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Student`s Name
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Date
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Table of Contents
1.0 ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. 3
2.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 4
2.0 Literature review ....................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 A brief history of teaching literature ..................................................................................... 4
2.2 Literary texts ......................................................................................................................... 5
2.3 The approaches in teaching English literary texts ................................................................. 6
Literary fiction ......................................................................................................................... 7
Genre fiction ............................................................................................................................ 7
Maley’s Critical Literary Approach and the Stylistic Approach .......... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Three Models of Carter and Long ........................................................................................... 8
Savvidou’s (2004) Integrated Approach.................................................................................. 8
Divsar and Tahriri (2009) Integrated Approach ...................................................................... 8
3.0 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 9
3.1 The benefits of using literary texts in teaching the English Language in EFL classrooms .. 9
3.2 Helps learners in improving their language awareness and acquisition................................ 9
3.2.1 Use of literary texts to help learners listen ..................................................................... 9
3.2.2 How the use of literary texts helps EFL learners learn to speak .................................. 10
3.2.3 How literary texts help learners attain reading skills ................................................... 10
3.2.4 How literary texts help learners attain writing skills .................................................... 11
3.4.4 Using poetry for English language learning ................................................................. 11
3.3 Literary text devices and significance in teaching English in EFL classroom.................... 12
3.3.1 Allegory ........................................................................................................................ 12
3.3.2 Alliteration .................................................................................................................... 13
3.3.3 Allusion ........................................................................................................................ 13
3.3.4 Anachronism ................................................................................................................. 13
3.3.5 Anaphora ...................................................................................................................... 14
3.3.6 Anastrophe .................................................................................................................... 14
3.3.7 Anthropomorphism ....................................................................................................... 15
3.3.9 Flashbacks .................................................................................................................... 15
3.3.10 Juxtaposition ............................................................................................................... 16
3.3.11 Metaphor ..................................................................................................................... 16
4.0 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 17
5.0 References ............................................................................................................................... 18
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1.0 ABSTRACT
Literary texts are used within the English classroom to offer learners with the prerequisite
space for the learners to justify, comment, and mirror themselves. The use of literary texts plays
an integral role in coaching foreign learners the English language. It helps enhance the learner’s
Previous research undertaken on the subject has indicated the potential benefits of using literary
texts within the EFL classrooms since it helps boost the learner's language skills, the extension of
their linguistic knowledge, and the promotion of authentic materials. The present research paper
discusses the relevance of including English literature as a language teaching tool in the EFL
university classroom. More specifically, the research article examines the reason behind the
incorporation of literary texts in the Foreign English classroom. Besides, the paper also explains
how literary texts are used in the enhancement of language skills. The article also focuses on
2.0 Introduction
Every teacher requires due diligence and advanced teaching techniques to meet the
objectives set to be achieved by the students at the end of the course. A teacher is supposed to
use excellent teaching skills and tools in the performance of this vital activity of teaching to
remain relevant and drive points home (Tasneen 2010). There are different teaching tools used
by teachers in teaching various classes based on the type of course undertaken by the students.
Some courses need practical demonstrations; others may require experimental performance,
research work, attachment involvement, field visits, among many other teaching tools based on
ensure it is well taught in class. In English classes, the books should be in line with writers'
interests and ideas about a particular subject in question. The literature texts as a teaching tool in
the English classroom play a vital role in ensuring the language is well learned and absorbed by
students. In the course of learning English using the literary texts, there are many benefits
derived from the process, which assures the students' diverse growth in different dimensions and
fields (Van 2009). The present research paper discusses the relevance of including English
Hall (2005) indicates that the University College of London was the first institution of
higher learning to introduce a department of English literature in the year 1828. Other
departments were also founded in 1849 and 1878 by Oxford and Cambridge universities,
respectively. In the twentieth century, literary devices have played an enormous purpose in the
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study of language. In the early century, it was an aesthetic tool used applied by the few. With its
popularity, it then became a literacy tool for many. Besides, it was also used as a vocational and
The 1960s and 80s saw virtually no substantial research undertaken on the effectiveness
of literature. This occurred since the Functional-Notional method did not make the use of literary
devices because of its lack. At the same time, other structural approaches downgraded the use of
literature (Llach 2007. Other scholars such as Topping (1968) wanted to exclude the use of
research as it failed to enhance linguistic proficiency amongst Foreign English learners. The
beginning of the twentieth century had seen an excellent relationship between language and
literature. Scholars in the 1980s, however, decided to focus on teaching English language skills
through literary texts that would assist the learners in negotiating, interacting, expressing while
also providing personal interpretations. Literature was reintroduced with the introduction of
communicative language teaching approach since literary texts offer learners with cultural, real,
Literary texts are imaginative texts which are constructed, such as to reflect the
experiences of humans to entertain and arouse the emotions, thoughts, and feelings of readers.
According to Sugianto et al. (2016), there are three types of literary texts, which include poetry,
narratives, and drama. Narratives are texts which tell stories of written and spoken language.
Myths, legends, folklore, fables, science fiction, novels, and short stories are some kind of
narrative texts. Depending on their genres, the books can have detailed purposes. For instance,
myths are used to explain the natural phenomena in which legends pass cultural beliefs or
traditions. Narrative texts provide lessons while also engaging readers and their feelings in the
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story. Also, narrative texts assume a generic structure that has a beginning, middle, and end. The
beginning introduces the story`s setting and the characters. The middle section of the narrative
causes a chain of events that will influence the happenings in the story. As for the ending section,
Poetic texts are the second type of literary texts. Poetry uses the English language for its
aesthetic qualities. Poets write poems to express life`s impressions and feelings towards people,
events, and experiences (Sugianto et al. 2016). The poet will create the poem by beautifully and
rhythmically arranging words in such a way that images are drawn on the reader's or listener's
minds. Through these poems evoke sensual and emotional responses. Poetry makes uses of
Dramatic texts are the third kind of literary texts. It is a written or spoken language piece
elements such as body language, facial expressions, sets, and costumes. A dramatic text assumes
a generic structure similar to narratives but might also be in the form of a script where various
characters dialogue (Tomlinson 2010). The dialogue is played out as a theoretical performance
with scripted action that is set in scenes and acts. Within the drama of the narratives, poems,
definition of research is evolving and changing with time due to approaches by different persons.
Many may think that literature is just writing or putting words down on paper. Contrary to this
misconception, literature entails artistic work in delivering information to society. The artwork is
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found in poetry, prose, or drama. In the process of defining essay, some definitions have come up
Literary fiction
Literary fiction is detailed and involves the author fully in establishing the theme using
the characters. The author uses symbols and many other devices in bringing out the ideas
common to real human life. He has to act as the protagonist and get into his shoes to portray the
Genre fiction
In this literature, there is no much character development. Genre fiction includes mystery,
science fiction, romance, thriller, and horror. Literary fiction is mostly read for entertainment
Works of literature involve the authors writing about ancient civilizations and poetry,
giving a close concentration on global societies. Writing can change from one generation to the
other due to changes in times and social practices. For instance, Herman Melville’s 1851 novel
“Moby Dick” was disqualified by reviewers but was initially considered as one of the best at its
There are various approaches used to teach literature in EFL classrooms. According to
Duppenthaler (1987), the teaching activity should ensure there is increased the motivation of
students in participation of the learning process, and enhance interaction between the learners.
Teachers must know various approaches and techniques to ensure success in teaching literature.
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(Whitehead, 1968). Among many, below are the most commonly used approaches in teaching
Carter and Long (1991) suggested three models of teaching literature that include the
cultural model, the language model and the personal growth model. The cultural model targets to
provide information regarding authors, history, and cultural trends. The language model on the
other hand, targets on the growth of the skills of writing, listening, speaking, and reading
(Tayebipour 2009). Personal growth approach aims at motivating the students to growth and
development of their creativity, imagination, and critical thinking on the individual level.
Savvidou (2004), illustrates a six-stage model can be applied to teach texts in EFL
classrooms;
First stage: Instilling students with the literary knowledge of the content and the
Second stage: Students familiarize themselves with the text through reading and
listening in class.
Third stage: Engaging the students with their responses to literature by speaking
or writing.
Fifth stage: Learners are motivated to do further exploration of the literary texts.
Sixth stage: This takes the learner o individually understand the text on
There are three models of teaching literature, as argued by Divsar and Tahriri (2009).
They focused on three considerations i.e., linguistics, cultural and communication considerations
Writers use literary texts as a tool to captivate the mind of the reader professionally. On
the same, the reader can receive the information meant by the writer and understand the writing
to a deeper extent. Mostly, the literature devices enhance clarity and enable emphasis in the
literature. When students are taken through the books with different literary texts, their mind
connects deeply with the writers' writing and characters in the story which leads to the student's
improvement of the understanding and use of English language (Alemi, M., 2011).
3.0 Discussion
3.1 The benefits of using literature in teaching the English Language in EFL classrooms
The use of literary texts has been encouraged and recommended because of the
advantages it possesses in assisting foreign language students learn English language skills
(Sugianto et al. 2016). It also helps them in improving their language acquisition and awareness.
The use of literary texts enhances listening as it offers a perfect setting in which learners
can familiarize themselves with the different varieties of voice qualities and dialects. Literary
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texts give learners with listening opportunities where they can become engaged emotionally and
intellectually. According to Jacob (1990), In an EFL classroom, reading out texts to learners
assists and stimulates them to create visual images in their minds. Using literary texts helps the
students to develop some awareness regarding the language sound and the rhythm`s beauty. It
helps the students visualize moods, settings, characters, and situations as they listen. Students
listening to read-aloud guides can assist the students in incorporating a heightened involvement
3.2.2 How the use of literary texts helps EFL learners learn to speak
actively produce and use spoken words which are used during communication. In second
language learning, speaking is a crucial skill in the mastery of the language. In an English
literature class, activities such as question and answer debates, as well as role-play, help the
students nurture their speaking skills. Such events also help bring inclusivity in the classroom as
learners get motivated to part of the classroom proceedings that include sharing ideas, questions,
and presentations (Khamkhein 2010). Since literary texts depend on the language in the creation
of a certain effect, the use of literary texts assists learners to attain particular communication
goals.
A wide range of studies has shown how literary texts helps in promoting reading
achievement and development (Widdowson 1979). He indicates that literature helps nurture
reading skills. The students will read literary texts which will assist them in appreciating and
understanding the various multiple levels that include metaphors, phonological patterns, and
multiple meaning.
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Literary texts offer students a huge inspiration to write, as many would like to model their
writing according to such written works. Literature readers acquire the motivation to imitate the
original written content as well as its contents, styles, and themes. Besides, learners also get a
chance to review innovative thinking as they interpret and analyze the texts (Stern 2001). Other
classroom activities such as exercises and discussion questions also motivate the learners to
analyze, criticize, and explain the literary works. The learners will acquire individual styles,
themes, organizations, and contents that will assist them in generating original thinking.
Literary texts are also filled with idiomatic expressions, beautiful sentences, figurative
language, proverbs, and vocabulary (Tomlinson, 2010). Besides, readers of literary texts also
gripping grammatical structures, writing styles, and a range of vocabulary that is interwoven.
Learners also acquire the motivation to criticize, explore, and ask a question regarding the
literary texts.
Learners who view dramatic literary texts become active participants who experience
some similarity in the use of language. Dramatic texts help learners in nurture speaking skills
since real-life dialogue can get recreated (Widdeowgon 1979). Communication skills are utilized
in the texts. Learners can use dramatic texts to comprehend their lives through an analysis of
specific situations and a deeper linguistics world. Drama assists in language development,
Bagherkazemi and Alemi (2010), poetry`s main objective is finding a means of involving the
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language skills of learners creatively and actively. Poetry engages the readers in generating
coherent discourse meanings and the interpretation of texts. Also, poetry also offers the value of
understanding other cultures. Bagherkazemi and Alemi (2010) highlighted poetry`s five benefits,
which include education and learning, linguistics, emotional, esthetic, and cultural.
Literary texts used in the English language can also enhance the learner’s cultural
awareness as the students will have an opportunity to understand and develop insights regarding
the culture of individuals across the world. The students get to develop their visualization and
imagery abilities while also acquiring new perspectives regarding the ideas found in literary
devices. The learners also learn the target language more wholly other than the memorization of
rules and words. Besides, the students learn different cultural values, which helps them develop
3.3 Literary text devices and significance in teaching English in EFL classroom
The student needs to identify where different literature tools have been used by the writer
and with what motive they were used. For instance, when a symbol is used in a literature text, the
student learns and understands the view of the author about a specific character or occurrence in
the story. As the students learn English, through the use of literature with literary tools, learning
becomes exciting and enjoyable, making the text clear to the students (Kashavarzi 2012). Below
are different literary devices used in literature and their relevance in teaching English in EFL
University classroom.
3.3.1 Allegory
conveying specific ideas. The parable is a historical story used to send a message to the reader
about a real-life situation. When they are used in English classrooms, the students can have a
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better way of obtaining good moral character as meant by the writer (Bloomfield, M. W., 1972).
There are short stories with animal characters e.g., Hare, Tortoise, Lion, Hyena, and Elephant.
The writer uses these short stories for readers to have an exposure of morality in society. When
allegories are used, English learners are equipped with excellent morals in the course of learning.
3.3.2 Alliteration
Alliteration is a chain of words with similar soundings of the constant therein. The
starting constant sound of the phrase is comparative to each other. Writers use this tool in
literature to captivate the mind of the reader (Blake, N. F.,1969). When a writer gives a title like
Sense and Sensibility, he can draw the attention of the reader and makes him or her want to
know more about the story. In poetry, alliteration is commonly used and plays a significant role
in sharpening the English learners based on understanding and creating interest to the student
(Austen, J.,2004).
3.3.3 Allusion
event which is outside the text in question. For instance, a writer may apply to a person as acting
smart like Einstein. This is an allusion to the famous real-life person called Albert Einstein, who
was well known as a theoretical physicist (Connolly, J. W., 1982). In English classes, references
help the students understand more about the world outside the context. By wanting to know why
the writer referred to an event, situation, or character outside the story, the student research and
3.3.4 Anachronism
This is when an author uses a thing that belongs to a period in which it did not exist. The
word used by the writer is obviously out of time; it existed, but the reader adapts the critical
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information in the process of internalizing the anachronism. A character may also be appearing
in a different time than the actual period of existence or a technology indicated in a time different
from when it emerged (De Grazia, M.2010). The role of anachronism in English classrooms is
to draw the attention of the learners to the historical existence of certain events, people, or things.
It educates the English learner about the history of individual life in society. For instance,
Shakespeare uses anachronism when he uses a dollar as the currency in Macbeth (Shakespeare,
W. 2001).
3.3.5 Anaphora
sentences. This is called anaphora. It technically hits the mind of the reader by provoking it due
to the repetitive art (Keshavarzi 2012). In the process of reading the repeated phrase or word, the
reader thinks about it and internalizes it, creating a better understanding of the reason behind it.
In English classrooms, authors use anaphora in poetry and speeches to captivate the mind of the
reader and emphasize on a point to him or her about a specific occurrence or character. With the
use of this tool in the English class, the learners better understand the intention of the author in a
particular context. For example, Martin Luther King's 1963 speech was full of the repeated
phrase "I have a Dream…" at the beginning of every sentence to emphasize what he dreamt
3.3.6 Anastrophe
Anastrophe comes ion when the writer reverses the correct standard format of arranging
words in a sentence. A sentence is organized in the verb, subject, and then adjective form. But
the writer, through the use of anastrophe, may alter this arrangement to an adjective, verb-subject
format. For instance, a sentence like, "Are you ready?" It may be written as "Ready, are you?"
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The tool is used to create interest to the reader and add flavor to the English language by
adjusting the commonly known formats of sentences to the learners. In English classrooms, the
students are attracted to the tool which interests them while reading.
3.3.7 Anthropomorphism
This is applied when something non-human is made by the author to behave like a human
irrespective of it, not possessing human nature. Animals, places, or objects may be made by the
author to take the behavior of a human in terms of response to situations and involvement in
human activities. For instance, in children's cartoons, Mickey Mouse can sing, dance, take a
shower, cook, ride a bicycle, and go shopping just like a human being. A real mouse cannot
perform these duties (Crafton, D., 2012). Through the use of anthropomorphism, the author
quickly draws the attention of the audience and drives his meant theme to them with ease. In
English learning, students interested in cartoons are easily reached and addressed to using
anthropomorphism, where the author drives his point home concerning the aim of the story.
3.3.8 Chiasmus
This is a figure of speech used in literature where a reversed sentence or phrase follows
the sentence or phrase in terms of order and arrangement of words (Tasnen 2010). The use of
chiasmus in English classrooms enables the students to get the emphasis set by the writer
concerning a particular character, theme, or situation in the story. This tool allows for the English
learner to pay keen interest in the writing as meant by the author. For instance, "Ask not what
your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country." By John F. Kennedy
(Kennedy, J. F., & Sorensen, T. C., 2007). It is so exciting and draws the attention of the reader,
3.3.9 Flashbacks
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The use of flashbacks is also a fascinating tool in teaching English. Flashbacks are the
events or activities that happened in the past as compared to the time of narration or the current
time in the context. Authors use flashbacks to shed light on the reader concerning past events or
occurrences. The reader can obtain a historical background about a particular event, character, or
situation, which helps him or her understand why the circumstances stand as they are currently in
the story. The English learners are well exposed to the history of the plots in the story through
the use of flashbacks. For example, in Gone Girl, the flashback is well applied, where every
3.3.10 Juxtaposition
This is the art used by the author comparing two objects, activities, or persons that are
incredibly different from each other. The two are usually not possessing any similarity at any
angle or level. This tool is used in literature to help in giving the reader a clearer picture of a
particular character in the story in comparison to another who is different from the one in
question. An excellent example of the use of juxtaposition is in the opening format of A Tale of
Two Cities. In the opening clause, the author Charles Dickens uses Juxtaposition in contrasting
the existence of two different eras. This brings the attention of the reader to read about the
various cities and get the outcome experienced by the two (Charles, D. 2017). In English
learning, students can easily relate two different existing situations or characters where
3.3.11 Metaphor
This is when the author compares one thing to another with the two sharing an item in
stock but are different in other aspects. In this tool of literature, the author uses two objects,
events, situations, or persons, and compares them. For example, in Romeo and Juliet, Romeo
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compares Juliet to the sun. These are two different objects but share a typical character of beauty
(Hamilton 2000). When metaphors are used in the EFL University classrooms, excellent
expression skills are instilled in the learners, which enables them to advance in the language.
4.0 Conclusion
The paper discusses how literary texts are used in EFL classroom. It also discusses the
benefits of literature in developing the student`s language skills. The paper has shown how
literary texts can be used to design motivating and stimulating learning. In summary, the use of
literary texts in the EFL classroom will (1) assist learners in making use of English for
aesthetically; (3) assist learners to authentic use of language; (4) assist them in genuine input
attention, and (5) assist learners become culturally aware. EFL students will get a chance to
5.0 References
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Connolly, J. W. (1982). The Function of Literary Allusion in Nabokov's Despair. Slavic and East
Divsar, H., & Tahriri, A. (2009). Investigating the Effectiveness of an Integrated Approach to
Duppenthaler, P. (1987). Some criteria for selecting and designing activities for the language
Fogal, G. G. (2010). EFL literature studies: Student feedback on teaching methodology. Asian
Gelder, K. (2004). Popular fiction: The logics and practices of a literary field. Routledge.
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Kennedy, J. F., & Sorensen, T. C. (2007). Ask not what your country can do for you. Guardian
Khamkhien, A. (2010). Teaching English Speaking and English Speaking Tests in the Thai
Context: A Reflection from Thai Perspective. English Language Teaching, 3(1), 184-190.
Llach, M. P. A. (2017). Teaching language through literature: The waste land in the ESL
Maley, A. (1989). Down from the pedestal: Literature as a resource. Literature and the learner:
Savvidou, C. (2004). An integrated approach to teaching literature in the EFL classroom. The
Shakespeare, W. (2001). The tragedy of Macbeth (Vol. 2). Classic Books Company.
Sugianto, A., Miftah, M. Z., Erliana, S., & Hidayat, R. (2016). 21st Century English Language
Teaching.
Tasneen, W. (2010). Literary texts in the language classroom: A study of teachers’ and students’
Van, T. T. M. (2009). The relevance of literary analysis to teaching literature in the EFL
Classroom. In English Teaching Forum (Vol. 47, No. 3, p. 2). US Department of State.
Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, Office of English Language Programs, SA-5,