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Project

Report
Submitted By:
 Waqas Ahmad Hashmi (BSEE02173130)
 Naeem Shahzad (BSEE02173088)

Section : A
Couse: Edc
Submitted to:
 Sir Mudassir.

DC Power Supply

Introduction:
Electricity is the flow of electrons in a circuit. The direction of
electric current is opposite to that of flow of electrons. The
electric current is produced by a power source. The different
types of power sources are dc power supply, ac power supply,
battery, inverter, etc. A power supply is an electrical device
that supplies. The primary function of a power supply is to
convert from a source to the correct to power the load. As a
result, power supplies are sometimes referred. Some power
supplies are separate standalone pieces of equipment, while
others are built into the load appliances that they power.
Examples of the latter include power supplies found. Other
functions that power supplies may perform include limiting the
current drawn by the load to safe levels, shutting off the current
in the event of power conditioning to prevent on the input from
reaching the load and storing energy so it can continue to
power the load in the event of a temporary interruption in the
source power .
All power supplies have a power input connection, which
receives energy in the form of electric current from a source,
and one or more power output connections that deliver current
to the load. The source power may come from the solar
power converters, or another power supply. The input and
output are usually hardwired circuit connections, though some
power supplies employ wireless energy transfer to power their
loads without wired connections. Some power supplies have
other types of inputs and outputs as well, for functions such as
external monitoring and control.

COMPONENTS:
 Voltage Regulator (LM317)
 Variable Resistor
 Transformer
 Diodes(1N4007)
 Fuse with casing
 Fan
 Digital Voltmeter
 Casing
 ON/OFF Button
 Resistors
 Capacitors
 Veroboard
 Connecting wires
 Indication Light
Voltage Regulator (LM317):
The LM317 Voltage Regulator is a 3-terminal adjustable voltage
regulator which can supply an output voltage adjustable from 1.2V to
37V. It can supply more than 1.5A of load current to a load. The LM317T
is an adjustable 3-terminal positive voltage regulator capable of supplying
different DC voltage outputs other than the fixed voltage power supply of
+5 or +12 volts, or as a variable output voltage from a few volts up to some
maximum value all with currents of about 1.5 amperes.
With the aid of a small bit of additional circuitry added to the output of the
PSU we can have a bench power supply capable of a range of fixed or
variable voltages either positive or negative in nature. In fact this is more
simple than you may think as the transformer, rectification and smoothing
has already been done by the PSU beforehand all we need to do is
connect our additional circuit to the +12 volt yellow wire output. But firstly,
lets consider a fixed voltage output.

Variable Resistor:
A variable resistor is a resistor of which the electricresistance value can
be adjusted. A variable resistor is in essence an electro-mechanical
transducer and normally works by sliding a contact (wiper) over a
resistive element.These resistors are called digital potentiometers. It is
an electronic component. It is applied in an electronic circuit for adjusting
circuit resistance to control voltage or current of that circuit or part of that
circuit. Sometimes the resistance is adjusted at preset value as required
at the time of circuit building by adjusting screw attached to it and
sometimes resistance can be adjusted as when required by controlling
knob connected to it.
Transformer:
Transformer is an apparatus used for reducing or increasing the voltage
of an alternating current. Transformers are used for increasing or
decreasing the alternating voltages in electric power applications, and
for coupling the stages of signal processing circuits.Since the invention
of the first constant-potential transformer in 1885, transformers have
become essential for the transmission, distribution, and utilization of
alternating current electric power.[2] A wide range of transformer
designs is encountered in electronic and electric power applications.
Transformers range in size from RF transformers less than a cubic
centimeter in volume, to units weighing hundreds of tons used to
interconnect the power grid.

Diodes:
A semiconductor device with two terminals, typically allowing the flow of
current in one direction only. Transformers are used for increasing or
decreasing the alternating voltages in electric power applications, and
for coupling the stages of signal processing circuits.Since the invention
of the first constant-potential transformer in 1885, transformers have
become essential for the transmission, distribution, and utilization of
alternating current electric power.[2] A wide range of transformer
designs is encountered in electronic and electric power applications.
Transformers range in size from RF transformers less than a cubic
centimeter in volume, to units weighing hundreds of tons used to
interconnect the power grid.

Fuse:
A fuse is a safety device in an electric plug or circuit. It contains a piece
of wire which melts when there is a fault so that the flow of electricity
stops. Fuses have been used as essential safety devices from the early days of
electrical engineering. Today there are thousands of different fuse designs
which have specific current and voltage ratings, breaking capacity and
response times, depending on the application. The time and current operating
characteristics of fuses are chosen to provide adequate protection without
needless interruption. Wiring regulations usually define a maximum fuse
current rating for particular circuits. Short circuits, overloading, mismatched
loads, or device failure are the prime reasons for fuse operation.

Vero Board:
Veroboard is a brand of stripboard, a pre-formed circuit board material of
copper strips on an insulating bonded paper board which was originated
and developed in the early 1960s by the Electronics Department of Vero
Precision Engineering Ltd (VPE). Veroboard is a brand of stripboard, a
pre-formed circuit board material of copper strips on an insulating
bonded paper board which was originated and developed in the early
1960s by the Electronics Department of Vero Precision Engineering Ltd
(VPE). It was introduced as a general-purpose material for use in
constructing electronic circuits - differing from purpose-designed printed
circuit boards (PCBs) in that a variety of electronics circuits may be
constructed using a standard wiring board.
Digital Voltmeter:
A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electrical potential
difference between two points in an electric circuit.
Analogvoltmeters move a pointer across a scale in proportion to the
voltage of the circuit; digital voltmeters give a numerical display of
voltage by use of an analog to digital converter. Voltmeters are made in
a wide range of styles. Instruments permanently mounted in a panel are
used to monitor generators or other fixed apparatus. Portable
instruments, usually equipped to also measure current and resistance in
the form of a multimeter, are standard test instruments used in electrical
and electronics work. Any measurement that can be converted to a
voltage can be displayed on a meter that is suitably calibrated; for
example, pressure, temperature, flow or level in a chemical process
plant.

ON/OFF Button:
The power button is a round or square button that powers an electronic
device on and off. Nearly all electronic devices have power buttons or
power switches.Typically, the device powers on when the button is
pressed and powers off when the button is pressed again.A hard power
button is mechanical — you can feel a click when pressed and usually
see a difference in depth when the switch is on versus when it's not.
A soft power button, which is much more common, is electrical and
appears the same when the device is on and off.

Resistors:
A resistor limits the electric current that flows through a circuit.
Resistance is the restriction of resistor the energy of the electrons that
pass through the resistor are changed to heat and/or light. For example,
in a light bulb, the tungsten filament acts as a resistor that heats up
because of the current going through it, causing it to glow.Resistors can
be linked in various combinations to help make a circuit.There are many
different types of resistors. Resistors have different power ratings to tell
engineers how much power they can handle before they break and how
accurate their value is.[3] Connecting two resistors in series results in a
higher resistance, and connecting them in parallel makes a lower
resistance.

Capacitors:
A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electronic component that stores
electrical energy in an electric field. The effect of a capacitor is known as
capacitance. While some capacitance exists between any two electrical
conductors in proximity in a circuit, a capacitor is a component designed
to add capacitance to a circuit. The capacitor was originally known as a
condenser or condensator.The original name is still widely used in many
languages, but not commonly in English.The physical form and
construction of practical capacitors vary widely and many types of
capacitor are in common use.

Connecting Wires:
Connecting wires allows an electrical current to travel from one point on
a circuit to another because electricity needs a medium through which it
can move. Most of the connecting wires are made up of copper or
aluminum. Copper is cheap and good conductivity. Instead of the
copper, we can also use silver which has high conductivity but it is too
costly to use.

Indication light:
Indication light is a device that produces visible light from electric
current. It is the most common form of artificial lighting and is essential to
modern society,[1] providing interior lighting for buildings and exterior
light for evening and nighttime activities. In technical usage, a
replaceable component that produces light from electricity is called a
lamp.[2] Lamps are commonly called light bulbs; for example, the
incandescent light bulb.[3] Lamps usually have a base made of ceramic,
metal, glass or plastic, which secures the lamp in the socket of a light
fixture. The electrical connection to the socket may be made with a
screw-thread base, two metal pins, two metal caps or a bayonet cap.

Procedure:
In the first step of the construction of power supply we use a transformer with
output voltage of 24 volt also with 2 ampere .
And after that construct a full bridge rectifier by using four diodes in particular
sequence to converts 12 volt AC signal into DC signal . The output signal of the
full bridge rectifier still contains the ripples to make it complete DC we add a
capacitor of greater value in parallel with diodes . This capacitor is called as
smoothing capacitor . Greater value of capacitor will produce much more
straight DC signal .

In the next step we use a voltage regulator (LM317) with three pin terminals .
one for input signal second for output signal and the third one is to adjust the
voltages at which we connected a variable resistor of 5k ohm to adjust the
voltage to our desired range . Power supplies can be broadly divided into linear
and switching types. Linear power converters process the input power directly,
with all active power conversion components operating in their linear
operating regions. In switching power converters, the input power is converted
to AC or to DC pulses before processing, by components that operate
predominantly in non-linear modes (e.g., transistors that spend most of their
time in cutoff or saturation). Power is "lost" (converted to heat) when
components operate in their linear regions and, consequently, switching
converters are usually more efficient than linear converters because their
components spend less time in linear operating regions.
Our supply is nearly complete. Now we add a capacitor parallel with the
adjustable voltage regulator to divide the load to voltage regulator. But keep
this capacitor value small and add a load resistor parallel to it so that it will
discharge easily and quickly .

Working:
Importance:
Power supplies are categorized in various ways, including by functional
features. For example, a regulated power supply is one that maintains constant
output voltage or current despite variations in load current or input voltage.
Conversely, the output of an unregulated power supply can change
significantly when its input voltage or load current changes. Adjustable power
supplies allow the output voltage or current to be programmed by mechanical
controls (e.g., knobs on the power supply front panel), or by means of a control
input, or both. An adjustable regulated power supply is one that is both
adjustable and regulated. An isolated power supply has a power output that is
electrically independent of its power input; this is in contrast to other power
supplies that share a common connection between power input and
output.The function of a linear voltage regulator is to convert a varying DC
voltage to a constant, often specific, lower DC voltage. In addition, they often
provide a current limiting function to protect the power supply and load from
overcurrent (excessive, potentially destructive current).A constant output
voltage is required in many power supply applications, but the voltage
provided by many energy sources will vary with changes in load impedance.
Furthermore, when an unregulated DC power supply is the energy source, its
output voltage will also vary with changing input voltage. To circumvent this,
some power supplies use a linear voltage regulator to maintain the output
voltage at a steady value, independent of fluctuations in input voltage and load
impedance. Linear regulators can also reduce the magnitude of ripple and
noise on the output voltage.
Complexity we feel:
We bought our project components from hall road. When we started the
project we found that our transformer is faulty. Again we go to Hall road
and bought a new transformer . While soldering we face problems but
with the little help of our senior friend we completed the soldering.We
also took help from the internet while placing the components of the
project.

Cost:

 Voltage Regulator (LM317) Rs.60


 Variable Resistor Rs.20
 Transformer. Rs.250
 Diodes(1N4007) Rs.30
 Fuse Rs.40
 Fan Rs.40
 Digital Voltmeter Rs.180
 Casing Rs.130
 ON/OFF Button Rs.20
 Resistors Rs.15
 Capacitors Rs.30
 Veroboard Rs.30
 Connecting wires Rs.40
 Indication light Rs.10
Total cost of the Project:
Rs.895

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