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Reading: Nawy, E.G. (2000) Prestressed Concrete – A Fundamental Approach, 3rd Edition,
Prentice Hall, Inc., Chapter 1, pp. 1-30.
Wooden Barrel
Figure 1: Early Prestressing.
We all should appreciate that concrete is very strong in compression, but rather weak in tension.
Thus, a very useful thing to do is to prestress the concrete (i.e. provide initial compression) to
overcome undesirable tension stresses in the concrete. This is the basis for prestressed concrete.
in which it resides. The effect of prestressing, from an internal force point of view, is shown in
Figure 2 below.
w=0 w=0
C=0
a
e
T=0 T=P C=P
L/2 L/2
w=w C=C1 w=w
1 1
C=P
a a=e
T=T T=P
1
w=w
w=w C=C2 C=P
e`
a e a
T=T2 T=P
The “plain” reinforced concrete member is shown above at the left. The prestressed member is
shown at the right. One can see the behavioral difference between these members by looking at
the location of the compression force within the cross-section
When no loading is applied to the presetressed concrete beam, _________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
In the case of the reinforced concrete member, there is not tension nor
compression force until loading is applied.
Creep and shrinkage strain (as we will see) can account for as much as 0.0006 in/in.
Thus, whatever strain (and therefore, stress) was put in the steel initially, was soon lost as
a result of the concrete creeping and shrinking with time.
If we assume 0.0006 in/in loss due to creep and shrinkage, there is still,
ε s = 0.005 − 0.0006 = 0.0044 in in
in the reinforcement. With Es = 30e6 psi , this translates to 132,000 psi left after losses.
1928 – Freyssinet:
First to use high strength steels to overcome prestress force losses.
1940 – Freyssinet:
Introduced conical wedge system to anchor 12-wire tendons. This became known as the
Freyssinet system.
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Wall units are cast in one- or multi-story segments. These wall elements bear on one another as
the building rises. Precast, prestressed concrete wall cladding can also be hung on a reinforced
concrete or structural steel skeleton.
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Shearwall Systems:
Precast wall elements make very efficient lateral load resisting elements when included in a
building structure. Shearwalls are used to resist lateral shear that results from wind or
earthquake forces.
Lateral loading is transmitted through diaphragms to the interior and exterior shear walls.
Lateral loading is then carried down to the foundation. The interior shear walls can also be tie
together to form tubes. After the 1994 Northridge earthquake, these systems were called into
question due to the large forces that must be transferred through the diaphragms to the interior
and exterior shearwalls.
Other Uses:
There are a myriad of uses for precast, prestressed concrete. Some of the sections that are
commonly constructed are shown below.
Initial Stage:
During this stage in the prestressed members life, the member is subjected to _______________
__________________ and ___________________________, but no external loading. There are
several stages within the initial stage:
1. Before Prestressing: In a pretensioned member, the concrete has not cured.
2. During Prestressing: During this stage, the tendons are undergoing very large stresses
and strains. Bearing areas and tendon hold-downs within the member are undergoing
very large stresses as well.
3. Transfer of Prestress: In a pretension member, the transfer of the prestressing force
occurs very rapidly (i.e. the tendon is cut).
The member self-weight comes into “play” in the initial stage because as the prestressing force is
transferred, the member will often “bow” upward or camber will be initiated into the member.
Intermediate Stage:
This stage in the life of the member includes ________________________________ and
_______________________ of the member into the structure. ___________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________.
Placement of superimposed dead loads during construction is also critical, since the tendon
arrangement within the member often assumes a specific SDL position and/or pattern.
Final Stage:
The anticipated (and sometimes un-anticipated) service loading arrives on the structure during
this stage. The design of the member will often require that behavior be studied at a cracking
stage as well with service and ultimate (limit) loading applied. There are several loading levels
to consider at this stage.
1. Sustained Loading: The designer should always be aware of camber and deflection in the
member under sustained loading since creep of concrete is very important. ___________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________________.
2. Service (working) Load: This is the every day loading that the prestressed element or
member will support. Stresses are the limiting design consideration at this level of
loading.
3. Cracking Load: Investigation of the loading level to cause cracking in the member is
important (e.g. tanks, pipes, or elements subjected to corrosion).
4. Ultimate Load: A structure designed for only service loading may not possess sufficient
capacity for the occasional overload condition. Therefore, prestressed members will
often be checked at the ultimate (strength limit state) condition. The designer will
essentially ensure that the there is sufficient separation between the “cracking” load level
and the “ultimate” load level. This will ensure that there is _______________________
before impending collapse.
The stress state due to the prestressing force is uniform over the entire cross-section.
Furthermore, the entire cross-section is in compression. The stress acting on the cross-
section is therefore,
P
f =−
Ac
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The state of stress in this case varies linearly over the cross-section. The stresses at the
top and bottom fibers can be easily computed as,
In this case, the prestressing force itself causes a linearly varying state of stress over the
height of the cross-section. The state of stress, in this case, is,
P Pect P ect
ft =− + =− 1 − r 2
Ac Ig Ag
P Pecb P ecb
fb = − − =− 1 + r 2
Ac Ig Ag
The simple replacement Ac = Ab has been made assuming the gross concrete area is used.
D. Simply Supported Beam with Eccentric Prestressing Force and Uniformly Distributed
Loading
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This is the most complicated stress state thus far. Using mechanics of materials, the state
of stress can be simply computed as,
P Pect Mct P ect Mct
ft =− + − =− 1 − r 2 − I
Ac Ig Ig Ag g
The eccentricity varies the ends and center of the beam above. There can also be
multiple hold-downs in these members.
The initial prestress can be assumed at the time of force transfer for pretensioned members and
after the losses due to tendon “seating” and “friction” in post-tensioned members. The effective
prestress can be assumed present when the member supports,
• Dead Loading
• Super-imposed Dead Loading
• Live Loading
ANALYSIS METHODS
Analysis of prestressed concrete members can ALWAYS be done using mechanics of materials
procedures (in fact, this is the first method – which we will not discuss). There are two
additional methods that give some “physical feel” to the prestressed concrete problem. These
methods are the C-Line Method and the Method of Load Balancing. We will look at each in
this section of the notes. It should be noted that ALL methods that we will use for analysis
assume linearly elastic material behavior.
section rising up through the member as loading is applied. This is the fundamental issue for the
C-Line method of analysis.
Using this method, the prestressing force is assumed to be an externally applied loading and the
tendon force is assumed to be constant. The FBD of the left “chunk” of a prestressed member is
shown below.
At the cut made, the bending moment supported by the cross-section is computed as,
The eccentricity of the compression force with respect to the centroid of the concrete cross-
section is computed as,
C Ce′cb P e′cb
fb = − + =− 1 − r 2
Ac Ig Ag
forces created by prestressing force. The method has distinct advantages when one is analyzing
statically indeterminate structures and computing deflections. It has also been used to analyze
highly complex structures such as that shown below,
Figure 10: Arizona State Fair Coliseum with Load Balancing Analytical Model. 380
foot diameter structure with 2 ½” thick lightweight concrete “waffle” slab
roof. (taken from Lin and Burns (1981) Design of Prestressed Concrete, 3rd
Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
We will look at two basic tendon arrangements in this section: the single hold-down harped
tendon and the parabolic tendon.
P
P P P
P
A FBD of the central “chunk” of tendon and the moment diagrams due to the prestressing force
and applied loading are shown below.
FL
M (x) 4
F
MF
x
MPS 2Psin 2
P P
Mps (x)
2PLsin2
4
2 2
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P P
P
ps
The moment diagrams for the prestressing force and the applied uniformly distributed loading
are shown below.
2
wL
MF (x) 8
MF
x
Mps
Mps (x) Ph
An equivalent uniform loading (resulting from the prestress) can be defined as,
After the net moment is computed, we can make several judgments regarding beam behavior
based upon its sign.
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These can then be used to define the appropriate signs in the mechanics of materials relationships
to compute stresses using the net moment.
P′ M net ct
ft =− ±
Ac Ig
P′ M net cb
fb = − ±
Ac Ig
It should be noted that in most examples, the section considered will lie at the beam centerline
(for simplicity). For the single hold-down, harped tendon, the horizontal component of the
prestressing force will not be the prestressing force (i.e. additional computation must be made).
In the case of the parabolic tendon, the horizontal component of the prestressing force (at least at
the beam centerline) is the prestressing force. One should be very careful to use the horizontal
component of the prestressing force.
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