Unit 4 LAN Ver 7.0

Unit 4.
Identification of Elements
and Spaces of a Local Networks
4. Identification of Elements and Spaces of a Local Networks
Objectives
• Know the characteristics of different transmission media
used on a LAN » see the advantages and disadvantages of
each.
• Know how to evaluate the suitability of a transmission

medium for a given application.
• Know the tools necessary to manufacture connectors
and the handling of cables and fibres.
• Identify the different subsystems that compose a
structured cabling system.
Content
4.1 Basic physical aspects in data transmission
4.1.1 Types of transmission
4.1.2 Limitations in transmission
4.1.3 Bandwidth and transmission rate
4.2 Transmission media
4.2.1 Twisted pair
4.2.2 Coaxial cable
4.2.3 Optical Fibre
4.2.4 Wireless Media
4.3 Structured Cabling System
4.3.1 The Six Subsystems of a Structured Cabling System
4.3.2 Connectors and network sockets
4.3.3 Communication cabinet
4.3.4 Ducts
4.3.5 Tools
4.3.6 Creating cables: standards T568A & T568B.
4.1 Basic physical aspects in data

transmission
In digital communications, the zeros and ones (bits)

exchanged, must be transformed into physical
signals.
Signals most used in data transmissions:
– Electrical signals.
– Optical signals.
– Acoustic signals.
4.1 Basic physical aspects in data

transmission
Parameters to take into account when choosing a

data transmission medium:
– Cost.
– Ease of installation.
– Bandwidth supported (10 Mbit/s, 100 Mbit/s, etc).

Types of transmission » depending on the number of
simultaneous signals in the transmission medium (cable, air):
●
Baseband (Banda Base) » the cable carries a unique signal every
time.
Example: the cable in a LAN carries only one signal at a time, and all the equipments
must take turns to send information to the cable.
●
Broadband (Banda Ancha) » the cable carries simultaneously
multiple signals every time.
Example: a cable TV company » this cable carries simultaneously hundreds of signals
of TV channels and Internet.

Baseband and Broadband example:

Baseband
• The cable carries only one signal during transmission.
• In Baseband, data is sent as digital signals.
• Baseband transmission uses the entire bandwidth of the medium
(cable, air).
• E.g. Ethernet networks use baseband transmissions.

Baseband, advantages:
• With this technique it is not necessary to use modems
(MOdulation/DEModulation).
• It is adequate for short distances, lowering the cost of
installation.
Baseband, disadvantages:
• It is not useful for remote communications » because the signal
degrades with distance.
• It is not adequate in environments exposed to electromagnetic
noise and interferences.

Broadband
• The cable carries multiple signals simultaneously during
transmission.
• In Broadband, data is sent as analog signals.
• Each transmission (or signal) is assigned to a portion of the
bandwidth , hence multiple transmissions (or signals) are
possible at the same time.
• E.g. Cable TV , Security Cameras.
• The signal that carries information suffers a series of variations »
that may affect the value of their amplitude, frequency or
phase » we say that the signal is modulated.

Amplitude and Frequency Modulation Signal:

Amplitude, Frequency and Phase Modulation Signal:

Broadband, advantages:
• The transmission medium is used more efficiently due to we have
several signals simultaneously.
• We have better transmission rates.
Broadband, disadvantages:
• We need another device called modem
(MOdulation/DEModulation).
• The cost is higher due to the use of modems.
• The transmission complexity is higher due to the use of modems.

Typical Broadband Hookup:

Broadband Hookup With Separate Switch:

An integrated system without the Modem:

An integrated system with the Modem:

Home network:
4.1.2 Limitations in transmission

1) Attenuation
- It is the decrease of the signal amplitude.
- Attenuation depends on the distance.
2) Electromagnetic interference
- Electromagnetic waves can affect the transmission medium.
- Electrical equipment and wireless communications emit
electromagnetic waves.
3) Crosstalk (diafonía)
- Crosstalk is the interference between signals when the cables are
close together.

Bandwidth definition:
– For digital signals (digital bandwidth) » bandwidth is
the amount of data that we send through a network
connection in a period of time » bps (bits per second).
– For analogical signals (analogical bandwidth) »
bandwidth is the amount of frequencies that circulate
through the transmission channel » cycles per second or
hertz (Hz) » in analogical transmissions we use frequencies to send
information.

Transmission rate definition:
– Transmission rate » number of bits per unit of time that
circulate by the channel » bps (bits per second).
– If b is a capital letter usually indicates bytes per second
(Bps).
– When we talk about bps the multiple is 1000 » so 1 Kbps are
1000 bps.

Bandwidth and Transmission Rate definitions:
– For digital transmissions » Bandwidth (bps 'bits per
second') is the same that Transmission Rate (bps 'bits per
second').
– For analog transmissions » Bandwidth (Hz 'Hertz:
cycles per second') is not the same that Transmission
Rate (bps 'bits per second').
4.2 Transmission media

Types of transmission media:
1) Guided media
In a guided media the signals can be:
– Electrical signals » twisted pair and coaxial cable.
– Optical signals » optical fibre.
2) Unguided media » wireless.

– In wireless the signal is the electromagnetic energy.
4.2.1 Twisted pair

4.2.1 Twisted pair

A twisted pair cable:
– Consists of two conductors » typically copper wire.
– Each conductor has a plastic insulation.
– Both wires are twisted according to a number of
turns per centimetre.
4.2.1 Twisted pair

Characteristics:
Parameters that influence in the characteristics of the
twisted pair:
– The thickness of the wire.
– Number of turns of the twisted.
– The type of insulation.
– The impedance » property that has a component to limit
the current flow.
– Coating material and protection against tractions
and cuts.
4.2.1 Twisted pair

Reasons for twisting the wires:
•
We make the cable more resistant mechanically.
•
We ensure that both wires cover the same distance.
•
We ensure that both wires are equally affected by outside
interferences.
4.2.1 Twisted pair

Characteristics:
The number of turns per centimetre is a parameter that
determines its electrical characteristics » the usual number
of turns per centimetre is 2.36.
The speed of transmission decreases rapidly with the

distance between devices » if the distance between devices is
very high we need to use repeaters.
In a LAN we use Twisted Pair cables in the following

physical topologies: star, bus or ring.
4.2.1 Twisted pair

Advantages:
- Reduced manufacturing cost.
- Ease of installation.
Nowadays the twisted pair is the main transmission media
for voice and data networks (LAN and DSL).
DSL » (Digital Subscriber Line, Línia de Abonado Digital) technology that uses
conventional twisted pair telephone lines to transmit data at high speed (the A of
ADSL means asymmetric).
4.2.1 Twisted pair

Types:
Multipair cable » cable that has more than one twisted pair.
The most used in LANs is 4-pairs, 8 wires
4.2.1 Twisted pair

Types:
- UTP cable (Unshielded Twisted Pair) » 4 pairs.
» It is the most common cable in
communications.
» Easy to install.
UTP cable (Unshielded Twisted Pair)

4.2.1 Twisted pair

Types:
- STP cable (Shielded Twisted Pair) » 4 pairs.
STP cable (Shielded Twisted Pair)

4.2.1 Twisted pair

Types:
- STP cable (Shielded Twisted Pair) » 4 pairs.
– It has a metallic coating that insulates the cable from external
interferences.
– This metallic coating must be connected to the ground of the
installation » more work on the installation.
– The cable is more thick and therefore the cost is higher » this cable
is less flexible than the UTP cable and is more difficult to install.
– The STP cable has more electrical advantages than the UTP cable
» but it is used only in electrically hostile environments because is less
flexible and more difficult to install than the UTP cable.
4.2.1 Twisted pair

Types:
- FTP cable (Foiled Twisted Pair) » 4 pairs.
» Each pair has a foiled coating.
» It requires more care in "earthing"

(grounding) than UTP.
» FTP might be used in a factory and UTP

in an office.
FTP cable (Foiled Twisted Pair)

4.2.1 Twisted pair

Categories:
Categories » each category specifies electrical characteristics:
attenuation, impedance, distances, bandwidth, applications for
which it is useful, etc.
The standard that defines these categories is TIA/EIA-568-B.
- Categories 1 and 2 » for low rate transmissions of voice and data.
- Categories 3 and 4 » for LAN but not used nowadays.

4.2.1 Twisted pair

Categories:
- Categories 5 » Cat 5 supports 10/100 Mbps bandwidth over a maximum distance of

100 meters. Common for current Ethernet LANs.
– 10 Mbps is called Ethernet (10 BASE-T)

– 100 Mbps is called Fast Ethernet (100 BASE-T)
- Categories 5e (enhanced) » Cat 5e supports 10/100/1000 Mbps bandwidth over

a maximum distance of 100 meters. Common for current Ethernet LANs.
– 10 Mbps is called Ethernet (10 BASE-T)

– 100 Mbps is called Fast Ethernet (100 BASE-T)
– 1000 Mbps is called Gigabit Ethernet (1000 BASE-T)
4.2.1 Twisted pair

Categories:
- Category 6 » Cat 6 supports 1000 Mbps bandwidth over a maximum distance of 100
meters. They also support 10 Gbps bandwidth over limited distances. Used in
Ethernet LANs.
– 1000 Mbps is called Gigabit Ethernet (1000 BASE-T)
- Category 7 » Cat 7 supports 10 Gbps bandwidth over a maximum distance of 100

meters (experimental).
4.2.1 Twisted pair

Categories used in LANs:
Category Standard Speed Distances
CAT5 100 Base-T 100 Mbps 100 meters
CAT5e 1000 Base-T 1000 Mbps 100 meters
CAT6 1000 Base-T 1000 Mbps 100 meters
Limited
CAT6 10G Base-T 10 Gbps
distances
CAT7 10G Base-T 10 Gbps 100 meters

4.2.1 Twisted pair

Connectors:
The most commonly used connectors for UTP are called
RJ1:
– RJ45 » for LAN.
– RJ11 » telephone lines.
1
RJ comes from 'Registered Jack' and means that it is a standardized networking interface
4.2.2 Coaxial cable

4.2.2 Coaxial cable

The coaxial cable is composed of the following
parts:
- A: plastic protective cover » insulating against electricity
and moisture.
- B: copper mesh » it is used as:

• A shield against interference.
• As a ground reference.
• As a return current.
- C: insulating (dielectric).
- D: steel core covered by copper » responsible for carrying

information.
4.2.2 Coaxial cable

Characteristics
- Cable used to carry high frequency signals.
- Lower attenuation with distance.
- Greater protection against outside interference.
- Construction parameters:
• Thickness of the conductive wires.
• Impedance (opposition to the passage of
electric current).
• Coating (cladding) material.
- Economic » but more expensive than twisted pair.
- Ease of installation.
4.2.2 Coaxial cable
Types
The coaxial cable is classified into categories according
to the notation: RG-number1
There are two types of coaxial cable:
1 RG means Radio Guide » The RG numbering system of coaxial cable (coax) refers to the fact that
the RF (Radio Frequency) signal is guided down the centre conductor of the cable system. The RG
numbering system dates to WWII United States military specifications and has no real contemporary
significance other than type designators. Each RG number does, however, specify impedance, core
conductor gauge (AWG) and type, outside diameter (OD), and other physical attributes of the cable.
4.2.2 Coaxial cable

Type 1- Baseband coaxial cable
– Cable used in the firsts local networks » Ethernet,
IBM PC-NET and ARCNET.
– It has a unique communication channel.
– Transmission speed quite high » between 10 and 80
Mbps.
–Baseband Coaxial cables were used in the first
LANs, in a bus physical topology.
4.2.2 Coaxial cable

Type 1- Baseband coaxial cable
–Examples:
• 10Base5 (RG-11) Thick Ethernet » 10 Mbps,
Baseband, 5x100=500 meters distance » was
the first commercially-available variant of Ethernet.
• 10Base2 (RG-58) Thin Ethernet » 10 Mbps,
Baseband, 2x100=200 meters distance »
During the mid to late 1980s this was the dominant 10
Mbit/s Ethernet standard.
4.2.2 Coaxial cable

Type 2- Broadband coaxial cable
– Is bidirectional.
– It has many channels of communication » it can
simultaneously transmit voice, video and data over the
cable.
– Widely used in television by cable (CATV) and
Internet access.
– Examples:
• RG-59: Broadband Coaxial cable for short
distances (e.g. in homes).
• RG-6: Broadband Coaxial cable for short and
large distances (e.g. in homes) » RG-6 is
replacing the smaller RG-59, in recent years.
4.2.2 Coaxial cable

RG-6 Broadband Coaxial Cable
4.2.2 Coaxial cable

Connectors
The most used connectors are the BNC (Bayonet Network
Connector).
Examples:
4. Identificació d’elements i espais d’una xarxa local
4.2.2 Coaxial cable

BNC male
4.2.2 Coaxial cable

BNC-T male
4.2.2 Coaxial cable

BNC male terminator
4.2.2 Coaxial cable

The following image shows an old Ethernet installation 10-BASE-2 (year 1985),
which used coaxial cable type RG-58.
4.2.3 Optical Fibre

See this videos in order to understand how fibre optics works:
1) Fiber optic cables: How they work
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0MwMkBET_5I
2) Fiber Optics, How it works??
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PeJP0zwp4cU
4.2.3 Optical Fibre

Optical Fibre is formed by plastic or glass and transports
optical signals.
In order to understand how it works we need to review two

optical concepts:
• Reflexion
• Refraction
4. Identification of Elements and Spaces of Local Networks
4.2.3 Optical Fibre

• Reflexion:
4.2.3 Optical Fibre

• Refraction:
4.2.3 Optical Fibre

We want the light beam be reflected by the fibre to reach destination.
4.2.3 Optical Fibre

Here we can see a real example of a laser ray that is
reflecting by the fibre.
4.2.3 Optical Fibre

4.2.3 Optical Fibre

4.2.3 Optical Fibre

Optical fibre is composed of:
• Central core is made of glass or plastic.

• The core is covered with a refractive coating (cladding).
• This structure is covered with insulating material:
 Avoids the interferences.
 Gives protection to the core.
• The fibre has more layers that gives protection against
tractions.
4.2.3 Optical Fibre

Advantages of Fibre -vs- Copper:
• The fibre is not affected by electro-magnetics camps.
• The fibre is not affected by radio waves.
• High bandwidth with high transmission speed (from 1 to 10
Gbps).
• The fiber has low attenuation with the distance » So is good for
large distances.
Disadvantages of Fibre -vs- Copper:

• High cost of the fibre.
• High cost of the adaptation equipment for the end devices.
4.2.3 Optical Fibre

There are two basic types of optical fibre:
4.2.3 Optical Fibre

Types:
- Single-mode Fibre:
– It only propagates a single ray of light.
– We do it by reducing the core diameter.
– Allows long distances (a maximum of 400 km).
– Allows high rate transmissions (10 Gbps)
4.2.3 Optical Fibre

Types:
- Multimode Fibre:
– Propagates more than one ray of light.
– We do it by using a bigger core.
– It is used for short distances (less than 2 km).
– Transmission rates between 10 Gbps for short
distances and 1 Gbps for large distances.
4.2.3 Optical Fibre

Connectors:
4.2.3 Optical Fibre

Fibre Optic Cable And Connector Color
Codes:
Jacket color:
Jacket color is sometimes used to distinguish multimode cables from single mode
ones. The standard TIA-598C recommends, for non-military applications, the
use of a yellow jacket for single mode fiber, and orange or aqua for multimode
fiber, depending on type.
For more information on fibre optic cable and connector color codes, visit the
following link:
http://www.thefoa.org/tech/ColCodes.htm
4.2.3 Optical Fibre

Jacket color:
Single-Mode Fibre MultiMode Fibre MultiMode Fibre

4.2.3 Optical Fibre

What do the fibre terms 9/125, 50/125
and 62.5/125 refer to?
These terms refer to the diameter in microns of a fibre optic cable's core and
cladding.
The first set of numbers - 9, 50 and 62.5 refer to the diameter of the fibre
cable's core.
The second set of numbers - 125 refer to the diameter of the outside of the
fibre cable's cladding.
9/125 refers to a single mode fibre cable. 50/125 and 62.5/125 refer to
multimode fibre cable.
4.2.3 Optical Fibre

What do the fibre terms OS1, OS2,
OM1, OM2, OM3 and OM4 refer to?
There are different types of fiber optic cable. Some types are single-mode
(OS1 and OS2), some types are multi-mode (OM1, OM2, OM3 and OM4).
Each type has different properties.
OS1 single-mode type is used indoors and OS2 single-mode type is used
outdoors (yellow jacket).
OM1 and OM2 multimode types are optimized for LED based equipment
(orange jacket).
OM3 and OM4 multimode types are optimized for LASER based equipment
(aqua jacket).

The wireless media is based on the radiation of
electromagnetic energy.
The wireless media uses electromagnetic waves to propagate
electromagnetic radiation.

Example of Electromagnetic Waves:




We are going to study four technologies for wireless data
transmission:
– Radio waves.
– Microwaves.
– Infrared.
– Laser.
See: Tour of the EMS 01 – Introduction.flv (NASA production)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfS4izXcUbc
Methods of transmission :
Directional transmission Omnidirectional transmission


●
Directional transmission:

●
Directional transmission:
 Directional transmission concentrates all the energy into a

beam and emits the beam in a certain direction.
 Both the sender and receiver must be aligned.
 Directional transmission is called 'Point to Point Link'.
 In directional transmissions we use High Frequencies like
microwave or laser.

●
Omnidirectional transmission:

●
Omnidirectional transmission:
 Omnidirectional transmission emits energy in all directions.

 Multiple antennas (receivers) can capture the energy at the
same time in different locations.
 Omnidirectional transmission is called 'Point to Multipoint
Link'.
 In omnidirectional transmissions we use Low Frequencies like
Radio Waves.

Radio Waves

Radio Waves

Radio Waves
Frequencies between 3 Hz and 300 MHz.
Band shared with other applications (telephony, television,
radio broadcasting, etc.).
Main characteristics:
• Mobility.
• Ease network connection.
• Ease of extension.
• Ease of integration with wired networks.

Radio Waves
Radio waves can pass through walls » this can be an advantage
or disadvantage.
The coexistence of various wireless applications
simultaneously can be a chaos » That is why there are laws
that regulate the use of different frequency bands.
Some frequency bands are free and others require license.
Two different communications technologies using the same
band (e.g. Wi-Fi and Bluetooth) can interfere destructively »
apart from the problem of information security.

Microwaves

Microwaves
Frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz.

Microwaves are directional » transmitter and receiver must be
perfectly aligned.
Microwaves can not pass through walls.
Example: microwaves antennas for communications.

Example: microwaves antennas for communications via satellite.


Infrared

Infrared
Frequencies between 300 GHz and 430 THz.

Infrared radiation is simply light that we cannot see, which
makes it great for communication.
Infrared are directional » transmitter and receiver must be
perfectly aligned.
Infrared is used in short-range communications, like a IR
remote control.

Infrared
Infrared can not pass through walls and so does not interfere
with other devices in adjoining rooms1.
Infrared communications are useful for indoor use 2.
1 That is why, when we use a infrared remote control for our TV, it will not affect our
neighbour's TV.
2 Because the sun emits radiation across the infrared band and this causes interferences
in communication.

Laser
Lasers operate in the following frequencies bands: ultraviolet, visible, and infrared.

Laser: example of commercial lasers

Laser
Laser are directional » transmitter and receiver must be perfectly
aligned.
Laser can not pass through walls.
Laser communications are useful for outdoor use1.
Disadvantages of laser:
– High cost of equipment.
– The rain, snow, fog, etc. negatively affects laser

communications.
1 Laser is used to connect networks in two buildings with direct vision.

Example: an 8-beam free space optics laser link, rated for 1 Gbit/s.
The receptor is the large disc in the middle, the transmitters the smaller ones.
Unmanned Aircraft
Vehicle or Drone
Example: use of laser in satellite communications.



What is a structured cabling system?
Consists of a distribution of the cables inside a building for the
purpose of implementing a local area network.
Why we use structured cabling system?

To obtain an efficient, clean organization system that follows a
logical order, following the proposed standards1.
1 Based on TIA/EIA 568 structured cabling standards.

4.3.1 The Six Subsystems of a

Structured Cabling System
Generally, we can divide Structured Cabling System into six
parts: entrance facilities, equipment room, backbone
cabling, telecommunication closet , horizontal cabling and
work area.

1) Entrance Facilities
In telecommunications, Entrance facility refers to the

entrance to a building for network service cables
(Telephone, Internet, Power Line, etc) and wireless
services (Satellite, Wimax, etc).

1) Entrance Facilities
Internet Service Provider (ISP)


2) Equipment Room
The equipment room is a centralized space 1 inside

the building where the network equipment
(routers, switches, ..), data equipment (servers, ..),
video centers, etc, are housed.
1 The TIA/EIA 568 standards recommend to locate the equipment room in the middle of
the office space, if possible » In this way, the cables that run from the equipment
room to the work areas can be approximately the same lengths.

2) Equipment Room
2) Equipment Room
2) Equipment Room - Rear side

2) Equipment Room
Active elements for communication in a equipment room:

• The telephone equipment » switchboards.
• Network equipment » routers and switches.
• Data equipment » servers.
• The connection to the public network »

telephone lines, data lines (internet).

2) Equipment Room
Old telephone switchboard.
New telephone switchboard.

Block wiring using twisted pair category 5.

2) Equipment Room
Passive elements for conditioning in a equipment room:

• Uninterrupted power supply (UPS).
• Fire protection.
• Access controlled » with key, etc.
• Air Conditioning » to maintain a constant

temperature of operation of the equipment.

3) Backbone Cabling
The backbone cabling1 provides the cable

connections between entrance facilities,
equipment rooms and telecommunications closets.
1 Usually, optical fibre cables.


3) Backbone Cabling
3) Backbone Cabling

4) Telecommunications Closet
We use the telecommunications closet to connect

the backbone cabling with the horizontal cabling.


Normally inside the Telecommunication Closet we

can find a Rack with a Patch Panel1, a Switch2 and
Patch Cords3.
1 We connect the Horizontal Cabling permanently to the rear part of category 5e/6 Patch
Panels.
2 The Switch connects the devices with the Backbone Cabling.
3 We use the Patch Cords to connect the Patch Panel with the Switch.
Horizontal cabling is connected permanently

to rear of category 5e/6 patch panels.
Category 5e/6 patch panels and patch cords

are used to connect to network equipment
(switches, routers, etc).
Network Equipment (switches, routers, etc).
19" rack or cabinet


5) Horizontal Cabling
The horizontal cabling system extends from the work

area’s outlet to the telecommunications closet.
The maximum distance for the horizontal cable is 90
meters (from the telecommunication closet to the
telecommunication outlet).

5) Horizontal Cabling

6) Work Area
Work-area components connect end-user equipment1 to

outlets2 of the horizontal cabling system.
1 End-user equipment: computers, telephones, etc.

2 We use Patch Cables to connect the end-user equipment to the telecommunication outlet.

Structured Cabling System: maximum distance for
cables.
The maximum distance for cabling is 100 metres.

The sum of cabling between the Work Area (Patch
Cable maximum 6 metres), Horizontal Cabling
(maximum 90 metres) and Telecommunication
Closet (Patch Cord maximum 6 metres) can not
exceed 100 metres1.
1 The cabling used in the Work Area (Patch Cable maximum 6 metres) plus the cabling
used in Telecommunication Closet (Patch Cord maximum 6 metres) can not exceed
10 metres.
Work Area Horizontal Cabling

The most common are:
– For UTP cable:
 Connector » RJ-45 for data and RJ-11 for telephony.
 Network socket » rosette.
– For coaxial cable:
 Connector » BNC.
 Network socket » rosettes with two BNC (one for
output and the other for input) » It is need a patchcord
between the input and the output when there is no terminal
equipment installed.

– For optical fibre:
 Network socket » rosettes with minimum two
connectors ST or SC.
Example: 4 ports fibre optic wall plate
– For wireless connections:

 We don't need network sockets or connectors.

Note: sometimes it is used a Transition Point called Balun to
change the physical medium (e.g. from UTP cable to coaxial
cable).

Cabinets:

Inside the communications cabinets we can find things like
racks, patch panels, patch cords, switches, routers, servers,
etc.
We connect the device (router, switch, etc) to the patch panel
using patch cords.
4.3.3 Communication cabinet - Patch

Panel.
Patch panel RJ45 Category 5e front side and rear side:
4.3.3 Communication cabinet - Rack
Open Rack:
4.3.3 Communication cabinet - Server
Rackable Server:
4.3.3 Communication cabinet - Server
Rackable Servers:
4.3.3 Communication cabinet - Router
Rackable Router:
4.3.4 Ducts
We can find different types of ducts:
●
Wall ducts
●
Ceiling ducts
●
False floor
●
False ceiling
●
Cables trays
●
Recessed tube
4.3.5 Tools
Tools used in LAN cable management:
●
Wire cutter/stripper tool
4.3.5 Tools
●
Crimping tool
4.3.5 Tools
●
Impact Punch Down tool
4.3.5 Tools
●
Impact Punch Down tool
4.3.5 Tools
●
Cable tester tool
4.3.6 Creating cables: standards T568A

& T568B.

& T568B.

& T568B.
We can use T568A or T568B standard.

& T568B.
Straight-through cables:
To make a straight-through cable use the same standard
(T568A or T568B) in both connectors.
Typically, when connecting different types of devices, use a
straight-through cable.
Use straight-through cables for the following connections:
●
Switch to router
●
Equipment to switch
●
Equipment to hub
●
Switch to hub (exception)
●
Equipment to router (exception)

& T568B.
Crossover cables:
To make a crossover cable use the standard T568A in one
connector and the standard T568B in the other connector.
Typically, when connecting the same type of devices, use a
crossover cable.
Use crossover cables for the following connections:
●
Switch to switch
●
Hub to hub
●
Router to router
●
Equipment to equipment

& T568B.
See the next figure that represents a direct connection
between two PC using a crossover cable:
Pay attention to the pins used in Transmission (Tx) and the
pins used in Reception (Rx).

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Unit 4.

• Know how to evaluate the suitability of a transmission

4.1 Basic physical aspects in data

In digital communications, the zeros and ones (bits)

4.1 Basic physical aspects in data

Parameters to take into account when choosing a

4.1.1 Types of transmission

4.1.1 Types of transmission

4.1.1 Types of transmission

4.1.1 Types of transmission

4.1.1 Types of transmission

4.1.1 Types of transmission

4.1.1 Types of transmission

4.1.1 Types of transmission

4.1.1 Types of transmission

4.1.1 Types of transmission

4.1.1 Types of transmission

4.1.1 Types of transmission

4.1.1 Types of transmission

4.1.2 Limitations in transmission

4.1.3 Bandwidth and transmission rate

4.1.3 Bandwidth and transmission rate

4.1.3 Bandwidth and transmission rate

4.2 Transmission media

2) Unguided media » wireless.

4.2.1 Twisted pair

4.2.1 Twisted pair

4.2.1 Twisted pair

4.2.1 Twisted pair

4.2.1 Twisted pair

The speed of transmission decreases rapidly with the

In a LAN we use Twisted Pair cables in the following

4.2.1 Twisted pair

4.2.1 Twisted pair

4.2.1 Twisted pair

UTP cable (Unshielded Twisted Pair)

4.2.1 Twisted pair

STP cable (Shielded Twisted Pair)

4.2.1 Twisted pair

4.2.1 Twisted pair

» It requires more care in "earthing"

» FTP might be used in a factory and UTP

FTP cable (Foiled Twisted Pair)

4.2.1 Twisted pair

The standard that defines these categories is TIA/EIA-568-B.

- Categories 1 and 2 » for low rate transmissions of voice and data.

- Categories 3 and 4 » for LAN but not used nowadays.

4.2.1 Twisted pair

- Categories 5 » Cat 5 supports 10/100 Mbps bandwidth over a maximum distance of

– 10 Mbps is called Ethernet (10 BASE-T)

- Categories 5e (enhanced) » Cat 5e supports 10/100/1000 Mbps bandwidth over

– 10 Mbps is called Ethernet (10 BASE-T)

4.2.1 Twisted pair

– 1000 Mbps is called Gigabit Ethernet (1000 BASE-T)

- Category 7 » Cat 7 supports 10 Gbps bandwidth over a maximum distance of 100

4.2.1 Twisted pair

Category Standard Speed Distances

CAT5 100 Base-T 100 Mbps 100 meters

CAT5e 1000 Base-T 1000 Mbps 100 meters

CAT6 1000 Base-T 1000 Mbps 100 meters

CAT7 10G Base-T 10 Gbps 100 meters

4.2.1 Twisted pair

4.2.2 Coaxial cable