APPLICATIONS OF

INSULATING MATERIAL
• All electrical systems require some kind of
insulation to prevent short circuits and leaking
currents.
• 3 forms of insulators: solid, liquid and gaseous
• Performance of these insulators depend on the
temperature
The insulating materials are grouped into different classes
with temperature limit :

Impregnation: Letting the solid material absorb some liquid

3
IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission)

4
•  Temperature Classification for Insulating Materials
•  Application of Insulating Materials in electrical apparatus:
Ø  In Power Transformer
Ø  In Rotating Machines
Ø  In Circuit Breaker
Ø  Power Capacitor
Ø  In High Voltage bushing
Ø  In Small Machines
•  Insulating material must be able to withstand electrical
stresses, in addition to it should be able to withstand certain
other stress namely during manufacture, storage and
operation.

• The performance of the insulation depends on its operating

temperature. The higher temperature, the higher will be the
rate of its chemical deterioration.
APPLICATIONS IN POWER
TRANSFORMER
 There are four principal areas where insulation
must be applied

(a) conductor or turn-to-turn insulation,

(b) coil-to-coil insulation,

(c) low voltage coil-to-earth insulation,

(d) high voltage coil-to-low voltage coil

insulation, and

(e) high voltage coil-to-ground

insulation.
APPLICATIONS IN POWER TRANSFORMERS

The Transformer insulation is divided into:

a) Conductor or turn to turn insulation;
• using directly organic enamel on conductor for smaller
rating.
• Using paper or glass type wrapped on the rectangular
conductors.
b) Coil to coil insulation,
• Kraft paper is used in smaller transformer
• Pressboard, glass fabric, or porcelain are used in the
case of higher rating transformer.
c) Low voltage coil to earth insulation,
Normally consist of solid tubes combined with liquid or
gas filled spaces.
The liquid or gas in the spaces help to remove the heat
from the core and coil structure and also help to improve
the insulation strengths
d) High voltage coil to low voltage coil insulation,
Generally of the insulation system used in oil-filled
transformers consist of oil impregnated pressboard.
e) High voltage coil to ground insulation,
Same at c.
APPLICATIONS IN ROTATING
MACHINES
• 2 types of rotating machine:
• low voltage machines: up to 6,600 V , class E or F insulation
• high voltage machines: 6,600 V and up, Class F insulation
• machines above 22 kV rating are not built except under special
conditions.
•  Insulation that has been used for machines are mica.
• Mica available in the form of very thin splitting.
• The selection of the right material depends on the power.
• A Particularly important of the machines are the insulation of rotors and
stators.
• The main insulation of the stators have always been mica based.
• For the support between the winding bars, slots and the core
lamination , glass fiber reinforced epoxy is used.
APPLICATIONS IN CIRCUIT
BREAKER
• A circuit breaker: a switch which automatically opens the circuit when a
critical current or voltage rating is exceeded.
• AC currents are consider easier to interrupt than DC currents.
• AC current interruption sequence:
1) an arc for part of the metallic circuit
2) its deionization when the current goes through zero, so that the arc
will not form again.

• Circuit breakers categories: the low voltage and high voltage types.
Low voltage breakers
Ø  use synthetic resin moldings to carry the metallic parts.
Ø  for higher temperatures ceramic parts are used.
Ø  if the arc is likely to come into contact with molded parts,
melanine or some special kind of alkyd resins are used because
of their greater arc resistance.
• High voltage breakers: air circuit breakers and oil circuit breakers.

Ø commonly used insulating fluids:

-- atmospheric air,
-- compressed air,
-- high vacuum,
-- SF6 and
-- oil (transformer oil) (interrupts the arc)
-- Askarels produce large quantities of toxic and corrosive
products.

insulation requirement for SF6

-design are virtually maintenance free. This means arching
contacts and nozzles on the interrupters should have a long
service life.
-Performance of the interrupter governed by nozzle geometry,
shape, size and nozzle material.
APPLICATIONS IN CABLES
• Synthetic rubbers and plastics are used as cable insulation.
• The insulator should have
Ø good elongation and tensile (tegangan) strength and
toughness to withstand handling during installation and
service.
Ø low dielectric constant and power factor
Ø high dielectric strength and insulation resistance.
Ø excellent resistance to ageing at high temperatures.
Ø resistance to long exposure to sunlight and various
chemicals.
3.6/6 ~ 18/30kV XLPE/DSTA/PVC Power Cable

1-Conductor
2-Conductor shielding
( Semi-conducting layer )
3-Insulation
4-Insulation shielding
( Semi-conducting layer )
5-Metallic shielding
6-Fillers
7-Binder tape
8-Separation sheath
9-Steel tape armour
10-Outer sheath
PVC INSULATED CABLES
APPLICATIONS IN POWER
CAPACITOR
•  power capacitors are used for
-- voltage regulation of power transmission systems
-- the improvement of power factor of power distribution
networks
-- power factor correction in high frequency heaters and
induction furnaces
• also used in DC applications such as
-- impulse voltage generators
-- energy storage
-- welding
-- high intensity flash x-ray and light photography.
Power capacitors are made of
-- several layers of insulation paper of adequate thickness
-- aluminium foil of 6 microns thickness as electrodes interleaved and
wound.
-- single units are connected in parallel to increase capacity
-- placed in containers hermetically sealed, thoroughly dried, and then
impregnated with insulating oil:
-- mineral oil (high cost)
-- chlorinated diphenyl oil (low cost, non-inflammable; hence,
preferred)
APPLICATIONS IN HIGH VOLTAGE
BUSHING
• Insulation material used for high voltage bushing is paper that is treated
• 3 types for treated paper are
Ø Resin-bonded paper (RBP)
Ø Oil-impregnated paper (OIP)
Ø Resin-impregnated paper (RIP)
• The paper is wound onto a central tube and conducting layers are then
inserted to form a series of concentric capacitors between the tube and the
mounting flange.

• Since the 1960s, resin materials have been used for all types of bushing up
to the highest voltages.
• Resin insulation has greater dielectric strength than paper and requires less
stress control at voltages below 25 kV
• Failure due to partial discharge caused by the difficulties of eliminating
micro voids in the resin around the screens during the casting process.
• The need to eliminate voids in resin becomes more sensitive as voltages
increases, and it is normal to revert back to resin impregnated, foiled paper
insulation for bushings rated over 72.5 kV.
APPLICATIONS IN HORSE POWER
MOTOR
 APPLICATIONS IN FRACTIONAL
HORSE POWER MOTORS

Small Generator :
• The insulation system must guarantee reliability, combined with good
processing capability, mechanical strength an tolerance to severe
short thermal stress while in operation.
• Kind of application the following materials have been found to have
excellent insulation properties, viz. presspaper reels, NMN
multilayers (made of nomex and polyester film) as well as saturated
DMD (made from non-woven polyester and polyester film).
 APPLICATIONS IN FRACTIONAL
HORSE POWER MOTORS

Small size motors :

Main insulation for small size motor is pressboard due to no melting
board.
Multilayer material made from pressboard and polyester film (used in
electrical power tools) can withstand short-term thermal stresses.
Many kinds of Polymers have been developed and are being widely
used as insulating materials in small size motor.