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Abstract: This paper presents a signal analysis technique for internal combustion (IC) engine fault diagnosis based
on the spectrogram and artificial neural network (ANN). Condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of IC engine
through acoustic signal analysis is an established technique for detecting early stages of component degradation.
The location dependent characteristic fault frequencies make it possible to detect the presence of a fault and to
diagnose on what part of the engine the fault is. The difficulty of localized fault detection lies in the fact that the
energy of the signature of a faulty engine is spread across a wide frequency band and hence can be easily buried
by noise. To solve this problem, the spectrogram for an integrated time frequency pattern extraction of the engine
vibration is proposed. The method offers the advantage of good localization of the acoustic signal energy in the
time frequency domain. Statistical parameters like, kurtosis, shape factor, crest factor, mean, median, variance etc.
are used for feature extraction in time-frequency domain, and artificial neural network (ANN) was employed to
identify the faults in IC engine. Experimental results show that the proposed method is very effective.
2 Proposed Method
The proposed method for automatic fault diagnosis
used in this study is shown in Figure 1, where fre-
quency features are extracted using spectrogram. The
use of spectrogram for display and visual analysis is
preferred due to its positivity and its energy represen-
tation characteristics [18]. To get the insight of the Figure 1: Automatic fault diagnosis procedure using
effects of time domain signals for different faults are spectrogram with neural network
transformed into the time frequency domain via STFT
(Spectrogram) [19]. Spectrogram representation for
different faults is shown in Figures 2 to 7. Figure 8 tude of the STFT of the signal x(t).
shows the frequency band of activity for the studied
faults. Pspectrogram,x (τ, ω) = |ST F Tx (τ, ω)|2 . (2)
3 Experimental Setup
Multiple sensory mechanism is designed for data col-
lection process. Different faults occur in different
parts of the engine and hence multiple sensory sys-
tems are used to capture fault with higher accuracy.
Numerically, it was observed that significant improve-
Figure 6: Spectrogram Representation of TAPPET ment can be achieved when using multiple sensor data
Fault [23]. This validated our understanding that a faulted
system is localized and can be detected by the neigh-
boring sensor. Table 2.4 depicts origin of fault with
respect to these four positions. Engine speed was kept
to 3000 RPM (2750-3250 RPM). Figure 9 shows com-
plete experimental setup, for condition monitoring im-
plemented for real time testing of engines. In order to
verify the effectiveness of the proposed technique, six
different faults were seeded in the engine. In view of
recording the data for these seeded faults four micro-
phones were placed at four different locations of the
engine. Faults and nearest position of accelerometers
are given in Table II.
LabVIEW 8.0 was used as a platform to commu-
Figure 7: Spectrogram Representation of MRN Fault nicate with the cDAQ-9172 hardware. Using VI’s in
LabVIEW, an easy to use menu driven user interface
was used to record the engine acoustic samples. The
puts propagate from input layer to output layer via one sampling rate of the data acquisition system was 50
hidden layer. By trial-and-error method, the number kHz. The seeded faults are described below:
of nodes in the hidden layer is chosen as 12. The out-
put nodes are decided by the number of fault patterns 3.1 Tappet noise
available for the analysis as: Healthy: [1 0 0 0 0 0 0]T ;
CCN: [0 1 0 0 0 0 0]T ; CHN: [0 0 1 0 0 0 0]T ; Tappet is only that part of a rocker arm which makes
PGD: [0 0 0 1 0 0 0]T ; PGW: [0 0 0 0 1 0 0]T ; Tap- contact with an intake or exhaust valve stem above
pet: [0 0 0 0 0 1 0]T ; MRN: [0 0 0 0 0 0 1]T . After the cylinder head of an IC engine [24]. As the cam ro-
the ANN is successfully trained; it would be ready to tates it creates both a sideways and a downward force
test the samples to identify their fault classes. on the tappet. Without a tappet (and the cam acting
Category P1 P2 P3 P4 Maj. Vot. a performance of more than 73% for all the positions
Healthy 97.67 93.02 90.69 90.69 93.02 and various faults. For overall classification a majority
CCN 83.33 76.67 80 83.33 83.33 voting (M.V) scheme (choosing at least 3 out of 4 out-
CHN 86.66 83.33 80 90 86.67 puts), and for this scheme accuracy is lying between
PGD 87.80 82.92 92.68 95.12 87.80 83% to 93%. The experimental results show that the
Spectrogram-ANN technique can be used effectively
Tappet 90 90 85 92.5 90
in IC engine diagnosis for various faults through mea-
PGW 86.04 79.06 83.72 88.37 83.72 surement of engine acoustic signals.
MRN 90.47 73.80 80.95 83.33 83.33
Acknowledgment
The research presented in this paper was supported by
Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment
Council (TIFAC), Department of Science and Tech-
nology (DST), Government of India, under the project
Figure 10: Stator number TIFAC/EE/20070174.
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