POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 1

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

In this chapter, it focused on the background of the study, the theoretical framework

and conceptual framework, statement of the problem, scope and limitation, significance of

the study, hypothesis and definition of terms.

Introduction

Technology had become more popular to use nowadays by people mostly in

millennial generation, because millennial grown up with increasing development of modern

technology. There are many gadgets such as laptops, iPod, tablets, PSP/X-box and the most

common gadget is smart phone. Smart phone is a kind of mobile phone which becomes

modern specifically in its uses that can be used in different ways. (Agarwal, K. 2016)

For majority of people as cited in an article from the internet, smart phones are the

most convenient way to communicate because they make the process faster and easier.

People cannot leave their house without leaving their smart phones. You can use your smart

phones to be always in contact with your family and friends.

In addition, smart phones are rapidly becoming handy entertainment device at the

present time. It is easy to convert the files for example, mp3, mp4, etc. they can copy and

paste into the memory of their smart phones. Students usually after their study spend their

time with their smart phones playing with games, surfing internet and other applications of

their smart phones. Smart phone had completely transformed the way of living of people.

According to experts, smart phones will play an important role in our present and future

lives. (Naren, S. 2015)

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Because of these observations, the researchers came up to this research study to

determine the negativity and positivity of using smart phones particularly in school related

activities. How does it affect or how do smart phones help students in their studies. The

researchers hope to develop the proper using of smart phones in education and to know the

student’s perception about it.

Theoretical Framework

Compulsive Behavior

The idea of compulsive used of smart phones explains how excessive use and

addiction to smart phones contribute to the development of compulsive behaviors of people

of all ages. The authors of this theory Yu-Kang Lee and Chun-Tuan Chang, points out smart

phone users with a stronger compulsive usage of smart phones have the tendency to have

various harmful health effects such as visible signs of a person’s

stress stimulation, techno stress, social anxiety and over dependence on smart phones leads to

user stress.

The researchers included this theory to support the hypothesis that using smart phones

may affect the academic performance of the students. It showed in this theory that the

habitual use of smart phones may cause out of focus which is one of the factors that smart

phones may affect the academic performance of a student. Regular use of smart phones

slowly transforms into uncontrolled behavioral change.

The researchers came up with this theory provided by the authors “Yu-Kang Lee and

Chun-Tuan Chang” because this is the common effect or common act among people in the

world who are using smart phones. So this became the researchers’ guide to prove the
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hypothesis of this study. The theory and this have correlation in terms of the effect of the

habitual used of smart phones.

Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Demographic profile of  Researching  Conduct a

the respondents in -Library seminar about
terms of the following: -Internet
the proper use
 Validation of
of smart phone
 Strand Questionnaire
 Floating of and its effect
 Sex
Questionnaires to the
 Frequency of
 Statistical academic
the use of smart treatment performance
phones -Sloven’s Formula of the students.
 Purpose -Mean
 Theory: -Frequency and
Compulsive Percentage
Behavior  Analysis and
interpretation
Theory, Yu-
of data
Kang Lee;
Chun-Tuan
Chang, 2014

Figure 1. Conceptual Model of the Study

This diagram showed how researchers studied if Smart phones are Distraction or

Attraction in the classroom performance of PUPQC SHS students for S.Y.

The input is consisted of the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of their

strand, sex, frequency of the use of smart phones and their purpose of using it.

In process, the researchers conceptualized ideas, and then they determine the

objectives of their research. After determining their objectives, the researchers have a
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consultation to construct a questionnaire. After constructing the questionnaires, the

researchers validated it. The researchers administered the questionnaire to the chosen

respondents and then they retrieve it. After retrieving the validated questionnaires from the

respondents, the researchers applied the statistical treatment of this research.

The output is consisted of informing SHS students about the proper use of their smart

phones and significance of analyzing the positivity and negativity of using the said gadget.

Statement of the Problem

The study aimed to determine if smart phone distracts or attracts students in their

education.

Specific questions that the researchers aimed to answer are the following:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Strand

1.2 Sex

1.3 No. of hours spent in using smart phone.

1.4 Purpose of Using Smart phone

2. What are the effects of using smart phones as perceived by PUPQC SHS students?

3. What are the proposed recommendations on the proper use of smart phones?

Hypothesis

H0: That SHS students’ classroom performance is not distracted by their use of smart

phone.
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Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study covered the negative and positive effects of using smart phone in the

academic performance of the students. There were unavoidable limitations in choosing this

topic. First, because of the time limit, this research was conducted only in Polytechnic

University of the Philippines, Quezon City Branch for the Senior High School students of the

said university. Second, the topic concentrated only a specific gadget that is smart phone,

because smart phone is the most common gadget used by SHS students in PUPQC. Lastly,

because of financial constrain, the researchers have only the selected students as their

respondents.

Significance of the Study

The researchers believed that the study is important to the SHS students, parents, community

and for the future researchers.

Senior High School Students

In this study, SHS students will be informed on how their smart phone can be use

responsibly. Avoid interruption and disruption for them to have concentration and focus in

their study.

Parents

This research will give information for them to become aware on how to discipline their

children in using smart phone for the students not to get low grades.

Community

This study benefited the community by giving suggestions to come up ideas to conduct a

program about the proper application of using smart phones.

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Future Researchers

This study gives added information about the related study of the future researchers. It can

also be used as a reference tool on their future study.

Definition of Terms

The following words used on this study are defined by conceptual and operational definition.

Attraction

 The power of attracting something which attract others.

 Having an interest to a subject.

Distraction

 Something that diverts attention.

 Averting the focus of someone and making them confused.

Compulsive

 Resulting from or relating to an irresistible urge, especially one that is against one's

conscious wishes.

 Being obsessed to a particular thing.

Constrain

 Severely restrict the scope, extent, or activity of.

Frequency

 Refers to the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time. It is also

referred to as temporal frequency, which emphasizes the contrast to spatial frequency

and angular frequency.

 The number of how many does an activity is done.

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Millennial

 A person reaching young adulthood in the early 21st century.

 Person that experienced modern technology.

Perceived

 Interpret or look on (someone or something) in a particular way; regard as.

 Supposing an idea in a particular topic.

Smart phone

 Is a mobile phone (also known as cell phones) with an advanced mobile operating

system that combines features of a personal computer operating system with other

features useful for mobile or hand held use.

 Commonly used by millennial.

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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presented the details of research method used, description of the

subjects. This also includes instrumentation and procedure in gathering statistical treatment

of data.

Method of Research

The method that the researchers used was descriptive survey method with the

questionnaire as the primary instrument in gathering the data. The descriptive method is

appropriate when determining the who, what and how question. This is the easiest way in

gathering the data. The researchers also used books, newspapers, magazines and websites.

The researchers also get articles and other information from the internet about the topic.

This research had made to determine if using smart phone can affect the classroom

performance of the senior high school students from the different strand of Polytechnic

University of the Philippines in Quezon City. The researchers had also looked for not only

the negative effect but also the positive effect of smart phone.

Population, Sample Size and Sampling Technique

The researchers being concerned with the senior high school students of PUP, as a

mean of evaluation and conducted survey through which the information needed in the study

is obtained. The researchers had persistently looked for the appropriate respondents of this

study. One hundred sixty-eight (168) students were surveyed as their respondents in

Polytechnic University of the Philippines in Quezon City.

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N
n
1  ( N )( e) 2

Wherein n=sample size, N=population size, e= desired margin of error

Computation

290
n  168
1  ( 290)( 0.05 2 )

From the 290 population size, there were 168 sample sizes. After the no. of sample

size is determined, stratified sampling was used to determine the amount of sample in cluster

will be taken.

168÷6 = 28 students per section

Description of the Respondents

The researchers prepared a questionnaire to determine if smart phone, positively or

negatively affects the class room performance of SHS students in PUP QC. This can be

determined through the indicatory from the survey questionnaire such as the demographic

profile of the respondents and the positive and negative effects of smart phone.

The research subjects were asked to choose their preferred response by checking the

number option based on the ways of using their smart phones. The questionnaire had

questions that were related to the study and these questions were answered consequently.
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Table 1

Frequency and Percentage distribution of the Respondents

STRAND AND SECTION Frequency Percentage

HUMSS 11-1 28 16.67%
HUMSS 11-2 28 16.67%
ABM 11-1 28 16.67%
ABM 11-2 28 16.67%
GAS 11-1 28 16.67%
GAS 11-2 28 16.67%
Total 168 100.00%

Research Instrument

The study adopted the qualitative data gathering technique. A survey research method

was adopted and addressed the research questions with the use of questionnaire as the main

instrument.

On the first part of the questionnaire, the respondents were asked to choose how long

do they use their smart phones and for what purpose. They were asked to put a checkmark on

the corresponding answers. On the second part of the questionnaire, the researchers asked

the respondents to rank the statements regarding of their performance when using their smart

phones. On the third part of the questionnaire, it contains twenty indicators about the effects

of smart phones. The indicators are divided into two parts. The indicators from numbers one

to ten are the positive effects of using smart phones while the indicators from numbers eleven

to twenty are the negative effects of using smart phones.

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Table 2
5-Point Likert Scale on the Effects of Using Smart phones

Numeric Numerical Description Interpretation

Rating
5 4.01 – 5.00 Always The situation is performed all the
time.
4 3.01 – 4.00 Sometimes The situation is performed many
times.
3 2.01 – 3.00 Seldom The situation is performed
occasionally.
2 1.01 – 2.00 Rarely The situation is performed rarely.
1 0.01 – 1.00 Never The situation is never performed.

On the third part of the questionnaire, the respondents were asked to give any

recommendation on how to use smart phone properly on the classroom performance.

The Liker scale was used to interpret items in the questionnaire.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers distributed validated questionnaire to the chosen respondents. The

researchers personally met the respondents to gathered data. The respondents are given an

allotted time to answer the questionnaires. After answering, the researchers retrieved the

questionnaires. The data that were gathered are compiled and was strictly scrutinized for

accuracy, computation and analysis for the tabulation.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The data gathered by the researchers from the collected questionnaires were tallied

and tabulated based on the respondents’ answers to the questionnaires.

Slovene’s Formula

𝑵
𝒏=
𝟏 + 𝑵𝒆𝟐
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Where: n- Number of samples

N- Total population

e- Margin of error

Frequency Percentage

The data that the researcher had gathered from the collected questionnaires were

tallied and tabulated according to the results what the respondents had answered.

f
P  x100
n

Where:

P = Percentage

f = Frequency

n = Total number of respondents

Weighted Mean

To measure accurately the evaluation students’ stressors, the researchers used the

formula of Arithmetic Mean. It is also the useful way to understand the ratings.

∑𝒇𝒙
𝒙=
𝒏

Where:x- Arithmetic Mean

∑- Summation of f(x)

f - Weight or rating

x- Number of respondents answered

n- Total number of respondents

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CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of findings and also includes researchers’

conclusions and recommendation.

Summary of Findings

 Most of the respondents are female with the percentage of 75.6% while 24.4% of the

total respondents are male.

 According to gender, the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents

there are 41 (24.4%) male respondents and there are 127 (75.6%) are female

respondents.

 Most of the respondents use their smart phones for one to three hours and the least

hour of use of the smart phone is 13 hours and above.

 Communication is the main purpose of PUPSHS students on the use of their smart

phone.

 Chatting is the most common use of smart phone for communication. Respondents

commonly access the social media for entertainment. The common purpose of smart

phone in education/information is to assist the respondents in doing their homework.

 The highest mean in indicators 1-10, which are the positive effects on the use of smart

phone is in the statement number 3 with the mean of 4.39.

 The highest mean in indicators 11-20, which are the negative effects on the use of

smart phone is in the statement number 13 with the mean of 3.19.

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Conclusion

Based on the findings of the study, the conclusions are drawn.

Most of the respondents are female because female students are more populated the

male students and based on the master list of the enrolled students in the PUPQC majority of

the students on PUPQC SHS students are female. As the result of the survey according to the

time used 1-3 hours has the highest frequency with the mean percentage of 32.1% and the 13

hours and above has the least frequency with percentage of 7.7%.

There are 3 categories indicated according to the purpose of SHS students on the use

of their smart phone, which are the communication, entertainment and

education/information. The communication has the highest frequency with the percentage of

65.87%. In line with category of communication, chatting has the highest frequency of 141.

The respondents use their smart phone to save files in school projects and

assignments therefore they can easily submit it all. They use it too, to do their homework;

therefore they can easily finish them.

Smart phone do not distract students in their education because according to the

indicators the highest mean in indicators 1-10, which are the positive effects on the use of

smart phone is in the statement number 3 with the mean of 4.39 where the respondents use

their smart phone to save files in school projects and assignments therefore they can easily

submit it all.

The researchers used the compulsive behavior developed by Yu-Kang Lee and Chun

Tuan Chang, as the theoretical framework to support the hypothesis that using smart phone

may affect the academic performance of the students. It shows in this theory that “the
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habitual use of smart phone may cause out of focus which is one of the factors that smart

phone may affect the academic performance of the students”. Contrary to this study, the

senior high school students in PUPQC are not compulsive in using smart phone as what in

the Frequency of the Respondents according to the Use of their Smart phones indicated in

table number 2, according to the time used, 1-3 hours has the highest frequency computed.

The researchers concluded that most of senior high school students in PUPQC highly aware

on the proper using of their smart phone but there some who does not.

Furthermore, the study of Jennifer Lyn Flanagan shows the effect of using the

traditional method of solving and with the use of technology on students’ achievements. Her

study agreed to the researchers conclusion that technology can be an effective way to

increase student’s achievement and is also a way to intrigue and increase student interest in

the math classroom.

Technologies in schools can be effectively and can be diligently use to implement

with the help of teachers and parents of students. The research shows the part of a teacher on

how student can increase his/her achievement with the use of technology.
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Recommendations

Based on the findings of the researchers, recommendations were made particularly to

those who benefit on the effects of smart phones; the senior high school students, parents,

community and future researchers.

Senior High School students

– Students in PUPQC should maintain the use of their smart phone in a positive way.

As what in the result of the survey, it should be maintain and continue their purpose on the

use of their smart phone. This does not only apply to the SHS students and in PUPQC but all

students and in other schools and universities.

The researchers also recommend to all students to be wise when they are using smart

phone because if you always use smart phone, you have a tendency to have a compulsive

behavior.

Community

– Raise the awareness on the proper use of smart phones and how does it affect when

it is not used properly.

The researchers will conduct a seminar together with the Baranggay officials to raise

the awareness and information about the proper use of gadgets particularly, smart phones.

Parents

– In these modern days, most people are always depending on using their gadgets,

most especially smart phones. The researchers recommend this study to inform parents and to

have knowledge about the modern times, and how they can cope up with their children’s use

of it.
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Future researchers

– for future researchers who will be conducting the same study, researchers

recommended to research and explore more about knowing positive and negative effects

using smart phones in classroom performance of the senior high school students.