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understanding
Chilled Beam Systems
Active chilled beams (ACB). An ACB Primary air system. To comply with
Although chilled beam systems have been also consists of a fin-and-tube heat most building codes in the U.S., outdoor
used in Europe and Australia for many air must be supplied to each space for
exchanger contained in a housing that is
years, they are a new concept to many in
the U.S. Those interested in learning suspended from, or recessed in, the ventilation. And since a chilled beam
more about these systems, as with any ceiling (Figure 1). The primary difference is (whether passive or active) typically
new concept, are faced with the task of that an active chilled beam contains an does not contain a condensate drain
discerning its true strengths and integral air supply. This primary air passes system, the primary air system must
weaknesses. The goal of this EN is to
through nozzles, which induce air from the also maintain the dew point of the
investigate the common claims about
chilled beam systems. space up through the cooling coil. This indoor air below the surface
induction process allows an active chilled temperature of the chilled beam to
beam to provide much more cooling avoid moisture from condensing on the
capacity than a passive chilled beam. For coil and dripping into the space.
Overview of Chilled Beam this reason, active chilled beams are more
Therefore, the purpose of the primary
Systems commonly used, and are the focus of this
air system for active chilled beams is to:
EN.
Passive chilled beams (PCB). A PCB Figure 2 includes examples of active 1) Deliver at least the required amount
consists of a fin-and-tube heat chilled beams. They have pipe connections of outdoor air to each space for
exchanger, contained in a housing (or and a primary air connection. Note that ventilation, and
casing), that is suspended from the either two- or four-pipe designs are
ceiling (Figure 1). Chilled water passes 2) Deliver air which is dry enough to
available. With the two-pipe design, all
through the tubes. Warm air from the offset the space latent load and
zones receive either cold water or hot
space rises toward the ceiling, and the maintain the indoor dew point low
water. The benefit of the four-pipe design
air surrounding the chilled beam is enough to avoid condensation on the
is that some zones can receive cold water
cooled, causing it to descend back chilled beams, and
for space cooling, while other zones
toward the floor, creating convective air simultaneously receive hot water for space
motion to cool the space. This allows a 3) Deliver enough air to induce
heating. sufficient room airflow to offset the
passive chilled beam to provide space
cooling without the use of a fan. space sensible cooling load.
Figure 1. Passive versus active chilled beams Figure 2. Examples of active chilled beams
induced air +
induced air primary air
coil
active chilled beam
perforated
metal casing
1) The minimum outdoor airflow Minimum outdoor airflow required 0.085 cfm/ft2
required by ASHRAE Standard 62.1 (per ASHRAE 62.1-2007)1 (for LEED® EQ credit,1.3 x 0.085 = 0.11 cfm/ft2)
or the local building code.[1] Active chilled-beam system
2) The dry airflow needed to offset the Primary airflow required to offset space latent load2 0.085 cfm/ft2 (DPTPA=47ºF or WPA=47 gr/lb)
indoor latent load and maintain the 0.13 cfm/ft2 (DPTPA=50ºF or WPA=53 gr/lb)
space dew point low enough to avoid 0.36 cfm/ft2 (DPTPA=53ºF or WPA=60 gr/lb)
condensation on the chilled beams. Primary airflow needed to induce sufficient room mfr A: 0.36 cfm/ft2 (DBTPA = 55ºF)
Of course, the quantity of air needed airflow to provide sensible cooling3 mfr B: 0.38 cfm/ft2 (DBTPA = 55ºF)
for this purpose depends on how dry mfr C: 0.35 cfm/ft2 (DBTPA = 55ºF)
that air is. If the primary air is
Conventional VAV system
delivered drier (at a lower dew point),
then less airflow is needed. Primary airflow needed to provide sensible cooling4 0.90 cfm/ft2 (DBTPA = 55ºF)
1 For an office space, Table 6-1 of ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, requires 5 cfm/
p (Rp) plus 0.06 cfm/ft2 (Ra), and suggests a default occupant density of 5 people/1000 ft2: Vbz = (5 cfm/person x 5 people/
3) The primary airflow (PA) needed to 1000 ft2) + 0.06 cfm/ft2 = 0.085 cfm/ft2.
induce sufficient room air (RA) to 2 For moderately active office work, the 2009 ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals (Table 1, Chapter 18) suggests a latent load
of 200 Btu/h/person. Using the same default occupant density (5 people/1000 ft2): Qlatent = (200 Btu/h/person x 5 people/
offset the design space sensible 1000 ft2) = 1.0 Btu/h/ft2 = 0.69 x VPA x (Wspace - WPA). Assuming a space dew point target of 55°F (64 gr/lb): VPA = 1.0
cooling load (Figure 3). If more Btu/h/ft2 / (0.69 x (64 - 47 gr/lb) = 0.085 cfm/ft2, VPA = 1.0 Btu/h/ft2 / (0.69 x (64 - 53 gr/lb) = 0.13 cfm/ft2,
or VPA = 1.0 Btu/h/ft2 / (0.69 x (64 - 60 gr/lb) = 0.36 cfm/ft2.
primary air is delivered through the 3 For an office space, the space sensible cooling load typically ranges from 17 to 24 Btu/h/ft2 (which equates to about 0.8
nozzles, more room air will be to 1.1 cfm/ft2 if a conventional VAV system is used). Assuming a space sensible cooling load of 19.5 Btu/h/ft2, a zone
cooling setpoint of 75°F, and a primary-air dry-bulb temperature of 55°F, product literature from manufacturer A indicates
induced through the chilled beam that a 4-ft long, 4-pipe, 2-way discharge active chilled beam requires 0.36 cfm/ft2 to offset the design space sensible
cooling load. With the same type of chilled beam, manufacturers B and C require about 0.38 and 0.35 cfm/ft2 of primary
coils, resulting in greater cooling air, respectively.
capacity. 4 Assuming the same space sensible cooling load of 19.5 Btu/h/ft2, a zone cooling setpoint of 75°F, and a primary-air dry-
bulb temperature of 55°F: VPA = 19.5 Btu/h/ft2 / (1.085 x (75 - 55°F) = 0.90 cfm/ft2.
2 ● Trane Engineers Newsletter volume 38–4 providing insights for today’s HVAC system designer
2009 (which requires 30 percent more Claimed advantage 3: An ACB typically constant (not variable). This
outdoor air than required by ASHRAE system uses significantly less means that, for this example,
62.1-2007), the required outdoor energy than a VAV system, due to 1) primary airflow is 0.36 cfm/ft2 at all
airflow would still be much lower than significant fan energy load conditions (Figure 4).
the primary airflow required for space savings—because of the reduced
sensible cooling. primary airflow—2) higher chiller In a VAV system, however, primary
efficiency—because of the warmer airflow delivered to the zone is
A survey of performance data from water temperature delivered to the reduced at part load. Assuming a 30
various chilled beam manufacturers chilled beams—and 3) avoiding percent minimum airflow setting for
indicates that the typical primary reheat—because of the zone-level the VAV terminal, primary airflow to
airflow rate for active chilled beams cooling coils. this example office space varies
ranges from 0.30 to 0.70 cfm/ft2. This between 0.90 cfm/ft2 at design
is typically higher than the minimum Is there significant supply-fan cooling conditions and 0.27 cfm/ft2
outdoor airflows required by ASHRAE energy savings? In some applications, at minimum airflow (Figure 4).
62.1-2007. a zone served by active chilled beams
may require 60 to 70 percent less If a cold-air VAV system (48°F
In this case, the primary AHU for an primary airflow, at design cooling primary air, rather than the
active chilled beam system must be conditions, than the same zone served conventional 55°F) is used, however,
designed to either a) bring in more than by a conventional VAV system design airflow for this example office
the minimum required amount of (0.36 cfm/ft2 versus 0.90 cfm/ft2 in the space is reduced to 0.67 cfm/ft2,
outdoor air—which will increase previous office space example). which shrinks the difference even
energy use in most climates—or b) mix However, the difference in annual fan further (Figure 4).
the minimum required outdoor airflow energy use is likely much less because
with recirculated air to achieve the the VAV system benefits from reduced 2) VAV systems benefit from load
necessary primary airflow. zone airflow at part load, system load diversity. Because of load diversity,
diversity, and unloading of the supply the central supply fan in a multiple-
This is where the application of active zone VAV system does not deliver
fan.
chilled beams in the U.S. will likely 0.90 cfm/ft2 on a building-wide basis.
differ from how they have been applied Assuming 80 percent system load
in Europe. In many European countries, 1) VAV systems benefit from
reduced zone airflow at part diversity for this example, the supply
the minimum outdoor airflow rates fan only delivers 0.72 cfm/ft2 (the
required by local codes are often three load. An active chilled beam relies
on primary airflow to induce room "block" airflow), at design cooling
to eight times higher than those conditions.
required by ASHRAE 62.1. Therefore, in air through the coils inside the
many buildings in Europe, the beam, so the quantity of primary air
minimum outdoor airflow required for delivered to the chilled beams is
ventilation often equals, or is only
slightly less than, the primary airflow Figure 4. Zone primary airflow at part load
required for space sensible cooling in 1.0 1.0
an ACB system. In the U.S., however,
the primary airflow required for space
cooling will likely be higher than the 0.8 0.8
minimum outdoor airflow required. conventional
zone primary airflow, cfm/ft2
VAV system
0.6 0.6
Claimed advantage 2: An ACB
cold-air
system can typically achieve active chilled VAV system1
relatively low sound levels. Chilled 0.4 beam system 0.4
providing insights for today’s HVAC system designer Trane Engineers Newsletter volume 38–4 ● 3
For an ACB system, primary airflow Figure 5. Part-load performance of a typical VAV system supply fan
linearly) as airflow is reduced. Note: Because the dampers in the VAV terminals modulate to reduce zone primary airflow at part
load, the fan does not follow the "fan laws"-which would suggest that fan power drops off with the
Figure 5 depicts the part-load cube of airflow reduction-but the power still drops off exponentially, rather than linearly.
performance of the supply fan in a
typical VAV system, according to
ASHRAE Standard 90.1.[2]
Using this performance curve, Table 2 Table 2. Example part-load performance of a VAV system supply fan
and Figure 6 demonstrate how fan supply fan airflow, supply fan airflow, supply fan power3,
power decreases as the supply fan % of design cfm/ft2 bhp/1000 ft2
unloads for this office space 100% 0.721 0.762
example. Again, because of load
90% 0.65 0.63
diversity, the supply fan in the VAV
system only delivers 0.72 cfm/ft2 at 80% 0.58 0.51
design cooling conditions. For the 70% 0.50 0.40
ACB system, primary airflow
(0.36 cfm/ft2), and therefore fan 60% 0.43 0.31
power, remains constant at all load 50% 0.36 0.22
conditions.
40% 0.29 0.15
4 ● Trane Engineers Newsletter volume 38–4 providing insights for today’s HVAC system designer
Considering that the central supply Figure 6. Supply fan power at part load (ACB vs. conventional VAV)
fan in a VAV system typically
operates at less than design airflow 1.0
for much of the year, the actual
difference in fan energy use
between the two systems may be
0.8
small. And in climates with several design cooling
months of cold weather, the VAV conditions
units.
1.0
But remember, the primary AHUs in a
chilled-beam system must dehumidify
the air to a low enough dew point to 0.8
offset the space latent loads. This
fan input power, bhp/1000 ft2
providing insights for today’s HVAC system designer Trane Engineers Newsletter volume 38–4 ● 5
using separate chiller plants increases Figure 8. Shared chilled-water plant with waterside economizer
installed cost, and considering that
only a fraction of the annual cooling
loads in the building are handled by the
chilled beams—the primary AHUs
handle the cooling loads of the outdoor chillers
air, plus typically provide some of the
space sensible cooling—the benefit of
a dedicated chiller serving the chilled 57ºF 42ºF
beams and operating at a higher COP variable-flow
is lessened on an annual basis. pumps
6 ● Trane Engineers Newsletter volume 38–4 providing insights for today’s HVAC system designer
Is reheat energy avoided? Some Figure 9. Impact of reheat energy
proponents suggest that since chilled
VAV terminal with 40% minimum airflow setting
beams provide space cooling using primary airflow at design conditions = 0.90 cfm/ft2
zone-level cooling coils, they avoid the PA primary airflow when reheat is activated:
need for reheat that is common in = 40% x 0.90 cfm/ft2
many VAV systems. 0.36 cfm/ft2 = 0.36 cfm/ft2
55°F cooling provided when primary airflow is at minimum:
= 0.36 cfm/ft2 of 55°F primary air
A VAV system reduces the airflow
delivered to the zone as the sensible
Reheat is needed to avoid overcooling the space when
cooling load in that zone decreases. the space sensible cooling load < 40% of design load.
Reheat is only activated after primary
airflow (PA) has been reduced to the
minimum setting for the VAV terminal. PA
Returning to the previous office space active chilled beam
example, if the minimum airflow primary airflow at design conditions = 0.36 cfm/ft2
0.36 cfm/ft2 primary airflow when CHW valve is fully closed
setting for the VAV terminal is 40 55°F = 0.36 cfm/ft2
percent of design airflow (0.90 cfm/ft2 cooling provided when CHW valve is fully closed:
x 0.40 = 0.36 cfm/ft2), reheat is not RA
= 0.36 cfm/ft2 of 55°F primary air
activated until the space sensible
cooling load drops below 40 percent of Heat is needed to avoid overcooling the space when
the design load. Below that point, the the space sensible cooling load < 40% of design load.
55°F primary air (now 0.36 cfm/ft2)
provides more cooling than the space The annual difference in reheat energy
requires, so the heating coil inside the depends on the primary airflow Cold versus neutral primary-air
VAV terminal unit warms the primary delivered to the ACBs, the minimum temperature
air just enough to avoid overcooling the airflow setting for the VAV terminals, Some ACB systems are designed to
space (Figure 9). the primary air temperature (see dehumidify the primary air to a low
sidebar), whether there is any dew point, and then reheat the air to a
dry-bulb temperature close to space
An ACB system reduces the water temperature reset strategy being used temperature, sometimes referred to as
flow rate through the coil as the for the primary-air in either system, and "neutral" air. Delivering primary air at a
sensible cooling load in the zone the number of hours when the zones neutral temperature avoids the need to
add heat to prevent overcooling the
decreases. When the space sensible experience these low cooling loads. space at low cooling loads (Figure 9),
cooling load drops below the point (VAV systems can benefit by using but it requires the entire space sensible
when the chilled-water (CHW) valve is cooling load to be offset by the chilled
parallel fan-powered VAV terminals to beams (the primary air provides no
completely closed, the primary airflow draw warm air from the ceiling plenum space sensible cooling).
(0.36 cfm/ft2 delivered at 55°F, for this as the first stage of heating, thereby Therefore, designing the primary AHU
example) provides more cooling than reducing reheat energy use.) for neutral-temperature air typically
the space requires, so a four-pipe ACB increases installed cost due to the need
for more beams, higher primary
will need to open the hot-water valve However, reheat is not the only factor airflows, and increased water flows. For
and add heat to the induced room air that impacts the difference in heating this same example office space (see
(RA) to avoid overcooling the space energy use between ACB and VAV Figure 11), if the primary air is
delivered at 70°F dry bulb (rather than
(Figure 9). (A two-pipe ACB would systems. As mentioned earlier, ACB 55°F), eight chilled beams would need
need to either add heat to the space systems typically do not employ to be installed (rather than six) and
with a separate heating system, primary airflow would increase to
demand-controlled ventilation, so 0.48 cfm/ft2 (rather than 0.36 cfm/ft2).
switchover the water-distribution outdoor airflow remains constant. VAV
system to deliver warm water to all Also, designing for neutral-temperature
systems, however, are more likely to primary air likely increases system
beams, or just allow the space to implement some form of DCV to energy use because more cooling must
overcool.) reduce outdoor airflow and heating be provided by the beams (higher
primary airflows, increased water
energy use during partial occupancy.[3] flows) and, since the primary air must
When the space sensible cooling load be dehumidified to a low dew point, the
drops below 40 percent of design load, dehumidification performed by the
primary AHU is approximately the
both the VAV and ACB system are same, whether the primary air is
delivering 0.36 cfm/ft2 of 55°F primary delivered neutral or cold.
air to the zone, so the same amount of
heat would be needed to prevent
overcooling the space.
providing insights for today’s HVAC system designer Trane Engineers Newsletter volume 38–4 ● 7
Of course, the actual difference in The building with the chilled beam However, this analysis also
energy use for a specific building system includes four-pipe ACBs, investigated a "high-performance"
depends on climate, building usage, and separate primary AHUs for perimeter chilled-water VAV system, which uses
system design. Building analysis tools versus interior zones, separate chiller 48°F supply air (rather than the
(like TRACE™ 700) can be used to plants (one supplying warm water to conventional 55°F, but kept the same
analyze the performance of different the chilled beams and the other size ductwork), supply-air-temperature
HVAC systems and design strategies. supplying cold water to the primary reset and ventilation optimization
However, only a few whole-building AHUs), and an airside economizer on control strategies, and parallel fan-
energy simulation tools can currently the primary air systems. The chilled- powered VAV terminals. The chilled-
model chilled beam systems, so be sure water system serving the primary water system is a "low flow" design
to understand the capabilities of the AHUs is a "low flow" design with high- with high-efficiency chillers, a VFD on
software. efficiency chillers, a VFD on the cooling the cooling tower fans, and the chiller-
tower fans, and the chiller-tower tower optimization control strategy.
To illustrate, TRACE™ 700 was used to optimization control strategy.
compare an active chilled beam system The high-performance chilled-water
to a chilled-water VAV system in an For this example, the building with the VAV system uses less energy than
example office building (Figure 10). The ACB system uses about 8 percent less either the baseline VAV or the ACB
baseline building uses a conventional energy than the conventional chilled- systems: 11 percent less energy than
chilled-water VAV system, modeled water VAV system in Houston, the ACB system in Houston, 3 percent
according to Appendix G of ASHRAE 7 percent less in Los Angeles, less in Los Angeles, 7 percent less in
Standard 90.1-2007. 13 percent less in Philadelphia, and Philadelphia, and 5 percent less
15 percent less in St. Louis. in St. Louis.
Figure 10. Comparison of annual energy use for an example office building
cooling
plug Loads
lighting
8,000,000
6,000,000
4,000,000
2,000,000
baseline ACB high- baseline ACB high- baseline ACB high- baseline ACB high-
VAV perf. VAV perf. VAV perf. VAV perf.
VAV VAV VAV VAV
8 ● Trane Engineers Newsletter volume 38–4 providing insights for today’s HVAC system designer
Figure 11. Larger area of ceiling space required for chilled beams
Challenges of Using Chilled
Beams
The purpose of this section is to review
the challenges associated with
applying chilled beams, and some
ways to overcome those challenges. six (6) active chilled beams,
each 4-ft long x 2-ft wide
10 ● Trane Engineers Newsletter volume 38–4 providing insights for today’s HVAC system designer
No filtration of locally-recirculated particles that are generated within the somewhat limited and it can be a
air. Chilled beams are typically not space or brought into the space—on challenge to deliver the warm air at a
equipped with particulate air filters. shoes or clothing, for example. high enough velocity to force it down
Since the coils are intended to operate into the occupied space. Historically,
dry (no condensation), there may be Limited heating capability. Active many buildings with chilled beams
less concern about preventing wet coil chilled beams can provide some have used a separate heating system,
surfaces from getting dirty. But, there heating capacity by flowing hot water such as baseboard radiators or
is still the concern about removing through the coils. But capacity is convectors or in-floor radiant heating.
One effective approach for To deliver the same primary air (PA) configuration can deliver the same dew
dehumidifying the primary air in a condition using a traditional point using fewer tons, no reheat, and with
chilled beam system is to use a series, "cool+reheat" system, the cooling coil a warmer leaving-coil temperature—
Type III desiccant dehumidification would need to cool the air to nearly 51°F vs. 43°F (Figure 14). This warmer coil
wheel (Figure 13).[4] 43°F dry bulb (CAreheat) to achieve the temperature allows for more efficient
same 43°F dew point. Then a reheat coil mechanical cooling.
This configuration places a Type III must raise the dry-bulb temperature to
desiccant wheel in series with the 55°F. By contrast, the dual-wheel AHU
cooling coil. The regeneration side of
the wheel is upstream of the coil and
the process side is downstream of the
coil. The desiccant adsorbs water vapor Figure 13. Example primary air-handling unit for an active chilled beam system
from the process air downstream of the
coil, enabling the system to deliver total-energy preheat series, Type III
drier (lower dew point) primary air wheel coil desiccant wheel
(PA) without lowering the leaving-coil
temperature (CA).
40 40
30 CAreheat PA
20
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
dry-bulb temperature, ºF
providing insights for today’s HVAC system designer Trane Engineers Newsletter volume 38–4 ● 11
Summary
Although active chilled beam systems
have some advantages over all-air VAV
systems, some of the claimed
advantages are likely being overstated.
And, chilled beams present some
unique challenges that must be
Engineers
properly addressed in the design and Newsletter
operation of the system. LIVE!
The actual energy use of a specific mark your 2010 calendar
building depends on climate, building
usage, and system design, so it
warrants analysis using whole-building Fans in Air-Handling Systems
energy simulation software.
March 24
It is the responsibility of the design
team to understand the benefits, as
well as the challenges, to determine if Central Geothermal Systems
chilled beams are the right system
choice for a given project. May 12
ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010
By John Murphy, application engineer, and Jeanne
Harshaw, information designer, Trane.
You can find this and previous issues of the
October 13
Engineers Newsletter at www.trane.com/
engineersnewsletter. To comment, e-mail us at
comfort@trane.com contact your local Trane office for details
References.
Trane, Trane believes the facts and suggestions presented here to be accurate. However, final design and
A business of Ingersoll-Rand application decisions are your responsibility. Trane disclaims any responsibility for actions taken on
the material presented.
For more information, contact your local Trane
office or e-mail us at comfort@trane.com