Introduction to Open System Interconnection OSI Model

The OSI model was developed in 1984 by ISO (International

Organization for Standardization).
This is a reference model, meaning it has no use in real life. In
real life, you use the TCP / IP (Transmission Control Protocol /
Internet Protocol) model based on this.
The OSI model is designed to understand the journey of data.
The OSI model allows you to understand how data flows from
one network to another. And what happens with data processing
in the meantime.
The OSI model consists of 7 layers. All these layers do some
processing with the data. And when the data reaches the same
layer on the other side, it eliminates the processing data. The
data in each layer is known by different names.
OSI Model Layers
1- Application Layer

Provides the interface between the user's application and

the network.
Such as a web browser (Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox,
Chrome) or an email client (Outlook, Thunderbird).
All these applications provide you with a working interface
on the network.
The user request is not in the application layer, but rather a
protocol that controls the user's tasks.
 The user interacts with the application and interacts with
the application network.
Such as opening a web address. There are several protocols
used on the application layer, some of which are listed
below.
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
POP3 (Post Office Protocol)
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
Telnet
All of these protocols are used to interact with the network.
The application layer performs some of the tasks listed below.
The application layer identifies communication partners.
Monitor data availability.
Synchronize communication.
Providing basic email service.
Start the file transfer.

2- Presentation layer

The presentation layer is the 6th layer of the OSI model.

This layer is responsible for data presentation.
This layer confirms that the data sender is sending it to the
recipient. Therefore, both the receiver and the
sender adhere to some standard of data.
Data quality
Text - RTF, ASCII
Photos - JPG, GIF
Audio - MP3, WAV
Movies - AVI, MPEG
These are some common statistical standards on which both
parties agree. For example, if the sender is
sending a picture, it must be in JPG format so the recipient
can see it.
It performs layer data formatting. From this layer the data
goes directly to the application layer,
where it is shown to the user. Therefore, it is the
responsibility of the presentation layer on how
the data is presented to the user.
If the sender and the receiver do not support the same
format, then the presentation layer also
offers translation and conversion services. The following
are some of the functions of the presentation layer.
Translates raw data
Hides it.
 And compresses this data.

3- Session Layer

The session layer is the 5th layer of the OSI model. This
layer establishes a session between
the sender and the recipient, maintaining this session until
the data transfer occurs and
does not terminate the session after the data transfer.

If broken between sessions, this layer has the potential to

recover. This layer is also
responsible for data integration.

The session ends

Maintains it
And finish

4- Transport layer

The transport layer is the fourth layer of the OSI model.

This layer is responsible for the
 reliable transfer of data. This layer is responsible for data
ordering and error free access.
The transport layer communicates in 2 modes without
contact and contact.

UDP is used for connectionless communication and uses

the TCP / IP protocol based on the connection.
Communication without a connection is fast but does not
guarantee that the data is error free and
that it arrives correctly.

Contact-based communication guarantees that the data is

error-free and accessible in a way.
This communication provides some services.

Distribution - converts into smaller parts before sending

data.
Continuation - Each segment is assigned a serial number.
Connection Establishment - A connection between the
sender and the recipient before data is sent.
Confession - When the segment arrives, it is acknowledged
that many such parts have arrived and
there is no need to resend them.
 Flow control - Data transfer rate confirmed.

5- Network Layer

This layer is the third layer of the OSI model. This layer is
responsible for network communication.
The data in the network layer is converted into packets. The
network layer has 2 major functions, as shown below.

Logical Addressing - Network provides a network layer IP

address for data travel across the network.
This IP address is responsible for data access to the
destination.
Routing - Transmitting data from one network to another is
also the responsibility of the network layer.
IP (Internet Protocol) is used in the network layer.

6- Data link layer

The Data Link layer is the second layer of the OSI model.
This layer is responsible for moving
data within the network. The Data Link layer has 2 sub-
layers.
 Logical Link Control - The LLC sub-layer connects
between the physical layer and the rest of the upper layer.
Media access control - MAC sub layer controls access to
physical medium.
The data link layer packs the data of the network layer into
frames. Data is converted to frames in the
data link layer. So that data can be sent through a physical
medium. This process is called framing.

Frames contain hardware address of source and destination

devices. Hardware address is used to uniquely identify the
host in a network. The most common hardware address is
Ethernet's MAC address.

7- Physical layer
The physical layer is the 1st layer of the OSI model. In this
layer data is converted into bits.
Through this layer data is transferred by physical mediums
such as Cables etc. This is the only layer
in the entire OSI model that actually establishes
communication between the physical 2. NIC cards
and different cables come in physical layer devices.
The functions of the physical layer are given below.
Data rate - This layer defines the data rate, such as how
many bits will transfer in a second.
Synchronization - This layer synchronizes sender and
receiver at bit level.
Signals - It sends layer bits by converting them into signals.