System of Linear Equations

- A system of linear equations consists of two

or more linear equations of the same variable.
Example:
2x – y = 2
x+y=4
[Systems]

CONSISTENT
: exactly one solution (independent)
: Infinite solution (dependent)

INCONSISTENT
: there is no solution
: no common point between in the two equation

Solving Systems of Linear

Equations in Two Variables

Solution by Graphing
x+y=8
a) Change the equation to y=mx+b
x-y=-4
1) x+y=8 y=x+8
m=-1, b=8
2) x-y=-4 x+4=y or y=x+4
m=1, b=8

Solution by Elimination
x+y=8
x-y=-4

Soution:
a) Elimination y: 1+2
x+y=8
x-y=-4
2x =4
b) Eliminate x: 1-2
x+y=8
x-y=-4
2y=12
Checking: x=2, y=6
1) x+y=8 2) x-y=-4
2+6=8 2-6=-4
8=8 TRUE -4=-4 TRUE
(2,6) is the solution of the system

Solution by Substitution
x +y=8
x-y=4
Solution:
a) Solve for x intense of y in (1)
(1) x+y=8
x=8-y
b) Substitute in (1) in (2)
x-y=4
(8-y)-y=-4
8-2y=-4
-2y=-4-8
-2y=-12
2𝑦 −12
=
2 2
y=6
Solve for x in (1), y=6
x+y=8
x+6=8
x=8-6
x=2

Alternate
Solution
Solve for y is (1) x=2
x+y=8
2+y=8
y=8-2
y=6

Linear Inequality
Example: A Linear Inequality involves a
linear expression in two variables by
using any of the relational symbols such
as <,>, ≤ or ≥

Graph the Inequality

y > 2x − 1.
1.) The first thing is to make sure that variable Y is
by itself on the left side of the inequality symbol,
which is the case in this problem. Next is to graph
the boundary line by momentarily changing the
inequality symbol to equality symbol.
2.) Graph the line y = 2x – 1 in the x y axis
using your preferred method. Since the
inequality symbol is just greater than “>”, and
not greater than or equal to “≥”, the boundary
line is dotted or dashed. So here how it should
look so far.

3.) he last step is to shade either above or

below the boundary line.
From the suggested steps,
we were told to shade the
top side of the boundary
line if we have the
inequality symbols
> (greater than) or
≥ (greater than or equal
to). Always remember that
“greater than” implies “top

Linear Equations
- A linear equation is any equation that can be
written in the form
 mx + b = 0
where a and b are real numbers and x is a variable.
This form is sometimes called the standard form of a
linear equation. Note that most linear equations will
not start off in this form. Also, the variable may or
may not be an x so don’t get too locked into always
seeing an x there.

Example of Linear Equation:

The graph of y = 2x+1 is a straight line
 When x increases, y
increases twice as fast, so
we need 2x
 When x is 0, y is already 1.
So +1 is also needed
 And so: y = 2x + 1

Did you know that…

 Same Coefficients + Same Constants = Infinite
Solution
 Same Coefficients + Different Constants = No
Solution
  Different Coefficients + Same/Different
Constants = One Solution

< - (less than)

> - (greater than)
≤ - (less than or equal to)
≥ - (greater than or equal to)

If-then Statements

What is Conditional Statement?

A conditional statement is false if hypothesis is
true and the conclusion is false. The example
above would be false if it said "if you get good
grades then you will not get into a good
college".
If we re-arrange a conditional statement or
change parts of it then we have what is called a
related conditional.
Example:

Our conditional statement is: if a population

consists of 50% men then 50% of the
population must be women.
pq

If we exchange the position of the hypothesis

and the conclusion, we get a converse
statement: if a population consists of 50%
women then 50% of the population must be
men.
q p
If both statements are true or if both statements
are false then the converse is true. A
conditional and its converse do not mean the
same thing

If we negate both the hypothesis and the

conclusion, we get inverse statement: if a
population do not consist of 50% men then the
population do not consist of 50% women.
~p  ~q
The inverse is not true just because the
conditional is true. The inverse always has the
same truth value as the converse.

We could also negate a converse statement,

this is called a contrapositive statement: if a
population do not consist of 50% women then
the population do not consist of 50% men.
∼q→∼p
The contrapositive does always have the same
truth value as the conditional. If the conditional
is true then the contrapositive is true.

A pattern of reasoning is a true assumption if it

always lead to a true conclusion. The most
common patterns of reasoning are detachment
and syllogism.
A simple flow of reasoning from the if-clause to the
then-clause is called simple implication.
The implication p  q is always true except in the
case that p is true and q is false. See the truth table
for the implications below

p q pq
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

Inductive and Deductive

Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
- uses specific examples to arrive at a general
rule, generalizations, or conclusions.
Deductive Reasoning
- uses basic and/or general statements to arrive
at a conclusion.

The parts of a deductive reasoning are:

 Hypothesis – the statement which is
accepted or known at the beginning.
 Conclusion – the statement drawn from the
hypothesis.
Examples of Deductive Reasoning:
 Harvey is a grandfather. Harvey is bald.
Therefore, all grandfathers are bald.
 All men are mortal. Socrates is a man.
Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

Examples of Inductive Reasoning:

 10, 20, 30, 40. The next number is 50
 My father was loud when he was angry. All
fathers are loud when they are angry.