• LEARNING

The acquisition of knowledge or skills through experience, study, or by being taught.

• LEARNING PROCESS

The acquisition of knowledge or skills through experience, study, or by being taught.

Kolb's Experiential Four Learning Cycle.

1. Concrete experience (Feeling): A new experience of situation is encountered, or a

reinterpretation of existing experience.
2. Reflective observation (Watching): Any inconsistencies between past experiences and
understanding of new experience.
3. Abstract conceptualization (Thinking): Creating theories to explain observations. Gives rise to a
new idea, or a modification of an existing abstract concept.
4. Active experimentation (Doing): The learner applies them to the world around them to see what
results. Using new theories to solve problems, make decisions.

Example: Learning a software program

1. Active experimentation - Jumping in and doing it.

2. Reflective observation - Thinking about what you just performed.
3. Abstract conceptualization - Reading the manual to get a clearer grasp on what was performed.
4. Concrete experience - Using the help feature to get some expert tips.

Effective learning is seen when a person progresses through a cycle of four stages: of (1) having a
concrete experience followed by (2) observation of and reflection on that experience which leads to (3)
the formation of abstract concepts (analysis) and generalizations (conclusions) which are then (4) used
to test hypothesis in future situations, resulting in new experiences.

Kolb (1974) views learning as an integrated process with each stage being mutually supportive of and
feeding into the next. It is possible to enter the cycle at any stage and follow it through its logical
sequence.

However, effective learning only occurs when a learner is able to execute all four stages of the model.
Therefore, no one stage of the cycle is an effective as a learning procedure on its own.
• LEARNING ENVIRONMENT

Learning environment refers to the diverse physical locations, contexts, and cultures in which students
learn.

What is an effective learning environment?

A positive learning environment is the one where learners feel involved and responsible for their
learning while being comfortable enough to fully participate in group and individual activities.

What makes a classroom an effective learning environment?

Classroom setup is an important component in a learning environment because it is an essential piece of

classroom management to support both teaching and learning. The physical atmosphere of the
classroom can help prevent behavior issues as well as promote and improve learning.

Importance of Environment in the schools/classrooms

 Physical Environment
The term physical environment refers to the overall design and layout of a given classroom and
its learning centers. Teachers should design the environment by organizing its spaces,
furnishings, and materials to maximize the learning opportunities and the engagement of every
child.

 Emotional Environment
Creating a positive learning environment is essential for success in the classroom. Teachers
should create a welcoming atmosphere where student feel safe and willing to share. Classrooms
should represent the students equally and everyone should know each other's name. Teachers
who use humor in the classroom also create more positive environments.

 Respectful Environment
Classrooms should be a place where students feel respected and feel their contributions
matters. No student should be singled out or secluded in the classroom.
• PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

An approach is a perspective (view) that involves certain assumptions (beliefs) about human behavior:
the way they function, which aspects of them are worthy of study and what research methods are
appropriate for undertaking this study.

5 MAJOR PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Biological Perspective

Bio-psychologists look at how your nervous system, hormones and genetic makeup affect your behavior.
Biological psychologists explore the connection between your mental states and your brain, nerves and
hormones to explore how your thoughts, moods and actions are shaped.

Psychodynamic Perspective

The psychodynamic approach was promoted by Sigmund Freud, who believed that many of our
impulses are driven by sex. Psychologists in this school of thought believe that unconscious drives and
experiences from early childhood are at the root of your behaviors and that conflict arises when societal
restrictions are placed on these urges.

Behavioral Perspective

Behavioral psychologists believe that external environmental stimuli influence your behavior and that
you can be trained to act a certain way. Behaviorists like B.F. Skinner don't believe in free will. They
believe that you learn through a system of reinforcements and punishment.

Cognitive Perspective

In contrast to behaviorists, cognitive psychologists believe that your behavior is determined by your
expectations and emotions. Cognitive psychologist Jean Piaget would argue that you remember things
based on what you already know. You also solve problems based on your memory of past experiences.

Humanistic Perspective

Humanistic psychologists believe that you're essentially good and that you're motivated to realize your
full potential. Psychologists from this camp focus on how you can feel good about yourself by fulfilling
your needs and goals. The prominent humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers called his patients 'clients' and
offered a supportive environment in which clients could gain insight into their own feelings.