ ƧƾǸƬǈŭơ ƨǳƽȋơ Ô-Ñ-Ï-Ð-Î
ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ ǀƻƚƫ ǹƗ ǹƢǈǻȍơ ƨƸǏ ȄǴǟ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ƧǁȂǘƻ ǶȈȈǬƫ ȃƾǳ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ Ǒơǂǣȋ
ƩƢºǻƢȈƥ ƧƾºǟƢǫ ǺǷ ƧƾǸƬǈŭơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơȁ ƨȈǼȀŭơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ǲưǷ) ǂǌƦǳơ Ŀ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ƩơŚƯƘƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩơŐŬơȁ Ƣđ ǩȂƯȂŭơ ƨȈƟƢƥȂǳơ
.ƢƆǷȂǸǟ ǱȂƦǬǷ Śǣ ƧǁȂǘŬơ śȈǠƫ ǑǂǤǳ ǂǌƦǳơ ȄǴǟ ƩơǁƢƦƬƻơ ƔơǂƳƛ ǹƜǧ ƨǷƢǟ ƨǨǐƥȁ .(ƭƽơȂūơ
24
ƔơŐŬơ ȅƗǁ Õ-Ñ-Ï-Ð-Î

ƩƢºǻƢȈƦǳơ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ǹƢǰǷƛ ǹƢǸǔǳ ƩȏƢĐơ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ Ŀ ƔơŐŬơ ȅƗǂƥ ƨǻƢǠƬǇȏơ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơ ǦȈǼǐƫ ƲĔ ǺǸǔƬȇ
ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ŚǈǨƫ Ŀ ƢƆȇǁȁǂǓ ƔơŐŬơ ȅƗǁ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫȁ .ƨƠȈƦǳơ ƨȇƢŧȁ ǂǌƦǳơ ƨƸǏ ƨȇƢŧ ǥƾđ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơ ǺǷ ǺǰŲ ƽƾǟ Őǯȋ ƨƦǈǼǳƢƥ ƨƷƢƬŭơ
.ƨǳƽȋơ ǹǃȁ ƾȇƾŢ ȅǁȁǂǔǳơ ǺǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƨǏƢşȁ ƽơȂŭơ ƧǁȂǘƻ ǦȈǼǐƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ
ƨǳƽȋơ ǹǃȁ Ö-Ñ-Ï-Ð-Î
ǒǠƦǳ ƨƦǈǼǳƢƥ ƢǷƗ .ƨƥȂǴǘŭơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ĿȂƬǈƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƧǂǋƢƦǷ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ ƲƬǼȇ ƧǁȂǘŬơ Ƥƫǁ ǒǠƦǳ ƨƦǈǼǳƢƥ Î-Ö-Ñ-Ï-Ð-Î
ƨƷƢƬŭơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ƨǧƢǯ ƨǇơǁƽ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǾǻƗ ơǀǿ řǠȇȁ .ƨǳƽȌǳ ȆǴǰǳơ ǹǃȂǳơ ǅƢǇƗ ȄǴǟ ǞǓȂȇ ǕȂǴƼŭơ ȁƗ ƧƽƢŭơ ǦȈǼǐƫ ǹƜǧ ȃǂƻȋơ Ƥƫǂǳơ
ƧŐºŬơȁ ƨǴǐºǳơ Ʃơƿ ƨȈǻơȂȈūơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơȁ ƢȀǼǷ ƪČƦưƬǳơ ǶƬȇ Ŗǳơ ƨȈǴǸǠŭơ ƩơǁƢƦƬƻȏơ ƲƟƢƬǻ ƢȀȈǧ ƢŠ ƨǠǸƬů ƨȈǸǈǳơ ƾȇƾŢ Ŀ ǂƯƚƫ Ŗǳơ
.ƾȈƳ ǲǰǌƥ ƨƬƦưŭơ ƩƢǜƷȐŭơȁ ƩȏƢūơ ǂȇǁƢǬƫȁ ƨȇǂȇǂǈǳơȁ ƨȈƟƢƥȂǳơ ƩƢǇơǁƾǳơ ǲȈƦǫ ǺǷ (ƨȇǂǌƦǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ) ǂǌƦǳơ ǺǷ ƧƾǸƬǈŭơ
ƧƽƢŭơ ƤȈǯǂƫ Ŀ ǲƻƾƫ Ŗǳơ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơȁ ƽơȂŭơ ǶȈȈǬƫ Ʊơǁƽƛ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ .ƨǸȀŭơ ǁȂǷȋơ ǺǷ ƢȀǫƢǈƫơȁ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ƨȈǟȂǻȁ Ï-Ö-Ñ-Ï-Ð-Î
ƲƟƢºƬǼǳơ ǞºǸšȁ .ŚƯƘƬǳơ ƣȂǴǇƗ ȁƗ ƨȈǳƕȁ ƧŐƬƼŭơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǞǓȂǷ ȄǴǟ ȃǂš Ŗǳơ ƩƢǇơǁƾǳơ ƲƟƢƬǻ Ǯǳǀǯȁ ƢȀǨȈǼǐƫ ȃǂŸ Ŗǳơ
.ƨǳƽȌǳ ƾƷơȁ ǹǃȁ ƾȇƾŢ ǲƳƗ ǺǷ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ ƢȀǠȈŦ ǀƻƚƫȁ ƨȈƦǴǈǳơȁ ƨȈƥƢŸȍơ
ƔơȂǇ ǲǐǧ ǲǯ Ŀ ƨƸǓȂŭơ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ ŚȇƢǠǷ ǞǷ ǪǈƬƫ Ŗǳơ ƨȈƥƢŸȍơ ƩơŚƯƘƬǳơ ȄǴǟ ƔÅ ƢǼƥ ƧƽƢǟ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ ǁŐĈ ȇȁ Ð-Ö-Ñ-Ï-Ð-Î
ǂȇƾºǬƫ śǠƬȇ ƲƟƢƬǼǳơ śƥ ƣǁƢǔƫ ƾƳȂȇȁ Ǻȇǁƾă ǐŭơ Ȑǯ ǺǷ ƨǳƽƗ ǂǧȂƬƫ ƢǸưȈƷȁ .ƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǇơǁƾǳơ ǺǷ ȁƗ ǂǌƦǳơ ǺǷ ƧƾǸƬǈŭơ
ƨºȈǳƢǠǳơ ƨºȈǫȂƯȂŭơȁ ƨȈǟȂǼǳơ Ʃơƿ ƨȇǂǌƦǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǴǳ ǹȂǰƫ ƢƆǷȂǸǟȁ .ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ ƨǳƘǈǷ ǲƷ ǥƾđ Ǻȇǁƾǐŭơ ǺǷ ƧƾǸƬǈŭơ ƨǳƽȋơ ƨȈǫȂƯȂǷ
ǺǷ ƨȈǧƢǰǳơ ƽơƾǟȋơ ńƛ ǂǬƬǨƫ ƾǫ ƾȈƳ ǲǰǌƥ ǀǨǼƫ Ŗǳơȁ ǶȈǸǐƬǳơ ƧƾȈŪơ ƨȈƟƢƥȂǳơ ƩƢǇơǁƾǳơ ŕƷ ǾǻƗ Śǣ .ȃǂƻȋơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǬƦǇƗ
ƲƟƢºƬǼǳơ ǲǘƦƫ ȏȁ .ǆƦǴǳơ Śưƫ ƾǫ Ŗǳơ ǲǷơȂǠǳơ ǂȇƾǬƬǳ ȁƗ ƨǸȀǷ Ǯǳƿ ǞǷ ǲǜƫ Ŗǳơȁ ƧǁƽƢǼǳơ ƩơŚƯƘƬǳơ Ǧǌǰǳ ƨǇơǁƾǳơ ǞǓȂǷ ƽơǂǧȋơ
ƤǴǘƬƫ ƢȀǼǰǳȁ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ƨȇǂǌƥ ƧŐƻ ƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǟ ƤƦǈƥ ƧǁȁǂǔǳƢƥ ƧƾȈƳ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƧǀǨǼǷ ƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǇơǁƽ ǺǷ ƧƾǸƬǈŭơ ƨȈƥƢŸȍơ
.ǆƦǴǳơ Śưƫ ƾǫ Ŗǳơ ǲǷơȂǠǳơ ŚƯƘƫȁ ƩơŚƯƘƬǳơ ƭȁƾū ǞǫȂƬŭơ ǂƫơȂƬǳƢƥ ǲǐƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈǻơȂȈūơȁ ƨȇǂǌƦǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ƨȈǟȂǻȁ ƨǫƾǳ ǶȈȈǬƫ ƔơǂƳƛ
ƩƢºȈǴǸǠǳơ ƩƢºǷȂǴǠǷȁ ƧƽƢǸǴǳ ǑǂǠƬǳơ ǲȈƦǇ :ǂǌƦǳƢƥ ǾƬǴĉǏ ƢǷ ŚƯƘƫ ƨǷƔȐǷ ƾȇƾŢ Ŀ ƨǸȀŭơ ǲǷơȂǠǳơ ǺǷȁ Ñ-Ö-Ñ-Ï-Ð-Î
ƢǷƾºǼǟȁ .ŇƽƗ ǦȈǼǐƫ ƾȇƾƸƬǳ ǁŐǷ ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫ ǂǌƦǳƢƥ ƢȀƬǴĉǏ Ŀ ƢƆǰǋ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǽǀǿ Śưƫ ƢǷƾǼǟȁ .ǒȇȋơ ƩƢǇơǁƽȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘǳơ
.ǕȂǴƼŭơ ȁƗ ƧƽƢŭơ ǦȈǼǐƫ ǵƾǟ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǂǌƦǳƢƥ ŚƯƘƬǳơ ƣȂǴǇƗ ȁƗ ƨȈǳƕ śƥ ƨǴǏ ƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǟ ƶǔƬȇ
ƝƽƢƦŭ ƢƆǬǧȁ ȃǂš ƧƾƷơȁ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ƨǇơǁƽ ǹƗ Śǣ .ƨǳƽȋơ ǹǃȁ ǂȇƾǬƫ ȃƾǳ ƢƆǠǷ ƨȈƦǴǈǳơȁ ƨȈƥƢŸȍơ ƲƟƢƬǼǳơ ǞǸšȁ Ò-Ö-Ñ-Ï-Ð-Î
.ǦȈǼǐƫ ƨƠǧ śȈǠƫ ǁŐƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƨȇȂȈūơȁ ƨȈƟƢǐƷȍơ ƨȈƷƢǼǳơ ǺǷ ƨȇȂǼǠǷ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ƲƟƢƬǻ ȆǘǠƫȁ ƧƾȈƳ ƨȈǸǴǟ
ǖȈǳƢƼŭơ ǦȈǼǐƫ ǹƘǌƥ ƨǏƢƻ ƩơǁƢƦƬǟơ Ð-Ð-Î
ǦȇǁƢǠƫ Î-Ð-Ð-Î
ǽǀǿ ǥƾȀƬǈƫȁ .ǖȈǳƢƼŭơ ǦȈǼǐƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ǵƢǰƷȌǳ ǲǷƢǯ ǶȀǧ ŚǧȂƫ ǹƢǸǔǳ ƧƽƾŰ ƩƢƸǴǘǐǷ ǦȇǂǠƫ ǵǄǴȇ Î-Î-Ð-Ð-Î
Ǻºǟ ǢºȈǴƦƬǳơ ǲºưǷ ȃǂƻƗ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ ǪƦǘƫ ǹƗ Ƣđ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǆȈǳȁ ǶǇȂǳơȁ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ ǑǂǤǳ ƲăƬǼŭơ ƧǁȂǘƻ ǂȇƾǬƫ ȁƗ ǶȈȈǬƫ ǦȇǁƢǠƬǳơ
:ǹƗ ǺǷ ƾǯƘƬǳơ Ȃǿ ǦȇǁƢǠƬǳơ ǺǷ ǥƾŮơȁ .ƩƢǻȁǄƼŭơ
ŚȇƢºǠŭ ƢƆºǬǧȁ ŅƢƬǳƢƥ ǦǼċǐƫȁ ƢēǁȂǘƻ ƾȇƾƸƬǳ ǶċȈǬƫ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǩƢǘǻ Ŀ ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ ǞȈŦ ( Ɨ)
ƔƢǔƬǫȏơ ƤǈƷ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ
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25
ƲăƬǼŭơ ǞǼǏ ƔƢǼƯƗ ǲǟƢǨƫ ƭƾŹ ǹƢǯ ơƿƜǧ .ǂǬƬǈǷ ƲăƬǼǷ ȄǴǟ ȅƗ ȆǴǠǨǳơ řǠŭơ ƲăƬǼŭơ ȄǴǟ ƾǼƬǈȇ ǶȈȈǬƬǳơ (ƣ)
ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǪȈƦǘƬǳ ǦȈǼǐƫ ƔơǂƳƛȁ ƧǁȂǘƼǴǳ ƾȇƾƳ ǶȈȈǬƫ ƔơǂƳƛ ƤƳȁ ƾȇƾƳ ƲƬǼǷ ǹĈȂǰƫ ńƛ ȅƽƚȇ ƢŲ
.ƾȇƾŪơ ƲăƬǼŭơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ
ȄºǴǟ ǝȐºǗȐǳ Ï-Î ǲǐǨǳơ ǂǜǻơ) ƨǰȈƦǇ ǕȂǴű ƧƽƢǷ :ƨȈǳƢƬǳơ ƩƢƸǴǘǐǸǴǳ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǦȇǁƢǠƫ ƪǴƦǫ ƾǫȁ Ï-Î-Ð-Ð-Î
.(ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬǈŭơ ƩơǂǐƬƼŭơȁ ǦȇǁƢǠƬǳơ
ǥƢǔºǷ ȅƗ Ǯǳƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƱƢƬǻƛ ƨȈǴǸǟ ȅƗ ǺǷ ƨšƢǼǳơ ȁƗ ƨȈǠȈƦǘǳơ ƨǳƢūơ Ŀ ƢēƢƦǯǂǷȁ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ǂǏƢǼǠǳơ :ƧƽƢŭơ
ǲǐǨȇ ƾǫ ƤȇǀǷ ȅƗ ƔƢǼưƬǇƢƥ ƨǷƾƼƬǈŭơ ƨȈǴǸǠǳơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƨǻȂĈ ǰƬǷ ƤƟơȂǋ ƨȇƗȁ ƲăƬǼŭơ ǁơǂǬƬǇơ ȄǴǟ ƨǜǧƢƸǸǴǳ ǵǃȏ
.ƢȀƦȈǯǂƫ ŚǤȇ ȁƗ ƧƽƢŭơ ǁơǂǬƬǇơ ŚǤȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƾƥ ƲăƬǼŭơ ǺǷ
.ǕȂǴƼŭơ Ŀ ƢȀǼȈƥ ǲǟƢǨƫ ƭƾŹ ȏ Ŗǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ śƫƽƢǷ ǺǷ ƤǯǂƬƫ Ŗǳơ ǲȈǳƢƄơ ȁƗ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơ :ǕȂǴƼŭơ
ƧǁȂºǐƥ ƧƾƸƬǷ ǂºưǯƗ ȁƗ ǺºȇǂǐǼǟ ǺºǷ ǹȂǰƬƫ ňƢȈǠǳơ ǩƢǘǼǳơ ȄǴǟ ƨǈǻƢƴƬǷ ƨȇǄǴǧ ƧƽƢǷ Ȇǿ :ƨǰȈƦǈǳơ
ǲºǷƢǠƫ ƆƢºȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ Ǒơǂǣȋȁ .ƨȈǰȈǻƢǰȈŭơ ǲƟƢǇȂǳƢƥ ƢȀǴǐǧ ǲȀǈǳơ ǺǷ ǲǠš ȏ
.ǖȈǳƢƼǸǯ ǮƟƢƦǈǳơ
ǪǈºǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ Ŀ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơȁ ƽơȂŭơ ǦȈǼǐƫ ƾǼǟ ǩƢǈƫȏơ ȄǴǟ ƨǜǧƢƄơ ǥƾđ ǦȇǁƢǠƬǳơ ǽǀǿ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ Ð-Î-Ð-Ð-Î
ǹƗ Ƣēơǀƥ ƨǨǼǐǷ ǹȂǰƫ ǕȂǴű ȁƗ ƧƽƢǷ Ŀ ƧƽǂǨǷ ƩƢǻȂǰǷ ȁƗ ƩƢǧƢǔǷ ȁƗ ƤƟơȂǋ ƽȂƳȁ ƪƦưȇ ƢǸưȈƷ ƤŸ ǾǻƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǚƷȐȇȁ .ƢƆȈŭƢǟ
.ƧǁȂǘƻ ƨƦƫǁ ǲǰǳ śǠŭơ ȅƾūơ ǄȈǯǂƬǳơ/ƨȇƾūơ ƨǸȈǬǳơ ȄǴǟ ƢȀƬƦǈǻ Ʃƽơǃ ơƿƛ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ ƽơȂŭơ ǽǀǿ ǀƻƚƫ
ňƢƯȁ śƴǈǯȋơ ǲưǷ ƨȇȂŪơ ƩơǃƢǤǳơ ǞǷ ƔǖƦƥ ǲǟƢǨƬƫ ƾǫ ƽơȂŭơ ǒǠƥ ǹƗ ƨȈǴǸǟ Ǒơǂǣȋ Ǿƥ ǥǂƬǠŭơ ǺǷȁ Ñ-Î-Ð-Ð-Î
ƾǫ ȁƗ ƨǨǴƬű ƽơȂǷ ǺȇȂǰƬǳ ȃǂƻȋơ ǕȂǴƼŭơ ƩƢǻȂǰǷ ǞǷ ƾȇƾǋ ƔǖƦƥ ǲǟƢǨƬƫ ƾǫ ȁƗ ƨǨǴƬű ƽơȂǷ ǺȇȂǰƬǳ ƔƢŭơ ǁƢşȁ ǹȂƥǂǰǳơ ƾȈǈǯƗ
ǽǀǿ ƢȀƴƬǼƫ Ŗǳơ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ƽơȂŭơ ƩơǄȈǯǂƫ ǹƗ Śǣ ƩơƾƷȂǳơ Ƨƾȇƾǟ ƩơǂǸȈǳȂƥ ȁƗ ƩơƾƷȂǳơ ƨǴȈǴǫ ƩơǂǸȈǳȂƥ ǺȇȂǰƬǳ ƨȈƫơƿ ƧǂǸǴƥ ƢŮ ƭƾŢ
.ǕȂǴƼŭơ ƧǁȂǘƻ ǦȈǼǐƫ Ŀ ǂƯƚƫ ȏ ƮȈŞ ǥ Ċ Ƣǯ ǲƉ ǰǌƥ ƨǔǨƼǼǷ ƧƽƢǟ ŐƬǠƫ ƩȐǟƢǨƬǳơ
ƨȇƾūơ ƩơǄȈǯǂƬǳơ/ƨȇƾūơ ǶȈǬǳơ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ Ï-Ð-Ð-Î
Ŀ ƧǁȂºǘƻ Ƥƫǁ Ƨƾǟ ǦȈǼǐƫ ǲƳƗ ǺǷ ǵƾƼƬǈƫ ǾƫƢǻȂǰǷ ƧǁȂǘƻ ǅƢǇƗ ȄǴǟ ŐƬź Ń ǕȂǴű ǦȈǼǐƫ ƾǼǟ Î-Ï-Ð-Ð-Î
(Î)
ƧƾºǸƬǠǷ ƨȇƾƷ ƩơǄȈǯǂƫ/ƨȇƾƷ ǶȈǫ ƽƾŢ ƢǸǼȈƥȁ . ƨǨǼǐŭơ ǕȂǴƼŭơ ƩƢǻȂǰŭ ƨȈǟȂǻ ƨȇƾƷ ƩơǄȈǯǂƫ ȁƗ ƨȇƾƷ ǶȈǫ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ
ǶȈºǬǳơ ǺºǷ ǲºǫƗ ƩơǄºȈǯǂƬƥ Ƨǂǘƻ ƩƢǻȂǰǷ ȅȂƬŢ Ŗǳơ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơ ǒǠƥ ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰƫ ƾǫ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơ ǶǜǠǷ ƧǁȂǘƻ ƤǇƢǼȇ ǲǰǌƥ
ƢƆǔºȇƗ ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰƫ ƾǫȁ .ǽǂȇƾǬƫ ǺǰŻ ơƆǂǘƻ ǲǰǌƫ ǱơǄƫ ȏ ƢȀǼǰǳȁ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ ƨȇƾūơ ƩơǄȈǯǂƬǳơ/ƨȇƾūơ
.ƢǷ ǹȂǰŭ ǂǘƻ Śǣ ȃȂƬǈǷ ǅƢǇƗ ȄǴǟ ǞǫȂƬȇ ƢŲ ơƆŚưǯ ǲǫƗ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳƢƥ ƨȇƾūơ ƩơǄȈǯǂƬǳơ/ƨȇƾūơ ǶȈǬǳơ ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂǰƫ ƩȏƢƷ
ƨºǸǜƬǼǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ Ŀ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƨȈǟȂǼǳơ ƨȇƾūơ ƩơǄȈǯǂƬǳơ/ƨȇƾūơ ǶȈǬǳơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ƽƢƬǠŭơ Ŀ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ Ï-Ï-Ð-Ð-Î
ǹȂǰȈǇ śǠǷ ǹȂǰĄǷ ǂă ǘƻ ǹƗ ńƛ Śǌƫ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǦǼĈǐŭơ ȃƾǳ ǂǧȂƬƫ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ǾǻƗ ƾȈƥ .ƩƢǟƢǘǬǳơ ǞȈŦ Ŀȁ ǹơƾǴƦǳơ ǞȈŦ Ŀ ƧƾƷȂǷȁ
.Ǯǳǀǳ ƢƆǠƦƫ ǦǼǐȇ ǹȂǰŭơ Ǯǳƿ ȅȂƬŹ ȅǀǳơ ǕȂǴƼŭơ ǹƜǧ ƨȈǟȂǼǳơ ƩơǄȈǯǂƬǳơ ƽȁƾƷ/ƨƦƬǠǳơ ǶȈǫ ǺǷ ŇƽƗ ƩƢȇȂƬǈǷ ƾǼǟ ƢƆǛȂƸǴǷ
ǲºŰ ƢǸȀºǼǷ ǲǯ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ǺǰŻ ǾǻƗ řǠȇ ơǀǿȁ śǧƽơǂƬǷ "ȅƾūơ ǄȈǯǂƬǳơ"ȁ "ƨȇƾūơ ƨǸȈǬǳơ" ƢƸǴǘǐǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ Ǒơǂǣȋ (Î)
."ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ Ƣđ ǪǬƸƬȇ Ŗǳơ ƢȈǻƾǳơ ƽȁƾūơ śȈǠƬǳ śƸǴǘǐŭơ ǺǷ ȅƗ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ǁƢƬţ ǹƗ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƩƢǘǴǈǴǳȁ .ǂƻȉơ
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ǽƽȂºƳȁ ƨºǳƢƷ Ŀ ƢƆǛȂƸǴǷ ǹȂǰȇ Ǻǳ śǠǷ ǹĊ ȂǰĄǷ ƧǁȂǘƻ ǹƗ ƨǠǗƢǫ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƶǓȂƫ ƾǫ ǹƢȈƷȋơ ǒǠƥ Ŀȁ Ð-Ï-Ð-Ð-Î
ǺǰŻ ƩȏƢūơ ǮǴƫ Ŀȁ .ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ Ŀ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƨȈǟȂǼǳơ ƩơǄȈǯǂƬǳơ (ƽȁƾƷ) ƾƷ/(ƨȇƾūơ ǶȈǬǳơ) ƨȇƾūơ ƨǸȈǬǳơ ǺǷ ȄǴǟƗ ȃȂƬǈŠ
ƾºȇǄȇ ǹƗ ǾǻƘºǋ ǺºǷ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ ǕȂǴƼŭơ Ŀ ǹȂǰŭơ ǂƯƚȇ ǹƗ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ƾǠƦƬǈƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ǽǀŮ ƢƆǬǧȁ ǕȂǴƼŭơ ǦȈǼǐƫ
.ǂȇƾǬƬǳơ Ǯǳƿ ȄǴǟ ǂƯƚƫ ƩƢǻȂǰǷ ǕȂǴƼŭơ ȅȂƬŹ ȏƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ Ǯǳƿ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧȁ .ƨȈǬǼǳơ ƧƽƢŭơ ƧǁȂǘƻ ǃȁƢƴƬȇ ǁơƾǬŠ ƧǁȂǘŬơ
ǽǀºǿ ƵƢƬƫ ǹƗȁ ƨȇƾūơ ƩơǄȈǯǂƬǳơ/ƨȇƾūơ ǶȈǬǴǳ ƨǨǳƢű ǶȈǫ ƨȇƗ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ Ƕǟƾǳ ƨȈǧƢǯ ǪƟƢƯȂƥ ǙƢǨƬƷȏơ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ Ñ-Ï-Ð-Ð-Î
.ƢȀȈǴǟ ǝȐǗȏơ ƤǴǘȇ Ǻŭ ǪƟƢƯȂǳơ
ƧƽƢǔŭơ ƩơŚƯƘƬǳơȁ ƨȇǁǃƖƬǳơ ƩơŚƯƘƬǳơ Ð-Ð-Ð-Î
ǽǁƢºƦƬǟơ Ŀ ǀƻƘȇ ǹƗ ǶȈȈǬƬǳơ ơǀđ ǵȂǬȇ ǺǷ ȄǴǟ ƤŸ ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƩƢǗơǂƬǋȏ ƢƆǬǧȁ ǶȈȈǬƬǳơ ƔơǂƳƛ ƾǼǟ
ŇƽƗ ƧǁȂºǘƻ ƨƠǧ Ŀ ǕȂǴű ǦȈǼǐƫ ǺǰŻ ȏȁ .ǕȂǴƼŭơ ƩƢǻȂǰǷ śƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȇǁǃƖƫ ƩơŚƯƘƫ ƽȂƳȁ ǱƢǸƬƷơ Ǻǟ ƨƷƢƬŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǞȈŦ
.ƨȈǧƢǯ ƩƢǻƢȈƦƥ ƢƆǸǟƾǷ ǂǷȋơ Ǯǳƿ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ȏƛ ƩƢǻȂǰŭơ śƥ ƧƽƢǔǷ ƩơŚƯƘƫ ƽȂƳȁ ǅƢǇƗ ȄǴǟ
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27
Ñ-Î ǲǐǨǳơ
ǶǇȂǳơ :ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǢȈǴƦƫ
ǪȈƦǘƬǳơȁ ǩƢǘǼǳơȁ ǥơƾǿȋơ Î-Ñ-Î
Ǯǳƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǢȈǴƦƬǳ ǪǈǼǷ ǵƢǜǻ ǞǓȁ Ŀ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƽơƾǟƛ ȄǴǟ ǲǸǠǳơ ǥơƾǿƗ ƾƷƗ ǲưǸƬȇ Î-Î-Ñ-Î
ǀºŏǨĄǻ ƾǫȁ .ǪºǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǴǳ ƪǠǓĄȁ Ŗǳơ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ ŚȇƢǠǷ ǅƢǇƗ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǸȀǧ ǲȀǈȇ ǃȂǷǁ ǞǓȁȁ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǦƟƢƸǏȁ ǶǇȂǳơ
ǵơƾººƼƬǇƢƥ ƧǁȂºǘŬơ ƩƢºǷȂǴǠǷ ǢȈǴƦƬƥ řǠŭơ ƨȈǳȁƾǳơ ǲǸǠǳơ ƨǸǜǼŭ ǞƥƢƬǳơ ǲǷƢǠǳơ ǪȇǂǨǳơ ƨȈǳȁƾǳơ ǲǸǠǳơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƨȇƢǟǂƥ ǲǸǠǳơ ơǀǿ
Ð-Î ǲǐºǨǳơ) "ƧǂºǘŬơ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơȁ ƽơȂŭơ ǦȈǼǐƫ" ǹơȂǼǟ ƪŢ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ ǪȈǈǼƫ Ŀ ƧƽƾƄơ ƩơȂǘƻ Ð ǺǷ ƨǻȂǰŭơ Ƣēơƿ ƨǬȇǂǘǳơ
.(Ï-Î-Î-Ð-Î ƧǂǬǨǳơ
Ŀ ƧǁȂºǘŬơ ƩƢƠººǧȁ Ƥƫǁ ǺǷ ƨƦƫǁ ǲǯ Ǻǟ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǢȈǴƦƬǳ ƨƦǇƢǼǷ ǶǇȁ ƩơȁƽƗ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǺǸǔƬȇȁ Ï-Î-Ñ-Î
ƨºƠǧȁ ƨºƦƫǁ ǲǰǳ ƩƽƾƷ Ŗǳơ Śǣ ƧǁȂǘƻ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ȁƗ ǾȈƦǼƫ ƩƢǸǴǯ ȁƗ ǃȂǷǁ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ƨǳƢƷ Ŀ ǪȈǈǼƬǳơ ǥƾǿ ǪǬƸƬȇ ȏȁ .ǵƢǜǼǳơ
.ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ Ŀ ƧǁȂǘƻ
Ƕǜǻ ǪȈǈǼƫ Ǫȇǂǧ ƩƢǏƢǐƬƻơ Ŀ ƨǧȂǏȂŭơ ƨǷƢǠǳơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ƨȈǳȁƾǳơ ǲǸǠǳơ ƨǸǜǼŭ ǞƥƢƬǳơ ǲǷƢǠǳơ ǪȇǂǨǳơ ƮŞ ƾǫȁ Ð-Î-Ñ-Î
ƩȏƢƷ ƾƳȂƬǇ ǾǻƘƥ ǲǷƢǠǳơ ǪȇǂǨǳơ ǥǂƬǟơȁ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǢȈǴƦƫ ȄǴǟ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǽǀǿ ǪƦǘǼƫ ƢǷ ǁƾǬƥ IOMC CG/HCCS (Î)ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ
ǒǠƦºǳ ƨƦǈºǼǳƢƥ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƧǁȂǘƻ ƩƢƠǧȁ Ƥƫǁ Ʊơǁƽƛ ƨǷƔȐǷ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ƨǻȁǂŭơ ǒǠƥ ȆƻȂƫ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ Ƕǜǻ ƲȀǼǷȁ ƩƢƳƢȈƬƷơ ƢȀȈǧ ǁŐƫ
.ƨǧƾȀƬǈŭơ ŚǿƢǸŪơ
"ƨȈƳƿȂǸǼǳơ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬǳơ ƨºƸƟȐǳơ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦǳơ ǲǬǻ ǹƘǌƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩƢȈǏȂƫ" ǩƢǘǻ ǹƜǧ ǱƢưŭơ ǲȈƦǇ ȄǴǟȁ Ñ-Î-Ñ-Î
ǖȈǳƢƼŭơ ȁƗ ƽơȂŭơ ȄǴǟ ǶǇȁ ƩƢǫƢǘƥ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ơǀǿ Ǟǔȇ ȏȁ .ƧƽƢūơ ƨȈǸǈǳơ ƧǁȂǘƻ ƨƦƫǁ ƩƢƠǧ ǺǷ ƧǁȂǘƻ ƾǋȋơ ƩƢƠǨǳơ ȃȂǇ ǲǸǌȇ ȏ
Ǳďƾǟ ơƿƛ ǾǻƗ Śǣ .(ǶǤǯ/ǶǤǷ ÐÍÍ < ƨȇȂǸǨǳơ ƩƢǟǂŪơ ǩƢǘǻ Ŀ ǞǬƫ Ŗǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǲưǷ) Ƨƾǋ ǲǫȋơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢƠǧ ǩƢǘǻ Ŀ ƱǁƾǼƫ Ŗǳơ
ǵơƾƼƬǇƢƥ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơȁ ƽơȂŭơ ǮǴƫ ǶǇȁ ƤƳȁ ƧǁȂǘƻ ǲǫȋơ ƩƢƠǨǳơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ǞǬƫ Ŗǳơ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơȁ ƽơȂŭơ ǾȈǧ ƱǁƾĄƫ ƮȈŞ ǵƢǜǼǳơ Ǯǳƿ ǩƢǘǻ
Ŀ ǶǇȂƫ Ŗǳơ ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ śȈǠƬǳ ƨǨǴƬű ƨȇƾƷ ǶȈǫ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ǪȈǈǼƬǳơ ǥƾǿ ǞǷ ľƢǼƬȇȁ .ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ Ŀ ƧǁǂǬŭơ ƨƦǇƢǼŭơ ǶǇȂǳơ ƩơȁƽƗ
.ƢȀǼȈǠƥ ƧǁȂǘƻ ƨƠǧ
ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ śƦƫ "ƨȈƳƿȂǸǼǳơ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬǳơ ƨƸƟȐǳơ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦǳơ ǲǬǻ ǹƘǌƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩƢȈǏȂƫ" ǹƗ Ǿƥ ǥǂƬǠŭơ ǺǷȁ Ò-Î-Ñ-Î
ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌǳ ƨȈǟǂǨǳơ ƔơŐŬơ ƨǼŪ ǹƜǧ ƢǼǿ ǺǷ .ƨǧƾȀƬǈŭơ ŚǿƢǸŪơ ƩƢƳƢȈƬƷơ ƤƦǈƥ ńȁȋơ ƨƳǁƾǳƢƥ ȆǘȈǘţ ǲǰǋ Ŀ ǶǇȂǳơ
ƢƆºǬƦǗ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ȄǴǟ ǲƴǈƫ Ŗǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǺǷ ƔǄƴǯ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥȁ ǾȈƦǼƬǳơ ƩƢǸǴǯ Ʊơǁƽƛ ǵƾǟ ǁƢƬţ ƾǫ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦǳơ ǲǬǼƥ
.ƨȈƳƿȂǸǼǳơ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬǳơ ƨƸƟȐǳ
ƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ Ï-Ñ-Î
.ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǢȈǴƦƬƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ƨǷƢǠǳơ ǦȇǁƢǠƬǳơȁ ƩƢƸǴǘǐǸǴǳ ƢƆǨǏȁ "ƩơǂǐƬűȁ ǦȇǁƢǠƫ" Ï-Î ǲǐǨǳơ ǺǸǔƬȇ Î-Ï-Ñ-Î
IOMC, Coordinating group for the harmonization of chemical classification systems, revised terms of reference and (Î)
.work programme (IOMC/HCS/95 – 14 January 1996)
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ƨǧƾȀƬǈŭơ ŚǿƢǸŪơ Ð-Ñ-Î

ƩƢºǷȂǴǠǷ ǢºȈǴƦƬǳ ǪǈǼŭơ ǖǘƼǸǴǳ śȈƟƢȀǼǳơ śǷƾƼƬǈŭơ ƨƥƢưŠ ǹȂǰƬǇ Ŗǳơ ƨǧƾȀƬǈŭơ ŚǿƢǸŪơ ƩƢƳƢȈƬƷơ ƪǼȈǟ Î-Ð-Ñ-Î
ƽơȂºŭơ Ǻǟ ƢȀȈǳƛ ƨǳȂǬǼŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǵƾƼƬǈƫȁ ƨǧƾȀƬǈŭơ ŚǿƢǸŪơ ǽǀǿ Ǿƥ ȄǬǴƬƫ ȅǀǳơ ƣȂǴǇȋơ ƨǌǫƢǼŭ ǍƢƻ ǵƢǸƬǿơ ŅȁƗȁ .ƧǁȂǘŬơ
ƨºǫƢǘƥ ǹȂǸǔºǷ ǥȐş ȃǂƻƗ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ƨƷƢƫƛȁ ƩƢƴƬǼǸǴǳ ǲǸƬƄơ ǵơƾƼƬǇȏơ ƪǌǫȂǻ Ŗǳơ ǲǷơȂǠǳơ ǺǸǔƬƫȁ .ƧǂǘŬơ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ
.ƤȇǁƾƬǳơ ǂǧơȂƫȁ ǶǇȂǳơ
ǱƢºưŭơ ǲȈƦºǇ ȄǴǟȁ .ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ƨǧƾȀƬǈŭơ ŚǿƢǸŪơ ƩƢƳƢȈƬƷơ śƥ ǲǷƢǰǳơ ǲǐǨǳơ ƨƥȂǠǐǳ ǭơǁƽƛ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƢǯ ƾǫȁ Ï-Ð-Ñ-Î
ǹƢºǰǷ Ŀ ǹȂǴǷƢºǠǳơȁ ǹȂǰǴȀƬǈŭơ ǵƾƼƬǈȇȁ ǺȇǄƼƬǳơ ǪǧơǂǷ Ŀ ǶǇȂǳơ ƩƢǫƢǘƥ ƝǁơȂǘǳơ ƩƢǷƾƻ ǩǂǧȁ śǴǷƢǠǳơ ǺǷ ǲǯ ǵƾƼƬǈȇ
ǮǴȀƬǈŭơ ƨƠȈƥ Ŀ ǵƾƼƬǈƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƩƢǧȉơ ƩơƾȈƦǷ ǹƜǧ Ǯǳƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ .ƩƢƦȇǀŭơȁ ƩƢǻƢǿƾǳơ ǲưǷ ƩƢƴƬǼǷ ƔơȂǇ ƾƷ ȄǴǟ ǶȀǴǸǟ
ƨºŪƢǠǷ ƩƢǘŰ Ŀ ǁȁǀƦǳơ ƨŪƢǠǷ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬǈŭơ ƩƢǧȉơ ƩơƾȈƦǷ ǲưǷ) ǲǸǠǳơ ǺǯƢǷƗȁ (ǪƟơƾūơȁ Ʊȁǂŭơ Ƥǌǟ ƨŪƢǠǷ ƩƢƴƬǼǷ ǲưǷ)
ƨǧƾȀƬǈŭơ ŚǿƢǸŪơ ǶǈǬǳơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ƨȈǳƢƬǳơ ƩơǂǬǨǳơ ǱȁƢǼƬƫȁ .ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ƨǧƾȀƬǈŭơ ŚǿƢǸŪơ Ƣđ ǎƬţ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƩƢũ ƾƳȂƫ ơǀǰǿȁ .(ǁȁǀƦǳơ
.ƢȀƳƢƬŢ Ŗǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǝȂǻȁ
ȁƗ/ȁ ƨǷƾƼƬǈºŭơ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ Ƣđ ǶǈƬƫ Ŗǳơ ƧƽƾƄơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƨǧǂǠǷ ńƛ ǱƢǸǠǳơȁ ǹȂǨǛȂŭơ ƱƢƬŹ :ǲǸǠǳơ ǹƢǰǷ Ð-Ð-Ñ-Î
ǮºǴƫ ƤƦǈƥ ƘǌǼƫ ƾǫ Ŗǳơ ƧǁƢǔǳơ ƩơŚƯƘƬǳơ ƤǼƴƬǳ ƨƥȂǴǘŭơ ƧƽƾƄơ ƨȇƢǫȂǳơ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ Ǻǟ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ Ǯǳǀǯȁ ǲǸǠǳơ ǹƢǰǷ Ŀ ƨǳȁơƾƬŭơ
ƨºǳƢƷ Ŀ ǾºǻƗ Śǣ (ƩơȂƦǟ Ŀ) ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƧƽƢŭơ ƔơȂƬƷơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƨǴǸƬƄơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǲǴǬƫ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǺȇǄţ ƨǳƢƷ Ŀȁ .ƧǁȂǘŬơ
ǺºǰŻ ƩƢºǷȂǴǠǷ ńƛ ǹȂƳƢƬŹ ƾǫ ƢǼǿȁ .ƢǿƿƢţơ ƤƳơȂǳơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ƨǧǂǠǷ ńƛ ƨƳƢŞ ƝǁơȂǘǳơ ƩƢǷƾƻ ƽơǂǧƗ ǹȂǰȇ ƭƽƢƷ ǝȂǫȁ
Ǻºǟȁ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǦƟƢƸǏ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƵƢƬƫ Ŗǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǽǀŮ ƾȈƷȂǳơ ǁƾǐŭơ ƪǈȈǳ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ǹƗ ƾȈƥ .ƾǠƥ ǺǷ ƢēƔơǂǫ
ǺȇƢƦƬƫ ƾǫȁ .ƢȀƟƢǬƫơȁ ƧǁȂǘŬơ śȈǠƫ ǱƢů Ŀ ƤȇǁƾƬǳơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǂǧƐȂȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ .ǲǸǠǳơ ǹƢǰǷ Ŀ ǁƢǘƻȋơ Ƨǁơƽƛ ǵƢǜǻ ǪȇǂǗ
ǾºǻƗ Śǣ .ǂƻƕ ńƛ ǲǸǟ ǹƢǰǷ ǺǷ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǦƟƢƸǏ ƢȀǼǸǔƬƫ Ŗǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǱƢǸƬǯơȁ ƵȂǓȁȁ ƨǫƽȁ ǵƾĈ Ǭŭơ ƤȇǁƾƬǳơ ƨǠȈƦǗ
.ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǝơȂǻƗ ǂƟƢǇȁ ǃȂǷǂǴǳ ƢƆǬǸǠƬǷ ƢƆǸȀǧ ơȂǻĈȂǰȇĄ ǹƗ ǹȂǴǷƢǠǳơ ǞȈǘƬǈȇ ǱƢưŭơ ǲȈƦǇ ȄǴǟ śǰǴȀƬǈŭơ ǞǷ ƨǻǁƢǬŭƢƥ
śǰǴȀƬǈºǸǴǳ ƨƷƢƬŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǸǴǳ ƾȈƷȂǳơ ǁƾǐŭơ Ȇǿ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƩȏƢūơ ǶǜǠǷ Ŀ ƶƳǂȇ :ǹȂǰǴȀƬǈŭơ Ñ-Ð-Ñ-Î
ƨȈǨǈǴǧ ƩƢǧȐƬƻơ ǭƢǼǿȁ .ƲăƬǼŭơ ǵơƾƼƬǇƢƥ ƨǴǏ Ʃơƿȁ ǥƢǯ ǲǰǌƥ ƨǴǐ ċ ǨǷ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǂǷȋơ ƤǴǘƬȇ Ǯǳǀǳ .ǂǋƢƦǷ ǲǰǌƥ
ǁǂǔºǳơ ǱƢǸƬƷơ ȄǴǟ Ƕă ƟƢǬǳơ Ƕă ǇȂǳơ ǮǴȀƬǈŭơ ǥƾȀƬǈȇ ȅǀǳơ ǶǇȂǳơ Ƕǜǻ ǒǠƥ ŐƬǠȇȁ .śǰǴȀƬǈǸǴǳ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ŉƾǬƫ ƲĔ ǹƘǌƥ ƨǴƟƢǿ
ƩƢºǷȂǴǠǷ ŉƾºǬƫ Ŀ "ƨºǧǂǠŭơ Ŀ Ǫºūơ" ƗƾƦǷ ȃǂƻƗ ǶǇȁ Ƕǜǻ Ȇǟơǂƫ ƢǸǼȈƥ ƽƾǐǳơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ȏƆ ƢǠǧ ƢƆƴĔ (ǁƢǘƻȋơ Ǻǟ ǢȈǴƦƬǳơ ȅƗ)
.ȃǂƻȋơ ƨǧƾȀƬǈŭơ ŚǿƢǸŪơ ǦȈǬưƫ ǺǷ ƧƔƢǨǯ ǲǫƗȁ ƤǠǏƗ śǰǴȀƬǈŭơ ǦȈǬưƫȁ .ƲăƬǼŭơ ƧǁȂǘƻ Ȃǿ ƾƷơȁ ǅƢǇƗ ȄǴǟ ŘƦƫ śǰǴȀƬǈǸǴǳ
ơǀºŮ ƨƦǈºǼǳƢƥ ƨǏƢƻ ƨȈŷƗ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǶȀǧ ƨǳƘǈǷ ƤǈƬǰƫȁ .ƢƆǸƼǓ ƢƆȇƾŢ ƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ǲȀǇƗȁ ǖǈƥƘƥ ƨȈǧƢǯ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ŉƾǬƫ ǲưŻȁ
.ƢǿƾƷȁ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ȄǴǟ ǹȁƾǸƬǠȇ śǰǴȀƬǈŭơ ǹȋ ơƆǂǜǻ ǥƾȀƬǈŭơ ǁȂȀǸŪơ
ƩƢƥƢƴƬºǇȏơ ŚǈȈƬǳȁ .ƩƢȇȂƬǈǷ Ƨƾǟ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ńƛ ƝǁơȂǘǳơ ƩƢǷƾƻ ƽơǂǧƗ ƱƢƬŹ :ƝǁơȂǘǳơ ƩƢǷƾƻ ƽơǂǧƗ Ò-Ð-Ñ-Î
ǪǧơǂǷ Ŀ ȁƗ ǲǬǼǳơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƭƽƢƷ ǝȂǫȁ ƨǳƢƷ Ŀ Ǯǳƿ ǪƦǘǼȇȁ .ǥƢǯ ǁƾǬƥ ƨƸǓơȁȁ ƨǴǐǨǷȁ ƨǬȈǫƽ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ńƛ Ɣȏƚǿ ƱƢƬŹ ƨȇǁȂǨǳơ
ƩƢººǷȂǴǠǷ ńƛ ǹȂºƳƢƬŹ Ȑ Ɔ ưǷ ƢǷ ƭƽƢƷ ƵǂǈǷ ńƛ ǹȁǁƽƢƦȇ Ǻȇǀǳơȁ ǪƟơǂūơ ƔƢǨǗƛ Ŀ ǹȂǴǷƢǠǳơȁ .ǲǸǠǳơ ǺǯƢǷƗ Ŀ ȁƗ ǺȇǄƼƬǳơ
ƩƢºǷȂǴǠŭơȁ ƨºȈǘȈǘƼƬǳơ ƩƢºǷȂǴǠŭơ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ȄǴǟ ơƆƾȈƳ ƢƆƦȇǁƾƫ śƥǁƾǷ ǍƢƼǋȋơ Ɣȏƚǿ ǹȂǰȇȁ .ƾǠƥ ǺǷ ƢǿŚǈǨƫȁ ƢǿǄȈȈŤ ǺǰŻ
ǺºǷ ƽƾǟ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǹȂǴǐŹ ƨȀƳơȂŭơ ƤȈǳƢǇƗȁ ƧǁȂǘŬơ Ǻǟ ƨǴǐǨǷ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǹȂƦǴǘƬȇ ƝǁơȂǘǳơ ƩƢǷƾƻ ƽơǂǧƗ ǹƗ ȏƛ .ƧǂǨƐ ǌŭơ
ǾºȈǳƛ ƱƢƬŹ ƢǸǟ ƝǁơȂǘǳơ ƩȏƢƷ ȁƗ ƭƽơȂūơ ƢȇƢƸǓ ƱȐǟ Ǻǟ śǳȁƚǈŭơ śȈƦǘǳơ śǨǛȂǸǴǳ ƨƥȂǴǘŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǦǴƬţ ƾǫȁ .ǁƽƢǐŭơ
.ƔƢǨǗȍơ Ŀ ǹȂǴǷƢǠǳơ
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ŚƦǯ ƽƾǟ ƩƢƳƢȈƬƷơ "ƨȈƳƿȂǸǼǳơ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬǳơ ƨƸƟȐǳơ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦǳơ ǲǬǻ ǹƘǌƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩƢȈǏȂƫ" œǴƫ :ǲǬǼǳơ Ó-Ð-Ñ-Î
ŚǿƢǸŪơ śƥ ǺǷȁ .ƨȈǈȈƟǂǳơ ƨǧƾȀƬǈŭơ ŚǿƢǸŪơ ǹȂǴưŻ ƝǁơȂǘǳơ ƩƢǷƾƻ ƽơǂǧƗȁ ǲǬǼǳơ ǱƢǸǟ ǹƗ ǺǷ Ƕǣǂǳơ ȄǴǟ ƨǧƾȀƬǈŭơ ŚǿƢǸŪơ ǺǷ
ȁƗ ǲǬǼǳơ ƩƢƦǯǂǷ Ŀ Ƨǂǘƻ ǞƟƢǔƥ ƩơȂƦǟ ǲȈǸŢ ȁƗ ƢȀǴǬǼǳ Ƨǂǘƻ ǞƟƢǔƥ ǹȂǴƦǬȇ ȁƗ ǹȂǷƾǬȇ Ǻȇǀǳơ ǲǸǠǳơ ƣƢƸǏƗ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨǧƾȀƬǈŭơ
.ǲǬǼǳơ ƩȏƢƷ ǞȈŦ ǶƟȐƫ Ŗǳơ ƨǷƢǠǳơ ƨǻȂǷƘŭơ ƩƢǇǁƢǸŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ńƛ ǹȂƳƢƬŹ Ɣȏƚǿ ǲǯȁ .ƢȀǼǷ ƢȀǤȇǂǨƫ ȁƗ ǺƸǌǳơ ƩƢȇȁƢƷ
ǲưǷ) :ƨǳȂǬǼŭơ ƧƽƢŭơ Ǻǟ ǂǜǼǳơ ǥǂǐƥ ƭƽƢƷ ǝȂǫȁ ƨǳƢƷ Ŀ ǾǴǸǟ ƤŸ ƢǷ ƨǧǂǠǷ ńƛ ƨƳƢŞ ƨƦǯǂŭơ ǪƟƢǇ ǹȂǰȈǇ ǱƢưŭơ ǲȈƦǇ ȄǴǟȁ
ƩƢºǷȂǴǠǷ ńƛ ȏƛ ƩƢƦǯǂŭơ ȂǬƟƢǇ ƱƢƬŹ ȏ ƾǫȁ .Ǯǳƿ ńƛ ƢǷȁ ƽƾŰ ǹƢǰǷ Ŀ ǲǬǼǳơ ƩơƾǼƬǈǷ ǚǨƷȁ ƩƢǘǴǈǳơ ńƛ ƭƽƢūơ ǢȈǴƦƫ
ƱƢºƬŹȁ .Ǯºǳƿ ńƛ ƢǷȁ ƲȇǁƢȀǐǳơ ƔǲŠ ȁƗ ƩơȂƦǠǳơ ǢȇǂǨƫ ȁƗ ǲȈǸƸƬƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǹȂǷȂǬȇ ơȂǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ȏƛ ƧƽƾŰ ƧǁȂǘƻ ǾƳȁƗ Ǻǟ ƧƽȁƾŰ
.Ȑ
Ɔ ȈǐǨƫ ǂưǯƗ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ńƛ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦǳƢƥ ǂǋƢƦǷ ǭƢǰƬƷơ ȁƗ ǱƢǐƫơ ǶŮ ǹȂǰȇ Ǻȇǀǳơ ǹȂǴǷƢǠǳơ
ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǶȀǧ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ Ñ-Ñ-Î
ƧǁȂºǘŬơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǢȈǴƦƫ ǵƢǜǻ ǞǓȁ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƪºŪȂǟ Ŗǳơ ǲƟƢǈŭơ ǶǿƗ ȃƾƷƛ ƨǷƾǬŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǶȀǧ ƨǳƘǈǷ ƪǻƢǯ Î-Ñ-Ñ-Î
:ƨȈǳƢƬǳơ ƝƽƢƦǸǴǳ ƢƆǬǧȁ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ŉƾǬƫ Ȃǿ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǥƾǿȁ .(ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǶȀǧ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ǁƢƦƬƻơ ƨȈƴȀǼǷ Ó Ǫǧǂŭơ ǂǜǻơ)
ƨǴȈǇȁ ǺǷ ǂưǯƘƥ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǢȈǴƦƫ ȆǤƦǼȇ ( Ɨ)
ǞºȈŦ ƤǻƢƳ ńƛ ǲƦǫƊ ǺǷ ƧƽȂƳȂŭơ ǪƟƢƯȂǳơȁ ƩƢǇơǁƾǳơ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǂǏƢǼǟ ǶȀǧ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ƨǳƘǈǷ ǀƻƘƫ (ƣ)
ƩƢǸȈȈǬƬǳơ ǺǷ ƧƢǬƬǈŭơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ
.ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǝơȂǻƗ ǦǴƬű śƥ ƨǬǈƬǷ ƧǁȂǘŬơ (Ƨƾǋ) ƨƳǁƽ ǹƢȈƦǳ ƨǷƾƼƬǈŭơ ƩơǁƢƦǠǳơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ (Ʊ)
ƨǼǗǂǈǳơ ǲưǷ ƾǷȋơ ƨǴȇȂǘǳơ ƩơŚƯƘƬǳơ śƥ Ƨƾǌǳơ Ǻǟ ŚƦǠƬǳơ ƨǻǁƢǬǷ ǱȂƷ ƨǌǫƢǼǷ ǝȂǓȂǷ ƧŚƻȋơ ƨǘǬǼǳơ ƪǻƢǯ ƾǫȁ Ï-Ñ-Ñ-Î
ǺºǰŻ ǾǻƜǧ ƨȈƸǐǳơ ƧǁȂǘŬơȁ ƨȈƟƢȇǄȈǨǳơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ śƥ ƧǂǋƢƦǷ ƨǻǁƢǬǷ ƾǬǟ ǁǀǠƬȇ ƾǫ ƢǸǼȈƥȁ .ǱƢǠƬǋȐǳ ƨȈǴƥƢǬǳơ ǲưǷ ƨȈƟƢȇǄȈǨǳơ ƧǁȂǘŬơȁ
.ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǹƘǌƥ Ƣēơƿ ǪǴǬǳơ ƨƳǁƽ ǢȈǴƦƫ ŅƢƬǳƢƥȁ ƢȀǫƢȈǇ Ŀ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƨƳǁƽ ǞǓȂǳ ƨǴȈǇȂƥ ƨǧƾȀƬǈŭơ ŚǿƢǸŪơ ƾȇȁǄƫ
ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǶȀǧ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ǁƢƦƬƻơ ƨȈƴȀǼǷ Ð-Ñ-Ñ-Î
ǶȀǧ ƨǳƘǈŠ ǲǐƬƫ ƨǷƢǟ ƝƽƢƦǷ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǺǰŻ ǾǻƗ ńƛ ƾǻȐȇǂǷ ƨǠǷƢƳ Ǿƥ ƪǷƢǫ ƧǁȂǌǼŭơ ƩƢǇơǁƾǴǳ ŅȁƗ ǑơǂǠƬǇơ ǁƢǋƗ
ǁƢºƦƬƻơ ƨȈƴȀǼǷ Ŀ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǽǀǿ ǹȁƢƫ ƤȈǯ ƨǠǷƢƳ ƪǠǓȁ ƾǫȁ .ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǢȈǴƦƬǳ ǪǈǼǷ ǖǘű ǞǓȁ ƨȈǴǸǟ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ
ƨȈƴȀǼŭơ ǅǁƾƫ ƧƽǂǨŭơ ǶǇȂǳơ ǂǏƢǼǟ ǁƢȈƬƻơ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ .(Ó Ǫǧǂŭơ ǂǜǻơ) ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǢȈǴƦƬǳ ǵƢǜǻ ǶȀǧ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ǶȈȈǬƬǳ ƨǴǷƢǋ
ƨºȈƴȀǼǷ ǺǸǔƬƫȁ .ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǶȀǧ Ŀ ƧƾǟƢǈǸǴǳ ƤȇǁƾƬǳơ ȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏơ ǲǬȇ ƮȈƷ śǰǴȀƬǈǸǴǳ ƨȀƳȂŭơ ǂȇǀƸƬǳơ ǲƟƢǇǁ ǶȀǧ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ
.Ó Ǫǧǂŭơ Ŀ ƨȈƴȀǼŭơ ǽǀŮ ǎƼǴǷ ƽǂȇȁ .ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǦƟƢƸǏ ǶȀǧ ȃƾǷ ǶȈȈǬƬǳ ƨǴȈǇȁ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǁƢƦƬƻȏơ
ƨŦǂƬǳơ Ò-Ñ-Î
ǚǨƬºŢ ǹƗ śǠƬȇ ǾǻƗ ƶǓơȂǳơ ǺǷȁ .ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǶȀǧ ƨȈǻƢǰǷȍ ƢƆȈǧƢǓƛ ƢƆȇƾŢ ƨȈĈǐǼǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ƩơǁƢȈƻ ǲưŤ
ƩƢºǫƢǘƥ ƲǷƢºǻǂƥ Ŀ ƽƾǐǳơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƧŐƻ ƪƦǈƬǯơ ƾǫȁ .ǾǈǨǻ ŘǠŭơ ǢǴƐƦƫĄ ƮȈŞ ƢȀƬŦǂƫ ƾǼǟ ƢȀǸȀǧ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƜƥ ƩơǁƢƦǠǳơȁ ƩƢǸǴǰǳơ
ǂǧȂºƬƫ ƢǸǯ .ƩƢǤǴǳơ ǺǷ ǞǇơȁ ǩƢǘǻ ńƛ ƨȈǘŶ ƩơǁƢƦǟ ƨŦǂƫ Ŀ (IPCS) ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƨǷȐǈǴǳ Ņȁƾǳơ ƲǷƢǻŐǴǳ ǞƥƢƬǳơ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƨǷȐǈǳơ
ǂǘŬơȁ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǁƾǐǷ ǱƢưŭơ ǲȈƦǇ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǤǳ ƧƾǠƥ ƢȀǈǨǻ ƨǳƢǇǂǳơ ǢȈǴƦƫ ǹƢǸǔǳ ƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ƨŦǂƫ Ŀ ƧŐƻ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ȃƾǳ
ǵƾƼƬǈȇ ȅǀǳơ ƝǁơȂǘǴǳ ƨƥƢƴƬǇȏơ ǹƘǌƥ ƨȈǳƢǸǌǳơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗ ǲȈǳƽ ǂǧȂƬȇ ƮȈƷ ƨȈǳƢǸǌǳơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗ Ŀ ƨǴƯƢŲ ƧŐƻ ƪƦǈƬĄǯơȁ .Ǯǳƿ ńƛ ƢǷȁ
.ƩƢǤǴǳơ ǺǷ ƽƾǠƥ ƨȈǇƢǇƗ ƩơǁƢƦǟ
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ȆǇƢȈǬǳơ ƾȈƷȂƬǳơ Ó-Ñ-Î

ƨȈǇƢȈǫ ƲȀĄǻ ǅƢǇƗ ȄǴǟ ǾǼǷ ŚƦǯ ƔǄƳ ǞǓȂȇ ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǴǳ ǹơƾǴƦǳơ ǺǷ ǺǰŲ ƽƾǟ ŐǯƗ ƽƢǸƬǟơ ǪȈǬŢ ǲƳƗ ǺǷ Î-Ó-Ñ-Î
ǃȂºǷǂǳơ) ǶǇȂǴǳ ƨǼȈǠǷ ǂǏƢǼǟ ȄǴǟ ȆǇƢȈǬǳơ ƾȈƷȂƬǳơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǺǰŻȁ .ǵƢǜǼǴǳ ǹơƾǴƦǳơ ǀȈǨǼƫ ǲȈȀǈƬǳȁ Ǿƥ ƩƢǯǂǌǳơ ǵơǄƬǳơ ƨǸȀǷ ǲȈȀǈƬǳ
.ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ ǲǰǋȁ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ǹȂǳȁ ǲǰǋ ȄǴǟȁ (ƨȇǂȇǀƸƬǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǹƢȈƥ ǾȈƦǼƬǳơ ƩƢǸǴǯ
ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ Ŀ ȆǇƢȈǬǳơ ƾȈƷȂƬǳơ ǪȈƦǘƫ Ï-Ó-Ñ-Î
ǽǀºǿ ƩƽƾºƷȁ ƢȀǠȈŦ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǾƳȁƗ ƩƢǻƢȈƥȁ ǾȈƦǼƬǳơ ƩƢǸǴǯȁ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǃȂǷǁ ǶǇȂǳơ ƩƢǫƢǘƦǳ ƨƦǈǼǳƢƥ ƩƾďƷȁĄ
ǶºǇȂǳơ ƨºǫƢǘƥ ȄǴǟ ǂȀǜƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ ǥȐƬƻơ ǞǓȂǷ ƨȈǇƢȈǬǳơ ǂǏƢǼǠǳơ ǽǀǿ ǹȂǰƫ ȏƗ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ .ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢƠǧ ǺǷ ƨƠǧ ǲǰǳ ǂǏƢǼǠǳơ
ƩƢºǻƢȈƥ ǦƟƢƸǐǳ ƨƦǈǼǳƢƥ ƢǷƗ .ƨǬȈƯȂǳơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƧǁȂǘƻ ƨƦƫǁ ǲǯ ǱȁƢǼƬƫ Ŗǳơ ǱȂǐǨǳơ Ŀ śƦŭơ ȂƸǼǳơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƤƳȂŠ
Ɔ ǰǋ ǺǸǔƬȇ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǦƟƢƸǏ :ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǢȈǴƦƫ Ò-Î ǲǐǨǳơ ǹƜǧ ƨǷȐǈǳơ
Ƕǣǂǳơ ȄǴǟȁ .ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǑǂǠǳ ƢƆȈǇƢȈǫ Ȑ
ǁƢºȈƬƻơ Ŀ ƧƾǟƢǈºǸǴǳ ƩƢȀȈƳȂƫ ǵƾǬȇ Ð Ǫǧǂŭơ ǹƜǧ ŅƢūơ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ Ŀ ƨǷƢƫ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǪǈǼƫ Ń ƨȇǂȇǀƸƬǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ǹƗ ǺǷ
ǵƢºǜǼǳơ ǪºȈƦǘƫ Ŀ ƧŐƻ ǹơƾǴƦǳơ ƪƦǈƬǯơ ŕǷ ǱƢĐơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƾȈƷȂƬǳơ ƧƽƢȇǄǳ ƨȈǧƢǓƛ ǱƢǸǟƗ ǲƦǬƬǈŭơ Ŀ ȃǂš ƾǫȁ .ƨƦǇƢǼŭơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ
.ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ
ƨȈǴȈǸǰƫ ȁƗ ƨȈǇƢȈǫ Śǣ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ Ð-Ó-Ñ-Î
ǪǈºǼŭơ ǵƢºǜǼǳơ Ŀ ȆǇƢȈǬǳơ ƾȈƷȂƬǴǳ Ǟǔţ Ń ƧŚưǯ ȃǂƻƗ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǂǏƢǼǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ǂȀǜƫĄ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Î-Ð-Ó-Ñ-Î
ƩƢºǷȂǴǠǷ ƨǐºƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴǈǳơ ǕǂƬǌƫ ƾǫȁ .ƨȇǂȇǀƸƬǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ǲưǷ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ Ŀ ƢȀƳơǁƽƛ ǵǄǴȇ Ŗǳơ ǂǏƢǼǠǳơ ǒǠƥ ǭƢǼǿȁ .ƢƆȈŭƢǟ
ńƛ ȅƽƚȇ ȏ ƨȈǇƢȈǫ Śǣ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ǹƗ ǺǷ ƾǯƘƬǴǳȁ .ǶȀǼǷ ƧǁƽƢƦŠ ƨȈǴȈǸǰƫ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ƨǧƢǓƛ ǹȁƽǁȂŭơ ǁƢƬź ǹƗ ǃȂŸȁ ƨȈǧƢǓƛ
ƨºȈǴȈǸǰƬǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ǂǐƬǬȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǥƢǠǓƛ ńƛ ȁƗ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ Ŀ Ǿǳ ǁŐǷ ȏ ǞǇơȁ ǥȐƬƻơ
:ƨȈǳƢƬǳơ ǱơȂƷȋơ ȄǴǟ
ȆǬǴƫ ȁƗ ƨȈǇƢȈǬǳơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ƨƸǏ ǞǷ ǑǁƢǠƬƫ ȏȁ ǂưǯƗ ǲȈǏƢǨƫ ƨȈǴȈǸǰƬǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǂǧȂƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ (Ɨ )
ȁƗ Ǯǌǳơ ǺǷ ȏƆ ȐǛ ƢȀȈǴǟ
.ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ Ŀ ƾǠƥ Ʊǁƾƫ Ń ƧǁȂǘƻ Ǻǟ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ƨȈǴȈǸǰƬǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǂǧȂƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ (ƣ)
.ƨȇƢǸūơ ƩƢȇȂƬǈǷ ƨȈǴȈǸǰƬǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǲǴǬƫ ȏƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ śƬǳƢūơ ƢƬǴǯ Ŀȁ
ǲºưǷ ƧǁȂǘŬƢƥ ǲǐƬƫ ƨȈǴȈǸǰƫ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ŉƾǬƫ ǁƢȈƻ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ǲǰǋ Ŀ ƪƦĄƫ Ŗǳơ ƨǘǴǈǴǳ ƵƢƬȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ Ï-Ð-Ó-Ñ-Î
ƨºȈǴȈǸǰƬǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ Ƕǈǫ Ŀ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ǽǀǿ ǞǓȁ ǺǷ ȏƆ ƾƥ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǹƢȈƥ ǞǷ ƤǼƳ ńƛ ƢƆƦǼƳ ǑǂǠƬǳơ ǲȈƦǇ ȁƗ ƧƽƢǸǴǳ ƨȈƟƢȇǄȈǨǳơ ƨǳƢūơ
.Î-Ñ-Ò-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂǜǻơ .ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ȄǴǟ
ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƮȇƾŢ Ô-Ñ-Î

ƨºǫƢǘƥ ƮȇƾƸƬǳȁ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ƨȇȋ ƤǇƢǼŭơ ƪǫȂǳơ Ŀȁ ƨǸƟȐǷ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ƨƥƢƴƬǇȐǳ ƨǴȈǇȁ ǶǜǼǳơ ǞȈŦ ƽƾŢ Î-Ô-Ñ-Î
.Ǯǳƿ ǪȈǬŢ ƨȈǨȈǰǳ ƨǴưǷƗ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ .Ǯǳǀǳ ƢƆǠƦƫ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǦƟƢƸǏ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷȁ ǶǇȂǳơ
ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƮȇƾŢ ǹƘǌƥ ǵƢǟ ǾȈƳȂƫ Ï-Ô-Ñ-Î

Ǻǟ Ǯǳƿȁ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƧƽƢŭơ ƧǁȂǘƻ Ǻǟ ƢĔȂǬǴƬȇ Ŗǳơ "ƨǸȀŭơȁ ƧƾȇƾŪơ" ƩƢǷȂǴǠǸǴǳ ǹȁƽǁȂŭơ ƤȈƴƬǈȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ Î-Ï-Ô-Ñ-Î
ƧƽƢºŭơ ǦȈǼǐƫ ŚǤƫ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ƨȇƗ Ȇǿ ƨǸȀŭơ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơȁ .ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏȁ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ƮȇƾŢ ǪȇǂǗ
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Śƥơƾºƫȁ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ƨȇƗ ȁƗ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ƢȀǴǸŢ Ŗǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ Ŀ ŚȈǤƫ ńƛ ȅƽƚƫȁ ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǴǳ ƢƆǬǧȁ ǕȂǴƼŭơ ȁƗ
Ǻºǟ ƧƾºȇƾŪơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǱƢưŭơ ǲȈƦǇ ȄǴǟ Ǯǳƿ ǺǸǔƬȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻȁ .ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǦƟƢƸǏ ƽơƾǟƛ Ŀ ǂƯƚƫ ƾǫ Ŗǳơ ƨƦǇƢǼŭơ ƨƥƢǫǂǳơ
Ń ơƿƛ ŕºƷ ǁƢƦƬƻơ ƲƟƢƬǼǳ ȁƗ ƆƢưȇƾƷ ƩǂǌǻĄ ǪƟƢƯȁ ǁȁƾǐǳ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƧƽƢǸǴǳ ǑǂǠƬǴǳ ƨǴǸƬƄơ ƨǼǷǄŭơ ƧǁƢǔǳơ ƨȈƸǐǳơ ƩơŚƯƘƬǳơ
.ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ Ŀ ŚȈǤƫ Ǯǳƿ ȄǴǟ ƤƫǂƬȇ
ƾºȇƾŢ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴǈǳơ ǁƢƬţ ƾǫȁ .ƨǠƳơǂŭơ ǵǄǴƬǈƫ Ŗǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ȆǬǴƫ ȃƾǳ ƨǟǂǈƥ ƮȇƾƸƬǳơ ȃǂŸ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ Ï-Ï-Ô-Ñ-Î
Ŗǳơ ƩƢƴƬǼŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǦƟƢƸǏȁ ǶǇȂǳơ ƩƢǫƢǘƥ ȄǴǟ ȏƛ Ǯǳƿ ǪƦǘǼȇ ȏȁ .ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƨǠƳơǂǷ ƢŮȐƻ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈǼǷǃ ƨǴȀǷ
ƲƬºǼŭơ ǎȈƻǂƫ ƨȈǳƕ ǺǷ ơƆƔǄƳ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ǲưŤ ƮȈƷ ƩƢǧȉơ ƩơƾȈƦǷ ǶǇȁ Ƕǜǻ ȆǨǧ .ƩƢǧȉơ ƩơƾȈƦǷ ǲưǷ ǎȈƻǂƫ ƨȈǳȉ Ǟǔţ ȏ
ȆǤƦǼȇ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦǳơ ǲǬǻ ƩƢǗơǂƬǋȏ ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ Ǟǔţ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǾǻƗ Śǣ .ǾǈǨǻ ƔƢǬǴƫ ǺǷ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƦǳ ƢƆưȇƾŢ ȅǂŸ ǹƗ ƽǁȂǸǴǳ ǺǰŻ ȏ
.ǽȐǟƗ śƦǷ Ȃǿ ƢǸƦǈƷ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ȆǬǴƫ ȃƾǳ ƨǷƾƼƬǈŭơ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ƮȇƾŢ
ƨǨȈƸǏȁ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ƢȀǇƢǇƗ ȄǴǟ ǞǓȂƫ Ŗǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǑơǂǠƬǇƢƥ ƨȇǁȁƽ ƨǨǐƥ ǵƢȈǬǳơ ǺȇƽǁȂǸǴǳ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǾǻƗ ƢǸǯ Ð-Ï-Ô-Ñ-Î
ǲȈƦǇ ȄǴǟ Ǯǳƿ ƤǴǘƬȇȁ .ǖȈǳƢƼŭơ ȁƗ ƽơȂŭơ ǮǴƫ ǹƘǌƥ ƨǸȀǷȁ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ơȂǬǴƬȇ Ń ơƿƛ ŕƷ ǕȂǴƼŭơ ȁƗ ƧƽƢǸǴǳ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ
Ò-Ð) ƨºȈǼǷǃ ƧǂƬǧ ƽƾŢ ǹƗ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴǈǳơ ǁƢƬţ ƾǫȁ .ƧƾȇƾƳ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ Ǻǟ ƮƸƦǴǳ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƾǟơȂǫ ȅǂĈ Ţ ǱƢưŭơ
ƨººǨȈƸǏȁ ǶºǇȂǳơ ƨºǫƢǘƥ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ƨǠƳơǂǷ ƢŮȐƻ ǺȇƽǁȂǸǴǳ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǸǴǳ ȆǴǏȋơ ƽơƾǟȍơ ƺȇǁƢƫ ǺǷ (ƽƢƬǠŭơ Ŀ ƩơȂǼǇ
.ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ
ƨȇǂǈǳơ ƨȇǁƢƴƬǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ Õ-Ñ-Î
ȏƗ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ .ƨȇǂǈǳơ ƨȇǁƢƴƬǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƨȇƢǸū ƨǸƟȐŭơ ŚƥơƾƬǳơ ƽƾŢ ǹƗ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƾǸƬǠƫ Ŗǳơ ǶǜǼǴǳ ȆǤƦǼȇ Î-Õ-Ñ-Î
ȆǤƦǼȇ ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ Ŀ ȃǂƻȋơ ƔơǄƳȋơ ǁơǂǣ ȄǴǟȁ .ƨƠȈƦǳơ ƨȇƢŧ Ŀ ȁƗ śǰǴȀƬǈŭơ ȁƗ śǴǷƢǠǳơ ƨǷȐǇȁ ƨƸǏ Ŀ ŚƥơƾƬǳơ ǽǀǿ ǂƯƚƫ
.ƧƽǁȂƬǈŭơ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơȁ ƽơȂǸǴǳ ƨƦǈǼǳƢƥ ƨȇǂǈǳơ ƨȇǁƢƴƬǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƨȇƢŧ ƩƢƦǴǘƬŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƽǁȂƬǈŭơ ƾǴƦǳơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǪȈƦǘƫ
ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨǸƟȐŭơ ƩƢȈǳȉơ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƩƢǘǴǈǳơ Ǟǔƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȇǂǈǳơ ƨȇǁƢƴƬǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƨȇƢŧ ƢǷ ǵƢǜǻ ǁƢƬź ƢǸưȈƷȁ Ï-Õ-Ñ-Î
:ƮƸƦƫ ǹƗȁ ƨȈǼǗȂǳơ ƩƢǇǁƢǸŭơȁ řǗȂǳơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴǳ
ƨȇǁƢƴƬǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƨȇƢŧ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƫ Ŀ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǯ ƽơȂǷ Ƥƫǁ ȁƗ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǯ ƽơȂǷ Ʊơǁƽƛ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ( Ɨ)
ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƩƢƦǴǘƬŭ ƢƆƦǇƢǼǷ ƨȇǂǈǳơ
śǈǧƢǼƬŭơ ǱȂǏȁ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ǲưǷ ǲǷơȂǟ ƧƢǟơǂǷ ǞǷ ǾǬȈƦǘƫ ȆǤƦǼȇ ȅǀǳơ "ƨȇǂǈǳơ ƨȇǁƢƴƬǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ" ǦȇǂǠƫ (ƣ)
ǲºǸǠǴǳ ƨƦǈºǼǳƢƥ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƔƢǌǧƛ ǾƦƦǈȇ ȅǀǳơ ǲǸƬƄơ ǁǂǔǳơȁ ƨȇǂǰǨǳơ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ǩȂǬƷȁ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ńƛ
ƽĈǁȂŭơ ȁƗ ǲǸǠǳơ ƤƷƢǐƥ ǍƢŬơ ȅǁƢƴƬǳơ
ƨƸºǏ ƨºȇƢŧ ȅǁȁǂǔǳơ ǺǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƢǸưȈƷ ƨȇǂǈǳơ ƨȇǁƢƴƬǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ Ǻǟ ƵƢǐǧȎǳ ƨƦǇƢǼŭơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ (Ʊ)
.ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƔƢǌǧƛ ƧƽƢȇǃ ǞǼŭ ƨǷǃȐǳơ ŚƥơƾƬǳơȁ ƨƠȈƦǳơ ƨȇƢŧ ȁƗ śǰǴȀƬǈŭơ ȁƗ śǴǷƢǠǳơ ƨǷȐǇȁ
.ƨȈǼǗȂǳơ ƩƢǇǁƢǸŭơȁ ǹȂǻƢǬǴǳ ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ǶǜǼǳơ śƥ ƨȇǂǈǳơ ƨȇǁƢƴƬǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƨȇƢǸū ƧƽƾƄơ ŚƥơƾƬǳơ ǦǴƬţ ƾǫȁ Ð-Õ-Ñ-Î
:ƨȈǳƢƬǳơ ƨǷƢǠǳơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǞǷ ƨǬǈƬǷ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǾǻƗ Śǣ
ǂǐºƬǬƫ ǹƗ ȆºǤƦǼȇ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǦƟƢƸǏ ȁƗ ǶǇȂǳơ ƩƢǫƢǘƥ ȄǴǟ ƢĔƢȈƥ ƤŸ Ŗǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǥȐş ( Ɨ)
ȆºǤƦǼȇȁ .ǖȈǳƢºƼŭơ Ŀ ƢēơǄȈǯǂƫȁ ƽơȂŭơ ƩƢǻȂǰǷ ƔƢũƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȇǂǈǳơ ƨȇǁƢƴƬǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƨȇƢŧ ƩƢƦǴǘƬǷ
ƔƢǔƬǫȏơ ƤǈƷ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǦƟƢƸǏ ȁƗ/ȁ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ȄǴǟ ȃǂƻȋơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǞȈŦ Ǻǟ ƵƢǐǧȍơ
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Ǯǳƿ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ ȁƗ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ śƦƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȇǂǈǳơ ƨȇǁƢƴƬǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƤƴŢ ƢǸưȈƷ (ƣ)
ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴǈǴǳ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ .Ǯǳƿ ƪƦǴǗ ơƿƛ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴǈǴǳ ƨȇǂǈǳơ ƨȇǁƢƴƬǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ Ǻǟ ƵƢǐǧȍơ ȆǤƦǼȇ (Ʊ)
Ƣđ ǱȂǸǠŭơ ƩƢǇǁƢǸŭơȁ ǹȂǻƢǬǴǳ ƢƆǬǧȁ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƨȇǂǇ ƨȇƢŧ
ǂºǘƻ ǕȂºǴű ȁƗ Ƨǂǘƻ ƧƽƢŭ ǑǂǠƬǳơ ƤƦǈƥ ƨȈƦǗ ƨƟǁƢǗ ƨǳƢƷ ƾƳȂƫ ǾǻƗ řǧ œǗ ǱȁƚǈǷ ǁǂǬȇ ƢǸưȈƷ ( ƽ)
ƨºȇƗ Ǻǟ ǾǼȈƷ Ŀ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴǈǳơ ȁƗ ǲǸǠǳơ ƤƷƢǏ ȁƗ ƽǁĈ Ȃŭơ ƵƢǐǧƛ ǲǨǰƫ ƩƢȈǳƕ ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ
ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƨȇǂǇ ȄǴǟ ƨǜǧƢƄƢƥ řǨǳơ œǘǳơ Ǳȁƚǈŭơ ǵǄƬǴȇȁ .ƱȐǠǳơ ŉƾǬƬǳ ƨȇǁȁǂǓ ƨȇǂǇ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ
Ǻºǟ ƵƢǐºǧȍơ ǲǸǠǳơ ƤƷƢǏ ȁƗ ƽĈǁȂŭơ ǲǨƌ ǰȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ȆƸǏ ƝǁƢǗ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ ȏ Ŗǳơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀ (ǿ)
ȁƗ ƨȈƦǘǳơ ƩƢǷƾŬơ ŉƾǬƫ ńȂƬȇ řǧ œǗ ǱȁƚǈǷ ȁƗ ƨǷȐǈǳơ Ǻǟ ǱȁƚǈǷ ȅȋ ƨȇǂǈǳơ ƨȇǁƢƴƬǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ
.ǶȀȈºǴưŲ ȁƗ śǴǷƢºǠǴǳȁ śǓǂǠŭơ śǰǴȀƬǈŭơ ȁƗ śǴǷƢǠǴǳ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈƸǏ ƩƢǷƾƻ ȁƗ ǹƢǷƗ ƩƢǷƾƻ ƨȇƗ
ƩƢºǷȂǴǠŭơ Ǻǟ ƵƢǐǧȍơ ƤǴǘǳ ƧƽƾƄơ ƣƢƦǇȋơ ơȂǷƾǬȇ ǹƗ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǹȂƦǴǘȇ Ǻȇǀǳơ ǍƢƼǋȌǳ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ
ƢȀƬȇǂǇ ȄǴǟ ƨǜǧƢƄơȁ śǰǴȀƬǈŭơ ȁƗ śǴǷƢǠǳơ ƨȇƢŧ ǑǂǤǳ ȏƛ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ ơȂǬǧơȂȇ ǹƗȁ
ǲǰǌºƥ ǝơŗǳơ ơǀǿ ǲƷ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴǈǴǳ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȇǂǈǳơ ƨȇǁƢƴƬǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ Ǻǟ ƵƢǐǧȍơ ǒǧǁ ƨǳƢƷ Ŀ (ȁ)
ƤƷƢºǏ ȁƗ ƽĈǁȂŭơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ .ƩƢǧȐŬơ ǽǀǿ ǲƷ Ŀ ƾǟƢǈƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈǳƕ ŉƾǬƫ ȁƗ ǂǋƢƦǷ
.ƢȀƬȇƢŧ ƤŸȁ ȅǂǇ ǞƥƢǗ Ʃơƿ ƢȀǼǟ ƵƢǐǧȍơ ǒǧǂȇ Ŗǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǹƗ ƩƢƦƯƛ Ǻǟ ƆȏȁƚǈǷ ǲǸǠǳơ
ƤȇǁƾƬǳơ Ö-Ñ-Î
ƽƾºŢ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ .ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǢȈǴƦƫ ǵƢǜǻ ǺǷ ƗǄƴƬȇ ȏ ơƆƔǄƳ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ȆǷƾƼƬǈǷ Ƥȇǁƾƫ ǲưŻ
ƨºǫƢǘƥ ƩƢºǷȂǴǠǷ ŚǈǨƫ ƢȀȈǴǟ śǠƬȇ Ŗǳơ ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳƢƥ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨǧƾȀƬǈŭơ ŚǿƢǸƴǴǳ śƦǇƢǼŭơ ƤȇǁƾƬǳơȁ ǦȈǬưƬǳơ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ǶǜǼǳơ
ƨƦǇƢǼǷ ƤȇǁƾƬǳơ ƩƢƦǴǘƬǷ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ .ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƨȀƳơȂŭ ƨƦǇƢǼŭơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ƿƢţơȁ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ ȁƗ/ȁ ǶǇȂǳơ
Ŀ śǴǷƢǠǳơȁ ƝǁơȂǘǳơ ƩƢǷƾƻ ƽơǂǧƗȁ śǴǷƢǠǳơ ƤȇǁƾƬǴǳ ƨȈǈȈƟǂǳơ ƨǧƾȀƬǈŭơ ŚǿƢǸŪơ ǲǸǌƫȁ .ƢȀǠǷ ƨƦǇƢǼƬǷȁ ǑǂǠƬǳơ ȁƗ ǲǸǠǳơ ƨǠȈƦǘǳ
ǵǄºǴȇ ƢºǸǯ .ǁƢǘƻȋơ Ƨǁơƽƛ Ƕǜǻ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ǁƢǘƻȋơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǢȈǴƦƫ ƩƢȈƴȈƫơǂƬǇơȁ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǦƟƢƸǏȁ ǶǇȂǳơ ƩƢǫƢǘƥ ƽơƾǟƛ
Ŀ ǶǜǼºǳơ ǂºǜǼƫ ǹƗ ȆºǤƦǼȇ Ǯºǳƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ .ƧǂǘŬơ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ƾȇǁȂƫȁ ǲǬǻ ǱƢů Ŀ śǴǷƢǠǳơ Ƥȇǁƾƫ ƨǨǴƬű ƩƢƳǁƾƥ
.ƢĔȂǷƾƼƬǈȇ Ŗǳơ ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ ȄǴǟ ƨǬǐǴŭơ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ŚǈǨƫ ǹƘǌƥ śǰǴȀƬǈŭơ ǦȈǬưƬǳ ƨǷǃȐǳơ ƩƢȈƴȈƫơǂƬǇȏơ
ǶǇȂǳơ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ÎÍ-Ñ-Î

ǩƢǘǼǳơ Î-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î
:ȆǴȇ ƢǷ ǲǸǌƫ Ŗǳơ ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ Ŀ ǶǇȂǳơ ƩƢǫƢǘƥ ƽơƾǟƛ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƨȈǳƢƬǳơ ǵƢǈǫȋơ Ǧǐƫ
ƨǫƢǘƦǳơ ǂǏƢǼǟ ǎȈǐţ ( Ɨ)
ǄǷǂǳơ ƹƢǈǼƬǇơ (ƣ)
ƧǁȂǘƼǴǳ ȆǘȈǘƼƬǳơ ǶǇǂǳơ ƹƢǈǼƬǇơ (Ʊ)
ǾȈƦǼƬǳơ ƩƢǸǴǯ ( ƽ)
ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ (ǿ)
Ƣđ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǘȈǘƼƬǳơ ǵȂǇǂǳơȁ ƨȇǂȇǀƸƬǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ (ȁ)
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ƽǁĈ Ȃŭơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥȁ ƲăƬǼŭơ ǹƢȈƥ ( ǃ)

ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƨȈǬƦǇƗȁ ǾƳȁȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ (Ƶ)
ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǴǳ ƢƆǬǧȁ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ǂǏƢǼǟ Ǒǂǟ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƫ (Ǖ)
.ǶǇȂǳơ ǹƘǌƥ ƨǏƢƻ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƫ (ȅ)
ǶǇȂǳơ ǂǏƢǼǟ Ï-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î
ǹƢȈƥ ǾȈƦǼƬǳơ ƨǸǴǯ ǄǷǂǳơ) ǶǇȂǳơ ǂǏƢǼǟ ǲȈǏƢǨƫ ƧǁȂǘƻ ƨƦƫǁ ǲǰǳ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ǱȂǐǨǳơ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂǳơ ǱȁơƾŪơ Ŀ ƽǂƫ
.ƨǬǈǼŭơ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ ŚȇƢǠǷ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢƠǧ ƾďǈšȁ .ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ Ŀ ƨƳǁƾǼŭơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢƠǧ ǺºǷ ƨºƠǧ ǲǰǳ ǎǐţ Ŗǳơ (ƧǁȂǘŬơ
ǦºǴƬű ƩƢƳƢȈƬƷơ ƨȈƦǴƬǳ ƨǏƢƻ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƫ Ñ-Ò-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î ƧǂǬǨǳơ Ŀ ƽǂƫȁ .Î Ǫǧǂŭơ Ŀ ǶºǇȂǳơ ǂǏƢǼǟ ǎȈǐţ ƨȈǴǸǠǳ ǄƳȂǷ ƽǂȇȁ
.ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǺǷ ƨǧƾȀƬǈŭơ ŚǿƢǸŪơ
ǄǷǂǳơ ƹƢǈǼƬǇơ Ð-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î
ƾºȇƾŪơ ǄǷǂǳơ ƔƢǼưƬǇƢƥȁ .ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ Ŀ ƢȀǷơƾƼƬǇơ ȆǤƦǼȇ Ŗǳơ ƨȈǇƢȈǬǳơ ǃȂǷǂǳơ Ȇǿ ƨȈǳƢƬǳơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǃȂǷǁ
ƨǷƾƼƬǈŭơ ƨȈǇƢȈǬǳơ ǃȂǷǂǳơ ƨǟȂǸů ǺǷ ơƆƔǄƳ ǲưŤ ǃȂǷǂǳơ ǽǀǿ ǹƜǧ ƤƴǠƬǳơ ƨǷȐǟȁ ƧƽƾŰ ƨȈƸǏ ƧǁȂǘƻ ȄǴǟ ƨǳȏƾǴǳ ǵƾƼƬǈȈǇ ȅǀǳơ
.ƨȈƳƿȂǸǼǳơ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬǳơ ƨƸƟȐǳơ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦǳơ ǲǬǻ ǹƘǌƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩƢȈǏȂƫ Ŀ
ƧǂƴǨƬǷ ƨǴƦǼǫ ƧǂƟơƽ ǩȂǧ ƤŮ ƤŮ
śǠǗƢǬƬǷ śǸǜǟ ȄǴǟ ƨǸƴŦ ǃƢǣ ƨǻơȂǘǇơ ǲǯƘƫ
ƨȈƸǏ ƧǁȂǘƻ ƨƠȈƦǳơ ƤƴǠƫ ƨǷȐǟ
ƧǁȂǘƼǴǳ ƨȈǘȈǘƼƬǳơ ǵȂǇǂǳơ ƹƢǈǼƬǇơȁ ƨȈǘȈǘƼƬǳơ ǵȂǇǂǳơ Ñ-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î

ǹȂºǳ ȁƗ ǲǰǋȁ ǂǗȋƢǯ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈǘȈǘţ ǂǏƢǼǟȁ ơƆǄǷǁ ǺǸǔƬȇ ƾǫ ȆǘȈǘţ ǺȇȂǰƫ ǾǻƘƥ ȆǘȈǘƼƬǳơ ǶǇǂǳơ ǥǂċ ǠȇĄ Î-Ñ-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î
.ƧƽƾŰ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǢȈǴƦƫ ƢȀǼǷ ǥƾŮơ ƨȈǓǁȋơ
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ǹȂǴǳơȁ ǲǰǌǳơ Ï-Ñ-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î

ǶƟƢǫ ǞƥǂǷ ǲǰǋ ȄǴǟ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬǈŭơ ƧǁȂǘƼǴǳ ƨȈǘȈǘƼƬǳơ ǵȂǇǂǳơ ǞȈŦ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ Î-Ï-Ñ-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î
.ǾƬǧƢƷ ȄǴǟ
ƶƟơȂǳ Ŀ ǶǇȂǳơ ƩƢǫƢǘƥ ǶǇƢƥ ƨǷƢǟ ƨǨǐƥ ƢȀȈǳƛ ǁƢǌȇ Ŗǳơ) ƨȈǘȈǘƼƬǳơ ǵȂǇǂǳơ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǲǬǼǳơ ƨǳƢƷ Ŀ Ï-Ï-Ñ-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î
ǵȂºǇǂǳơ ƩƢǨºǏơȂǷ ƨºƸƟȐǳơ ǽǀǿ ƽƾŢȁ ."ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦǳơ ǲǬǻ ǹƘǌƥ ƨȈƳƿȂǸǼǳơ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬǳơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨƸƟȏ" Ŀ ƨǼȈƦŭơ (ǲǬǼǳơ
(ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƨƦƫǁ ǲưǷ) ƨǷȐǈǳơ ǹƘǌƥ ƨȈǧƢǓƛ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷȁ ƨȈǓǁȋơ ǹơȂǳƗ ǺȇƢƦƫȁ ƽƢǠƥȋơȁ ǃȂǷǂǳơȁ ǹȂǴǳơ Ǯǳƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ǲǬǼǴǳ ƨȈǘȈǘƼƬǳơ
ƩơƔƢǼưƬºǇȏơ ǒºǠƥ ǞǷ ǲǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ǶǷÎÍÍ × ǶǷÎÍÍ ǲǬǼǳƢƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȈǘȈǘƼƬǳơ ǵȂǇǂǳơ ƽƢǠƥƗ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǕǂƬǌȇȁ .ǵƢǠǳơ ǲǰǌǳơȁ
ǲǬǼǴǳ ƨȈǘȈǘƼƬǳơ ǵȂǇǂǳơ ǲǸŢȁ .ǃƢǤǳơ ƩƢǻơȂǘǇơȁ ơƆƾƳ ƧŚǤǐǳơ ƩơȂƦǠǳơ ƨǳƢƷ Ŀ ƨȈǘȈǘƼƬǳơ ǵȂǇǂǴǳ ǂǤǏƗ ƽƢǠƥƗ ǵơƾƼƬǇƢƥ ƵƢǸǈǴǳ
ƧȂƦǠǳơ ȄǴǟ ƪƦưƫ ȁƗ ƨȈǘȈǘƼƬǳơ ǵȂǇǂǳơ ǞƦǘƫ ǹƗ ƨȈƳƿȂǸǼǳơ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬǳơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨƸƟȏ ǕǂƬǌƫȁ .ǶǇǂǳơ ǺǷ ȄǴǟȋơ ǦǐǼǳơ Ŀ ǄǷǂǳơ
ƨºȈǸȈǜǼƬǳơ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶºǷȋơ ƨƸƟȐǳ ƢƆǬǧȁ ƣȂŮ ǲƟƢǇ ƧǁȂǘŬ ƨȈƳƿȂŶ ǶǇȁ ƨǫƢǘƥ ƶǓȂȇ ǱƢưǷ ǽƢǻƽƗ ƽǂȇȁ .ǺȇƢƦƬǷ ǹȂǴƥ ƨȈǓǁƗ ȄǴǟ
:ƨȈƳƿȂǸǼǳơ
ǒȈƥƗ ȁƗ ƽȂǇƗ :ƤŮ :ǄǷǂǳơ) "ƨȈƳƿȂǸǼǳơ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬǳơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨƸƟȏ" Ŀ ƣȂŮ ǲƟƢǈǳ ȆǘȈǘţ ǶǇǁ
(ǶǷ ÎÍÍ × ǶǷ ÎÍÍ :ƢȈǻƾǳơ ƽƢǠƥȋơ ǲǨǇȋơ Ǻǯǂǳơ Ŀ Ð Ƕǫǂǳơ ƤƬǰȇ Ɣơǂŧ :ƨȈǓǁƗ ȄǴǟ
ǲǬǻ ǹƘǌƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩƢȈǏȂƫ ǆȈǳȁ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƢǿƽƾŹ Ŗǳơ ƨȈǘȈǘƼƬǳơ ǵȂǇǂǳơ ǲǸŢ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ Ð-Ï-Ñ-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î
ƢƆºȈƟǂǷ ǹȂºǰȈǳ ȆǨǰȇ ƢŠ ǞǇơȁ ǂŧƗ ǁƢǗƛ ǞǷ ƔƢǔȈƥ ƨȈǓǁƗ ȄǴǟ ƽȂǇȋơ ǹȂǴǳƢƥ ơƆǄǷǁ ƨȈƳƿȂǸǼǳơ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬǳơ ƨƸƟȐǳơ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦǳơ
ƔƢǘǟƛ ǁƢƬţ ƾǫ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴǈǳơ ǹƜǧ ǂȇƾǐƬǴǳ ƨǐǐű Śǣ ƧȂƦǠǳ ǶǇȁ ƨǫƢǘƥ ȄǴǟ ȆǘȈǘƼƬǳơ ǶǇǂǳơ ơǀǿ ǂȀǜȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǾǻƗ Śǣ .ƵȂǓȂƥ
Ŗºǳơ ƨȈǘȈǘƼƬǳơ ǵȂǇǂǳơ ǵơƾƼƬǇƢƥ ƶǸǈƫ ƾǫ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴǈǳơ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ .ƽȂǇƗ ǁƢǗƛ ǵơƾƼƬǇȏ ǂȇƾǬƬǳơ ƨȇǂƷ ǲǸǠǳơ ƣƢƸǏƗȁ ǺȇƽǁȂŭơ
ƧȂƦǠǳơ ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂǰƫ ȏ ȃǂƻƗ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ǝƢǓȁƗ Ŀ ƨȈƳƿȂǸǼǳơ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬǳơ ƨƸƟȐǳơ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦǳơ ǲǬǻ ǹƘǌƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩƢȈǏȂƫ ƢǿƽƾŢ
.ƾǴƴǴǳ ƨƴȈĈȀǷ ƧƽƢŭ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ȄǔƬǬŠ ȆǘȈǘţ ǶǇǂǳ ǱƢưǷ ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ .ƨȈƳƿȂǸǼǳơ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬǳơ ƨƸƟȐǳƢƥ ƨǳȂǸǌǷ
ƾǴƴǴǳ ƨƴȈȀǷ ƧƽƢŭ ȆǘȈǘţ ǶǇǁ
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ǃȂǷǂǳơ Ǻȇȁƾƫ Ð-Ñ-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î

ǲºǬǼǳơ Śǣ ȃǂƻȋơ ƩƢǟƢǘǬǴǳ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƢǿƽƾŹ Ŗǳơ ƨȈǘȈǘƼƬǳơ ǵȂǇǂǳơ Ð Ǫǧǂŭơ ǺǷ Ñ ǶǈǬǳơ Ŀ ƽǂƫ
ǶǇǂǳơ ǺǷ ơƆƔǄƳ ǆȈǳ Ȃǿȁ .ǖǬǧ ƨȈǠƳǂǷ Ǒơǂǣȋ ǾǷơƾƼƬǇơ Ȃǿ ȆǘȈǘƼƬǳơ ǶǇǂǳơ ǄǷǁ ǺǷ ƾǐǬǳơȁ .ƧƾƷ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǼǷ Ȑ Ɔ ǯ śǠȇ ǄǷǁȁ
.ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ ǺǷ Ï ǶǈǬǳơ Ŀ ȁƗ ǶǇȂǳơ ƩƢǫƢǘƥ ȄǴǟ ǂȀǜȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ȏȁ ȆǘȈǘƼƬǳơ
ǶǇȂǳơ ǂǏƢǼǟ ǎȈǐţ Ò-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î
ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦǳơ ǲǬǻ ǹƘǌƥ ƨȈƳƿȂǸǼǳơ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬǳơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶºǷȋơ ƨƸƟȏ ƢȀǴǸǌƫ Ŗǳơ ƩơȂƦǠǴǳ ƨƥȂǴǘŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ Î-Ò-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î
ȄºǴǟ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦǳơ ǲǬǻ ǹƘǌƥ ƨȈƳƿȂǸǼǳơ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬǳơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶºǷȋơ ƨƸƟȏ ƤƳȂŠ ȆǘȈǘţ ǶǇǁ ǂȀǜȇ ƢǸưȈƷ
ƨººȈǘȈǘƼƬǳơ ǵȂºǇǂǳơ ǂȀǜƫ ȏƗ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ .ƢȀǈǨǻ ƧǁȂǘƼǴǳ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƤƳȂŠ ȆǘȈǘţ ǶǇǁ ǂȀǜȇ ȏƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ
ƲȇǁƢȀǏ ƩƢƥǂºǟ ȁƗ ƨȇŐǳơ ƩƢƦǯǂŭơ ȁƗ ǺƸǌǳơ ƩƢȇȁƢƷ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦǳơ ǲǬǼǳ ƨƥȂǴǘŭơ Śǣȁ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƢȀȈǔƬǬȇ Ŗºǳơ
.ƨȇƾȇƾūơ Ǯǰǈǳơ
ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƤƳȂŠ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ȄǴǟ ƨƥȂǴǘŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ Ï-Ò-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î
ǾȈƦǼƬǳơ ƩƢǸǴǯ ( Ɨ)
ƨǴǸƬŰ ƧǁȂǘƻ ńƛ ƝǁƢǬǳơ ǾȈƦǼƫȁ ƧǁȂǘŬơ Ƨƾǌǳ œǈǼǳơ ȃȂƬǈŭơ ǹƢȈƦǳ ǵƾƼƬǈƫ ƨǸǴǯ ǾȈƦǼƬǳơ ƨǸǴǯ řǠƫ
."ǂȇǀºŢ"ȁ "ǂǘƻ" :Ȇǿ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬǈŭơ ǾȈƦǼƬǳơ ƩƢǸǴǯȁ .ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ȄǴǟ ƨǼȈƦǷ
ƢºǸǼȈƥ (ƨȈǈºȈƟǁ ƧǁȂǐƥ Ïȁ Î ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢƠǨǳ ȅƗ) ƾǋȋơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢƠǨǳ "ǂǘƻ" ƨǸǴǯ ǵƾƼƬǈƫȁ
ƨƦƫǁ ǲǰƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ǱȂǐǨǳơ Ŀ ƨǼȈƦŭơ ǱȁơƾŪơ Ŀ ƽǂƫȁ .Ňƽȋơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢƠǨǳ "ǂȇǀŢ" ǵƾƼƬǈƫ
.ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ Ŀ ƧǁȂǘƻ ƨƠǧ ǲǰǳ ƩƽƾƷ Ŗǳơ ǾȈƦǼƬǳơ ƩƢǸǴǯ ǲȈǏƢǨƫ ƧǁȂǘƻ
ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ( ƣ)
ƢŠ ǂǘŬơ ƲƬǼŭơ ƧǁȂǘƻ ƨǠȈƦǗ Ǧǐƫ ƧǁȂǘƻ ƨƠǧȁ ƨƦƫǁ ǲǰǳ ƨǐǐű ƧǁƢƦǟ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǹƢȈƥ řǠȇ 'Î'
ǲǯ Ŀ ǶǇȂǳơ ǂǏƢǼǠƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ǱȁơƾŪơ ȃƽơǂǧ Ŀ ƽǂƫȁ .ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƨƳǁƽ ƔƢǔƬǫȏơ ƾǼǟ Ǯǳƿ Ŀ
ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ Ŀ ƧǁȂǘƻ ƨƠǧ ǲǰǳ ƧƽƾƄơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǲȈǏƢǨƫ ƧǁȂǘƻ ƨƦƫǁ
ǄǷǁ ǺǷ ƾǐǬǳơȁ .Ð Ǫǧǂŭơ ǺǷ Î ǶǈǬǳơ Ŀ ƧƾƷ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǼǷ Ȑ
Ɔ ǯ śǠȇ ǄǷǁȁ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƽǂƫ ' Ï'
ȆºǤƦǼȇ ȏȁ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǹƢȈƥ ǺǷ ơƆƔǄƳ ǲǰǌȇ ȏȁ .ƨȈǠƳǂǷ Ǒơǂǣȋ ǾǷơƾƼƬǇơ Ȃǿ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǹƢȈƥ
.ǾǼǟ ƢƆǓȂǟ ǾǷơƾƼƬǇơ
ƨȈǘȈǘƼƬǳơ ǵȂǇǂǳơȁ ƨȇǂȇǀƸƬǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ( Ʊ)
ǞǼǷ ȁƗ ǲȈǴǬƬǳ ƢǿƿƢţƢƥ ȄǏȂŭơ ŚƥơƾƬǳơ Ǧǐƫ (ȆǘȈǘţ ǶǇǁ ȁƗ/ȁ) ƧǁƢƦǟ ȅǂȇǀƸƬǳơ ǹƢȈƦǳơ řǠȇ 'Î'
Śºǣ ƨǳȁƢǼŭơ ȁƗ ǶȈǴǈǳơ Śǣ ǺȇǄƼƬǳơ ǺǷ ȁƗ ǂǘƻ ƲƬǼŭ ǑǂǠƬǳơ ǺǷ ƲƬǼƫ Ŗǳơ ƧǁƢǔǳơ ƩơŚƯƘƬǳơ
ƨƦǇƢǼǷ ƨȇǂȇǀŢ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǶǇȁ ƨǫƢǘƥ ǲǸŢ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ .ǂǘƻ ƲƬǼŭ ƨǸȈǴǈǳơ
ƨºǴưǷƗ Ð Ǫǧǂŭơ ǺǸǔƬȇȁ .ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴǈǳơ ȁƗ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ Ǟǔȇ ȅǀǳơ Ǳȁƚǈŭơ ƢǿǁƢȈƬƻơ ńȂƬȇ
ǺǰŻ Ŗǳơ ƨȇǂȇǀƸƬǳơ ƨȈǘȈǘƼƬǳơ ǵȂǇǂǴǳ ƨǴưǷƗ Ǯǳǀǯȁ ƢȀǷơƾƼƬǇơ ǺǰŻ Ŗǳơ ƨȇǂȇǀƸƬǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǴǳ
Ǯǳǀƥ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴǈǳơ ǎƻǂƫ ƢǸưȈƷ ƢȀǷơƾƼƬǇơ
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ǺǷ ƾǐǬǳơȁ .Ð Ǫǧǂŭơ ǺǷ Ï ǶǈǬǳơ Ŀ ƧƾƷ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǼǷ ȐƆ ǯ śǠȇ ǄǷǁȁ ƨȇǂȇǀƸƬǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ƽǂƫ 'Ï'
ȅǂȇǀºƸƬǳơ ǹƢȈƦǳơ ǺǷ ơƆƔǄƳ ǲǰǌȇ ȏȁ .ƨȈǠƳǂǷ Ǒơǂǣȋ ǾǷơƾƼƬǇơ Ȃǿ ȅǂȇǀƸƬǳơ ǹƢȈƦǳơ ǄǷǁ
.ǾǼǟ ƢƆǓȂǟ ǾǷơƾƼƬǇơ ȆǤƦǼȇ ȏȁ
ƲƬăǼŭơ ǦȇǂǠƫ ( ƽ)
ǶºǇơ ǞºǷ ǪƥƢǘƬȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǶǇȁ ƨǫƢǘƥ ȄǴǟ ƲƬǼŭơ ǶǇơ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ȆǤƦǼȇ 'Î'
ƨƸƟȐƥ ƨǳȂǸǌǷ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơ ȁƗ ƽơȂŭơ ǹȂǰƫ ȏ ƢǸưȈƷȁ .ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ Ŀ ǵƾƼƬǈŭơ ƲƬǼŭơ
ǶºǇȏơ ƧȂƦǠǳơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǞǓȂȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦǳơ ǲǬǻ ǹƘǌƥ ƨȈƳƿȂǸǼǳơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǾƫǂǫƗ ȅǀǳơ ǲǬǼǳơ Ŀ ǵƾƼƬǈŭơ Ȇũǂǳơ
ǮƟƢƦǈºǳơ ȁƗ ǖȈǳƢƼǸǴǳ ƨƦǈǼǳƢƥȁ .ƧƽƢǸǴǳ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƨȇȂŮơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǶǇȁ ƨǫƢǘƥ ǲǸŢ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ 'Ï'
ƤºȈǯǂƫ Ŀ ƨǴƻơƾǳơ ȁƗ ƨǻȂǰŭơ ǂǏƢǼǠǳơ ǞȈǸŪ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƩƢȇȂŮơ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ǲǸŢ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ
ƢºȇȐŬơ ǁƢǨǗƛ ȁƗ ƾȇƾǌǳơ śǠǳơ ǦǴƫ ȁƗ ƾǴŪơ ǲǯƘƫ ȁƗ ƧƽƢūơ ƨȈǸǈǳơ Ŀ ǶȀǈƫ Ŗǳơ ƨǰȈƦǈǳơ
ƨǴǷƢǌǳơ ƨȈǸǈǳơ ȁƗ ȆǈǨǼƬǳơ ȁƗ ȅƾǴŪơ ǆǈƸƬǳơ ȁƗ ƨȈǴǇƢǼƬǳơ ƨȈǸǈǳơ ȁƗ ƨǼǗǂǈǳơ ȁƗ ƨȈǈǼŪơ
.ǶºǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ȄǴǟ ǽǀǿ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǾƳȁƗ ǂȀǜƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ Ǯǳƿȁ (STOT) ƧƽƾŰ ƨǧƾȀƬǈǷ ƔƢǔǟȋ
ƨǰȈƦǈǳơ ǂǏƢǼǟ ȁƗ ǕȂǴƼŭơ ƩƢǻȂǰǷ ǞȈŦ Ʊơǁƽƛ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴǈǳơ ȆǔƬǬƫ ƾǫ Ǯǳǀǳ ǲȇƾƦǯȁ
ƨǰȈƦǈǳơ ȁƗ ǕȂǴƼŭơ ǂǘƻ Ŀ ǶȀǈƫ Ŗǳơ
ƨǐºƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴǈǳơ ǁƢƬţ ƾǫ ǲǸǠǳơ ǹƢǰǷ Ŀ ƢȀǷơƾƼƬǇȏ ȏƛ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơ ȁƗ ƽơȂŭơ ƽĈǁȂƫ ȏ ƢǸưȈƷȁ 'Ð'
ƢǿǁƢȀǛƛ ǺǷ ȏƆ ƾƥ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ Ŀ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƩƢȇȂŮơ Ʊơǁƽƛ ǂȇƾǬƫ ƨȇǂƷ ƽǁĈ Ȃŭơ ƔƢǘǟƛ
ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ȄǴǟ
ȄºǴǟ ƨȈǬƦǇȋơ ƨȇǂǈǳơ ƨȇǁƢƴƬǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǹƘǌƥ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴǈǳơ ƢȀǠǔƫ Ŗǳơ ƾǟơȂǬǴǳ ǹȂǰƫȁ 'Ñ'
ǶºǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ Ŀ ƢǷ ǹȂǰǷ Ʊơǁƽƛ ƽƢƬǠŭơ ǺǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƢǸưȈƷ ǾǻƗ řǠȇ ơǀǿȁ .ƲƬǼŭơ ǦȇǂǠƫ ƾǟơȂǫ
ƩƢºǷȂǴǠŭơ ǹƘǌƥ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴǈǳơ ŚȇƢǠǷ ĿȂƬǈȇ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ Ŀ Ǿũơ ǹƢȈƥ śǠƬȇ ȏ
.ƨȇǂǈǳơ ƨȇǁƢƴƬǳơ
ƽĈǁȂŭơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ (ǿ)

.Ǿƥ ǍƢŬơ ǦƫƢŮơ Ƕǫǁȁ ǾǻơȂǼǟȁ ǕȂǴƼŭơ ȁƗ ƧƽƢŭơ ƽĈǁȂǷ ȁƗ ǞǻƢǏ ǶǇơ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ǲǸŢ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ
ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ƨȈǬƦǇƗȁ ǾƳȁȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ Ð-Ò-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î
ǽǀǿȁ .ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǴǳ ƢƆǬǧȁ ƧƾƷơȁ ƧǁȂǘƻ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơ ȁƗ ƽơȂŭơ ǲưŤ ƢǸưȈƷ ƨȈǳƢƬǳơ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƬǳơ ǪƦǘǼƫ
ƢǼǿ ǺǷ .(Î-Î ǲǐǨǳơ) ǪȈƦǘƬǳơȁ ǩƢǘǼǳơȁ ǑǂǤǳơ :ǹơȂǼǟ ƪŢ Ƶȁǂǌŭơ "ƨȈƟƢǼƦǳơ ǲƬǰǳơ ƲĔ" ƗƾƦŭ ƨƦǈǼǳƢƥ ŚƯƘƫ Ȑƥ ƪǈȈǳ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƬǳơ
.Ǯǳǀǳ ƢƆǠƦƫ ƨǬƦǘǼŭơ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƬǳơ ȄǴǟ ƩȐȇƾǠƫ ǱƢƻƽƛ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƧǁȂǘƻ ǹƘǌƥ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ƢǷ ǵƢǜǻ ǵƾǬȇ ȏ ƢǸưȈƷ ǾǻƜǧ
ǃȂǷǂǳơ ǎȈǐţ ƩƢȈǬƦǇƗ Î-Ð-Ò-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î

ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬǳơ ƨƸƟȐǳơ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦǳơ ǲǬǻ ǹƘǌƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩƢȈǏȂƫ ƢȀǴǸǌƫ Ŗǳơ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơȁ ƽơȂǸǴǳ ƨƦǈǼǳƢƥ
ƨǘǴǈºǳơ ȆǔƬǬƫ ƾǫ ǲǸǠǳơ ǺǯƢǷƗ ǝƢǓȁƗ Ŀȁ .ƨȈƳƿȂǸǼǳơ ƨƸƟȐǳơ Ŀ ƧƽƾƄơ ƾǟơȂǬǳơ ƨȇƽƢŭơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǃȂǷǁ ƨȈǬƦǇƗ ǞƦƬƫ ƨȈƳƿȂǸǼǳơ
:ƨȈƸǐǳơ ƧǁȂǘƼǴǳ ƨƦǈǼǳƢƥ ƨȈǳƢƬǳơ ƨȈǬƦǇȋơ ƝƽƢƦǷ ǪƦǘƫȁ ƨȇƽƢŭơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǃȂǷǁ ǞȈŦ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ƨǐƬƼŭơ
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ƨǫƢǘƦǳơ Ŀ ƤƴǠƬǳơ ƨǷȐǟ ǁƢȀǛƛ ǵƾǟ ȆǤƦǼȇ śǠǗƢǬƬǷ śǸǜǟ ȄǴǟ ƨǸƴǸŪơ ǄǷǁ ǩƢƦǘǻơ ƨǳƢƷ Ŀ (Ɨ )
ƲȈȀºƬǳ ƨǷȐǠǳơ ǽǀǿ ǵƾƼƬǈƫ ƢǸưȈƷ ƤƴǠƬǳơ ƨǷȐǟ ǁƢȀǛƛ ǵƾǟ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǲǯƘƬǳơ ǄǷǁ ǩƢƦǘǻơ ƨǳƢƷ Ŀ (ƣ)
śǠǳơ ȁƗ ƾǴŪơ
ƤƴǠƬǳơ ƨǷȐǟ ǁƢȀǛƛ ǵƾǟ ȆǤƦǼȇ ȆǈǨǼƬǳơ ǆǈºƸƬǳơ ǹƘǌƥ ƨȈƸǐǳơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǄǷǁ ǁȂȀǛ ƨǳƢƷ Ŀ (Ʊ)
.śǠǳơ ȁƗ ƾǴŪơ ƲȈē ȁƗ ȅƾǴŪơ ǆǈƸƬǳơ ǹƢȈƦǳ ƨǷȐǠǳơ ǽǀǿ ǵƾƼƬǈƫ ƢǸưȈƷ
ǾȈƦǼƬǳơ ƩƢǸǴǯ ǎȈǐţ ƩƢȈǬƦǇƗ Ï-Ð-Ò-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î
."ǂȇǀŢ" ǾȈƦǼƬǳơ ƨǸǴǯ ǂȀǜƫ ȏƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ "ǂǘƻ" ǾȈƦǼƬǳơ ƨǸǴǯ ǩƢƦǘǻơ ƨǳƢƷ Ŀ
ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǎȈǐţ ƩƢȈǬƦǇƗ Ð-Ð-Ò-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î
ǶǈǬǳơ ơǀǿ Ŀ Ǯǳƿ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ Ń ƢǷ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǞȈŦ ǂȀǜƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ
.ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ǽǀǿ Ǿƥ ǂȀǜƫ ȅǀǳơ ƤȈƫǂƬǳơ ƾȇƾŢ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴǈǳơ ǁƢƬţ ƾǫȁ .ȆǟǂǨǳơ
ǃȂºŸ ƨƸǓơȁ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƨȇǂȇǀƸƬǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ Ŀ ƨƳǁƾŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƧƽƢȇǃ ȁƗ Ʊơȁƽǃơ ƤǼš ǲƳƗ ǺǷ ǾǻƗ Śǣ
:ƨȈǳƢƬǳơ ƨȈǬƦǇȋơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǪȈƦǘƫ
ǹƢȈƦǳơ ǥǀƷ ǃȂŸ "ƾǷȋơ ƨǴȇȂǗ ƩơŚƯƘƫ ǞǷ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƧƢȈƸǴǳ ơƆƾƳ Ȇũ" H410 ǹƢȈƦǳơ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ƨǳƢƷ Ŀ ( Ɨ)
"ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƧƢȈƸǴǳ ơƆƾƳ Ȇũ" H400
ǹƢºȈƦǳơ ǥǀºƷ ǃȂŸ "ƾǷȋơ ƨǴȇȂǗ ƩơŚƯƘƫ ǞǷ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƧƢȈƸǴǳ Ȇũ" H411 ǹƢȈƦǳơ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ƨǳƢƷ Ŀ (ƣ)
"ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƧƢȈƸǴǳ Ȇũ" H401
ǹƢºȈƦǳơ ǥǀºƷ ǃȂŸ "ƾǷȋơ ƨǴȇȂǗ ƩơŚƯƘƫ ǞǷ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƧƢȈƸǴǳ ǁƢǓ" H412 ǹƢȈƦǳơ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ƨǳƢƷ Ŀ (Ʊ)
"ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƧƢȈƸǴǳ ǁƢǓ" H402
ǹƢȈƦǳơ ǥǀƷ ǃȂŸ "śǠǴǳ ơƆƾȇƾǋ ƢƆǨǴƫȁ Ƨƾȇƾǋ ƨȇƾǴƳ ƢƆǫȁǂƷ ƤƦǈȇ" H314 ǹƢȈƦǳơ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ƨǳƢƷ Ŀ ( ƽ)
."śǠǴǳ ơƆƾȇƾǋ ƢƆǨǴƫ ƤƦǈȇ" H318
ƨȇǂƷ ǭǂƬƫ ȁƗ ǽȐǟƗ ƧƽǁơȂǳơ ƨȈǬƦǇȋơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ śǠƬȇ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƩƢǘǴǈǳơ ǁǂǬƫ ǹƗ ǃȂŸȁ
.ƽǁĈ Ȃŭơ/ǞǼĈǐĄǸǴǳ ǁƢȈƬƻȏơ
ƾȇƾŢ ƨǳƢƷ Ŀȁ .ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǺǷ ƧƽƾŰ ƩƢǟȂǸů ȄǴǟ Ð ǪǧǂŭƢƥ ƽǁơȂǳơ Ï-Î-Ðǵ ǱȁƾŪơ ǲǸƬǌȇȁ
ȃƽơǂǧ ȁƗ ƧǁȂǘƼǴǳ ǞǸĐơ ǹƢȈƦǳơ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ȄǴǟ ǂȀǜȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴǈǳơ ƽƾŢ ǹƗ ǃȂŸ ƧǁȂǘƼǴǳ ǞǸů ǹƢȈƥ
.ƽǁȂŭơ/ǞǼǐĄǸǴǳ ǁƢȈƬƻȏơ ơǀǿ ǭǂƬȇ ƾǫ ȁƗ ƨǴǐǳơ Ʃơƿ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ
ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǴǳ ƢƆǬǧȁ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ǂǏƢǼǟ Ǒǂǟ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƫ Ñ-Ò-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î
ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ȄǴǟ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǞǓȂǷ Î-Ñ-Ò-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î
ȄǴǟ ƢȀǠȈŦ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƢǿƽƾŹ Ŗǳơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥȁ ǾȈƦǼƬǳơ ƨǸǴǯȁ ƨȈǘȈǘƼƬǳơ ǵȂǇǂǳơ ǞǓȁ ȆǤƦǼȇ
ƨȇǂƷ ƽǁĈ Ȃŭơ ȆǘǠƫ ȁƗ ƨȇǂȇǀƸƬǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ Ǒǂǟȁ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ǽǀǿ ǑǂǠǳ ơƆƽƾŰ ƢƆƦȈƫǂƫ ǵƾǬƫ ǹƗ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴǈǳơ ǁƢƬţ ƾǫȁ .ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ
.ƧǁȂǘŬơ Ƥƫǁ ȃƽơǂǧ ǱȁƢǼƬƫ Ŗǳơ ǱȂǐǨǳơ Ŀ ƨǴưǷƗȁ ƧƽƾŰ ƩƢȀȈƳȂƫ ƽǂƫȁ .ǁƢȈƬƻȏơ
39
39
ƧƽƾŰ ƨºǴưǷƗ ƽǂºƫȁ .ƨºǨǴƬƼŭơ ƩơȂƦǠǳơ ȄǴǟ ǶǇȂǳơ ǂǏƢǼǟ ǁȂȀǛ ƨȈǨȈǯ Ǻǟ ƩȏƙƢǈƬǳơ ǒǠƥ ƩŚƯƗ ƾǫȁ
.Ô Ǫǧǂŭơ Ŀ Ǯǳǀǳ
ƨȈǴȈǸǰƬǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ Ï-Ñ-Ò-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î
ƩơǂƬǷơǁƢƦǳơ ǝƢƦƫƢƥ ƢƆºǼǿǁ ƨȈǴȈǸǰƫ ƩƢºǷȂǴǠǷ ǵơƾºƼƬǇƢƥ ƶǸǈƫ ǹƗ ƢǿǂȇƾǬƫ ƤǈƷ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴǈǴǳ ǃȂŸ
ƽǁĈ ȂºǸǴǳ ƶǸǈºƫ ȁƗ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǽǀǿ ǁȂȀǛ ǺǯƢǷƗ ƽƾŢ ǹƗ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴǈǳơ ǁƢƬţ ƾǫȁ .Ð-Ó-Ñ-Î Ŀ ƨƸǓȂŭơ
ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƢǿƽƾŹ Ŗǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ƵȂǓȁ ƨȈǴȈǸǰƬǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǁȂȀǛ ǹƢǰǷ ǩȂǠȇ ȏƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ śƴȀǼǳơ ǺǷ ȅƗ Ŀȁ .ǽǂȇƾǬƫ ƤǈƷ ƢǿƾȇƾƸƬƥ
.ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ
ƨȈǘȈǘƼƬǳơ ǵȂǇǂǳơ ƱǁƢƻ ǹȂǴǳơ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ Ð-Ñ-Ò-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î
ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ǺǷ ȃǂƻƗ ǪǗƢǼǷ Ŀ ǹơȂǳȋơ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ǺǰŻ ƨȈǘȈǘƼƬǳơ ǵȂǇǂǳơ Ŀ ǹȂǴǳơ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥ
ƩƢºǧȉơ ƩơƾºȈƦǷ ǶºǇȁ ǹƘǌƥ ƨǟơǁǄǳơȁ ƨȇǀǣȋơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǲȈǳƽ Ŀ ƧƾǸƬǠŭơ ǂǗȋơ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ǲȈƦǫ ǺǷ ǶǇȂǴǳ ƧƽƾŰ ƩƢǗơǂƬǋơ ƨȈƦǴƬǳ
.ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴǈǳơ ǽƽƾŢ ǂƻƕ ȂŴ ȅƗ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǽǀŮ ƨȈǓǁƘǯ ȁƗ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥȁ ǾȈƦǼƬǳơ ƩƢǸǴǰǳ ȁƗ
ƧŚǤǐǳơ ƩơȂƦǠǳơ ǶǇȁ Ñ-Ñ-Ò-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î

:Ȇǿ ƧŚǤǐǳơ ƩơȂƦǠǳơ ǶǇȁ ƽƾŢ Ŗǳơ ƨǷƢǠǳơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǹƛ
ȅǀºǳơ ǂǋƢƦŭơ ƔƢǟȂǳơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨǬƦǘǼŭơ ǶǇȂǳơ ǂǏƢǼǟ ǞȈŦ ǂȀǜƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ( Ɨ)
ǺǰǷƗ ƢǸǴǯ ơƆǂǘƻ ƢƆǗȂǴű ȁƗ Ƨǂǘƻ ƧƽƢǷ ȅȂƬŹ
ǵơƾƼƬºǇơ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǾǈǨǻ ǂǋƢƦŭơ ƔƢǟȂǳơ ȄǴǟ ƨǬƦǘǼŭơ ǶǇȂǳơ ǂǏƢǼǟ ǞȈŦ ǞǓȁ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ǵƾǟ ƨǳƢƷ Ŀ (ƣ)
Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂǳơ "ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ" ƧǁƢƦǟ ǦȇǂǠƬǳ ƢƆǬǧȁ ƧǁȂǘŬƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǞȈŦ ǑǂǠǳ ȃǂƻƗ ǲƟƢǇȁ
:ȄǴǟ ȃǂƻƗ ǲǷơȂǟ ǺǸǓ Ǯǳƿ ȄǴǟ ǂƯƚƫ Ŗǳơ ǲǷơȂǠǳơ ǲǸƬǌƫȁ .ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ
ǂǋƢƦŭơ ƔƢǟȂǳơ ǶƴƷ ȁƗ ǲǰǋ ȁƗ ƨƠȈǿ 'Î'
ŚȇƢºǠǷ ǕȂǴƼŭơ ȁƗ ƧƽƢŭơ ƔƢǨȈƬǇơ ƨǳƢƷ Ŀ ƢǸȈǇ ȏȁ ƢȀƳơǁƽƛ śǠƬȇ Ŗǳơ ǶǇȂǳơ ǂǏƢǼǟ ƽƾǟ 'Ï'
ƧǁȂǘŬơ Ƥƫǁ ƽƾǠƬƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ
ƧƾƷơȁ ƨȈũǁ ƨǤǳ ǺǷ ǂưǯƘƥ ǶǇȂǳơ ǂǏƢǼǟ ǁȂȀǛ ńƛ ƨƳƢūơ 'Ð'
ȄºǴǟ Ǳƾƫ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƽǁĈ Ȃŭơ ȃƾǳȁ ơƆƾƳ ơƆŚǤǏ ǂǘŬơ ǕȂǴƼŭơ ȁƗ ƧƽƢŭơ ǶƴƷ ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂǰȇ Ŗǳơ ƨǳƢūơ Ŀ (Ʊ)
ǥǀƷ ǃȂŸ Ǯǳƿ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴǈǳơ ƩƽƾƷȁ ƨƠȈƦǳơ ȁƗ/ȁ ǹƢǈǻȍơ ƨƸǐƥ ǁǂǔǳơ ǩƢūƛ ǱƢǸƬƷơ ǵƾǟ
ǂǋƢƦŭơ ƔƢǟȂǳơ ȄǴǟ ǺǷ ǶǇȂǳơ ǂǏƢǼǟ
ƩƢƠǧ/Ƥƫǁ ǒǠƦǳ ǂǋƢƦŭơ ƔƢǟȂǳơ ǺǷ ǶǇȂǳơ ǂǏƢǼǟ ǒǠƥ ǥǀŞ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƩƢǘǴǈǳơ ƶǸǈƫ ǹƗ ǃȂŸ ( ƽ)
ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨȈǸǯ ǺǷ ǲǫƗ ǕȂǴƼŭơ ȁƗ ƧƽƢŭơ ǶƴƷ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƧǁȂǘŬơ
ǂºǸǟ ǱơȂǗ ǂǋƢƦŭơ ƔƢǟȂǳơ ȄǴǟ ƧƽȂƳȂŭơ ǶǇȂǳơ ǂǏƢǼǟ ǒǠƥ ńƛ ǱȂǏȂǳơ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ǂǷȋơ ƤǴǘƬȇ ƾǫ (ǿ)
.śǰǴȀƬǈŭơ ȁƗ ǱƢǸǠǳơ ǲƦǫ ǺǷ ǂǸƬǈŭơ ǾǷơƾƼƬǇȏ Ȑ
Ɔ ưǷ :ƲƬǼŭơ
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40
ǶǇȂǳơ ǹƘǌƥ ƨǏƢƻ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƫ Ò-Ò-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î

ƨȈǸǈºǳơȁ ƨȈǴǇƢǼƬǳơ ƨȈǸǈǳơȁ ƩƢǼǗǂǈǸǴǳ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƧǁȂǘƻ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǢȈǴƦƬƥ ƵƢǸǈǳơ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴǈǳơ ǁƢƬţ ƾǫ
ȁƗ ƨǷȐǈºǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ ȄǴǟȁ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǽǀǿ ǁƢȀǛƜƥ ǁǂǰƬŭơ ǑǂǠƬǴǳ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƧƽƾŰ ƨǧƾȀƬǈǷ ƔƢǔǟȋ ƨǴǷƢǌǳơ
.(Ƥƫǂǳơ ǽǀđ ƨǴǐǳơ Ʃơƿ ƨȇƾūơ ǶȈǬǳơ ǲȈǏƢǨƫ ǹƘǌƥ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ǱȂǐǨǳơ ǂǜǻơ) ǖǬǧ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ ȄǴǟ
ǱȐƻ ǺǷ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǢȈǴƦƬƥ ƵƢǸǈǳơ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴǈǳơ ǁƢƬţ ƾǫ ǮƟƢƦǈǳơȁ ƩơǄǴǨǴǳ ƨƦǈǼǳƢƥ ǲưŭƢƥȁ
.ƗǄƴƬƫ ȏ ǲƬǯ ǲǰǋ Ŀ ƽơȂŭơ ǽǀǿ ƽĈǁȂƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǖǬǧ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǦƟƢƸǏ
ƨǘǴǈºǴǳ ǃƢºƳ ǹȂȈǠǳơ ȁƗ/ȁ ƾǴƴǴǳ ȏƆ ƢǯƗ ǆȈǳ ǾǼǰǳȁ ƩơǄǴǨǴǳ ǱƢǯƗ ǾǻƘƥ ǕȂǴű ȁƗ ƧƽƢǷ ƪǨǼǏ ƢǸưȈƷȁ
Ŗǳơ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơ ȁƗ ƽơȂŭơ ǽǀǿ ǶǇȁ ƨǫƢǘƥ ǺǷ "ƩơǄǴǨǴǳ ǱƢǯƗ" ƧǁƢƦǠƥ ƨǘƦƫǂŭơ ƧǁȂǘƼǴǳ ȆǘȈǘƼƬǳơ ǶǇǂǳơ ƔƢǤǳƜƥ ƵƢǸǈǳơ ǁƢƬţ ǹƗ ƨǐƬƼŭơ
.ǮǴȀƬǈŭơ ǵơƾƼƬǇȏ ƧƘƦǠǷ Ȇǿȁ ƨȈƟƢȀǼǳơ ƨǴƷǂŭơ Ŀ Ȇǿ
ǲǸǠǳơ ǹƢǰǷ Ŀ ǶǇȂǳơ ƩƢǫƢǘƥ Î-Ò-Ò-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î
ǹƢǰǷ ńƛ ƽĈǁȂƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƢǿƽƾŹ Ŗǳơ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǩƢǘǻ Ŀ ƨǳȂǸǌŭơ ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ ǲǸŢ
ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǶǇȁ ƨǫƢǘƥ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƢǸǯ .ǲǸǠǳơ ǹƢǰǷ Ŀ ƽĈǁȂŭơ ƔƢǟȂǳơ ȄǴǟ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ƔƢǬƥ ȄǴǟ ƨǜǧƢƄơ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ ǲǸǠǳơ
ƾȇȁǄƬǳ ƨǴȇƾƥ ǲƟƢǇȁ ǵơƾƼƬǇƢƥ ǲǸǠǳơ ƣƢƸǏȋ ƶǸǈƫ ǹƗ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴǈǴǳ ǃȂŸ ǾǻƗ Śǣ .ǲǸǠǳơ ǹƢǰŭ ƧƽĈǁȂŭơ ƨȈǟȁȌǳ ǶǇȂǳơ ǂǏƢǼǟ ȁƗ
ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǢȈǴƦƬǳȁ ǲǸǠǳơ ǹƢǰŭ ƨǷƔȐǷ ǂưǯƗ ǲǰǌǳơ ơǀǿ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ȃǂƻƗ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǑȁǂǠǷ ȁƗ ƣȂƬǰǷ ǲǰǋ Ŀ Ƣēơƿ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭƢƥ śǴǷƢǠǳơ
ȏƆ ƾƥ ǲǸǠǳơ ǹƢǰǷ Ŀ ǶǇȂǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ Ǒǂǟ ǺǰŻ ǱƢưŭơ ǲȈƦǇ ȄǴǟȁ .ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƤƳȂŠ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ƧƔƢǨǰǳ ƨǴƯƢŲ ƧƔƢǨǰƥ
.ƧƽƢŭơ ȅȂƬŹ ƔƢǟȁ ǲǯ ȄǴǟ ƢǿǁȂȀǛ ǺǷ
ƢǸưȈƷ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƩƢǫƢǘƥ Ŀ ƨƳǁƾŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭƢƥ śǴǷƢǠǳơ ƾȇȁǄƬǳ ƨǴȇƾƥ ǲƟƢǇȁ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ƧƆ ƽƢǟ ǵǄǴȇăȁ
ǹƢǰǷ Ŀ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƧƽƢŭơ ƲăƬǼĄƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ ȁƗ ǲǸǠǳơ ǹƢǰŠ ǂƻƕ ǵƢǜǻ ȁƗ ƔƢǟȁ ńƛ ƽĈǁȂŭơ ǾǷƾǬȇ ȅǀǳơ ȆǴǏȋơ ƔƢǟȂǳơ ǺǷ ƧǂǘŬơ ƽơȂŭơ ǲǬǼƫ
:ǲȈƦǫ ǺǷ ƨǨǴƬű ƤȈǳƢǇƘƥ ǲǸǟ ǹƢǰǷ Ŀ ƲăƬǼĄƫ Ŗǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǺȇǄţ ȁƗ ǞǓȁ ǺǰŻȁ .ƾȇǁȂƬǳơ ȁƗ ǞȈƦǴǳ ƨǐǐű ƨȈǟȁƗ Ŀ ƘƦǠƫĄ ȏ ƢȀǼǰǳȁ ǲǸǟ
ƩƢºƥǂǟȁ ǲǟƢǨƬǳơ ȁƗ ƩƢȈǴǸǠǳơ ƨȈǟȁƗȁ ŚƥƢǼǐǳơ ƢȀȈǧ ƢŠ ƤȈƥƢǻȋơ ƩƢǰƦǋȁ ǲȈǳƢŢ ȁƗ ƩơǁƢƦƬƻơ ƔơǂƳȍ ǞǸš Ŗǳơ ƧŚǤǐǳơ ƩƢǼȈĈǠǳơ
ƩƢǠǧƽ Ŀ ƱƢƬǻȍơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ƨǳƢƷ Ŀȁ .ǪǴǘǳơ ƔơȂŮơ Ŀ ƨƦƟƢǈǳơ ƨƦǴǐǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǺȇǄţ ƩƢƸǘǈǷ ŕƷ ȁƗ ƩȐǫƢǼǳơ Ƕǜǻȁ ƨȈǻƾǠŭơ ƩƢǷƢŬơ
.ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơ ǺǷ ơƆƽƾǟ ȅȂƬƸȈǳ ƾƷơȁ ǖǴƻ ƔƢǟȁ ǵƾƼƬǈȇ ƾǫ
ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǴǳ ƢƆǬƦǗ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƨǴǷƢǯ ǶǇȁ ƨǫƢǘƥ ƽơƾǟƛ ƨȈǴǸǠǳơ ƨȈƷƢǼǳơ ǺǷ ƢƆƦǇƢǼǷ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ƧŚưǯ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀȁ
ǒǠƥ ǭƢǼǿȁ .ƢǷ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǾȈǧ ȃǂš ƔƢǟȁ ńƛ ǱȂǏȂǳơ ǹƢǰǷƛ ǵƾǟ ȁƗ Ȑ Ɔ ưǷ ƔƢǟȂǳơ ǶƴƷ ƽȂȈǫ ƤƦǈƥ Ǯǳƿȁ ƔƢǟȂǳơ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǬǐǳȁ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ
ƨºȈǴǸǠŭơ ƩơǁƢºƦƬƻȏơȁ ǲȈǴƸƬǳơ ƨȈǟȁƗ :ƢȀǼǷ ƽĈǁȂŭơ ƨȈǟȁƗ ǺǷ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ƢȀȈǧ ǲǬǼƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ǲǸǠǳơ ǺǯƢǷƗ Ŀ ƩȏƢū ƨǴưǷȋơ
ƧǄȈƳȁ ƧǂƬǧ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƧƽƢŭơ ƾƷơȁ ǲǷƢǟ ƢȀȈǧ ǵƾƼƬǈȇ ƨƬǫƚǷ ƨȈǟȁƗ ȁƗ ǲǟƢǨƬǳơ ƧǄȀƳƗ ȁƗ ƤȈƥƢǻȋơ ƩƢǰƦǋȁ ǺȇǄƼƬǳơ ǑơȂƷƗȁ
ƩƢºǷȂǴǠŭơ ǂǏƢǼǟ ǹƢȈƥ ȄǴǟ ȅǁȂǨǳơ ǵơƾƼƬǇȐǳ ǂƻƕ ńƛ ƔƢǟȁ ǺǷ ƨǳȂǬǼŭơ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǶǇȁ ƩƢǫƢǘƥ ǂǐƬǬƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻȁ ǺǷǄǳơ ǺǷ
.ƽǁĈ Ȃŭơ ƢȀǷƾǬȇ Ŗǳơ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢºǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏȁ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ƢȀǼǸǔƬƫ Ŗǳơ ƨǴǷƢǰǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ńƛ ƧǂǋƢƦǷ ǵƾƼƬǈŭơ ƨǳƢƷƛ ǞǷ ƨȈǇƢǇȋơ
ȆǤƦǼȇȁ .ơƆƾȈƳ ƨƸǓơȁ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǢȈǴƦƫ Ƕǜǻ ǞȈŦ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƨǳȂǬǼŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǹƢǸǓ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ
ȄǴǟ ƨǴȇƾƦǳơ ǪƟơǂǘǳơ ǽǀǿ ǲǸǌƫ ƾǫȁ .ǲǸǠǳơ ǹƢǰǷ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬǈŭơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǢȈǴƦƫ ǲƟƢǇȁ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǏƢƻ ƢƆƦȇǁƾƫ ǹȂǴǷƢǠǳơ ȄǬǴƬȇ ǹƗ
Ŗºǳơ ƨȈǘȈǘƼƬǳơ ǵȂǇǂǳơ ǂƟƢǇȁ ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƤƳȂŠ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǃȂǷǁȁ ƲƬăǼŭơ ǦȇǂǠƫ ǂǏƢǼǟ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ śƥ ǞǸŪơ :ǱƢưŭơ ǲȈƦǇ
ƩƢȈǴǸǠǳơ ǑơȂƷƗȁ ƤȈƥƢǻȋơ ƨǰƦǋ Ŀ ƧƽȂƳȂŭơ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ śȈǠƬǳ ƩƢȈǴǸǠǳơ ŚǇ ǖƟơǂƻ ǵơƾƼƬǇơȁ ƨȇǂȇǀƸƬǳơ ŚƥơƾƬǳơ Ǧǐƫ
ǹơȂºǳƗȁ ƆƢºȈŭƢǟ ǪǈºǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǃȂǷǁ śƦƫ Ŗǳơ ƩƢƷȂǴǳơ ǵơƾƼƬǇơȁ ƨǴǐǳơ Ʃơƿ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǦƟƢƸǏ ńƛ ƧǁƢǋȍơ ǞǷ ƧƾǬǠŭơ
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ƨƬƥƢưǳơ ƤȈƥƢǻȋơ ƩƢǰƦǌǳ ƨǸƟơƾǳơ ǹȐǟȍơ ƩƢƷȂǳ ǵơƾƼƬǇơȁ ƩƢȈǴǸǠǳơ ƧǄȀƳƗȁ ƤȈƥƢǻȋơ ƩƢǰƦǋ ȄǴǟ ǞǓȂƫ Ŗǳơ ǂȇǀƸƬǳơ ƩơǁƢƦǟȁ
ƩƢǰƦºǋ ȄºǴǟ ƨºƬƦưŭơ ƨǗǂǋȋơ Ǯǳǀǯȁ ǖǴŬơ ǑơȂƷƗ ǶǇȂǳ ƤȈǯǂƬǳơ śƦƫ Ŗǳơ ƩƢǫƢǘƦǳơ ȁƗ ƱƢƬǻȍơ ƩƢǠǧƽ ƩƢǫƢǘƥ ǵơƾƼƬǇơȁ
.ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ ǦȇǂǠƫ ǂǏƢǼǟȁ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǃȂǷǁ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǞƦǘƫ Ŗǳơ ƤȈƥƢǻȋơ
ǁǂǔǳơ ǱƢǸƬƷơ ǅƢǇƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǯȐȀƬǇȏơ ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ ǶǇȁ Ï-Ò-Ò-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î
Ǯǳƿ ǞǷȁ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǅƢǇƗ ȄǴǟ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ Ŀ ƧƾǸƬǠŭơ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ ŚȇƢǠǷ ǶǜǼǳơ ǞȈŦ ǵƾƼƬǈƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ
ǶǇȁ) ǂǘŬơ ǱƢǸƬƷơ ǅƢǇƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǼƦǷ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǵƾǬƫ ƨȈǯȐȀƬǇȏơ ƩƢƴƬǼǸǴǳ ǶǇȁ Ƕǜǻ ǵơƾƼƬǇƢƥ ǎƻǂƫ ǹƗ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴǈǴǳ ǃȂŸ
ȄºǴǟ ƤºƫǂƬŭơ ǂǘŬơȁ ǲǸƬƄơ ǑǂǠƬǳơ ǂȇƾǬƫ ǪƟơǂǗ ƽƾŢ ǹƗ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴǈǴǳ ǺǰŻ ƧŚƻȋơ ƨǳƢūơ Ŀȁ .(ǁƢǘƻȋơ ǅƢǇƗ ȄǴǟ řƦǷ
ƩƢºǷȂǴǠǷ ǂǯǀƫ ȏ ƾǫ ƢȀǼǰǳȁ ƧƽƾŰ ǁƢǘƻƗ Ǻǟ ƨȀƳȂǷ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ƨǬȇǂǘǳơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƨǸƟƢǬǳơ ǶǇȂǳơ ƩƢǫƢǘƥ ȆǘǠƫȁ .ƲăƬǼƌŭơ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ
ǁǂºǰƬŭơ ǑǂºǠƬǳơ ƨºƴȈƬǻ ƧƽƾŰ ƨǧƾȀƬǈǷ ƔƢǔǟƗ ƤȈǐƫ Ŗǳơ ƨȈǸǈǳơ ƤƦǈƥ ǱƢưŭơ ǲȈƦǇ ȄǴǟ) ƨǼǷǄŭơ ƨȈƸǐǳơ ƩơŚƯƘƬǳơ Ǻǟ ƨǼȈǠǷ
ƝƽƢºƦǸǴǳ ǵƢǟ Ƶǂǋ ƽǂȇȁ .ǖǬǧ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ńƛ ƾǼƬǈƫ Ŗǳơ ǶǇȂǳơ ƨǫƢǘƥ ȄǴǟ ǂȀǜƫ Ŗǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ Ȇǿȁ (ƨǼǗǂǈǳơȁ ƨȈǴǇƢǼƬǳơ ƨȈǸǈǳơȁ
.Ò Ǫǧǂŭơ Ŀ ǁƢǘƻȋơ ǅƢǇƗ ȄǴǟ ǶǇȂǴǳ ƨǷƢǠǳơ
ǆǸǴǳƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ƩơǂȇǀƸƬǳơ Ð-Ò-Ò-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î
ƾºȈƷȂƬǴǳ Ņȁƾǳơ ǁƢȈǠǸǴǳ ƨȈǼǬƬǳơ ƩƢǨǏơȂŭơ ĿȂƬǈƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǆǸǴǳƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ƩơǂȇǀƸƬǳơ ǵơƾºƼƬǇơ ƨǳƢƷ Ŀ
.ISO 11683:1997 "Tactile warnings of danger: Requirements" ȆǇƢȈǬǳơ
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Ò-Î ǲǐǨǳơ
ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǦƟƢƸǏ :ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǢȈǴƦƫ
ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ Ŀ (SDS) ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ ǁȁƽ Î-Ò-Î
ǂǗȋơ Ŀ ƢȀǷơƾƼƬǇơ ǺǰŻ Ŗǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǕȂǴű ȁƗ ƧƽƢŭơ Ǻǟ ƨǴǷƢǋ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ ǵƾǬƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ Î-Î-Ò-Î
ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢºǷȂǴǠǸǴǳ ǁƾǐºǸǯ ǦƟƢƸǐǳơ ǽǀǿ ǹȂǴǷƢǠǳơȁ ǲǸǠǳơ ƣƢƸǏƗ ǵƾƼƬǈȇȁ .ǲǸǠǳơ ǹƢǰǷ Ŀ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƨƦǫơǂǸǴǳ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬǳơ
Ƨǁơƽȍ ȆºǠƳǂǷ ǁƾǐǸǯ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǽǀǿ ǵƾƼƬǈƫȁ .ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǗƢȈƬƷƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơȁ ƨȈƠȈƦǳơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ Ǯǳƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƧǁȂǘŬƢƥ
ȅƘƥ ƨǴǏ Ʃơƿ ƧƽƾŰ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ȆǘǠƫ ǹƗ ƧƽƢǟ ƢȀǼǰŻ ȏȁ řǠŭơ ƲƬǼŭƢƥ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ ǪǴǠƬƫȁ .ǲǸǠǳơ ǺǯƢǷƗ Ŀ ƧǂǘŬơ ƽơȂŭơ
ǺǸǔºƬƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƧƽƾŰ ƩƢǷơƾƼƬǇȏ ƨǸǸǐŭơ ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ ƨǳƢƷ Ŀ ǾǻƗ Śǣ ƨȇƢȀǼǳơ Ŀ ƲƬǼŭơ ǾȈǧ ǵƾƼƬǈȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ śǠǷ ǲǸǟ ǹƢǰǷ
ǺºǷ ǲºǸǠǳơ ƤƷƢǏ ǺƐǰŤ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǹƜǧ Ǯǳǀǳȁ .řǠŭơ ǲǸǠǳơ ǹƢǰǷ ŐǯƗ ǲǰǌƥ ǎţ ƧƽƾŰ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ
ǵǄºǴƫ ƾºǫ Śƥơƾƫ ȅƗ Ŀ ǂǜǼǳơ (ƣ) ƽƾƄơ ǲǸǠǳơ ǹƢǰǷ ǥƾȀƬǈȇ Ƥȇǁƾƫ Ǯǳƿ Ŀ ƢŠ śǴǷƢǠǳơ ƨȇƢŧ ŚƥơƾƬǳ ǱƢǠĈ ǧ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ ǞǓȁ (Ɨ)
.ƨƠȈƦǳơ ƨȇƢǸū
ǵƢºǜǼǳơ Ŀ ȃǂƻƗ ƨǧƾȀƬǈǷ ŚǿƢǸŪ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǸǴǳ ƢƆǸȀǷ ơƆǁƾǐǷ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ ǵƾĈ Ǭƫ Ǯǳƿ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǧȁ Ï-Î-Ò-Î
ƩƢǷƾƻ Ŀȁ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦǳơ ǲǬǻ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ Ŀ ǹȂǯǂƬǌȇ Ǻȇǀǳơ ǍƢƼǋȋơ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǂǏƢǼǟ ƾȈǨƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ơǀǰǿȁ .ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ
ȄºǬǴƬƫ ŚǿƢºǸŪơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ Śǣ .śǰǴȀƬǈŭơȁ ƩƢǧȉơ ƩơƾȈƦŭ řȀŭơ ǵơƾƼƬǇȏơ Ŀ śǴǷƢǠǳơȁ (ǵȂǸǈǳơ ǄǯơǂǷ Ǯǳƿ Ŀ ƢŠ) ƝǁơȂǘǳơ
ƨºȈǸȈǜǼƬǳơ ƨºƸƟȐǳơ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦǳơ ǲǬǻ ǹƘǌƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩƢȈǏȂƫ ƨǬȈƯȁ ǲưǷ ȃǂƻȋơ ǁƽƢǐŭơ ǺǷ ƨǨƟƢǗ ǺǷ ƨȈǧƢǓƛ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ
Ŀ ŚƯƘƬǳơ Ǿƥ ƾǐǬȇ ȏ ǶǇȂǴǳ ǪǈǼǷ ǵƢǜǻ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǹƜǧ ǾȈǴǟȁ .Ǯǳƿ ǲǠǨƫ ǲǜƬǇȁ śǰǴȀƬǈǸǴǳ ƩơȂƦǠǳƢƥ ƨǬǧǂŭơ ƩơǂǌǼǳơȁ ƨȈƳƿȂǸǼǳơ
.ǲǸǠǳơ ǹƢǰǷ Ŀ śǷƾƼƬǈŭơ ƨǷƾƻ Ȃǿȁ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǐǳ ȆǇƢǇȋơ ǵơƾƼƬǇȏơ
ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ ƽơƾǟƛ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ śȈǠƬǳ ŚȇƢǠǷ Ï-Ò-Î
ƨºȈƠȈƦǳơȁ ƨȇƽƢŭơ ƧǁȂǘƼǴǳ ƨǬǈǼŭơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ĿȂƬǈƫ Ŗǳơ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơȁ ƽơȂŭơ ǞȈǸŪ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ ƽơƾǟƛ ȆǤƦǼȇ
ǶǈºƬƫ Ŗºǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ȁƗ ƩƢǼǗǂǈŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ĿȂƬǈƫ ƩƢǻȂǰǷ ȅȂƬŢ Ŗǳơ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơ ǞȈǸŪ Ǯǳǀǯȁ ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƤƳȂŠ
ƢǿƽƾºŢ Ŗǳơ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǐǳ ƨȇƾūơ ǶȈǬǳơ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ ƩơǄȈǯǂƫ ƾǼǟ ƧƽƾŰ ƨǧƾȀƬǈǷ ƔƢǔǟȋ ƨǴǷƢǌǳơ ƨȈǸǈǳƢƥ ȁƗ ƨȈǴǇƢǼƫ ƨȈǸǈƥ
Ŗǳơ ǖȈǳƢƼǸǴǳ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǦƟƢƸǏ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƤǴǘƫ ǹƗ ƨºǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴǈǳơ ǁƢƬţ ƾǫȁ .(Î-Ð-Ò-Î ǂǜǻơ) ǖȈǳƢƼŭơ ǦȈǼǐƫ ŚȇƢǠǷ
.(Î-Ð-Ò-Î ǂǜǻơ) ƨǼȈǠǷ ƩơǄȈǯǂƬƥ Ƨǂǘƻ ƩƢǻȂǰǷ ȅȂƬŢ ƢȀǼǰǳȁ Ƨǂǘƻ ƽơȂǸǯ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ ŚȇƢǠǷ ĿȂƬǈƫ ȏ
ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ ƔƢǨȈƬǇȏ ǵƢǟ ǾȈƳȂƫ Ð-Ò-Î
ƩơǄȈǯǂƬǳơ ƽȁƾƷ/ƨȇƾūơ ǶȈǬǳơ Î-Ð-Ò-Î
:Î-Ò-Î ǱȁƾŪơ Ŀ ƨǼȈƦŭơ ƨǷƢǠǳơ ƩơǄȈǯǂƬǳơ ƽȁƾƷ/ƨȇƾūơ ǶȈǬǳơ ǅƢǇƗ ȄǴǟ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ ƽơƾǟƛ ȆǤƦǼȇ Î-Î-Ð-Ò-Î
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ƨȈƠȈƦǳơȁ ƨȈƸǐǳơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ Ƥƫǁ ǺǷ ƨƦƫǁ ǲǰǳ ƩơǄȈǯǂƬǳơ ƽȁƾƷ/ ƨȇƾūơ ǶȈǬǳơ :Î-Ò-Î ǱȁƾŪơ
ƩơǄȈǯǂƬǳơ ƽȁƾƷ/ƨȇƾūơ ǶȈǬǳơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƨƦƫǁ
ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ Î,Í ≤ ƧƽƢūơ ƨȈǸǈǳơ
ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ Î,Í ≤ ƾǴŪơ ƲȈē/ǲǯƘƫ
ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ Î,Í ≤ śǠǳơ ƲȈē/śǠǴǳ ƾȇƾǋ ǦǴƫ
ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ Í,Î≤ ȅƾǴƳ/ȆǈǨǼƫ ǆǈŢ
ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ Í,Î≤ Î ƨƠǨǳơ :ƨȈǈǼŪơ ƢȇȐŬơ ǁƢǨǗƛ
ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ Î,Í ≤ Ï ƨƠǨǳơ :ƨȈǈǼŪơ ƢȇȐŬơ ǁƢǨǗƛ
ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ Í,Î≤ ƨǼǗǂǈǳơ
ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ Í,Î≤ ƨȈǴǇƢǼƬǳơ ƨȈǸǈǳơ
ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ Î,Í ≤ (ƽǂǨǷǑǂǠƫ) ƧƽƾŰ ƨǧƾȀƬǈǷ ƔƢǔǟȋ ƨǴǷƢǌǳơ ƨȈǸǈǳơ
ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ Î,Í ≤ (ǁǂǰƬǷ ǑǂǠƫ) ƧƽƾŰ ƨǧƾȀƬǈǷ ƔƢǔǟȋ ƨǴǷƢǌǳơ ƨȈǸǈǳơ
ƨȈǯǂūơ ƨƳȁǄǴǳơȁ Î ƨƠǨǳơ ƩƢǻȂǰǷ ǺǷ ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ ÎÍ ≤ (ÎƨƠǨǳơ) ǖǨǌǳƢƥ ƨȈǸǈǳơ
ǅ°ÑÍ ƾǼǟ ƭ/ÏǶǴǷ ÏÍ,Ò
ƨȈǯǂūơ ƨƳȁǄǴǳơȁ Ï ƨƠǨǳơ ƩƢǻȂǰǷ ǺǷ ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ ÎÍ ≤ (Ï ƨƠǨǳơ) ǖǨǌǳƢƥ ƨȈǸǈǳơ
ǅ°ÑÍ ƾǼǟ ƭ/ÏǶǴǷ ÎÑ
ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ Î,Í ≤ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƨƠȈƦǳơ ȄǴǟ ƧǁȂǘŬơ
ǒºǠƥ ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰƫ ƾǫ (Ð-Î ǲǐǨǳơ ǂǜǻơ) "ƧǂǘŬơ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơȁ ƽơȂºŭơ ǦȈǼǐƫ" ǹơȂºǼǟ ƪŢ ǂǯƿ ƢǸƦǈƷȁ Ï-Î-Ð-Ò-Î
Ŀ ƧƽƾºƄơ ƨºǷƢǠǳơ ǶȈǬǳơ ǥȐş ƩơǄȈǯǂƫ ƽȁƾƷ/ƨȇƾƷ ǶȈǫ ǅƢǇƗ ȄǴǟ ƧƽƢŭơ ǦȈǼǐƫ ƧǁȂǘŬơ Ǻǟ ƨƷƢƬŭơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ƢȀȈǧ ǁŐƫ ƩȏƢƷ
ǶȈºǬǳơ ǽǀºǿ ǲưǷ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ƾǼǟȁ .(Î-Ñȁ ÎÍ-Ð ńƛ Ï-Ð ǱȂǐǨǳơ) ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ƨȈƠȈƦǳơȁ ƨȈƸǐǳơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ Ƥƫǁ ǱȁƢǼƬƫ Ŗǳơ ǱȂǐǨǳơ
.ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳ ƨǨȈƸǏ ƔƢǨȈƬǇƢƥ ǵơǄƬǳȏơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǪƦǘƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ Ǒơǂǣȋ
ȁƗ ƧƽƢūơ ƨȈǸǈǳơ Ŀ ƨǨǼǐŭơ Śǣ ǖȈǳƢƼǸǴǳ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǦƟƢƸǏ ƔƢǨȈƬǇơ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƩƢǘǴǈǳơ ǒǠƥ ƤǴǘƫ ƾǫȁ Ð-Î-Ð-Ò-Î
ƨƠǧƢǰǷ ƩơǄȈǯǂƫ Ŀ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƨƠȈƦǴǳ ƨȈũ ƩƢǻȂǰǷ ȁƗ ƧƽƢƷ ƨȈũ ƩƢǻȂǰǷ Ǯǳƿ ǞǷ ȅȂƬŢ Ŗǳơȁ ƨǧƢǓȍơ ƨǳƽƢǠǷ ǪȈƦǘƬǳ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƨȈǸǈǳơ
.(Î)ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ Î ǺǷ ŐǯƗ ȁƗ
ǲƻơƽ ƧƽƾŰ ƩƢƠǧ ƾȈȈǬƫ ǵƾǟ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƩƢǘǴǈǳơ ǒǠƥ ǁƢƬţ ƾǫ (ƨǬǈǼŭơ ƩƢǟȂǸĐơ) ƨȈƟƢǼƦǳơ ǲƬǰǳơ ƲȀǼǳ ƢƆǬǧȁȁ Ñ-Î-Ð-Ò-Î
.ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳ ƨǨȈƸǏ ƔƢǨȈƬǇƢƥ ǵơǄƬǳơ ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰȇ Ǻǳ ƩȏƢūơ ǮǴƫ Ŀȁ .ƢȀǼȈǠƥ ƧǁȂǘƻ ƨƦƫǁ
ƧƽƢūơ ƨȈǸǈǳơ ǱƢưŭơ ǲȈƦǇ ȄǴǟ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ Ŀȁ .řǠŭơ ǹȂǰǸǴǳ ƨȇȂƠǷ ƨƦǈǼƥ ƢȀǼǟ ǂċƦǠĄȇ ƩơǄȈǯǂƬƥ ƧƽƢǟ ǖȈǳƢƼŭơ ǦȈǼǐƬǳ ƨȇƾūơ ǶȈǬǳơ ƽƾŢ (Î)
ǶȈºǫ ǅƢºǇƗ ȄǴǟ ȆǠǸŪơ ƣƢǈūƢƥ ǕȂǴƼŭơ ǦȈǼǐƫ ƽƾŹȁ .(ATE) ƧƽƢūơ ƨȈǸǈǳơ ǶȈǫ ǲǰǋ Ŀ ƨȇƾūơ ǶȈǬǳơ Ǻǟ ŐǠȇ (ƨȇǂǌƦǳơ ƨƸǐǳơ)
ƨºȈƟƢŭơ ƨȈǸǈǳơ ǶȈǫ ǅƢǇƗ ȄǴǟ ƧƽƢūơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƨȈǸǈǳơ ǦȈǼǐƫ ƣƢǈƷ ǺǰŻ ǲưŭƢƥȁ .ƩƢǻȂǰŭơ ƩơǄȈǯǂƫȁ (Î-Ð ǲǐǨǳơ ǂǜǻơ) ƧƽƢūơ ƨȈǸǈǳơ
ǀƻƚƫȁ .(Ð-Ðȁ Ï-Ð śǴºǐǨǳơ ǂǜǻơ) ƩƢǻȂǰŭơ ǞŦ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ǲǯƘƬǳơ/ƲȈȀƬǳơ ƤǇƢǼŭơ ǺǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƢǸưȈƷȁ (Î-Ñ ǲǐǨǳơ ǂǜǻơ) ƧƽƢƸºǳơ
ƨȇƾūơ ƨǸȈǬǳơ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƩƢǘǴǈǳơ ǒǠƥ ǵƾƼƬǈƫ ƾǫȁ .ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ Î ǺǷ ŐǯƗ ȁƗ ƞǧƢǰȇ ǄȈǯǂƬǳơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǳƽƢǠŭơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ƾǼǟ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ ƩƢǻȂǰŭơ
.ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ ƔƢǨȈƬǇƢƥ ǵơǄƬǳȐǳ ǅƢǇƘǯ ǽǀǿ
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ƣȂºǴǘŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǵċƾǬĄƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƢǷ ǕȂǴű ȁƗ ƧƽƢŭ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ ƔƢǨȈƬǇơ ƧǁȁǂǓ ƶǔƬƫ ǹƗ ƢǷȁ Ò-Î-Ð-Ò-Î
.ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƩƢǗơǂƬǋȏ ƢƆǬǧȁ ƩȏƢūơ ǞȈŦ Ŀ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǦƟƢƸǏ Ŀ ƢȀƳơǁƽƛ
ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ ǲǰǋ Ï-Ð-Ò-Î
ƤȈƫǂƬǳƢƥ ƨȈǳƢƬǳơ ǂǌǟ ƨƬǈǳơ ǺȇȁƢǼǠǳơ ǵơƾƼƬǇƢƥ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ Ŀ Ʊǁƾƫ Ŗǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǵƾǬƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ Î-Ï-Ð-Ò-Î
:ǽƢǻƽƗ Ǿƥ ƽǂƫ ȅǀǳơ
ƲƬăǼŭơ ƨȇȂǿ ǦȇǂǠƫ -Î
(ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǾƳȁƗ) ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƾȇƾŢ -Ï
ƩƢǻȂǰŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ/ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨƥƢƬǯ -Ð
ƨȈǳȁȋơ ƩƢǧƢǠǇȍơ Śƥơƾƫ -Ñ
Ǫȇǂūơ ƨƸǧƢǰǷ Śƥơƾƫ -Ò
ǑǁƢǠǳơ ǩȐǘǻȏơ ƨȀƳơȂǷ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ -Ó
ǺȇǄƼƬǳơȁ ƨǳȁƢǼŭơ -Ô
ƨȈǐƼǌǳơ ƨȇƢǸūơ/ǑǂǠƬǳơ ǖƥơȂǓ -Õ
ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơȁ ƨȈƟƢȇǄȈǨǳơ ǎƟƢǐŬơ -Ö
ƨȈǴǟƢǨƬǳơ ƧǁƾǬǳơȁ ǁơǂǬƬǇȏơ -ÎÍ
ƨȈǷȂǸǈǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ -ÎÎ
ƨȈƳȂǳȂǰȇȍơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ -ÎÏ
ƩƢǨǴƼŭơ ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬǳơ ƩơǁƢƦƬǟơ -ÎÐ
ǲǬǼǳƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ -ÎÑ
ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ -ÎÒ
.ȃǂƻƗ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ -ÎÓ
ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ ǹȂǸǔǷ Ð-Ð-Ò-Î
ƾºƸǯ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ .ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƾȇƾŢ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬǈŭơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǴǳ ƢƆƸǓơȁ ƢƆǨǏȁ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ ǂǧȂƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ Î-Ð-Ð-Ò-Î
Ʃơƿ ǺȇȁƢǼǠǳơ ƪŢ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ Ŀ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǽǀǿ ƵƢƬƫȁ ǪƦǘǼƫ ƢǸưȈƷ Ï-Ò-Î ǱȁƾŪơ Ŀ ƨǼȈƦŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ Ʊơǁƽƛ ŇƽƗ
ȆǔºƬǬƫ ƾºǫȁ .Ǯǳƿ ƨǨȈƸǐǳơ ǂǯǀƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǾǻƜǧ śǠǷ Ȇǟǂǧ ǹơȂǼǟ ǹƘǌƥ ƧƽƾŰ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǂǧȂƬƫ ȏ ȁƗ ǪƦǘǼƫ ȏ ƢǸưȈƷȁ (Ï)ƨǴǐǳơ
.ƨǨȈƸǐǳơ Ŀ ƨȈǧƢǓƛ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ƽơǂȇƛ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴǈǳơ
"ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ Ƕǫǁ" ǱƢưŭơ ǲȈƦǇ ȄǴǟ ȆǸȈǴǫƛ ȁƗ řǗȁ ǞƥƢǗ Ʃơƿ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŠ ƨȈǟǂǨǳơ ǺȇȁƢǼǠǳơ ǒǠƥ ǲǐƬƫȁ Ï-Ð-Ð-Ò-Î
ǽǀǿ ǹȂǰƫ ƮȈŞ ƨǨȈƸǐǳƢƥ ƨȈǟǂǨǳơ ǺȇȁƢǼǠǳơ ƪŢ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ơȂƳǁƾȇ ǹƗ ǲǸǠǳơ ƣƢƸǏƗ ȁƗ ǺȇƽǁȂǸǴǳ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ "řȀŭơ ǑǂǠƬǳơ ƽȁƾƷ"ȁ
.ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ ƢŮ ƽĈǁȂƫ Ŗǳơȁ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ ƢȀȈǳƛ ǾƳȂƫ Ŗǳơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ ȁƗ ǹơƾǴƦǴǳ ƨƦǇƢǼǷȁ ƨǴǏ Ʃơƿ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ
ǂǧȂƬƫ ƢǸưȈƷ "ƵƢƬƫ ƢǸưȈƷ" ƧǁƢƦǟ řǠƫȁ .ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǐƥ ǱȂǸǌŭơ ƽƾƄơ ƲƬǼŭơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǪƦǘǼƫ ƢǸưȈƷ "ǪƦǘǼƫ ƢǸưȈƷ" ƧǁƢƦǟ řǠƫ (Ï)
.ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ ƽơƾǟƛ ńȂƬƫ Ŗǳơ ƨȀŪơ ȁƗ ƽǁȂŭơ ȃƾǳ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ
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ǵƢºǜǼǳơ ƩƢǗơǂƬǋơ ȄǔƬǬŠ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǦƟƢƸǏ ƽơƾǟƛ Ǻǟ ƩƢȀȈƳȂƫ ȄǴǟ Ñ Ǫǧǂŭơ Ŀ ǝȐǗȏơ ǺǰŻȁ Ð-Ð-Ð-Ò-Î
Ŗºǳơ ƢƆºȈǳȁƽ Ƣđ ǥǂƬǠŭơ ƨȈǈȈƟǂǳơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ƨǇơǁƽ ƾǠƥ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǴǳ ƨȈǟǂǨǳơ ƨǼƴǴǳơ ƩƢȀȈƳȂƬǳơ ǽǀǿ ǞǓȂƥ ƪǷƢǫȁ .ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ
ƨǷȐǈǳơ" ǹƘǌƥ ÎÔÔ Ƕǫǁ ƨȈǏȂƬǳơ ƪŢ ƨȈǳȁƾǳơ ǲǸǠǳơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǁƢȈǠǷ ƢȀǼȈƥ ǺǷ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ ƽơƾǟȍ ƩƢȀȈƳȂƫ ǂǧȂƫ ƪǻƢǯ
ƨǨȈƸǏ ǹƘǌƥ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǾºȈƳȂƫȁ ISO 11014 ȆǇƢȈǬǳơ ƾȈƷȂƬǴǳ Ņȁƾǳơ ǁƢºȈǠŭơȁ "ǲǸǠǳơ ǹƢǰǷ Ŀ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƽơȂŭơ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ Ŀ
.Z 400.1 Ƕǫǁ (ANSI) ŚȇƢǠǸǴǳ ȆǰȇǂǷȋơ řǗȂǳơ ƾȀǠŭơ ǁƢȈǠǷȁ 91/155/EEC ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ
Ŀ ǲºǬǼǳơ ǱƢǸǟ ǺǷ ǶǿŚǣȁ śƷȐŭơ ƩƢƳƢȈƬƷơ ǱȁƢǼƬǳ ƨƠȈƦǳơȁ ƨǷȐǈǳơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǧƢǓƛ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǂǧơȂƫ ǺǷ ƾƥ ȏ Ñ-Ð-Ð-Ò-Î
ƨȇǂƸƦǳơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƨǸǜǻȋ ƨǠǓƢŬơ ƨȈǴƻơƾǳơ ȁƗ ƨȇǂƸƦǳơ ƨȈŸǂȀǐǳơ ǺǨǈǳơ ȁƗ ƤƟơȂǈǳơ ƩȐǫƢǻ Ŀ ƧǂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƦǳơ ǺǷ ƤƟơȂǈǳơ ǲǬǻ ǱƢů
ǽǀºǿ ǲưǷ ǲǬǻ ƾǼǟ ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǇƢǇƗ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ƱơǁƽƜƥ Ñ Ǫǧǂŭơ ǺǷ Ô-ÎÑ-Ð-Ñǵ ƧǂǬǨǳơ ȆǏȂƫȁ .ƨȈǼǗȂǳơ ƨǸǜǻȋơ ȁƗ ƨȈǳȁƾǳơ
Ŗǳơ ǺǨǈǳƢǧ Ǯǳƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ .IBC ƨǻȁƾǷȁ (MARPOL) ǱȂƥǁƢǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫƢƥ ňƢưǳơ ǪǧǂǸǴǳ ƢƆǬǧȁ ƤƟơȂǇ ǲǰǋ Ŀ ǲƟơȂǈǯ ƩƢǼƸǌǳơ
ǹƗ ƤŸ ȆǘǨǼǳơ ƽȂǫȂǳƢƥ ǺȇȂǸƬǴǳ ȁƗ ƤƟơȂǇ ǲǰǋ Ŀ ǱȂƥǁƢǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ǳȁȋơ Ǫǧǂŭơ Ŀ śƦŭơ ȂƸǼǳơ ȄǴǟ ƢȈǘǨǻ ơƽȂǫȁ ȁƗ ƢǘǨǻ ǲǸŢ
ǹȂºǼǠŭơ ƨºȈǳȁƾǳơ ƨȇǂƸƦǳơ ƨǸǜǼǸǴǳ ƨǠƥƢƬǳơ ƨȇǂƸƦǳơ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƨǼŪ ǁơǂǬǳ ƢƆǬǧȁ "ƽơȂŭơ ƨǷȐǇ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ" ǲȈǸƸƬǳơ ǲƦǫ ƢȀȈǳƛ ǵċƾǬƫ
"ǱȂƥǁƢºǷ ƨºȈǫƢǨƫȏ Ǳȁȋơ Ǫǧǂŭơ Ŀ ƨƳǁƾŭơ ȆǘǨǼǳơ ƽȂǫȂǳơȁ ǖǨǼǳơ ƩƢǼƸǋ ǲƳƗ ǺǷ ƽơȂŭơ ƨǷȐǇ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǦƸǏ ǹƘǌƥ ƩƢȈǏȂƫ"
ǵƢºǰƷȋơ Ʊơǁƽƛ ǺǰŻ ȅǂƸƦǳơ Śǣȁ ȅǂƸƦǳơ ǵơƾƼƬǇȐǳ ƧƾƷȂǷ ƨǷȐǇ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰƫ ŕƸǧ Ǯǳǀǳȁ .MSC.286(86)
ƽȂǫȂǳơ ƩȂȇǃȁ ƩƢǼƸǌǳơ ǲƳƗ ǺǷ ƔƢǔƬǫȏơ ƤǈƷ ƢȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǴǳ ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ Ŀ (MSC.286(86)) ǁơǂǬǴǳ ƨȈǧƢǓȍơ
.ǱȂƥǁƢǷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏ Ǳȁȋơ Ǫǧǂŭơ Ŀ ƨƳǁƾŭơ ƨȇǂƸƦǳơ
ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ ƽơƾǟȍ ƢȈǻƾǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ :Ï-Ò-Î ǱȁƾŪơ
ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ Ŀ ƲƬăǼŭơ ǦȇǂǠƫ (Ɨ) ƽĈǁȂŭơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥȁ ǕȂǴƼŭơ ȁƗ ƧƽƢŭơ ǦȇǂǠƫ Î
ȃǂƻȋơ ǦȇǂǠƬǳơ ǲƟƢǇȁ (ƣ)
ƢȀǷơƾƼƬǇơ ƽȂȈǫȁ Ƣđ ȄǏȂŭơ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ( Ʊ)
(łƛ ǦƫƢŮơ Ƕǫǁ ǹơȂǼǠǳơ ǶǇȏơ Ǯǳƿ Ŀ ƢŠ) ƽĈǁȂŭơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ǲȈǏƢǨƫ ( ƽ)
.ƝǁơȂǘǳơ ǦƫƢǿ Ƕǫǁ (ǿ)
ȁƗ ƨȈǼǗȁ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ƨȇƗȁ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ Ŀ ǕȂǴƼŭơ/ƧƽƢŭơ ǦȈǼǐƫ ( Ɨ) ƧǁȂǘŬơ ƾȇƾŢ Ï
ƨȈǸȈǴǫƛ
ƩƢºǻƢȈƦǳơ Ǯºǳƿ Ŀ ƢºŠ ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƤǈƷ ǶǇȂǳơ ǂǏƢǼǟ (ƣ)
ǒȈƥȋƢƥ ȆǘȈǘţ ǶǇǁ ǲǰǋ Ŀ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǃȂǷǁ ǂǯƿ ǺǰŻ) ƨȇǂȇǀƸƬǳơ
śºǸǜǟ ȄºǴǟ ƨǸƴŦ ƤŮ ǲưǷ ǄǷǂǳơ ǶºǇơ ȁƗ ǄǷǂǴǳ ƽȂǇȋơȁ
(śǠǗƢǬƬǷ
ǁƢºƴǨǻȏơ ƧǁȂºǘƻ ǲưǷ) ǦȈǼǐƬǳơ ńƛ ȅƽƚƫ ȏ ȃǂºƻƗ ƧǁȂǘƻ ( Ʊ)
.ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƢȀǴǸǌȇ ȏ ȁƗ (ȅǁƢƦǤǳơ
(ƨȈǳƢƬǳơ ƨƸǨǐǳơ ȄǴǟ ǞƥƢƫ)
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46
(ǞƥƢƫ) ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ ƽơƾǟȍ ƢȈǻƾǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ :Ï-Ò-Î ǱȁƾŪơ
ƧƽƢŭơ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢºǷȂǴǠŭơ/ƩƢºǻƢȈƦǳơ ƨƥƢƬǯ Ð

ȆƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ǶǇȏơ (Ɨ) ƩƢǻȂǰŭƢƥ
łơ ƩƢǧƽơǂŭơ ǞƟƢǌǳơ ǶǇȏơ (ƣ)
ǦºȇǂǠƬǳơ ƩƢºǻƢȈƥ ǂƟƢºǇȁ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƩƢǐǴƼƬǈŭơ ƧǂƟơƽ Ŀ Ƕǫǂǳơ (Ʊ)
ƨǐǐƼŭơ
ǦȈǼǐºƫ Ŀ ǶȀǈƫ Ŗǳơȁ Ƣēơǀƥ ƨǨǼǐŭơ ƪȈƦưƬǳơ ƩƢǧƢǔǷȁ ƤƟơȂǌǳơ (ƽ)
.ƧƽƢŭơ
ǕȂǴƼŭơ
ǵȂȀǨŠ ƧǂǘŬơ ƩƢǻȂǰŭơ ǞȈŦ ǄȈǯǂƫ ƩƢǫƢǘǻ ȁƗ ƩơǄȈǯǂƫȁ ȆƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ǶǇȏơ
.ƢēơǄȈǯǂƫ ƽȁƾƷ ǺǷ ȄǴǟƗ ǄȈǯǂƬƥ ƧƽȂƳȂŭơȁ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ
ƨǘǴǈºǳơ ƾºǟơȂǬǳ ǹȂǰƫ ƩƢǻȂǰŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ :ƨǜƷȐǷ

.ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ ǦȇǂǠƫ ƾǟơȂǫ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǬƦǇƗ ƨȇǂǈǳơ ƨȇǁƢƴƬǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǹƘǌƥ ƨǐƬƼŭơ
ǩƢǌºǼƬǇȏơ :ǑǂǠƬǳơ ǲƦǇ ǦǴƬƼŭ ƢƆǠƦƫ ƨȇǁȁǂǔǳơ ŚƥơƾƬǳơ ǦǏȁ (Ɨ) Ņȁȋơ ǥƢǠǇȍơ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ Ñ
ǍƢǐƬǷȏơȁ śǠǳơȁ ƾǴŪơ ƨǈǷȐǷȁ
ƧǂƻƘƬŭơȁ ƧƽƢūơ ƩơŚƯƘƬǳơ/Ǒơǂǟȋơ ǶǿƗ (ƣ)
ƾºǼǟ ƨºƥȂǴǘŭơ ƨºǏƢŬơ ƨȈƦǘǳơ ƨŪƢǠŭơȁ ƨȇǁȂǨǳơ ƨȈƦǘǳơ ƨȇƢǟǂǳơ ǹƢȈƥ (Ʊ)
.ƔƢǔƬǫȏơ
(ƨƦǇƢǼŭơ Śǣȁ) ƨƦǇƢǼŭơ ƔƢǨǗȍơ ƽơȂǷ (Ɨ) Ǫȇǂūơ ƨƸǧƢǰǷ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ Ò

ƲƫơȂǻ ȅƗ ƨǠȈƦǗ ǲȈƦǫ ǺǷ) ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǺǷ ƨƠǋƢǼǳơ ƧƽƾƄơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ (ƣ)
(Ƨǂǘƻ ǩơǂƬƷơ
.ƔƢǨǗȍơ ǱƢǸǠƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨǏƢŬơ ƩƢǗƢȈƬƷȏơȁ ƨȇƢǫȂǳơ ƩơƾǠǷ (Ʊ)
ƝǁơȂǘǳơ ƩơƔơǂƳƛȁ ƨȈǐƼǌǳơ ƨȇƢǫȂǳơ ƩơƾǠǷȁ ƩƢǗƢȈƬƷȏơ ( Ɨ) ǑǁƢǠǳơ ǩȐǘǻȏơ ƨȀƳơȂǷ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ Ó
ƨȈƠȈƦǳơ ƩƢǗƢȈƬƷȏơ (ƣ )
.ǦȈǜǼƬǳơȁ ƔơȂƬƷȏơ ƽơȂǷȁ ǪƟơǂǗ ( Ʊ)

ƨǻȂǷƘŭơ ƨǳȁƢǼŭơ ƩƢǗƢȈƬƷơ (Ɨ) ǺȇǄƼƬǳơȁ ƨǳȁƢǼŭơ Ô
.ƽơȂŭơ śƥ ǪǧơȂƬǳơ ǵƾǟ ƩȏƢƷ Ǯǳƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ǹȂǷƘŭơ ǺȇǄƼƬǳơ Ǖȁǂǋ (ƣ)
ƽȁƾºūơ ǶȈǫ ȁƗ ȆǨȈǛȂǳơ ǑǂǠƬǳơ ƽȁƾƷ ǶȈǫ ǲưǷ ƨƦǫơǂŭơ ƩơǂƬǷơǁƢƥ (Ɨ) ƨȈǐƼǌǳơ ƨȇƢǸūơ/ǑǂǠƬǳơ ǖƥơȂǓ Õ
ƨȈƳȂǳȂȈƦǳơ
ƨƦǇƢǼŭơ ƨȈǇƾǼŮơ ǖƥơȂǔǳơ (ƣ)
ƨȈǐƼǌǳơ ƨȇƢǫȂǳơ ƩơƾǠǷ ǲưǷ ƨȈǐƼǌǳơ ƨȇƢǸūơ Śƥơƾƫ (Ʊ)
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47
(łƛ ǹȂǴǳơ ƨȈƟƢȇǄȈǨǳơ ƨǳƢūơ) ƧƽƢŭơ ǂȀǜǷ (Ɨ) ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơȁ ƨȈƟƢȇǄȈǨǳơ ǎƟƢǐŬơ Ö
ƨƸƟơǂǳơ (ƣ)
ƨƸƟơǂǳơ ƨƦƬǟ (Ʊ)
řȈƳȁǁƾŮơ ǅȋơ (ƽ)
ƾǸƴƬǳơ ƨƳǁƽ/ǁƢȀǐǻȏơ ƨƳǁƽ (ǿ)
ǹƢȈǴǤǳơ ǩƢǘǻȁ ǹƢȈǴǤǳơ Ɣƾƥ ƨǘǬǻ (ȁ)
ǒȈǷȂǳơ ƨǘǬǻ (ǃ)
ǂƼƦƬǳơ ǱƾǠǷ (Ƶ)
(ǃƢǤǳơ ƨƦǴǐǳơ ƧƽƢŭơ) ǱƢǠƬǋȐǳ ƨȈǴƥƢǬǳơ (Ǖ)
ǁƢƴǨǻȏơ ȁƗ ǱƢǠƬǋȐǳ ƨȈǴƥƢǬǴǳ Ňƽȋơ/ȄǴǟȋơ ƾūơ (ȅ)
ȅǁƢƼƦǳơ ǖǤǔǳơ (ǭ)
ƨȇǁƢƼƦǳơ ƨǧƢưǰǳơ (Ǳ)
ƨȈƦǈǼǳơ ƨǧƢưǰǳơ (ǵ)
ǹƢƥȁǀǳơ (ƩȏƾǠǷ) ǱƾǠǷ (ǹ)
ƔƢŭơȁ ǱȂǻƢƬǯȁȋơ śƥ :ǝĈǃȂƬǳơ ǲǷƢǠǷ (ǅ)
ļơǀǳơ ǱƢǠƬǋȏơ ƧǁơǂƷ ƨƳǁƽ (ǝ)
ǲǴƸƬǳơ ƧǁơǂƷ ƨƳǁƽ (ǥ)
.ƨƳȁǄǴǳơ (Ǎ)
ƨȈǴǟƢǨƬǳơ ƧǁƾǬǳơ (Ɨ) ƨȈǴǟƢǨƬǳơ ƧǁƾǬǳơȁ ǁơǂǬƬǇȏơ ÎÍ

ȆƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơ ǁơǂǬƬǇȏơ (ƣ)
ƧǂǘŬơ ƩȐǟƢǨƬǳơ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ (Ʊ)
ƩƢƥǀƥǀǳơ ȁƗ ǵƾǐǳơ ȁƗ ļƢƬǇȋơ ĺǂȀǰǳơ ǢȇǂǨƬǳơ ƤǼš Ǖȁǂǋ (ƽ)
ƨǬǧơȂƬŭơ Śǣ ƽơȂŭơ (ǿ)
.ƧǂǘŬơ ǲǴƸƬǳơ ƲƫơȂǻ (ȁ)
(ƨȈƸǐºǳơ) ƨȈǷȂǸǈǳơ ƩơŚƯƘƬǳơ ǦǴƬƼŭ ǵȂȀǨǷȁ ǲǷƢǯ Ǻǰǳȁ ǄƳȂǷ ǦǏȁ ƨȈǷȂǸǈǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ÎÎ
:Ǯǳƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƩơŚƯƘƬǳơ ǽǀǿ śȈǠƬǳ ƨǷƾƼƬǈŭơ ƨƷƢƬŭơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơȁ
ƨǈºǷȐǷȁ ǍƢǐƬǷơ ǩƢǌǼƬǇơ) ƨǴǸƬƄơ ǑǂǠƬǳơ ǲƦǇ Ǻǟ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ (Ɨ)
(śǠǳơ ȁƗ ƾǴŪơ
ƨȈǷȂǸǈǳơȁ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈǰǳơȁ ƨȈƟƢȇǄȈǨǳơ ƩƢǸǈǳƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ Ǒơǂǟȋơ (ƣ)
ŚǐºǬǳơ ǑǂǠƬǴǳ ƨǼǷǄŭơ ƩơŚƯƘƬǳơ Ǯǳǀǯȁ ƨȇǁȂǨǳơȁ ƧǂƻƘƬŭơ ƩơŚƯƘƬǳơ (Ʊ)
ƾǷȋơ ǲȇȂǘǳơȁ
.(ƧƽƢūơ ƨȈǸǈǳơ ƩơǂȇƾǬƫ ǲȈƦǫ ǺǷ) ƨȈǸǈǴǳ ƨȈǸǫǁ ƩƢǇƢȈǫ (ƽ)
48
48

(ƨƷƢƬǷ ǹȂǰƫ ƢǸưȈƷ ƨȈǓǁȋơȁ ƨȈƟƢŭơ) ƨȈƳȂǳȂǰȇȍơ ƨȈǸǈǳơ ( Ɨ) ƨȈƳȂǳȂǰȇȍơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ÎÏ
ǲǴƸƬǳơ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛȁ ƨƠȈƦǳơ Ŀ ǁơǂǸƬǇȏơ ƨƳǁƽ (ƣ)
ȆƟƢȈƷȋơ ǶǯơǂƬǴǳ ƨȈǴƥƢǬǳơ ( Ʊ)
ƨƥǂƬǳơ Ŀ ǱƢǬƬǻȏơ ȄǴǟ ƧǁƾǬǳơ ( ƽ)
.ȃǂƻȋơ ƧǁƢǔǳơ ƩơŚƯƘƬǳơ (ǿ)
ǎǴƼƬºǳơ ǪºƟơǂǗȁ ƨǻȂǷƘŭơ ƢȀƬǳȁƢǼǷ Ǻǟ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷȁ ƨǨǴƼƬŭơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼǳơ ǦǏȁ ǺºǷ ǎǴƼƬǳƢºƥ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩơǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ÎÐ
.ƨƯȂǴǷ ƩơȂƦǟ ƨȇƗ ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬǳơ Ǯǳƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƢȀǼǷ ƩƢǨǴƼŭơ
ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ Ƕǫǁ ( Ɨ) ǲǬǼǳƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ÎÑ
ǲǬǼǳơ Ŀ ǵƾƼƬǈŭơ Ȇũǂǳơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǶǇơ (ƣ)
ǲǬǼǳơ ƧǁȂǘƻ (Ƥƫǁ) ƨƦƫǁ (Ʊ)
ƨǬƦǘǼǷ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨƠƦǠƬǳơ ƨǟȂǸů (ƽ)
ƨºȇǂƸƦǳơ ƨºƠȈƦǴǳ ƨƯȂǴǷ ƧƽƢŭơ ǲǿ :ǱƢưŭơ ǲȈƦǇ ȄǴǟ) ƨȈƠȈƦǳơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ (ǿ)
((ȏ/ǶǠǻ)
ǄºǷǁȁ ÔÕ/ÔÐ ǱȂƥǁƢŭ ňƢưǳơ ǪǧǂǸǴǳ ƢƆǬǧȁ) ƤƟơȂǇ ƧǁȂǏ Ŀ ǲǬǼǳơ (ȁ)
(ƤƟơȂǈǴǳ ƨǘȈǇȂǳơ ƩƢȇȁƢūơ
ƢǸȈǧ ƢēƢǟơǂǷ ȁƗ ƢȀƬǧǂǠǷ ńƛ ǵƾƼƬǈŭơ ƱƢƬŹ Ŗǳơ ƨǏƢŬơ ƩƢǗƢȈƬƷȏơ (ǃ)
.ƢȀȇȂƬŢ Ŗǳơ ƨȈǼƥȋơ ƱǁƢƻ ȁƗ ǲƻơƽ Ŀ ƔơȂǇ ǲǸūơ ȁƗ ǲǬǼǳƢƥ ǲǐƬȇ
.ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƩƢƴƬǼŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƧƽƾƄơ ƨȈƠȈƦǳơȁ ƨȈƸǐǳơ ƶƟơȂǴǳơȁ ƨǷȐǈǳơ Ƕǜǻ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ÎÒ
ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ Ǯǳƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ȃǂƻƗ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ÎÓ
ƨǷȐǈºǳơ ƩƢºǻƢȈƥ ǦƟƢƸǏ ƽơƾǟƛ Ǻǟ
ƢȀƬǠƳơǂǷȁ
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ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ǩƢǘǻ Ï-Î-Î

(ƨǬǈǼŭơ ƩƢǟȂǸĐơ) ƨȈƟƢǼƦǳơ ǲƬǰǳơ ƲĔ Ò-Î-Ð-Î-Î

ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ǪǈǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƨǬȈƯȁ Ñ-Î-Î

"skin corrosion" ǂǜǻơ :Dermal corrosion

"ƔƢȇǄȈǧȂȈŪơȁ ƢȈǈȇƽȂȈƴǴǳ Ņȁƾǳơ ƽƢŢȏơ" :IUPAC

EC50 ȁƗ LC50 :L(E)C5O

"ǕƢǌǼǳƢƥ ƤȈǯǂƬǳơ ƨǫȐǟ" :SAR

ƔơŐŬơ ȅƗǁ Õ-Ñ-Ï-Ð-Î

ƨǧƾȀƬǈŭơ ŚǿƢǸŪơ Ð-Ñ-Î

ȆǇƢȈǬǳơ ƾȈƷȂƬǳơ Ó-Ñ-Î

ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƮȇƾŢ Ô-Ñ-Î

ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƮȇƾŢ ǹƘǌƥ ǵƢǟ ǾȈƳȂƫ Ï-Ô-Ñ-Î

ǶǇȂǳơ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ÎÍ-Ñ-Î

ƽǁĈ Ȃŭơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥȁ ƲăƬǼŭơ ǹƢȈƥ ( ǃ)

śǠǗƢǬƬǷ śǸǜǟ ȄǴǟ ƨǸƴŦ ǃƢǣ ƨǻơȂǘǇơ ǲǯƘƫ

ƨȈƸǏ ƧǁȂǘƻ ƨƠȈƦǳơ ƤƴǠƫ ƨǷȐǟ

ƧǁȂǘƼǴǳ ƨȈǘȈǘƼƬǳơ ǵȂǇǂǳơ ƹƢǈǼƬǇơȁ ƨȈǘȈǘƼƬǳơ ǵȂǇǂǳơ Ñ-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î

ǹȂǴǳơȁ ǲǰǌǳơ Ï-Ñ-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î

ƾǴƴǴǳ ƨƴȈȀǷ ƧƽƢŭ ȆǘȈǘţ ǶǇǁ

ǃȂǷǂǳơ Ǻȇȁƾƫ Ð-Ñ-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î

ƽĈǁȂŭơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ (ǿ)

ǃȂǷǂǳơ ǎȈǐţ ƩƢȈǬƦǇƗ Î-Ð-Ò-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î

ƧŚǤǐǳơ ƩơȂƦǠǳơ ǶǇȁ Ñ-Ñ-Ò-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î

ǶǇȂǳơ ǹƘǌƥ ƨǏƢƻ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƫ Ò-Ò-ÎÍ-Ñ-Î

(ƨȈǳƢƬǳơ ƨƸǨǐǳơ ȄǴǟ ǞƥƢƫ)

(ǞƥƢƫ) ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ ƽơƾǟȍ ƢȈǻƾǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ :Ï-Ò-Î ǱȁƾŪơ

ƧƽƢŭơ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢºǷȂǴǠŭơ/ƩƢºǻƢȈƦǳơ ƨƥƢƬǯ Ð

ƨǘǴǈºǳơ ƾºǟơȂǬǳ ǹȂǰƫ ƩƢǻȂǰŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ :ƨǜƷȐǷ

(ƨƦǇƢǼŭơ Śǣȁ) ƨƦǇƢǼŭơ ƔƢǨǗȍơ ƽơȂǷ (Ɨ) Ǫȇǂūơ ƨƸǧƢǰǷ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ Ò

.ǦȈǜǼƬǳơȁ ƔơȂƬƷȏơ ƽơȂǷȁ ǪƟơǂǗ ( Ʊ)

(ǞƥƢƫ) ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ ƽơƾǟȍ ƢȈǻƾǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ :Ï-Ò-Î ǱȁƾŪơ

ƨȈǴǟƢǨƬǳơ ƧǁƾǬǳơ (Ɨ) ƨȈǴǟƢǨƬǳơ ƧǁƾǬǳơȁ ǁơǂǬƬǇȏơ ÎÍ

(ǞƥƢƫ) ƨǷȐǈǳơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƨǨȈƸǏ ƽơƾǟȍ ƢȈǻƾǳơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ :Ï-Ò-Î ǱȁƾŪơ

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"skin corrosion" ǂǜǻơ :Dermal corrosion

"ƔƢȇǄȈǧȂȈŪơȁ ƢȈǈȇƽȂȈƴǴǳ Ņȁƾǳơ ƽƢŢȏơ" :IUPAC

EC50 ȁƗ LC50 :L(E)C5O

"ǕƢǌǼǳƢƥ ƤȈǯǂƬǳơ ƨǫȐǟ" :SAR

ƽǁĈ Ȃŭơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥȁ ƲăƬǼŭơ ǹƢȈƥ ( ǃ)

(ƨƦǇƢǼŭơ Śǣȁ) ƨƦǇƢǼŭơ ƔƢǨǗȍơ ƽơȂǷ (Ɨ) Ǫȇǂūơ ƨƸǧƢǰǷ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ Ò

ƨȈǴǟƢǨƬǳơ ƧǁƾǬǳơ (Ɨ) ƨȈǴǟƢǨƬǳơ ƧǁƾǬǳơȁ ǁơǂǬƬǇȏơ ÎÍ