Cruise Ship

1/20/2020 Cruise ship - Wikipedia
Cruise ship
A cruise ship is a large passenger ship used for oceans
voyages in which the voyage itself, the ship's amenities, and
usually the different destinations (ports of call) along the way
each form part of the passengers' experience. Transportation
from one port or another is usually not the main purpose of
the voyage. The act of "cruising," particularly on voyages that
return passengers to their originating port are sometimes
known as "closed-loop" cruises. On "cruises to nowhere" or
"nowhere voyages", cruise ships make two- to three-night
round trips without visiting any ports of call.[1] Majesty of the Seas in Nassau, Bahamas
In contrast, the few dedicated transport-oriented ocean liners

that remain typically transport passengers from one point to another, rather than on round trips.
Historically, shipping lines built liners for the transoceanic trade to a higher standard than that of a
typical cruise ship, with higher freeboard and stronger plating to withstand rough seas and adverse
conditions encountered in the open North Atlantic ocean. Compared to dedicated cruise ships, ocean
liners usually have larger capacities for fuel, food, and other stores for consumption on long voyages.
Some former ocean liners, such as Marco Polo, now operate as cruise ships, although their number is
diminishing. The only dedicated transatlantic ocean liner in operation as of December 2013 was
Queen Mary 2 of the Cunard Line, which features amenities of contemporary cruise ships and sees
significant service on cruises.[2]
Although often luxurious, ocean liners had characteristics that made them unsuitable for cruising:
high fuel consumption, deep draughts that prevented their entering shallow ports, enclosed
weatherproof decks inappropriate for tropical weather, and cabins designed to maximize passenger
numbers rather than comfort. The gradual evolution of passenger-ship design from ocean liners to
cruise ships saw passenger cabins shifted from inside the hull to the superstructure and provided with
private verandas. Modern cruise ships, while sacrificing some qualities of seaworthiness, have added
amenities to cater to water tourists, with recent vessels being described as "balcony-laden floating
condominiums".[3]
Larger cruise ships now engage in longer trips, including round-trip transoceanic voyages that may
last months.[4]
Cruising has become a major part of the tourism industry, with an estimated market of $29.4 billion
per year, and over 19 million passengers carried worldwide annually as of 2011.[5] The industry's rapid
growth has seen nine or more newly built ships catering to a North American clientele added every
year since 2001, as well as others servicing European clientele. Smaller markets, such as the Asia-
Pacific region, are generally serviced by older ships.
As of 2019, the world's largest cruiseship was Royal Caribbean International's Symphony of the Seas,
along with its three sister ships Harmony of the Seas, Allure of the Seas, and Oasis of the Seas.[6][7]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_ship 1/25
Contents
History
Origins
From luxury ocean liners to "megaship" cruising
Operators and cruise lines
Organization
Dining
Other on-board facilities
Crew Cruise ships in Tallinn Passenger Port at
Business model Tallinn, Estonia - a popular tourist-
destination
Ship naming
Cruise ship utilization
Regional industries
Caribbean cruising industry
Alaskan cruising industry
Shipyards
Safety and security
Piracy
Crime on-board
Overboard drownings
Stability
Disease
Norovirus
Legionnaires' disease
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)
Environmental impact
See also
References
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
History
Origins
The birth of leisure cruising began with the formation of the Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation
Company in 1822. The company started out as a shipping line with routes between England and the
Iberian Peninsula, adopting the name Peninsular Steam Navigation Company.[8] It won its first
contract to deliver mail in 1837. In 1840, it began mail delivery to Alexandria, Egypt, via Gibraltar and
Malta.[8] The company was incorporated by Royal Charter the same year, becoming the Peninsular
and Oriental Steam Navigation Company.
P&O first introduced passenger cruising services in 1844,

advertising sea tours to destinations such as Gibraltar, Malta and
Athens, sailing from Southampton. The forerunner of modern
cruise holidays, these voyages were the first of their kind, and
P&O Cruises has been recognised as the world's oldest cruise
line.[9] The company later introduced round trips to destinations
such as Alexandria and Constantinople. It underwent a period of
rapid expansion in the latter half of the 19th century, RMS Strathaird, a P&O cruise ship
commissioning larger and more luxurious ships to serve the of the early 20th century. The
steadily expanding market. Notable ships of the era include the company began offering luxury
SS Ravenna built in 1880, which became the first ship to be built cruise services in 1844.
with a total steel superstructure, and the SS Valetta built in 1889,
which was the first ship to use electric lights.
Some sources mention Francesco I, flying the flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Italy), as the
first cruise ship. She was built in 1831 and sailed from Naples in early June 1833, preceded by an
advertising campaign. The cruise ship was boarded by nobles, authorities, and royal princes from all
over Europe. In just over three months, the ship sailed to Taormina, Catania, Syracuse, Malta, Corfu,
Patras, Delphi, Zante, Athens, Smyrna, Constantinople, delighting passengers with excursions and
guided tours, dancing, card tables on the deck and parties on board. However, it was restricted to the
aristocracy of Europe and was not a commercial endeavour.
The cruise of the German ship Augusta Victoria in the

Mediterranean and the Near East from 22 January to 22 March
1891, with 241 passengers including Albert Ballin and wife,[10]
popularized the cruise to a wider market.[11] Christian Wilhelm
Allers published an illustrated account of it as Backschisch
(Baksheesh).
The first vessel built exclusively for luxury cruising, was

Prinzessin Victoria Luise of Germany, designed by Albert Ballin,
general manager of Hamburg-America Line. The ship was
Prinzessin Victoria Luise was the completed in 1900.[12]
first purpose-built cruise ship.
The practice of luxury cruising made steady inroads on the more
established market for transatlantic crossings. In the competition
for passengers, ocean liners added luxuries — Titanic being the most famous example — such as fine
dining, luxury services, and staterooms with finer appointments. In the late 19th century, Albert
Ballin, director of the Hamburg-America Line, was the first to send his transatlantic ships out on long
southern cruises during the worst of the winter season of the North Atlantic. Other companies
followed suit. Some of them built specialized ships designed for easy transformation between summer
crossings and winter cruising.[13]
In 1897, there were three luxury liners for transportation, for the Europe to North America trip. These
were European-owned. In 1906, the number had increased to seven. The British Inman Line owned
City of Paris,[14] the Cunard Line had Compania and Lucania.[15] The White Star Line owned
Majestic[16] and Teutonic.[17] La Lorraine and La Savoie were owned by the French Compagnie
Générale Transatlantique.[18]
From luxury ocean liners to "megaship" cruising

With the advent of large passenger jet aircraft in the 1960s, intercontinental travelers switched from
ships to planes sending the ocean liner trade into a terminal decline. Certain characteristics of older
ocean liners made them unsuitable for cruising duties, such as high fuel consumption, deep draught
preventing them from entering shallow ports, and cabins (often windowless) designed to maximize
passenger numbers rather than comfort.
Ocean liner services aimed at passengers ceased in 1986, with the

notable exception of transatlantic crossings operated by the
British shipping company Cunard Line, catering to a niche
market of those who appreciated the several days at sea. In an
attempt to shift the focus of the market from passenger travel to
cruising with entertainment value, Cunard Line pioneered the Queen Elizabeth 2 was reinvented
luxury cruise transatlantic service on board the Queen Elizabeth 2 as a luxury ocean liner following the
ocean liner. International celebrities were hired to perform advent of the jet airliner.
cabaret acts onboard and the crossing was advertised as a
vacation in itself.
Queen Elizabeth 2 also inaugurated "one-class cruising" where all passengers received the same
quality berthing and facilities. This revitalized the market as the appeal of luxury cruising began to
catch on, on both sides of the Atlantic. The 1970s television series Love Boat helped to popularize the
concept as a romantic opportunity for couples.[19] Another ship to make this transition was SS
Norway, originally the ocean liner SS France and later converted to cruising duties as the Caribbean's
first "super-ship".
Contemporary cruise ships built in the late 1980s and later, such
as Sovereign-class which broke the size record held for decades
by Norway, showed characteristics of size and strength once
reserved for ocean liners — some have undertaken regular
scheduled transatlantic crossings.[4] The Sovereign-class ships
were the first "megaships" to be built for the mass cruising
market, they also were the first series of cruise ships to include a
Sovereign of the Seas was the first
multi-story atrium with glass elevators. They also had a single
"megaship" (in service 1988)
deck devoted entirely to cabins with private balconies instead of
oceanview cabins. Other cruise lines soon launched ships with
similar attributes, such as the Fantasy-class, leading up to the Panamax-type Vista-class, designed
such that two thirds of the oceanview staterooms have verandas. As the veranda suites were
particularly lucrative for cruise lines, something which was lacking in older ocean liners, recent cruise
ships have been designed to maximize such amenities and have been described as "balcony-laden
floating condominiums".
Until 1975-1980, cruises offered shuffleboard, deck chairs,

"drinks with umbrellas and little else for a few hundred
passengers". After 1980, they offered increasing amenities. As of
2010, city-sized ships have dozens of amenities.[20]
There have been nine or more new cruise ships added every year
since 2001, including the 11 members of the Vista-class, and all at
100,000 GT or greater. The only comparable ocean liner to be
completed in recent years has been Cunard Line's Queen Mary 2
in 2004. Following the retirement of her running mate Queen Oasis of the Seas (in service 2009)
Elizabeth 2 in November 2008, Queen Mary 2 is the only liner
operating on transatlantic routes, though she also sees significant
service on cruise routes.[2]
Queen Mary 2 was for a time the largest passenger ship before
being surpassed by Royal Caribbean International's Freedom-
class vessels in 2006. The Freedom-class ships were in turn
overtaken by RCI's Oasis-class vessels which entered service in
2009 and 2010.[21] A distinctive feature of Oasis-class ships is the
split "open-atrium" structure, made possible by the hull's
extraordinary width, with the 6-deck high "Central Park" and
"Boardwalk" outdoor areas running down the middle of the ship
and verandas on all decks.
Split structure with 6-deck high
Boardwalk outdoor area down the
In two short decades (1988-2009), the largest class cruise ships
middle of the ship
have grown a third longer (268 m to 360 m), almost doubled their
widths (32.2 m to 60.5 m), doubled the total passengers (2,744 to
5,400), and tripled in volume (73,000 GT to 225,000 GT). Also, the "megaships" went from a single
deck with verandas to all decks with verandas. Whereas the golden age of ocean liners has faded, the
golden age of cruise ships may well be these recent decades and decades to come.[22]
Operators and cruise lines

Operators of cruise ships are known as cruise lines, which are
companies that also market cruises to the public.[23] Cruise lines
have a dual character; they are partly in the transportation
business, and partly in the leisure entertainment business, a
duality that carries down into the ships themselves, which have
both a crew headed by the ship's captain, and a hospitality staff
headed by the equivalent of a hotel manager. Among cruise lines,
Celebrity Solstice in Port Melbourne,
Australia some are direct descendants of the traditional passenger shipping
lines (such as Cunard), while others were founded from the 1960s
specifically for cruising.
Historically, the cruise ship business has been volatile. The ships are large capital investments with
high operating costs. A persistent decrease in bookings can put a company in financial jeopardy.
Cruise lines have sold, renovated, or renamed their ships to keep up with travel trends. Cruise lines
operate their ships virtually 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 52 weeks a year. A ship which is out of
service for routine maintenance means the loss of tens of millions of dollars. If the maintenance is
unscheduled, it can result, potentially, in thousands of dissatisfied customers.[24]
A wave of failures and consolidations in the 1990s led to many cruise lines being bought by much
larger holding companies and continue to operate as "brands" or subsidiaries of the holding company.
Brands continue to be maintained partly because of the expectation of repeat customer loyalty, and
also to offer different levels of quality and service. For instance, Carnival Corporation & plc owns both
Carnival Cruise Line, whose former image were vessels that had a reputation as "party ships" for
younger travelers, but have become large, modern, yet still profitable, and Holland America Line,
whose ships cultivate an image of classic elegance. In 2004, Carnival had merged Cunard's
headquarters with that of Princess Cruises in Santa Clarita, California so that administrative, financial
and technology services could be combined, ending Cunard's history where it had operated as a
standalone company (subsidiary) regardless of parent ownership.[25] However, Cunard did regain
some independence in 2009 when its headquarters were moved to Carnival House in
Southampton.[26]
The common practice in the cruise industry in listing cruise ship transfers[27] and orders[28] is to list
the smaller operating company, not the larger holding corporation, as the recipient cruise line of the
sale, transfer, or new order. In other words, Carnival Cruise Line and Holland America Line. for
example, are the cruise lines from this common industry practice point of view; whereas Carnival
Corporation & plc and Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd., for example, can be considered holding
corporations of cruise lines. This industry practice of using the smaller operating company, not the
larger holding corporation, is also followed in the list of cruise lines and in member-based reviews of
cruise lines.[29]
Some cruise lines have specialties; for example, Saga Cruises only allows passengers over 50 years old
aboard their ships, and Star Clippers and formerly Windjammer Barefoot Cruises and Windstar
Cruises only operate tall ships. Regent Seven Seas Cruises operates medium-sized vessels—smaller
than the "megaships" of Carnival and Royal Caribbean—designed such that 90% of their suites are
balconies. Several specialty lines offer "expedition cruising" or only operate small ships, visiting
certain destinations such as the Arctic and Antarctica, or the Galápagos Islands. John W. Brown,
which formerly operated as part of the United States Merchant Marine during World War II before
being converted to a museum ship, still gets underway several times a year for six-hour "Living
History Cruises" that take the ship through Baltimore Harbor, down the Patapsco River, and into the
Chesapeake Bay, and she is also the largest cruise ship operating under the American flag on the
United States East Coast.[30]
Currently the three largest cruise line holding companies and operators in the world are Carnival
Corporation & plc, Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. and Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings.
As an industry, the total number of cabins on all of the world's cruise ships amount to less than 2% of
the world's hotel rooms.[31]
Organization
Cruise ships are organized

much like floating hotels,
with a complete hospitality
staff in addition to the usual
ship's crew. It is not
uncommon for the most
luxurious ships to have more
crew and staff than
passengers.
Disney Magic AIDAdiva in Izmir
Dining
Dining on almost all cruise ships is included in the cruise price.
Traditionally, the ships' restaurants organize two dinner services

per day, early dining and late dining, and passengers are allocated
a set dining time for the entire cruise; a recent trend is to allow
diners to dine whenever they want. Having two dinner times
allows the ship to have enough time and space to accommodate
all of their guests. Having two different dinner services can cause
some conflicts with some of the ship's events (such as shows and
Island Princess in Cabo San Lucas
performances) for the late diners, but this problem is usually
fixed by having a shorter version of the event take place before
late dinner. Cunard Line ships maintain the class tradition of ocean liners and have separate dining
rooms for different types of suites, while Celebrity Cruises and Princess Cruises have a standard
dining room and "upgrade" specialty restaurants that require pre-booking and cover charges. Many
cruises schedule one or more "formal dining" nights. Guests dress "formally", however that is defined
for the ship, often suits and ties or even tuxedos for men, and formal dresses for women. The menu is
more upscale than usual.
Besides the dining room, modern cruise ships often contain one or more casual buffet-style eateries,
which may be open 24 hours and with menus that vary throughout the day to provide meals ranging
from breakfast to late-night snacks. In recent years, cruise lines have started to include a diverse
range of ethnically themed restaurants aboard each ship.[32] Ships also feature numerous bars and
nightclubs for passenger entertainment; the majority of cruise lines do not include alcoholic
beverages in their fares and passengers are expected to pay for drinks as they consume them. Most
cruise lines also prohibit passengers from bringing aboard and consuming their own beverages,
including alcohol, while aboard. Alcohol purchased duty-free is sealed and returned to passengers
when they debark.
There is often a central galley responsible for serving all major restaurants aboard the ship, though
specialty restaurants may have their own separate galleys.
As with any vessel, adequate provisioning is crucial, especially on a cruise ship serving several
thousand meals at each seating. For example, a quasi "military operation" is required to load and
unload 3600 passengers and eight tons of food at the beginning and end of each cruise, for the Royal
Princess.[33]
Other on-board facilities

Cruise ships require electrical power, normally provided by diesel generators.[34] When docked, ships
must run their generators continuously to power on-board facilities, unless they are capable of using
onshore power, where available. Polluting emissions from the diesel engines can be equivalent to 700
lorries running their engines, and is harmful where ships dock in populated areas. Some cruise ships
already support the use of shorepower, while others are being adapted to do so.[35]
Modern cruise ships typically have some or all of the following facilities:
Casino — Only open when the ship is at sea to avoid conflict with local laws
Shops — Only open when the ship is at sea to avoid merchandising licensing and local taxes
Spa
Fitness center
Library
Theatre with Broadway-style shows
Cinema
Indoor and/or outdoor swimming pool with water slides
Hot tub
Buffet restaurant
Lounges
Gym
Clubs
Basketball courts
Tennis courts
Pool tables
Ping pong tables
Infirmary and morgue[36]
• card room • observation lounge • video game room • suite enclave • karaoke • virtual simulator
Some ships have bowling alleys, ice skating rinks, rock climbing walls, sky-diving simulators,
miniature golf courses, video arcades, ziplines, surfing simulators, basketball courts, tennis courts,
chain restaurants and/or ropes obstacle courses.
H2OZone aboard Promenade on the Golf course on Molecular Bar

Freedom of the Allure of the Seas Brilliance of the aboard the Celebrity
Seas Seas Equinox before
Christmas
Formal brunch Surf simulator on A junior suite on A luxury suite

aboard the Celebrity Oasis of the Seas Radiance of the aboard the Celebrity
Equinox Seas Equinox
Crew
Crew are usually hired on three to eleven month contracts which may then be renewed as mutually
agreed, depending on service ratings from passengers as well as the cyclical nature of the cruise line
operator. Most staff work 77-hour work weeks for 10 months continuously followed by two months of
vacation.[37][38]
There are no paid vacations or pensions for service, non-management crew, depending on the level of
the position and the type of the contract. Non-service and management crew members get paid
vacation, medical, retirement options, and can participate in the company's group insurance plan.
The direct salary is low by North American standards,[38] though restaurant staff have considerable
earning potential from passenger tips. Crew members do not have any expenses while on board,
because food and accommodation, medical care, and transportation for most employees, are
included.Oyogoa states that "Crewing agencies often exploit the desperation of potential
employees."[39]
Living arrangements vary by cruise line, but mostly by shipboard position. In general two employees
share a cabin with a shower, commode and a desk with a television set, while senior officers are
assigned single cabins. There is a set of facilities for the crew separate from that for passengers, such
as mess rooms and bars, recreation rooms, prayer rooms/mosques, and fitness center, with some
larger ships even having a crew deck with a swimming pool and hot tubs.[40]
For the largest cruise operators, most "hotel staff" are hired from less industrialized countries in Asia,
Eastern Europe, the Caribbean, and Central America. While several cruise lines are headquartered in
the United States, like most international shipping companies, ships are registered in countries such
as the Netherlands, the UK, the Bahamas, and Panama. The International Labour Organization's
2006 Maritime Labour Convention,[41] also known as the "Seafarers' Bill of Rights,"[42] provides
comprehensive rights and protections for all crew members. The ILO sets rigorous standards
regarding hours of work and rest, health and safety, and living conditions for crew members, and
requires governments to ensure that ships comply. For cruise routes around Hawaii, operators are
required to register their ships in the United States and the crew is unionized, so these cruises are
typically much more expensive than in the Caribbean or the Mediterranean.
Business model
Most cruise lines since the 2000s have to some extent priced the cruising experience à la carte, as
passenger spending aboard generates significantly more than ticket sales.[43] The passenger's ticket
includes the stateroom accommodation, room service, unlimited meals in the main dining room (or
main restaurant) and buffet, access to shows, and use of pool and gym facilities, while there is a daily
gratuity charge to cover housekeeping and waiter service. However, there are extra charges for alcohol
and soft drinks, official cruise photos, Internet and wi-fi access, and specialty restaurants; it has been
reported that the casino and photos have high profit margins. Cruise lines earn significantly from
selling onshore excursions offered by local contractors; keeping 50% or more of what passengers
spend for these tours.[43] In addition, cruise ships earn significant commissions on sales from onshore
stores that are promoted on board as "preferred" (as much as 40% of gross sales). Facilitating this
practice are modern cruise terminals with establishments of duty-free shops inside a perimeter
accessible only by passengers and not by locals.[43] Ports of call have often oriented their own
businesses and facilities towards meeting the needs of visiting cruise ships. In one case, Icy Strait
Point in Alaska, the entire destination was created explicitly and solely for cruise ship visitors.[44]
Travel to and from the port of departure is usually the passengers' responsibility, although purchasing
a transfer pass from the cruise line for the trip between the airport and cruise terminal will guarantee
that the ship will not leave until the passenger is aboard. Similarly, if the passenger books a shore
excursion with the cruise line and the tour runs late, the ship is obliged to remain until the passenger
returns.[45]
Luxury cruise lines such as Regent Seven Seas Cruises and Crystal Cruises market their fares as "all-
inclusive".[46] For example, the base fare on Regent Seven Seas ships includes most alcoholic
beverages on board ship and most shore excursions in ports of call, as well as all gratuities that would
normally be paid to hotel staff on the ship.[47] The fare may also include a one-night hotel stay before
boarding, and the air fare to and from the cruise's origin and destination ports.[47]
Ship naming
Older cruise ships have often had multiple owners. It is usual for the transfer of ownership to entail a
refitting and a name change. Some ships have had a dozen or more identities.
Many cruise lines have a common naming scheme they use for their ships. Some lines use their name
as a prefix or suffix in the ship name (such as the prefixes "Carnival", "AIDA", "Disney", and
"Norwegian" and the suffix "Princess"). Other lines use a unique word or phrase (such as the prefix of
"Pacific" for P&O Cruises Australia or the suffixes "of the Seas" for Royal Caribbean International and
"-dam" for ships of the Holland America Line). The addition of these prefixes and suffixes allows
multiple cruise lines to use the same popular ship names while maintaining a unique identifier for
each ship.
Cruise ship utilization

Due to slower speed and reduced seaworthiness, as well as being largely introduced after several
major wars, cruise ships have never been used as troop transport vessels. By contrast, ocean liners
were often seen as the pride of their country and used to rival liners of other nations, and have been
requisitioned during both World Wars and the Falklands War to transport soldiers and serve as
hospital ships.[48]
Cruise ships and former liners often find employment in applications other than those for which they
were built. A shortage of hotel accommodation for the 2004 Summer Olympics led to a plan to moor a
number of cruise ships in Athens to provide tourist accommodation.
On 1 September 2005, the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) contracted three
Carnival Cruise Lines vessels (Carnival Fantasy, the former Carnival Holiday, and the Carnival
Sensation) to house Hurricane Katrina evacuees.[49]
In 2010, in response to the shutdown of UK airspace due to the eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajökull
volcano, the newly completed Celebrity Eclipse was used to rescue 2000 British tourists stranded in
Spain as an act of goodwill by the owners. The ship departed from Southampton for Bilbao on 21
April, and returned on 23 April.[50]
In 2017, cruise ships were used to help transport residents from some Caribbean islands destroyed by
Hurricane Irma,[51] as well as Puerto Rico residents displaced by Hurricane Maria.[52]
Regional industries
Most cruise ships sail the Caribbean or the Mediterranean. Others
operate elsewhere in places like Alaska, the South Pacific, the
Baltic Sea and New England. A cruise ship that is moving from
one of these regions to another will commonly operate a
repositioning cruise while doing so. Expedition cruise lines, which
usually operate small ships, visit certain more specialized Four ships at the cruise ship
terminal in Nassau, The Bahamas
destinations such as the Arctic and Antarctica, or the Galápagos
Islands.
The number of cruise tourists worldwide in 2005 was estimated at some 14 million. The main region
for cruising was North America (70% of cruises), where the Caribbean islands were the most popular
destinations.
The second most popular region was continental Europe (13%),

where the fastest growing segment is cruises in the Baltic Sea.[53]
The most visited Baltic ports are Copenhagen, St. Petersburg,
Tallinn, Stockholm and Helsinki.[54] The seaport of St.
Petersburg, the main Baltic port of call, received 426,500
passengers during the 2009 cruise season.[55]
According to 2010 CEMAR[56] statistics the Mediterranean cruise

market is going through a fast and fundamental change; Italy has Cruise ships in Ushuaia, Argentina
won prime position as a destination for European cruises, and
destination for the whole of the Mediterranean basin. The most
visited ports in Mediterranean Sea are Barcelona (Spain), Civitavecchia (Italy), Palma (Spain) and
Venice (Italy).
2013 saw the entrance of the first Chinese company into the cruise market. China's first luxury cruise
ship, Henna, made her maiden voyage from Sanya Phoenix Island International Port in late
January.[57]
Caribbean cruising industry

The Caribbean cruising industry is one of the largest in the world,
responsible for over $2 billion in direct revenue to the Caribbean
islands in 2012.[58] Over 45,000 people from the Caribbean are
directly employed in the cruise industry.[58] An estimated
17,457,600 cruise passengers visited the islands in the 2011-2012
cruise year (May 2011 to April 2012.[58]) Cruise lines operating in
the Caribbean include Royal Caribbean International, Princess
Cruises, Carnival Cruise Line, Celebrity Cruises, Disney Cruise Nearly 9,000 passengers from three
Line, Holland America, P&O, Cunard, Crystal Cruises, Pullmantur Carnival ships visiting St. Thomas,
Cruises and Norwegian Cruise Line. There are also smaller cruise US Virgin Islands; from front to
lines that cater to a more intimate feeling among their guests. The back: Carnival Liberty, Carnival
three largest cruise operators are Carnival Corporation, Royal Triumph and the Carnival Glory.
Caribbean International, and Star Cruises/Norwegian Cruise
Lines.
Many American cruise lines to the Caribbean depart out of the Port of Miami, with "nearly one-third
of the cruises sailing out of Miami in recent years".[59] Other cruise ships depart from Port Everglades
(in Fort Lauderdale), Port Canaveral (approximately 45 miles (72 km) east of Orlando), New York,
Tampa, Galveston, New Orleans, Cape Liberty, Baltimore, Jacksonville, Charleston, Norfolk, Mobile,
and San Juan, Puerto Rico. Some UK cruise lines base their ships out of Barbados for the Caribbean
season, operating direct charter flights out of the UK.
The busiest ports of call in the Caribbean for cruising in the 2013 year are listed below[60]
Passenger
Rank Destination Arrivals
(2013)[60]
1 Bahamas 4,709,236
2 Cozumel, Mexico 2,751,178
3 United States Virgin Islands 1,998,579
4 Sint Maarten 1,779,384
5 Cayman Islands 1,375,872
6 Jamaica 1,288,184
7 Puerto Rico 1,176,343
8 Turks and Caicos Islands 778,920
9 Aruba 688,568
10 Belize 677,350
11 Haiti 643,634
12 Saint Kitts and Nevis 629,000
13 Curacao 610,186
14 Saint Lucia 594,118
15 Barbados 570,263
16 Antigua and Barbuda 533,993
17 Dominican Republic 423,910
18 British Virgin Islands 367,362
19 Bermuda 320,090
20 Dominica 230,588
21 Grenada 197,311
22 Martinique 103,770
23 Bonaire 96,818
24 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 82,974
Alaskan cruising industry

2016 was the most recent year of CLIA (Cruise Lines International Association) studies conducted
around the cruise industry specifically in the US and more specifically Alaska. In 2016, Alaskan
cruises generated nearly 5 million passenger and crew visits, 20.3% of all passenger and crew visits in
the US. (NASDAQ, 2017)
Alaska cruise statistics

Share of
Total the U.S.
(%)
Passenger embarkations 157,000 1.3
Resident cruise passengers 9,000 0.1
Total passenger & crew visits 4,897,000 20.3
Direct expenditures $1,065m 4.9
Total employment impact 19,842 5.1
Total wage impact $991m 4.8
Visitor volume is represented by overall visitors entering Alaskan waters and/or airspace. Between
October 2016 and September 2017 Alaska had about 2.2 million visitors; 49% of those were through
the cruise industry. That 2.2 million was a 27% increase since 2009, and the volume overall has stealy
increased. Visitors generally spend money when travelling, and this is measured in two distinct areas:
the cruising companies themselves and the visitors. There are no current numbers for cruise specific
passenger spending ashore, but the overall visitor expenditure can be measured. Tours accounted for
$394 million (18%), gifts and souvenirs $427 million (20%), food $428 million (20%), transportation
$258 million (12%), lodging $454 million (21%), and other $217 million (10%). The second main area
of economic growth comes from what the cruising companies and their crews spend themselves.
Cruise liners spend around $297 million on the items that come in their packages on board and
ashore as parts of group tours: things like stagecoach rides and boat tours on smaller vessels
throughout their ports of call. This money is paid to the service providers by the cruise line company.
Cruise liner crew are also a revenue generator, with 27,000 crew members visiting Alaska in 2017
alone, generating about $22 million. 2017 was also a good year for job generation within Alaska:
43,300 jobs were created, bringing in $1.5 billion in labor costs, and a total income of $4.5 billion was
generated. These jobs were scattered across all of Alaska. Southeast Alaska had 11,925 jobs ($455
million labor income), Southwest 1,800 jobs ($50 million labor income), South Central 20,700 jobs
($761 million Labor income), Interior 8,500 jobs ($276 million labor income), Far North 375 jobs
($13 M labor income). Labor income is shown in the graph below.
Labor Income
Employment
US$ millions
Food and drink 6,900 173
Accommodations 6,200 163
Retail 5,300 108
Tours and activities 5,000 173
Transportation 4,100 173
Other 2,800 79
Total direct jobs/income from visitor spending 30,400 870
Direct Jobs / income from industry spending 4,100 133
Indirect / induced jobs income 8,800 536
Total visitor industry-related jobs / income 43,300 1,539
Shipyards
The construction market for cruise ships is dominated by three European companies and one Asian
company:
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries of Japan.

Chantiers de l’Atlantique of France.
Meyer Werft of Germany with two shipyards:
Meyer Werft of Germany.
Meyer Turku at Perno shipyard in Turku, Finland
Fincantieri of Italy.
A large number of cruise ships have been built by other shipyards, but no other individual yard has
reached the large numbers of built ships achieved by the four above.
Safety and security
Piracy
As most of the passengers on a cruise are affluent and have considerable ransom potential, not to
mention a considerable amount of cash and jewelry on board (casino and shops), there have been
several high-profile pirate attacks on cruise ships, such as on the Seabourn Spirit and MSC
Melody.[61][62]
As a result, cruise ships have implemented various security measures. While most merchant shipping
firms have generally avoided arming crew or security guards for reasons of safety, liability and
conformity with the laws of the countries where they dock, cruise ships have small arms (usually
semi-automatic pistols) stored in a safe accessible only by the captain who distributes them to
authorized personnel such as security or the master-at-arms. The ship's high-pressure fire hoses can
be used to keep boarders at bay, and often the vessel itself can be maneuvered to ram pirate craft. A
recent technology to deter pirates has been the LRAD or sonic cannon which was used in the
successful defense of Seabourn Spirit.[62][63]
A related risk is that of terrorism, the most notable incident being that of the 1985 hijacking of the
Achille Lauro, an Italian cruise ship.[64]
Crime on-board
Passengers entering the cruise ship are screened by metal detectors. Explosive detection machines
used include X-ray machines and explosives trace-detection portal machines (a.k.a. "puffer
machines"), to prevent weapons, drugs[65] and other contraband on board. Security has been
considerably tightened since September 11, 2001, such that these measures are similar to airport
security.[66][67]
In addition to security checkpoints, passengers are often given a ship-specific identification card,
which must be shown in order to get on or off the ship. This prevents people boarding who are not
entitled to do so, and also ensures the ship's crew are aware of who is on the ship.[68] The Cruise Ship
ID cards are also used as the passenger's room key. CCTV cameras are mounted frequently
throughout the ship.
In 2010, the United States Congress passed the Cruise Vessel Security and Safety Act[69] after
numerous incidents of sexual violence, passenger disappearances, physical assault, and other serious
crimes. The Congress said:
Passengers on cruise vessels have an inadequate appreciation of their potential

vulnerability to crime while on ocean voyages, and those who may be victimized lack the
information they need to understand their legal rights or to know whom to contact for
help in the immediate aftermath of the crime.
The Congress said both passengers and crew committed crimes. It said data on the problem was
lacking because cruise lines did not make it publicly available, multiple countries were involved in
investigating incidents on international waters, and crime scenes could not be secured quickly by
police. It recommended that owners of cruise vessels:
install peep holes in passenger room doors,

install more security cameras,
limit access to passenger rooms to select staff at specific times, and
install acoustic hailing and warning devices capable of working at a distance.[70][71]
After investigating the death of Dianne Brimble in 2002, a coroner in Australia recommended:
Federal police officers travel on ships to ensure a quick response to crime,

scanners and drug detection dogs check passengers and crew at Australian ports,
an end to overlaps between jurisdictions, and
flags of ships be disregarded for nations unable to investigate incidents thoroughly and
competently.[72]
The lobby group International Cruise Victims Association, based in Arizona, pushes for more
regulation of the cruise industry, and supports victims of crimes committed on cruise ships.[73]
Overboard drownings
Passengers and crew sometimes drown after going overboard in what the industry calls man-
overboard incidents (MOBs). Since 2000, more than 300 people have fallen off cruise ships or large
ferries, which is an average of about 1.5 people each month. Of those, only about 17 to 25 per cent
were rescued. Critics of the industry blame alcohol promotion for many passenger deaths, and poor
labour conditions for crew suicides. They also point to underinvestment in the latest MOB sensors, a
lack of regulation and consumer protection, and a lack of on-board counselling services for crew. The
industry blames irresponsible behaviour by passengers, and says overboard sensors are unreliable
and generate false alarms.[74]
Maritime lawyer Jim Walker estimates about half of all disappearances at sea involve some factor of
foul play, and that a lack of police jurisdiction on international waters allows sexual predators to go
unpunished.[75]
Stability
Modern cruise ships are tall but remain stable due to their relatively low center of mass. This is due to
large open spaces and the extensive use of aluminium, high-strength steel and other lightweight
materials in the upper parts, and the fact that the heaviest components — engines, propellers, fuel
tanks and such — are located at the bottom of the hull. Thus, even though modern cruise ships may
appear tall, proper weight distribution ensures that they are not top-heavy.[76][77] Furthermore, large
cruise ships tend to be very wide, which considerably increases their initial stability by increasing the
metacentric height.
Although most passenger ships utilize stabilizers to reduce rolling in heavy weather, they are only
used for crew and passenger comfort and do not contribute to the overall intact stability of the vessel.
The ships must fulfill all stability requirements even with the stabilizer fins retracted.[78]
According to the Washington Post, a recent study by economic consultant G.P. Wild — commissioned
by the cruise industry’s trade group and released in March 2019 — argued that cruises are getting
safer over time. The study claims that, even as capacity increased 55 percent between 2009 and 2018,
the number of overall “operational incidents” declined 37 percent and the rate of man-overboard
cases dropped 35 percent.[79]
Disease
Norovirus
Norovirus is a virus that commonly causes gastroenteritis in developed countries,[80] and is also a
cause of gastroenteritis on cruise ships.[81] It is typically transmitted from person to person.[82]
Symptoms usually last between 1 and 3 days and generally resolve without treatment or long term
consequences. The incubation period of the virus averages about 24 hours.[83]
Norovirus outbreaks are often perceived to be associated with cruise ships. According to the United
States CDC, the factors that cause norovirus to be associated with cruise ships include the closer
tracking and faster reporting of illnesses on cruise ships compared to those on land; the closer living
quarters that increases the amount of interpersonal contact; as well as the turnover of passengers that
may bring the viruses onboard.[84]
However, the estimated likelihood of contracting gastroenteritis from any cause on an average 7-day
cruise is less than 1%.[85] In 2009, during which more than 13 million people took a cruise,[81] there
were nine reported norovirus outbreaks on cruise ships.[81] Outbreak investigations by the United
States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have shown that transmission among cruise
ship passengers is primarily person-to-person; potable water supplies have not been implicated. In a
study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, the CDC reported that,
"Perceptions that cruise ships can be luxury breeding grounds for acute gastroenteritis outbreaks
don't hold water. A recent CDC report showed that from 2008 to 2014, only 0.18% of more than 73
million cruise passengers and 0.15% of some 28 million crew members reported symptoms of the
illness."[86]
Ships docked in port undergo surprise health inspections. In 2009, ships that underwent
unannounced inspections by the CDC received an average CDC Vessel Sanitation Program score of
approximately 97 out of a total possible 100 points.[87] The minimum passing inspection score is
85.[87] Collaboration with the CDC's Vessel Sanitation Program and the development of Outbreak
Prevention and Response Plans has been credited in decreasing the incidence of norovirus outbreaks
on ships.[88]
Legionnaires' disease
Other pathogens which can colonise pools and spas including those on cruise ships include
Legionella, the bacterium which causes Legionnaires' disease. Legionella, and in particular the most
virulent strain, Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, can cause infections when inhaled as an aerosol
or aspirated. Individuals who are immunocompromised and those with pre-existing chronic
respiratory and cardiac disease are more susceptible. Legionnaires' has been infrequently associated
with cruise ships.[89][90][91] The Cruise industry Vessel Sanitation Program has specific public health
requirements to control and prevent Legionella.[92]
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is a form of E. coli and the leading bacterial cause of diarrhea in the
developing world, as well as the most common cause of diarrhea for travelers to those areas.[93] Since
2008 there has been at least one reported incident each year of E. coli on international cruise ships
reported to the Vessel Sanitation Program of the Centers for Disease Control, though there were none
in 2015.[81] Causes of E. coli infection include the consumption of contaminated food and the
ingestion of water in swimming pools contaminated by human waste.[94]
Environmental impact
"Cruise ships generate a number of waste
streams that can result in discharges to the
marine environment, including sewage,
graywater, hazardous wastes, oily bilge water,
ballast water, and solid waste. They also emit air
pollutants to the air and water. These wastes, if
not properly treated and disposed of, can be a
significant source of pathogens, nutrients, and
toxic substances with the potential to threaten
human health and damage aquatic life. Cruise
ships represent a small — although highly
visible — portion of the entire international
shipping industry, and the waste streams
described here are not unique to cruise ships. Diesel smoke from cruise ships over Juneau,
Particular types of wastes, such as sewage, Alaska
graywater, and solid waste, may be of greater
concern for cruise ships relative to other
seagoing vessels, because of the large numbers of passengers and crew that cruise ships carry
and the large volumes of wastes that they produce. Because cruise ships tend to concentrate
their activities in specific coastal areas and visit the same ports repeatedly (especially Florida,
California, New York, Galveston, Seattle, and the waters of Alaska), their cumulative impact on
a local scale could be significant, as can impacts of individual large-volume releases (either
accidental or intentional)."[95]
Most cruise ships run (primarily) on heavy fuel oil (HFO)/ bunker fuel, which, because of its high
sulphur content, results in sulphur dioxide emissions worse than those of equivalent road traffic.[96]
The international MARPOL IV-14 agreement for Sulphur Emission Control Areas requires less than
0.10% sulphur in the fuel, contrasting with Heavy Fuel Oil.[97] Cruise ships may use 60 percent of the
fuel energy for propulsion, and 40 percent for hotel functions, but loads and distribution depend
highly on conditions.[98]
Some cruise lines, such as Cunard, are taking steps to reduce environmental impact by refraining
from discharges (RMS Queen Mary 2 has a zero-discharge policy[99]) and reducing their CO2 output
every year.[100]
See also
Cruise line
List of cruise ships
List of cruise lines
List of ocean liners
Ocean liner
Cruiseferry
River cruise
Cruising (maritime)
Lido
List of largest cruise ships
Cruise ship ID card
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Dowling, Ross K., ed. (2006). Cruise Ship Tourism. Wallingford: CAB International. ISBN 978-
1845930486.
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BC, Canada: New Society Publishers. ISBN 978-0865714625.
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that built America's cruise-ship empires. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0670034185.
Middlemiss, Norman L. (1997). World Cruise Ships: The History and Development of Cruising.
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK: Shield Publications. ISBN 978-1871128154.
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Further reading
Fran Golden (6 December 2019). "Why cruise lines keep cutting their ships in half" (https://www.m
sn.com/en-us/money/companies/why-cruise-lines-keep-cutting-their-ships-in-half/ar-BBXJKTZ?oci
d=spartanntp). Bloomberg.
External links
Cruise-related resources (https://curlie.org/Recreation/Travel/Specialty_Travel/Cruises) at Curlie
Cruise-ship-tracker (https://ship-tracker.org/)
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1/20/2020 Cruise ship - Wikipedia

In contrast, the few dedicated transport-oriented ocean liners

P&O first introduced passenger cruising services in 1844,

The cruise of the German ship Augusta Victoria in the

The first vessel built exclusively for luxury cruising, was

From luxury ocean liners to "megaship" cruising

Ocean liner services aimed at passengers ceased in 1986, with the

Until 1975-1980, cruises offered shuffleboard, deck chairs,

Operators and cruise lines

Cruise ships are organized

Traditionally, the ships' restaurants organize two dinner services

Other on-board facilities

H2OZone aboard Promenade on the Golf course on Molecular Bar

Formal brunch Surf simulator on A junior suite on A luxury suite

Cruise ship utilization

The second most popular region was continental Europe (13%),

According to 2010 CEMAR[56] statistics the Mediterranean cruise

Caribbean cruising industry

Alaskan cruising industry

Alaska cruise statistics

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries of Japan.

Safety and security

Passengers on cruise vessels have an inadequate appreciation of their potential

install peep holes in passenger room doors,

Federal police officers travel on ships to ensure a quick response to crime,

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)

29. "Member reviews of cruise lines" (http://www.cruisecritic.com/memberreviews/cruise-lines/).

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