LEGALITICAL PAGE

PRACTICUM REPORT OF CHEMISTRY

GANESHA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

Title : FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION OF UREA SOLUTION

Group : 1. Ni Luh Ayu Devi Juliantini

2. Ni Putu Rani Satya Pertiwi

3. I Gusti Ngurah Bagus Chandra Mayana

Singaraja, 18th March 2010

Demonstator

Dr. Ida Bagus Nyoman Sudria, M.Sc.

NIP. 131844078

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I. TITLE

FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION OF UREA SOLUTION

II. OBJECTIVE

The student has knowledge how to determine freezing point depresion of urea solution
through practicing and set it skillfully.

III. THEORY

The ways in which chemists most frequently express concentrations involve the mole
as the concentration unit (rather than the gram), because reactions are between molecules as
the basic entities.
A solution that contains one mole of solute per liter of solution is known as a one
molar solution; it is abbreviated 1.00 M. In general, Preparation of Solutions 189 moles of
solute.
mole of solute
molarity of solution = M = liter of solution

It is simple to prepare solutions of known molarity from solids and nonvolatile liquids
that can be weighed on an nalytical balance, and then dissolved and diluted to a known
volume in a volumetric flask. When a reagent-grade sample is accurately weighed and diluted
with care, as in the following problem, the resulting solution is said to be A standard solution.
When discussing the colligative properties of a solution (Chapter 21), it is more
important to relate the moles of solute to a constant amount of solvent rather than to the
volume of the solution, as in the case of molarity. In practice this is accomplished by using a
kilogram of solvent instead of a liter of olution as the reference. A solution that contains one
mole of solute per kilogram of solvent is known as a one molal solution; it is abbreviated 1.00
m. In general,
mole of solute
molality of solution = m = kg of solution

Because the density of water is approximately 1 g/ml, the molarities and molalities of
water solutions will have about the same value. This will not be true for most other solvents.
It is simple to prepare solutions of known molality. The volume of the final solution doesn't
enter into it at all.
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 Another way of expressing concentrations that is used commonly with gases (see p
162) and colligative properties (see p 328) is mole fraction, which is defined (for a given
component) as being the moles of component in question divided by the total moles of all
components in solution. For a solution that has three components (A, B, and C), the mole
fraction of A is given by
mole of A
Mole fraction of A = XA = mole of A +mole of B +mole of C

If you think about it, it's also easy to make a solution of a given mole fraction.

One of the most common ways to prepare a solution is to dilute a concentrated

solution that has already been prepared. There is a fundamental principle that underlies all
dilutions: the number of moles of solute is the same after dilution as before. It is only the
moles of solvent that have been changed (increased). This principle makes dilution
calculations simple. If Ml and M2 are the molarities before and after dilution, and Vl and V2
are the initial and final volumes of solution, then :

moles of solute before dilution = moles of solute after dilution

M1 V1 = M2 V2
The colligative properties of solutions are those properties that depend upon the
number of dissolved molecules or ions, irrespective of their kind. They are the lowering of the
vapor pressure, the depression of the freezing point, the elevation of the boiling point, and the
osmotic pressure. These properties may be used in determining molecular weights of
dissolved substances.
When a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte is dissolved in a liquid, the vapor pressure is
lowered. Raoult's law gives the mathematical relation Psolution = Xsolvent Posolvent.
where P is the vapor pressure of the solution, P0 is the vapor pressure of the pure solvent, and
x is the mole fraction of solvent in the solution. The lowering of vapor pressure is not as
widely used as some other colligative properties for experimental determinations of molecular
weights, because it is difficult to make the measurements precisely.

FREEZING AND BOILING POINTS OF SOLUTIONS

The lowering of the vapor pressure by a solute also brings about other changes: the
freezing point is lowered, and the boiling point is raised. The amount of the change, ∆Tf or
∆Tb, is determined by the molality (m) of the solution. The relationships are :

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 ∆Tb = Kb m
∆Tf = Kf m

Each solvent has its own characteristic freezing-point constant Kt and boilingpoint
constant KB, the changes caused by 1 mole of solute in 1 kilogram of solvent. Selected
constants are given in Table Molal Boiling Point Elevation And Freezing Point Depression
Constant like below.

Solvent bp (0C) Kb (0C m-1) mp (0C) Kf (0C m-1)

Water 100 0,51 0 1,86
Acetic acid 118,3 3,07 16,6 3,57
Benzene 80,2 2,53 5,45 5,07
Chlorofoam 61,2 3,63 - -
Camphor - - 178,4 37,7
Cyclohexane 80,7 2,69 6,5 20,0

The use of boiling-point elevation to determine molecular weights is based upon the same
type of calculation, using K% instead of K±. We recall from Chapter 10 that the percentages
of the elements in a compound can be used to compute the simplest formula for the
compound. When the substance is soluble in some suitable liquid, we can combine the
empirical formula with a molecular-weight determination by freezing-point depression to get
the true formula.
When solvent and solution are separated by a semipermeable membrane that permits solvent
molecules to pass, an osmotic pressure is developed in the solution. This pressure, ir, is defined as the
mechanical pressure that must be applied to the solution to prevent solvent molecules from diffusing
into it. For water solutions the relationship between IT and the molal concentration m is given by the
equation
π = (0.0821T)m
where IT is in atmospheres, and T is the absolute temperature. Note that Equation 21-4 is just like
Equations 21-2 and 21-3, except that the constant multiplied by m is temperature-dependent. The only
common practical solvent for osmosis is water, so the only constant we shall consider is 0.0821. A one
molal solution at 0,0°C would have an osmotic pressure of
π = (0.0821)(273)( 1.00) = 22.4 atm
In comparison with the relatively small vapor pressure lowering caused by relatively
concentrated solutions, the osmostic effect is gigantic. For example, a 1.00 x 10~ 4 molal solution at
25.0°C would have an osmotic pressure of
π = (0.0821)(298)(1.00 x 10-4) = 2.45 x 10~3 atm = = 1.86 torr

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Because of this great sensitivity of osmosis to small changes in concentration, the measurement of
osmotic pressure is particularly suitable for the determination of molecular weights of biological
materials with extremely high molecular weights. Such solutions will always be of very low molality,
partly because of the high molecular weight of the solute and partly because of the generally low
solubility of these compounds.

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF ELECTROLYTES

If a mole of NaClis dissolved in 1 kg of water, the freezing point is not - 1.86°C, as it would
be for a mole of sugar on other nonelectrolyte. Rather, the freezing point is -3.50°C, a depression
almost twice as great as we should expect. The theory of ionization provides an explanation for this
discrepancy. When NaCl is dissolved, it breaks up into Na+ and Cl~ ions, so that there are twice as
many particles in solution as there would be if the dissociation did not occur. The water does not
"know" whether the particles are molecules or ions, insofar as the colligative properties are concerned.
For every mole of NaCl dissolved we have 2 moles in solution: a mole of Na + ions, and a mole of Cl~ ions.
Thus we get an abru&rmal freezing-point depression. Accordirig^to modern theory, many strong
electrolytes are completely dissociated in dilute solutions. The freezing-point lowering, however, does not
indicate complete^ dissociation. For NaCl, the depression is not quite twice the amount calculated on the
basis of the number of moles of NaCl added. In the solution, the ions attract one another to some extent;
therefore they do not behave as completely independent particles, as they would if they were
nonelectrolytes. From the colligative properties, therefore, we can compute only the "apparent degree of
dissociation" of a strong electrolyte in solution. To illustrate, let us consider the freezing-point depression
that occurs when we put 1 mole of NaCl into 1 kg of water. NaCl dissociates according to the equation like
below.
NaCl Na+ + Cl-
Let us assume that a is the fraction of NaCl molecules that appear to dissociate, and that 1 - a is the
fraction that act as if they were still combined as NaCl molecules. Remember that we are talking about our
apparent degree of dissociation, as measured by the colligative properties. Then we have, if we start with
n moles of NaCl,
n(\ - a) mole of undissociated molecules,
no. mole of Na+ ions, and
na mole of Cl~ ions.

Adding, we get total moles in solution = n(l - a + 2a) = n(\ + a). This we can use to compute the value of a
from the freezing-point lowering. As mentioned previously, we find that a solution of 1 mole of NaCl in 1
kg of H20 freezes at -3.50°C. Here n = 1, so we have m = 1 + a moles/kg of water. Applying Equation 21-
2, we obtain

∆Tf =Kfm
3.50 = (1 + a)(1.86)

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 1 + a = 1.88
a = 0.88
Thus, according to these measurements, the apparent degree of dissociation for one-molal NaCl is
0.88, or 88.0%. If we have an electrolyte such as CaCl2, we get a somewhat different expression. Suppose
we add 0.50 moles to 1 kg of water, and it behaves as if a is the fraction of the molecules that dissociate. In
solution we would have
0.50(1 - a) moles of CaCl2
0.50α moles of Ca2+
2 x 0.50α moles of Cl~

m = 0.50(1 + 2α) total moles/kg of water

From this, and the measured freezing-point depression (2.63°C), we can evaluate a as we did for
NaCl and find it to be 0.914. When you determine the value of a for a weak electrolyte, such as acetic acid
or ammonia, the result must be interpreted in a different manner. In such a situation a really does
correspond to the degree of dissociation, for most of the molecules actually are present in the undissociated
form. The problems are worked in exactly the same way as for strong electrolytes; it is only the
interpretation. That is different.

IV. LABORATORIUM SET AND MATERIAL

- 1 spatula

- 1 thermometer

- 1 test tube

- 1 beaker glass 100 mL

- 1 graduated cylinder glass 25 mL

- 1 statif stand and clem

- Urea

- NaCl

- Ice

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V. PROCEDURE

1. Setting the equipment as the figure

2. Mixturing a spoon of urea and 25 mL of water into the test tube

3. Setting the termometer in the test tube

4. Determining freezing point of the solvent

5. Filling the beaker glass with ice which was already mitured with NaCl

6. Swirling the urea solution carefully with thermometer

7. Observing the temperature per minute till solid forming of solution

VI. RESULT
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 Time (Minute) Temperature (0C) Clarification
1 24 Liquid
2 20 Liquid
3 17 Liquid
4 14 Liquid
5 13 Liquid
6 12 Liquid
7 10,5 Liquid
8 10 Liquid
9 9 Liquid
10 6 Liquid
11 5 Liquid
12 4 Liquid
13 4 Liquid
14 3 Liquid
15 1 Liquid
16 0,1 Liquid
17 -0,2 Liquid
18 -2,0 Liquid
19 -2,1 Liquid
20 -2,2 Solid and liquid
21 -2,2 Solid and liquid
22 -3,0 Solid and liquid
23 -3,1 Solid and liquid
24 -3,1 Solid and liquid

VII. DISCUSSION AND DATA PROCESSING

The water has 0 0C of freeezing point. After it adds with a spoon of spatula of urea
(CO(NH2)2), the freezing point become -2,2 0C. This case (solution) occur freezing point
depression. So the freezing point depresssion are 2,2 0C. The mass of a spoon of spatula can
be determined by

∆Tf = Kf m

1000 gr
2,2 = 1,86 60 ,06
25

2,2 x 25 x 60 ,06
gr = 1,86 x 1000

gr = 1,78 g

so a spoon of spatula contains 1,78 g CO(NH2)2.

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 When the solution is taken into the ice, the ice should be mixed with salt. This is
colligative properties too. The melting point of ice is depressed, the ice can be freeze in longer
time.

VIII. CONCLUSION

In proportion to each molar concentration, a solute cause afreezing depression and

bolling elevetion the proportionality constants are the freezing point depression constant and
the bolling point elevetion constant and they different from solvent ro solvent. Freezing point
and boillinmg point data of solution made from known masses of both solute and solvent can
be use to calculate the molecular mass of a solute.

IX. COMMENT

1. Before doing the experiment, the equipment should be rinsed first and don’t be
cruel when we are take ice into beaker glass

2. Do the experiment base on the procedures which was already provided, if

possible do it by new better ways

3. Use the equipments carefully and repeat the experiment to get accurate result

4. The carefully observation will provide the accurate or better identifying of

freezing point

5. Get more understanding before doing the practicing.

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 REFERENCES

Subagia, I Wayan. 2005. Materi Praktikum Kimia Dasar II. Singaraja: IKIP Negeri Singaraja.

Taufiq, Agus and Purawisastra, Suryana. 2007. Kimia: Kesetimbangan kimia. Jakarta: Widya
Utama.

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