● TIMELINE OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY

● 1380 - Muslim Arabs arrived at the Sulu Archipelago.

● 1521 - Ferdinand Magellan "discovers" the islands and names them: Archipelago of
San Lazaro.
● 1542 - Spanish expedition commandeered by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos claims the
islands for Spain; names them "Philippines" after Prince Philip, later King Philip II of
Spain; the Philippines becomes part of Spanish Empire.
● 1872 - Gomburza (Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora) were
executed by the Spaniards.
● 1892 - Jose Rizal founded the civic organization La Liga Filipina.
● 1896 - Katipuneros tear their cedulas & shout in contempt of the Spaniards in what is
called the Cry of Pugadlawin.
● 1897 - General Emilio Aguinaldo establishes the a new republic at Biak-na-Bato in
Bulacan.
● 1886 - José Rizal publishes anti-Spanish novel, Noli Me Tangere (The Lost Eden); and
seers up independence sentiment.
● 1896 - Spanish execute Rizal for instigating insurrection; public outrage spawns
rebellion.
● 1898 - American warship Maine was blown up in Havana harbour, triggers the the
Spanish-American war, the battle of Manila Bay ensues.
● 1898 - Emilio Aguinaldo assembled the Malolos Congress in Bulacan, then declares
independence in Kawit, Cavite
● 1899 - Treaty of Paris ends Spanish-American War, cedes Philippines to U.S. after
payment to Spain by U.S. of $ 20 million. Emilio Aguinaldo declares independence then
leads a guerrilla war against U.S.
● 1901 - U.S. captures Aguinaldo; William Howard Taft arrives as first U.S. governor of
Philippines.
● 1902 - Insurrection ends; Taft improves economic conditions, settles disputes over
church ownership of land, establishes "Pensionado" program, allowing Filipinos to study
in U.S., which helped modernize and westernize the country.
● 1916 - U.S. congress passes the Jones Law establishing elected Filipino legislature
with house and senate.
● 1934 - U.S. congress approves the Tydings-McDuffie Law promising Philippine
independence by 1946; transition to independence begins.
● 1935 - Filipino people approve constitution creating the Philippine Commonwealth with
Manuel Quezon y Molina as president.
● 1941 - Japanese invades the Philippines, and defeats Gen. Douglas MacArthur at
Bataan and Corregidor; Quezon establishes government in exile in the U.S.
● 1944 - Quezon dies in exile; Vice President Sergio Osmeña assumes the presidency;
MacArthur returns to the Philippines and lands in Leyte with little resistance.
● 1945 - Gen. MacArthur liberates Manila and President Osmeña establishes
government.
● 1946 - The U.S. gave the Philippines independence and Manuel Roxas y Acuña is
elected as the first president of the new republic.
● 1965 - Ferdinand E. Marcos is elected by a big majority as president.
● 1972 - Martial Law was declared by President Marcos. This period is marked with
human rights abuses and corruption.
● 1981 - Marcos lifts Martial Law.
● 1983 - Opposition leader Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino returns from exile and is
assassinated on arrival at Manila International Airport; Aquino's widow Corazon leads
the "People Power" protest movement.
● 1986 - Marcos was officially declared winner in a presidential election beating Corazon
Aquino amid charges of fraud; demonstrations erupt; Marcos flees to Hawaii; Aquino is
declared president and forms a new government.
● 1992 - Endorsed by Aquino, her Secretary of Defense Gen. Fidel Ramos wins
presidential election. U.S. Philippine congress rejects a new treaty with the U.S. and
Subic Bay naval base and Clark Air Field returns to Philippine government, ending
American military presence in the Philippines.
● 1996 - The government of Ramos agrees to greater autonomy for southern island of
Mindanao. Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) ends the guerrilla war with the
government.
● 1997 - Asian financial crisis grips Asia and the Philippines escapes the crisis despite
series of currency devaluations.
● 1998 - Former movie actor Joseph Estrada is elected president.
● 2000 - On charges of corruption, the lower house impeach Estrada.
● 2001 - Estrada was forced to step down due to public outrage over corruption
allegations. Vice President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo assumes the presidency.
● 2004 - Presidential election takes place. Arroyo's closest rival (a dear friend of Ex-
President Estrada) is film actor Fernando Poe, Jr. Arroyo narrowly defeats Poe, taking
39.5% of the vote to Poe's 36.6%.
● 2005 - A taped conversation between President Arroyo & an election official surfaced
during the 2004 elections implying she influenced the official election results. Calls for
her resignation and demonstrations followed soon after. In September 2005, Congress
voted down the filing of an impeachment against Arroyo.
● 2007 - Former President Joseph Estrada is convicted of plunder, the first ever in the
history of the Philippines.
● 2010 - First automated national elections in the Philippines.
● 2010 - Benigno "Noynoy" Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III wins the Presidential elections
and sworn in at Manila's Rizal Park on June 30, 2010.

● 2016 - Rodrigo "Rody" Roa Duterte, the former Mayor of Davao City assumes the
Presidency. He is the first president to come from Mindanao.

FIRST REPUBLIC (Revolutionary government/The Philippines was still under Spanish

rule)

(1899-1901) President: Emilio F. Aguinaldo

(1897?) Vice-President: Mariano C. Trias (elected VP during the Tejeros assembly)
COMMONWEALTH PERIOD (American Period)

(1935-1944) President Manuel L. Quezon (Died in exile in the U.S.)

(1936-1944) Vice-President: Sergio S. Osmeña, Sr.
(1944-1946) President: Sergio S. Osmeña, Sr. (Assumed the presidency upon the death
of Quezon while the Philippine Commonwealth government is in exile in the U.S.)

SECOND REPUBLIC (Japanese Occupation)

(1943-1945) President: Jose P. Laurel
(1943-1945) Vice-Presidents: Benigno Aquino, Sr. and Ramon Avancena

THIRD REPUBLIC
(1946-1948) President: Manuel L. Roxas (Died of a heart attack)
(1946-1948) Vice-President: Elpidio R. Quirino
(1948-1953) President: Elpidio R. Quirino (Assumed the remaining term & re-elected)
(1949-1953) Vice-President: Fernando H. Lopez

(1953-1957) President: Ramon F. Magsaysay

(Magsaysay died in an airplane crash on March 16, 1957 on Mt. Manunggal in Cebu)
(1953-1957) Vice-President: Carlos P. Garcia
(1957-1961) President: Carlos P. Garcia (Assumed the remaining term and re-elected)
(1957-1961) Vice-President: Diosdado P. Macapagal
(1961-1965) President: Diosdado P. Macapagal
(1961-1965) Vice-President: Emmanuel N. Pelaez
(1965-1972) President: Ferdinand E. Marcos (the first to win 2 presidential terms)
(1965-1972) Vice-President: Fernando H. Lopez
FOURTH REPUBLIC (Martial Law, "The New Republic" & Parliamentary Government)
(1972-1986) President: Ferdinand E. Marcos (unseated by the People Power
Revolution)
(Marcos died in exile in Hawaii on September 28, 1989 of Lupus complications)
(1981-1986) Prime Minister Cesar E. A. Virata
(1986) Vice-President: Arturo M. Tolentino (proclaimed but did not serve due to the
revolt)

FIFTH REPUBLIC (Under the new "People Power" Constitution)

(1986-1992) President: Corazon Cojuangco-Aquino

(1986-1992) Vice-President: Salvador H. Laurel
(1992-1998) President Fidel V. Ramos
(1992-1998) Vice-President: Joseph Ejercito Estrada
(1998-2001) President: Joseph Ejercito Estrada (Deposed by "People Power")
(1998-2001) Vice-President: Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
(2001-2010) President: Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (Assumed Estrada's remaining term &
re-elected)
(2001-2004) Vice-President: Teofisto T. Guingona (1st term of Arroyo)
(2004-2010) Vice-President: Manuel "Noli" Leuterio de Castro (2nd term of Arroyo)
(2010-2016) President: Benigno Simeon "Noynoy" Cojuangco Aquino III
(2010-2016) Vice-President: Jejomar "Jojo" Cabauatan Binay
(2016-Present) President: Rodrigo "Rody" Roa Duterte a.k.a. Digong
(2016-Present) Vice-President: Maria Leonor "Leni" Santo Tomas Gerona-Robredo

TOP OFFICES OF THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT

The Office of the President

The Supreme Court of the Philippines
The Senate of the Philippines
The House of Representatives

CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS

Civil Service Commission

Commission on Audit (COA)
Commission on Elections (COMELEC)

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS

Department of Agriculture (DA),

Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR),
Department of Budget and Management (DBM),
Department of Education (DepEd),
Department of Energy (DOE),
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR),
Department of Finance (DOF)
Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) ,
Department of Health (DOH) ,
Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG)
Department of Justice (DOJ) ,
Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) ,
Department of National Defense (DND) ,
Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)
Department of Science and Technology (DOST) ,
Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)
Department of Tourism (DOT) ,
Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) ,
Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC)

MILITARY
 Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) ,
Philippine Air Force (PAF) ,
Philippine Army (PA) ,
Philippine Navy (PN) ,

OTHER AGENCIES

Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP),

Career Executive Service Board (CESB) ,
Development Academy of the Philippines (DAP)
Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP) ,
Government Service Insurance System (GSIS),
Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP) ,
National Computer Center (NCC) ,
National Council on Disability Affairs (NCDA),
National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA)
National Food Authority (NFA) ,
National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA),
National Statistics Coordination Board (NSCB) ,
National Statistics Office (NSO) ,
National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) ,
Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA)
Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth),
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) ,
Social Security System (SSS) ,
National Labor Resource Commission (NLRC)
Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA)

1. Ano ang pamahalaang binubuo ng mga Hapones sa bansa na tinatawag ng Central

Administrative Organization na binubuo ng 6 na kagawaran?
Sagot: Pamahalaang Sentralisado

2. Anong batas ang nabuo na nagtadhana ng 3 sangay ng kapangyarihan sa pamahalaan sa

panahon ng mga Hapon?
Sagot: Saligang Batas ng 1943

3. Pinangakuan ng mga Hapones ang Pilipinas na bibigyan ng kalayaan kung ito ay makikiisa
sa isang patakaran. Ano ang patakarang ito?
Sagot: Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
4. Nang sumunod ang Pilipinas sa patakaran ng Hapon ay agarang binuwag ang partidong
political ng Pilipinas at itinatag ang isang kapinsanan na siyang nagmaniobra sa pangyayaring
political ng bansa. Ano ang kapinsanan na ito?
Sagot: KALIBAPI (Kapinsanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas)

5. Isang komisyon na itinatag noong Hunyo 20, 1943 na inatasang maghanda ng Saligang
Batas para sa Republikang tatangkilikin ng mga Pilipino sa pamumuno ng Hapon.
Sagot: Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence

6. Sino ang naging pangulo ng Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence?

Sagot: Jose P. Laurel
Pangalawang Pangulo: Ramon Avanceña at Benigno Aquino Sr.

7. Ano ang SALIGANG BATAS na pinairal sa panahon ng pananakop ng mga Hapones sa

bansa?
Sagot: Saligang Batas ng 1943

8. Sino ang unang pangulo sa Ikalawang Republika ng Pilipinas?

Sagot: Jose P. Laurel
Pangalawang Pangulo: Benigno Aquino Sr.

9. Dahil sa naging sunud-sunuran lamang si Pangulong Jose Laurel sa mga Hapon, ano ang
tawag ng kanyang pamahalaan?
Sagot: Republikang Puppet

10. Ano ang tawag sa mga pinunong Pilipino na sumusuporta sa mga gawaing pampulitika ng
mga Hapones?
Sagot: Kolaboreytor

11. Ano ang tinawag sa mga Pilipinong nagkanulo sa kanilang kapwa Pilipinong tiyak na
makukulong o mapapatay sa oras na sila ay maiturong lumalaban sa mga Hapones?
Sagot: Makapili

12. Sino ang pangulong hinirang sa Komisyong Tagapagpaganap nang tulyuan ng masakop ng
mga Hapones ang Maynila?
Sagot: Jorge B. Vargas

13. Ano ang tinawag ng mga Pilipino sa salaping Papel ng mga Hapones ns itinuring walang
kwenta dahil ito ay nagpasindi lamang ng kahirapan ng mga Pilipino?
Sagot: Mickey Mouse Money

14. Ano ang kulisang gerulya na itinuturing na pinakamatagumpay na nakipaglaban sa mga

Hapones. Sila ay mga magsasakang nagsasamang mag-alsa upang protektahan ang kanilang
mga sakahan.
Sagot: HUKBALAHAP (Hukbong Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon)

15. Sino ang namuno sa HUKBALAHAP?

Sagot: Luis Taruc

16. Ano ang tawag sa mga miyembro ng USAFFE at sibilyang namundok upang makibaka para
sa kalayaan laban sa mga Hapon?
Sagot: Gerilya

17. Ang ahensiyang ipinatayo ni Jose P. Laurel upang maging maays ang distribusyon at
pagbebenta ng pagkaig butil gaya ng bigas?
Sagot: BIBA (Bigasang Bayan)

18. Ito ay binuo sa pangunguna ni Douglas MacArthur kung saan pinagsamang lakas ng mga
hukbong Pilippino at Amerikanong magiting na lumaban sa pwersa ng Hapon?
Sagot: USAFFE

19. Ano ang idineklara ni Heneral Douglas MacArthur upang mailigtas ang Maynila sa trahedya
ng digmaan kung saan walang sundalo na magtatangol sa lungsod?
Sagot: Open City

20. Sino ang humalili kay General MacArthur nang siya ay tumungo sa Australia upang
pamunuan ang pwersang Amerikano sa Timog Kanlurang Pasipiko noong panahon ng digmaan
laban sa Hapon?
Sagot: Hen. Jonathan Wainright

21. Kailan sinalakay ang Pearl Harbor?

Sagot: Disyembre 3, 1941

22. Ano ang tawag sa ikalawang republika ng Pilipinas kung saan ang pangulo ay napasailalim
ng kapangyarihan ng mga Hapones?
Sagot: Puppet Republic

23. Ano ang tawag sa pulis military ng mga Hapones na nagpapahirap sa mga gerilya?
Sagot: Kempei-tai

24. Natapos ang labanan ng mga Pilipino at Hapones ng bumagsak ang Corregidor at Bataan.
Kailan ito nangyari?
Sagot: Mayo 6, 1942

25. Anong kilusan ang binubuo ng mga sundalong Pilipino na namundok para ipaglaban ang
bansa laban sa mga Hapones?
Sagot: Kilusang Gerilya
26. Anong panahon ang tawag ng Pilipino sa panahon ng pananakop ng mga Hapones dahil sa
kawalan ng seguridad at katiyakan ng buhay ng mga mamamayan?
Sagot: Panahon ng Kadiliman

27. Ano ang tawag ng mga Hapon sa mga Pilipinong babae na kanilang ginagamit at inaabuso?
Sagot? Comfort Women

28. Anong Batas ang nagbigay daan sa pagtatag ng Unibersidad ng Pilipinas?

Sagot: RA Act No. 1870

29. Kailan sinalakay mga Hapon ang Pilipinas kung saan may layuning kontrolin ang ekonomiya
ng Pilipinas?
Sagot: Disyembre 7, 1941

30. Isa sa pangyayari noong panahon ng Hapon ay ang pagpapamartsa ng mga sundalong
Pilipino at Amerikano mula Bataan hanggang Pampangga kung saan pinalakad sila ng mga
Hapon ng walang pagkain at maiinum na tubig at marami ang namatay sa daan. Ano ang tawag
sa pangyayaring ito?
Sagot: Death March

31. Ilang taon ang pananakop ng mga Hapones sa bansa?

Sagot: 3 taon
Cecilio Segismundo – mensaherong nahuling mga amierkano kaya natagpuan si Aguinaldo
Heneral Funston ng Estados Unidos – naakahuli kay Aguinaldo
March 23, 1901 nahuli si Aguinaldo
April 19,1901 paglagda ni Aguinaldo o pagtanggap ng bayan ang pamahalaan ng EU
MAY 27,1901 – Pagsuko ni Heneral Manuel Tinio ng Nueva Ecija
June 5, 1901 – pagusko ni Heneral Tomas Mascardo
June 24, 1901 – pagsuko ni heneral Cailes
Feb. 27, 1902 – pagsuko ni Vicente Lucban(smar)
April. 17, 1902 – Miguel malvar (Batangas)
William McKinley – Pangulo ng EU na nagpairal ng Pamahalaang Militar sa Pilipinas
August 14, 1898 – Heneral Wesley Meritt nanungkulan bilang unang gobernador military ng
Pilipinas
March 2, 1901 – pagtatag ng Pamahalaang Sibil ng Amerika sa bias ng SUSOG SPOONER
June. 4, 1901 – naging gobernador heneral si William Howard Taft
June 1, 1902 – inilipat sa kongreso ng Pilipinas ang pamamahala sa ating bansa. – Batas
cooper pamahalaang sibil
Batas Cooper – Talaan ng mga Karapatan

What is the power of the State to take property for public use with just compensation
Eminent Domain

The right to a minimum wage is an example of a ____________ right.

Statutory

The Supreme Court is to the present as _________ is to the Spanish period.

Royal Audiencia

“All persons subject to legislation should be treated alike under like circumstance and conditions
both in the privileges conferred and liabilities imposed.” How is this termed?
Equal protection of the laws

What is the voting age of the Filipino?

18 and above

Based on the classifications of government which applies to the present Philippine government?
De jure government

Which of the following is unconstitutional?

A law prohibiting professional from seeking employment abroad.

Which body ratifies or rejects appointment made by the president?

Commission on Appointments

A votoed bill repassed in congress becomes a law with a

Two-thirds vote of all the members of both houses.

Which is the primary reason behind the constitutional policy on the prohibition of political
dynasties?
To give the electorate many alternative candidates to choose from

The Philippines benefits from international recognition of the archipelagic doctrine by the way of:
Elimination of pockets of international waters between some of our islands.

It is the privilege of the President to address and appear before Congress at the opening of its
regular session. What do you call this address?
State of the Nation Address

Which is the exclusive check on hasty and ill-considered legislation?

Veto power

Under which type of right does the right to life fall?

Natural right

Which order of governments correctly applies during the American regime?

Military, Civil, Commonwealth
In connection with government transaction involving public interest, which policy is adopted in
the Constitution to assure the public of accountability and transparency?
Full public disclosure

In which order did the previous Philippine Republics come?

The Philippine Republic under the Malolos Constitution
The Philippine Republic under the Japanese-sponsored Constitution
The Philippine Republic under the 1935 Constitution
I, III ,II

With the basic principle on the rule of the majority, which one follows?
The wishes of the majority prevail over those of the minority.

Which order of governments existed during the Japanese occupation?

Military Administration
The Philippine Executive Commission
The Japanese-sponsored Republic of the Philippines
I, II ,III

Under which type of right is the right to information on public matters classified?
Civil right

The only prominent mountain in the central plain of Luzon is

Mt. Arayat.

Which major region is called “The Land of Promise” because of its rich agricultural lands?
Mindanao

Which, according to some Filipino authors, may partly explain the tendency of the Filipino to be
indolent?
The tropical climate

Which correctly describes the topography of the Philippines?

Rugged physical features

Because of its natural resources the Philippines is basically a (an) ________ country.
Agricultural

*Which province in the western coast of Luzon is virtually surrounded by sea waters and has a
center for big business and development processing zone?
Zambales

*When compared with the other countries in size, the Philippines is bigger than
South Korea
The place where the maximum intensity of an earthquake is felt is called a (an)
Epicenter

Which word or phrase does NOT apply to the Philippines?

Landlocked

The largest river system is found in

Luzon

You want to see underground caves and river. Where should you go in the Philippines?
Palawan

Which region is said to offer limited economic opportunities because it is a narrow strip of land
surrounded by mountain rangers and sea so its inhabitants are known to be adventurous,
hardworking and frugal?
Ilocos Region

Which province is now linked to the island of Samar because of the construction of San Juanico
Bridge?
Leyte

Where in the Philippines are huge marble deposits found?

Romblon

Of the Philippine agricultural products which has been a leading export?

Copra

Which river drains Nueva Ecija, Pampanga and Bulacan?

Agno Grande and its tributaries

The island province used to be a sub-province of Iloilo and is known for its sweet mangoes.
Which province is referred to?
Guimaras

Which group is described to be one that comes from a region with limited economic
opportunities and so migrates to some greener valleys like Mindanao and Hawaii?
Ilocano

In what region are the cities of Dagupan, Laoag, San Carlos and San Fernando found?
Region I

Which is landlocked, mountainous and hilly province in the north frequently exposed to
extensive landslide, which endanger human lives and agricultural crops?
Benguet

The following are notable features of the 1986 Philippines Constitution EXCEPT
Maintenance of the parliamentary form of government.

Who was the Fiipino native who wanted to be a priest but was rejected because he was a native
and so formed a religious brotherhood?
Apolinario de la Cruz

How many constitutional governments did the government have since the Malolos Republic?
4

To eliminate graft and corruption you would like to practice of subjecting outgoing government
officials to investigating during the Spanish period revived. Which would you revive?
Visitador

In whose presidency was the famous MIRACLE RICE produced?

Ferdinand Marcos

The small scattered settlement of early Filipinos under the patriarchal rule of the datu was
called?
Barangay

Which is NOT feature of the 1986 Philippine Constitution?

Unicameral legislature

Which factor among others could have contributed to the easy Spanish conquest of the
Philippines?
Legaspi’s conciliatory policy in dealing with the Filipinos

As a Filipino people what lesson can one learn from the unsuccessful Filipino revolts against
Spain?
Our unity as a people will make us strong to fight aggression.

Which order of presidents correctly applies to Philippine history?

Carlos Garcia
Ramon Magsaysay
Diosdado Macapagal
Ferdiannd Marcos
II-I-III-IV

That part of the island of Borneo, now under Malaysia, over which the Philippines has a claim as
its territory for and on behalf of the heirs of the Sultan of Sulo, is
Sabah
Which could explain why despite the three hundred thirty-three-year Spanish rule in the country,
majority of the Filipinos could not speak Spanish?
The Spaniards did not propagate the Spanish language and the friars learned the native
languages and proselytized in the latter.

Philippine literature during the Spanish period served the interest of

Church

The municipal mayor is for today while the _____________ was for the Spanish period.
Gobernadorcillo

explain the indolence of the Filipinos alleged by the Spaniards?

The Filipinos awareness that their labor and industry would only benefit the Spaniards

Who was the prime mover of the campaign of the annexation of the Philippines to the United
States?
Pardo de Tavera

What is one proof of the luck of unity among the Filipinos during the Spanish period?
In several instances Filipino natives volunteered to help the Spaniard suppress the Filipino
revolts against Spain.

Which function did the chief of the pre-Spanish “barangay” exercise?

Executive, legislative, judicial functions including military powers

Which was one aim of the Ligal Filipina?

To unite the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous, and homogenous body

Which was one feature of the economic policies of Spain in the Philippines during the colonial
period?
Monopolistic

Which one merely furthers a person’s individual pleasure and seeks the gratification of self?
Hedonist

Did the Spanish missionaries play a vital role in the conquest of the Filipinos?
Yes, by their benevolence the Spanish missionaries held the conquered territories for Spain.

Who were vinta-sailing Filipinos who succeeded in their resistance and revolts, and were never
really conquered by the Spaniards?
The Muslims of Southern Philippines

After 1898 the natives of the Philippines were called Filipinos. Before 1898 what were they
called?
Indios

👉Politics- in general, it means organizing human activities.

Politics is all around.
Politics happens because of the need to make
decisions in the complex world we live in.
According to Aristotle, “Man by nature is a political
animal”. If it is true, then politics is not only
common in our lives – it is unavoidable.

👉Elements of Politics:
Power
Rule
Authority
Influence
👉Demo – people / Kratos – power

👉Governance- it refers to the way in which something is

governed to meet objectives such as protecting its people,
and acting in the country’s best interest.

👉State is a group of people living in a definite territory,

having a government of their own and enjoying their own
independence.

👉Elements of State
1.People – a mass of population or community of people living within the territorial jurisdiction of
state.
2. Territory- The space within which the government exercise its supreme authority.
3. Government- agency through which the will of the state are formulated, expressed carried
out.
4. Sovereignty– the supreme power of the state to enforce its will upon its citizen through laws.
It also means independence from the control of other states.

👉It has two aspects:

a. internal sovereignty- w/c means complete authority to rule over the people inside the state
b. external sovereignty (often referred as independence) – which means independence from
outside or foreign control.

👉Nation - any large group of people who are united by common bonds of race, language,
custom, tradition, or religion.
State vs Nation
👉State is a political concept while nation is an ethnic concept.👉

👉Modes of Acquiring a Territory

1. Discovery and Occupation
- a state may acquire a territory by discovering a continent, an island or land with no inhabitants
or occupied by uncivilized inhabitants and thereafter, occupying it, by placing it under its political
administration.

2. Prescription- it is a mode of acquiring territory through continuous and undisputed exercise of

sovereignty over it during such period as it is necessary to create under the general conviction
that the present condition of things is in conformity with international order.

3. Cession – it is the assignment, transfer or yielding up of territory by one state or government

to
another. It may be in a form of sale or donation.

4. Subjugation and annexation- it is a mode of acquiring territory belonging to a state in the

course of war and by annexation at the end of the war.

5. Accretion- mode of acquiring territory by addition of portions of soil, either artificial or by

gradual disposition through the operation of natural causes.

👉CLASSIFICATION OF GOVERNMENT ACCORDING TO ARISTOTLE👉

1. Monarchy (ruled by one person)
- where one person exercises sovereignty. It is the form of government in which the supreme
and final authority is in the hands of a single person.

2. Aristocracy- ( ruled by a few persons)

- where political power is exercised by a privilege class known as the elite or oligarchs.

3. Democracy ( ruled by many)

- is one in which supreme power is vested to the people . It is classified into two:
a. direct democracy ( pure democracy)
- is where people directly govern themselves
b. indirect democracy (representative democracy)
– is where people elect representatives to act in their behalf.

👉Political Science- is a branch of social science that studies politics and state.

👉Subfields of Political Science

1. National Politics
- deals with the study of the structure of the government, its branches, the political system of the
state, public opinon and elections.
2. Comparative Politics – studies the politics and government of other countries
3. International Relations – political cooperation among states, diplomatic relationships,
international organizations and laws.
4. Political Theory – defines what is good and what is bad government.
Example: Machiavelli
5. Constitutional Law – studies the balance between the powers of the government and the
rights of the people.
6. Public Policy – focuses on the programs of the state to benefit the economy and the state as
a whole.

👉Political Science is a social science.

👉Social science is the study of society and the manner in which people behave and influence
the world around us.
👉The following are the Major branches of Social Science:
👉Psychology
studies emotional and cognitive impacts of environments and relationships, and the reactions of
human systems to emotional and cognitive changes.
👉Sociology
– how we become members of groups, move between groups, and how being in different
groups affects individuals and the groups in which they participate.
👉Political Science
– how we identify ourselves as citizens of a particular nation, how we participate in our political
structure, how it affects us, what motivates us to affiliate ourselves with certain points of view or
parties.
👉Anthropology
deals with of what it means to be human, through the understanding of modern cultures across
the globe, the cultures of the past, languages, the human body, and our evolutionary history.
👉History
– the interpretation of the past, how it affects our views of the present, understanding trends or
the lack thereof in the past.
👉Economics
– refers to the scientific study of human action, particularly as it relates to human choice and the
utilization of scarce resources.
👉Political Phenomenon
- any occurrence, events, or facts relating to politics.
👉Ideology
- refers to a system of beliefs about how society should function, behave, and operate
👉Political Ideology
is a set of related beliefs about political theory and policy held by an individual, group of
individuals or a particular social class.

👉Major Political Ideologies

1. Anarchism
- The belief that the best government is absolutely no government. This ideology argues that
everything about governments is repressive and therefore must be abolished entirely.
2. Absolutism
- The belief that a single ruler should have control over every aspect of the government and of
the people’s lives.
3. Liberalism
- A set of political beliefs emphasizing individual rights and liberties
4. Conservatism
- A set of political beliefs based on preservation of customs and traditions that define the
character of a society
5. Socialism
- A set of political beliefs emphasizing community and social equality

👉Political Power is:

The ability to shape and control the political behavior of others and to lead and guide their
behavior in the direction desired by the person, group, or institution exercising the political
power.
The capacity to influence, condition, mold, and control human behavior for the accomplishment
of political objectives.

👉Major Forms of Political Power

1. Political Authority
- is governmental power. It is the legally established power of the government to make rules and
issue commands and to compel obedience to them,
making use of physical force and coercion when deemed necessary. Political authority in short,
is the legal right--the legally established power--to govern society.
2. Political Influence
- is the ability of private individuals and groups to impact on the government's making and
implementation of official policy decisions. It is a form of
political power exercised by those who do not possess the formal-legal authority, but have and
utilize the ability to condition, modify, and control the official decision-making
behavior of those in government office who do possess the authority to make and implement the
decisions.

👉CONSTITUTION
heart of the nation
foundation of the government
blueprint of the government
fundamental law of the land
highest law of the land
basic law of the land

👉Constitution
is a written instrument enacted by direct action of the people by which the fundamental powers
of the government are established, limited and defined, and by which those powers are
distributed among the several departments for their safe and useful exercise for the benefit of
the body politic.

👉The Republic of the Philippines is using the 1987 Philippine

Constitution also known as the Freedom Constitution.👉

👉Preamble – introduction to the constitution

“We, the sovereign Filipino, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and
humane society and establish a government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations,
promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and
our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy, under the rule of law, and a regime
of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and
promulgate this Constitution.”

👉Articles of the 1987 Philippine Constitution

👉Article I National Territory
👉Article II Declaration of Principles and State Policies
👉Article III Bill of Rights
👉Article IV Citizenship
👉Article V Suffrage
👉Article VI Legislative Department
👉Article VII Executive Department
👉Article VIII Judicial Department
👉Article IX Constitutional Commissions
👉Article X Local Government
👉Article XI Accountability of Public Officers
👉Article XII National Economy and Patrimony
👉Article XIII Social Justice and Human Rights
👉Article XIV Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture and Sports
👉Article XV The Family
👉Article XVI General Provisions
👉Article XVII Amendments or Revisions
👉Article XVIII Transitory Provisions

👉Article I: National Territory

Section 1. The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and
waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines
has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial, and aerial domains, including
its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other
submarine areas. The waters around, between and connecting the islands of the archipelago,
regardless of their breath and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines.
👉Article II: Declarations of Principles and State Policies
Basic Principles of the 1987 Philippine Constitution
1. The Philippines is a democratic and republican state. Sovereignty and government authority
belong to the people. ART II SEC 1
2. The Philippines renounces war as an element of national policy ART II SEC 2
3. Civilian authority is all times supreme over the military. ART II SEC 3
4. The prime duty of the government is to serve and protect the people. ART II SEC 4
5. The separation of church and state shall be at all times be upheld. ART II SEC 6
6. The government shall provide social justice. ART II SEC 10

👉Article III: Bill of Rights

Basic rights that are recognized and protected by the Constitution:
1. Right to due process of law (Art III Sec 1)
2. Right against unreasonable search and seizure (Art III Sec 2)
3. Right to privacy of communication and correspondence (Art III Sec 3)
4. Right to travel and Liberty of abode (Art III Sec 6)
5. Right to Assembly and Petition/ Right to form association (Art III Sec 8)

👉Article IV: Citizenship

It encapsulates the provisions that will answer the question: Who are the citizens of the
Philippines?

👉Article V: Suffrage
Right to vote/Election

👉Article VI: Legislative Department

Philippine Congress is bicameral legislature which consists of :
Upper house: Senate
Lower house: House of Representatives

👉Article VII: Executive Department

President of the Philippines (qualifications, manner of
voting, term of office, powers and limitations)

👉Article VIII: Judicial Department

1. The Supreme Court
2. Intermediate Appellate Court (Court of Appeals)
3. Regional Trial Court (RTC)
4. Municipal Trial Court (MTC), Municipal Circuit Trial Court
In addition to these regular courts, there are two special courts, namely:
1. Court of Tax Appeals
2. Sandiganbayan
The Constitution also provides for two special legal bodies, namely:
1. Judicial and Bar Council
2. Ombudsman (Tanodbayan)

👉Article IX: Constitutional Commissions

1. Commission on Elections
2. Commission on Audit
3. Civil Service Commission

👉Article X: Local Government

Political Subdivisions of the Republic of the Philippines:
1. Provinces
2. Cities
3. Municipalities
4. Barangays
*** Autonomous Regions: ARMM and CAR

👉Article XI: Accountability of Public Officers

Impeachment
Sandiganbayan – anti-graft court
Ombudsman/Tanodbayan – investigates on its own
any act or omission of any public official, employee,
office or agency.

👉Article XII: National Economy and Patrimony

Distribution of income, wealth and opportunities
Economy of the nation
Sustainable development
Industrialization and full employment
Agricultural Development
Agrarian Reform
Natural Resources

👉Article XIII: Social Justice and Human Rights

Human dignity
Reduce social, economic, and political inequalities
Remove cultural inequities
Social Justice – commitment to create economic
opportunities based on freedom of initiative and
self-reliance

👉Article XIV: Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture and Sports
Quality education
System of education
The study of constitution shall be part of the curricula of all educational institutions
Language: Filipino is the official language
Research and Development
Invention
Innovation
Preservation of arts and culture
Physical education
Sports Program
League competitions
Amateur sports
Regular sports activities in all educational institutions.

👉Article XV: The Family

Family is the foundation of the nation
Marriage
Family Rights and Duties

👉Article XVI: General Provision

Flag
Name of the country
National anthem
National seal
Armed Forces of the Philippines
The State may not be sued without its consent
Ownership of mass media is limited to citizens of
the Philippines

👉Article XVII: Amendments or Revisions

-Changing the constitution.

👉Article XVIII: Transitory Provisions:

- Provision about the first election of Philippine congress/ first local election
-Provisions about the revolutionary powers, legislative power of President (Cory Aquino)

Who is JOSE RIZAL?

1. the gifted physician-novelist of the propaganda?
ans: JOSE RIZAL
2. the number of languages which rizal could speak?
ans: MORE OR LESS 22
3. first written novel of rizal
ans: NOLI ME TANGERE (Touch me Not)
4. place where the novel Noli Me Tangere was published
ans: BERLIN (1887)
5. city where the novel the El Filibusterismo was published
ans: GHENT (1891)
6. the spanish priest who denounced Dr. Rizal's novels as enemies of the catholic region?
ans: FR. JOSE RODRIGUEZ
7. a supporter of the propaganda movement and rizal's best friend
ans: DR. FERDINAND BLUMENTRITT
8. the first poem written by rizal
ans: SA AKING MGA KABATA
9. the best poem ever written by Dr. Jose Rizal
ans: MI ULTIMO ADIOS (ang huling paalam)
10. the most cultured of the reformist
ans: DR. JOSE RIZAL
11. know as "Dimasalang" and " Laon Laan"
ans: Dr. Jose Rizal
12. the book written by Rizal in defence of alleged laziness of the Filipinos
ans: LA INDOLENCIA DE LOS FILIPINOS (the indolence of filipinos)
13. Pen name used by Rizal in his writings in La Solidaridad
ans: LAON LAAN/ LAONG LAAN
14. spanish governor who SIGNED the death sentence of Dr. Rizal
ans: GEN. CAMILIO G. DE POLAVIEJA
15. a translation of Rizal's farewell poem written by Andres Bonifacio in tagalog
ans: PAHIMAKAS
16. date of founding of the fortnightly newpaper "La Solidaridad"
ans: FEB 15, 1889
17. date of last issue of La Solidaridad
ans: NOV. 15, 1895
18. the first spanish friar to attack " Noli" and " Fili"
ans: FRAY JOSE RODRIGUEZ
19. Place where Dr. Rizal conceived the idea of establishing Liga Filipina, a civic association
composed of filipinos
ans: HONGKONG
20. helped Rd. Rizal in preparing the constitution of La liga Filipina
ans: JOSE MARIA BASA
21. date when rizal was exiled to Dapitan
ans: JULY 14, 1892
22. Dr. Rizal dedicated his famous poem " A LA JUVENTUD FILIPINA" (to the filipino youth)
ans: THE LIBERAL MINDED STUDENTS AT THE UST
23. to whom dr. Rizal send his letter with this line: "I AM INNOCENT OF THE CRIME OF
REBELLION. I AM GOING TO DIE WITH A TRANQUIL CONSCIENCE"
ans: FERDINAND BLUMENTRITT
24. The priest who baptized Rizal
ans. FR. RUFINO COLLANETS
25. Philippine president who made December 30 as Day of National Mourning in Rizal honor
ans: EMILIO AGUINALDO
26. The Rizal family had this many siblings
ans: 11
27. In 1868, Don Kiko brought Rizal to this pilgrimage
ans: PENAFRANCIA
28. ) Left an impression to Rizal about the sacrifice on one's life
ans: GOMBURZA
29. Rizal started his formal schooling in
ans: BINAN
30. Our national hero was born on ____
ans: JUNE 19, 1861
31. The complete name of our national hero.
ans: JOSE PROTACIO RIZAL MERCADO Y ALONSO REALONDA
32. The law which provides that "courses on the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal,
particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, shall be included in the curricula
of all schools, colleges and universities, public or private."
ans: RA 1425 / RIZAL LAW
33. Jose Rizal was fondly called ____by his family and friends.
ans: PEPE
34. What does filibustero mean?
ans: ONE WHO IS AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT
35. In what school did Jose Rizal finish his medical course?
ans: UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DE MADRID
36. Jose Rizal's true love who personified Maria Clara in his novel Noli Me Tangere.
ans: LEONOR RIVERA
37. Jose Rizal died at the age of ____
ans: 35
38. The mother of Jose Rizal was imprisoned for how many years due to allegedly poisoning
her cousin-in-law?
ans: 2 YEARS AND 6 MONTHS
39. The godfather of Jose Rizal.
ans: REV. PEDRO CASANAS
40. The ninth child of Francisco and Teodora who was an epileptic and died a spinster.
ans: JOSEFA
41. Jose Rizal's first teacher.
ans: TEODORA ALONZO REALONDA
42. The title "El Filibusterismo" means
ans: SUBVERSIVE
43. The main character of Noli Me Tangere is
ans: CRISOSTOMO IBARRA
44. The main character of El Filibusterismo is
ans: ISAGANI
45. The novel, Noli Me Tangere is about
ans: RELIGION, LOVE, SOCIETY
46. The novel, El Filibusterismo is about
ans: POLITICS & REVOLUTION
47. The novel, Noli Me Tangere is dedicated to
ans: MARIA CLARA
48. Noli Me Tangere was inspired by
ans: UNCLE TOM'S CABIN
49. Simoun is a wealthy jeweller who came back to the Philippines after how many years?
ans: 13
50. Crisostomo Ibarra was a student abroad who had his homecoming after how many years?
ans: 7
51. Pilosopo Tasyo is a character in Noli Me Tangere personified by whom in reality?
ans: PACIANO
52. The heaven-sent financer of Noli Me Tangere.
ans: MAXIMO VIOLA
53. The novel, El Filibusterismo came off the press with the financial assistance of
ans: VALENTIN VENTURA
54. The girlfriend of Isagani who dumped him for another man, believing that she has no future
if she marries him.
ans: PAULITA GOMEZ
55. The famous Rizal monument in Luneta was not the work of a Filipino but a Swiss sculptor.
What was the sculptor's name?
ans: RICHARD KISSLING
56. Rizal discovered 3 species
ans: DRACO RIZALI (Wandolleck), a specie of flying dragon,
RACHPHOROUS RIZALI(Boetger), a hitherto unknown specie of toad
APOGONIA RIZALI (Heller), a small beetle, which were later named after him.
57. At what age could Jose Rizal read and write?
ans: 2
58. The surname Mercado when translated to english means?
ans: MERCHANT
59. Rizal's dog name is
ans: UZMAN
60. name of Dr. Jose Rizal's son
ans: FRANCISCO (he name his son after his father Francisco Mercado)

List of Philippine Presidents and their Contributions

1.General Emilio Aguinaldo (January 23, 1899 – April 1, 1901)

The president of the first Philippine republic (1899). He started as a member of the Magdalo
Chapter of the Katipunan in Cavite, then was elected president of the revolutionary government
at the Tejeros Convention on March 22,1897, and, later, Biak-na-Bato Republic. He proclaimed
Philippine independence at Kawit on June 12, 1898. His capture foreshadowed the end of large-
scale armed resistance to American rule.

• first (and only) president of the First Republic (Malolo Republic)

• signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, creating a truce between the Spanish and Philippine
revolutionaries
• known as the President of the Revolutionary Government
• led the Philippines in the Spanish-Philippine War and the American-Philippine War
• youngest president, taking office at age 28
• longest-lived president, passing away at 94

2. Manuel L. Quezon (November 15, 1935 – August 1, 1944)

The first Filipino president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines under American rule. He was
president of the Philippines from 1935 to 1944. For advocating Filipino-language amendments
to the 1935 Constitution, he is known as the “Father of the National Language.”

• first Senate president elected as President of the Philippines

• first president elected through a national election
• first president under the Commonwealth
• created National Council of Education
• initiated women’s suffrage in the Philippines during the Commonwealth
• approved Tagalog/Filipino as the national language of the Philippines
• appears on the twenty-peso bill
• a province, a city, a bridge and a university in Manila are named after him
• his body lies within the special monument on Quezon Memorial Circle

3.Jose P. Laurel (October 14, 1943 – August 17, 1945)

The 3rd among Philippine presidents to assume office during the era of the Japanese
occupation of World War II, Jose P. Laurel is the only Filipino president in his time to have been
shot outside of combat.

• since the early 1960s, Laurel considered a legitimate president of the Philippines
• organized KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas, or Association for
Service to the New Philippines), a provisional government during Japanese occupation
• declared Martial Law and war between the Philippines and the U.S./United Kingdom in 1944

4.Sergio Osmeña (August 1, 1944 – May 28, 1946)

Sergio Osmeña was the second president of the Commonwealth. During his presidency, the
Philippines joined the International Monetary Fund.

• became president at 65, making him the oldest person to hold office
• first Visayan to become president
• joined with U.S. Gen. Douglas McArthur in Leyte on October 20, 1944 to begin restoration of
Philippine freedom after Japanese occupation
• Philippine National Bank was rehabilitated and the country joined the International Monetary
Fund during his presidency
• Bell Trade Act was approved by the U.S. Congress during his presidency
• appears on the 50-peso bill

5.Manuel Roxas (May 28, 1946 – April 15, 1948)

He was the fifth Philippine president but was considered as the third and last president under
the Commonwealth era making him the next first leader of the Third Republic of the Philippines
(R.P.). Shortlived as he served for some reason, he only assumed office for a very short period
of 1 year, 10 months and 18 days to be exact.

• inaugurated as the first president of the new Republic after World War II
• reconstruction from war damage and life without foreign rule began during his presidency
• under his term, the Philippine Rehabilitation Act and Philippine Trade Act laws were accepted
by Congress
• appears on the 100-peso bill

6. Elpidio Quirino (April 17, 1948 – December 30, 1953)

Elpidio Quirino served as vice president under Manuel Roxas. When Roxas died in 1948,
Quirino became president.

• Hukbalahap guerrilla movement active during his presidency

• created Social Security Commission
• created Integrity Board to monitor graft and corruption
• Quezon City became capital of the Philippines in 1948

7. Ramon Magsaysay (December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957)

President of the Philippines from 1953 to 1957. He had been President Quirino’s secretary of
defense who was instrumental is suppressing the HUK rebellion. As president, he persuaded
Congress to pass the Agricultural Tenancy Act (1954). It was during his term that the Retail
Trade Nationalization Act was passed. He secured revisions in the Bell Trade Act and was the
first president to revise the US Military Bases agreement to bring it more in line with Philippine
interests.

• Hukbalahap movement quelled during his presidency

• chairman of the Committee on Guerrilla Affairs
• first president sworn into office wearing Barong Tagalog during inauguration
• presidency referred to as the Philippines' "Golden Years" for its lack of corruption
• Philippines was ranked second in Asia’s clean and well-governed countries during his
presidency
• established National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) among other
agrarian reforms
8. Carlos P. Garcia (March 18, 1957 – December 30, 1961)

A lawyer, poet, and teacher, Carlos P. Garcia also served as a guerrilla leader during the Pacific
War. Born in Bohol, Garcia serviced as vice president under Ramon Magsaysay and as
secretary of Foreign Affairs for four years. He was among the founders of the Association for
Southeast Asia (1963), the precursor of the Association for Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN).He became president when Magsaysay died in 1957.

• known for “Filipino First Policy,” which favored Filipino businesses over foreign investors
• established the Austerity Program focusing on Filipino trade and commerce
• known as the “Prince of Visayan Poets” and the “Bard from Bohol”
• cultural arts was revived during his term
• was the first president to have his remains buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani

9. Diosdado Macapagal (December 30, 1961 – December 30, 1965)

Born in Lubao, Pampanga, Diosdado Macapagal was a lawyer and professor. His daughter
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was the 14th, and second female, president of the Philippines. It was
during his presidency that Independence Day was moved from July 4 to June 12, the date when
General Aguinaldo proclaimed Philippine independence in Cavite.

• established the first Land Reform Law, allowing for the purchase of private farmland to be
distributed in inexpensive, small lots to the landless
• placed the Philippine peso on the currency exchange market
• declared June 12, 1898 to be Philippines’ Independence Day
• signed the Minimum Wage Law
• created the Philippine Veteran’s Bank

10. Ferdinand Marcos (December 30, 1965 – February 25, 1986)

Born in Sarrat, Ilocos Norte, Ferdinand Edralin Marcos was a lawyer and Senate President for
three years. He was president for 21 years. He ruled under martial law and his dictatorship was
known for its corruption and brutality. Marcos was removed from office after the People Power
Revolution.

• first president to win a second term

• declared Martial Law on Sept. 22, 1972
• increased the size of Philippine military and armed forces
• by 1980 the Philippine GNP was four times greater than 1972
• by 1986 the Philippines was one of the most indebted countries in Asia
• built more schools, roads, bridges, hospitals, and other infrastructure than all former presidents
combined
• the only president whose remains are interred inside a refrigerated crypt
11. Corazon Aquino (February 25, 1986 – June 30, 1992)

President of the Philippines from 1986 to 1992. With Salvador Laurel as running mate, she led
the opposition that overthrew the authoritarian government of Marcos, who went into exile after
the successful People’s Power revolution of 1986. She first established a revolutionary
government under the Freedom Constitution, later replaced by the Constitution of 1987, which
served as the basis for reestablishing democracy

• first woman to be president of the Philippines or any Asian country

• restored democracy
• abolished the 1973 Marcos Constitution and ushered in the new Constitution of the Philippines
• reorganized the structure of the executive branch of government
• signed the Family Code of 1987, a major civil law reform, and 1191 Local Government Code,
which reorganized the structure of the executive branch of government
• initiated charitable and social activities helping the poor and the needy
• named “Woman of the Year” in 1986 by Time magazine
• on the new 500-peso bill together with her husband Benigno Aquino
Received honors and awards including:
• 100 Women Who Shaped World History
• 20 Most Influential Asians of the 20th Century
• 65 Great Asian Heroes
• J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding

12. Fidel V. Ramos (June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998)

A military general in his time when the former first female president resumed power over EDSA
revolution, the popular name for this Philippine president is FVR. He was the chief-of-staff of the
Armed Forces of the Philippines during Cory's regime before he became president. A civil
engineer by college career, Ramos is a PMA bred elite. He brought back economic growth and
stability in the country in spite of the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997. He is the first and only non-
Catholic (protestant) president of the Philippines.

• oversaw Philippine economic growth

• presided over celebrations of Philippine Independence Centennial in 1998
• received British Knighthood from the United Kingdom by Queen Elizabeth II (Knight Grand
Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George)
• hosted the fourth Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Leader's Summit in the Philippines in
1996
• Philippine Stock Exchange became an international favorite during his presidency
• death penalty reinstated while he was in office
• signed peace agreement with the rebel Moro National Liberation Front

13. Joseph Estrada (June 30, 1998 – January 20, 2001)

Erap para sa mahirap is his popular slogan. Joseph Ejercity Estrada is the first film actor to
become president of a country next to Ronald Reagan. His presidency was controversial.
During his years in office economic growth was slow and he faced impeachment proceedings.
He was ousted from the presidency in 2001. He was later convicted of stealing from the
government but was pardoned. He ran unsuccessfully for president in 2010

• during his presidency Moro Islamic Liberation Front headquarters and camps were captured
• joined other leaders and politicians to try to amend the 1987 Constitution
• cited as one of the Three Outstanding Senators in 1989
• among the “Magnificent 12” who voted to terminate the agreement that allows for U.S. control
of Clark Airbase and Subic Naval Base

14. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (January 20, 2001 – June 30, 2010)

President of the Philippines from 2001 to 2004. She served as vice president under President
Estrada and became president when he was forced to step down for malfeasance, through the
People’s Power II revolution. PGMA has confronted some of the same obstacles as did her
father, President Diosdado Macapagal, when he tried to clean up corruption in government

• second female president of the country

• first and only female vice-president of the Philippines so far
• first president to take oath outside Luzon
• former Economics professor at the Ateneo de Manila University, where current president
Benigno Aquino III was one of her students
• ex-classmate of former U.S. President Bill Clinton at Georgetown University’s Walsh School of
Foreign Service, where she maintained Dean’s list status
• oversaw higher economic growth than the past three presidents before her
• peso became the best-performing currency of the year in Asia in 2007
• eVAT Law was implemented under her term
• currently on the 200-peso bill

15. Benigno Aquino III (June 30, 2010 – 2016)

Popularly known as PNoy, he is the son of the first female Philippine president and of Asia –
Corazon Cojuangco Aquino. Real name is Simeon Benigno Aquino III a.k.a. NoyNoy or PNoy
joined the House of Representatives and the Senate before his presidency.

• created the no "wang-wang" (street siren) policy

• appointed statesman Jesse Robredo to serve as secretary of Interior and Local Government in
2010, where Robredo served until his death in 2012
• initiated K-12 education in the Philippines
• renamed the Office of the Press Secretary to Presidential Communications Operations Office
and appointed new officers
• suspended allowances and bonuses to Government Owed and Controlled Corporation and
Government Financial Institution board members
• oversaw 7.1% growth of the Philippine economy in 2012

16. Rodrigo Duterte ( June 30, 2016 – present )

Current president of the Philippines. Was elected to a six-year term in May 2016. Took office on
June 30. Known by the nickname Digong. A lawyer and politician of Visayan descent from the
southern island of Mindanao.

• Passport validity extension to ten years

• Driver’s license validity extension to five years
• Stiffer penalties for hospitals refusing to treat patients
• The indefinite ceasefire between the MNLF, MILF, CPP NDF and the government (held in
Norway)
• RA 10931 promotes universal access to quality tertiary education by providing free tuition in
state universities and colleges.
• Duterte also signed RA 10969 providing free irrigation service for local farmers who own eight
hectares of land or less
• Other priority measures are RA 11032 on promoting ease of doing business and efficient
delivery of government services,
• RA 10968 or an act institutionalizing the Philippine Qualifications Framework and RA 11035 or
act institutionalizing the Balik Scientist program.
• President Rodrigo Roa Duterte signed into law Republic Act No. 10963, otherwise known as
the Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion (TRAIN) Act,

List of Philippine Presidents and their Contributions

1.General Emilio Aguinaldo (January 23, 1899 – April 1, 1901)

The president of the first Philippine republic (1899). He started as a member of the Magdalo Chapter of
the Katipunan in Cavite, then was elected president of the revolutionary government at the Tejeros
Convention on March 22,1897, and, later, Biak-na-Bato Republic. He proclaimed Philippine
independence at Kawit on June 12, 1898. His capture foreshadowed the end of large-scale armed
resistance to American rule.

• first (and only) president of the First Republic (Malolo Republic)

• signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, creating a truce between the Spanish and Philippine revolutionaries
• known as the President of the Revolutionary Government
• led the Philippines in the Spanish-Philippine War and the American-Philippine War
• youngest president, taking office at age 28
• longest-lived president, passing away at 94
2. Manuel L. Quezon (November 15, 1935 – August 1, 1944)
The first Filipino president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines under American rule. He was
president of the Philippines from 1935 to 1944. For advocating Filipino-language amendments to the
1935 Constitution, he is known as the “Father of the National Language.”

• first Senate president elected as President of the Philippines

• first president elected through a national election
• first president under the Commonwealth
• created National Council of Education
• initiated women’s suffrage in the Philippines during the Commonwealth
• approved Tagalog/Filipino as the national language of the Philippines
• appears on the twenty-peso bill
• a province, a city, a bridge and a university in Manila are named after him
• his body lies within the special monument on Quezon Memorial Circle

3.Jose P. Laurel (October 14, 1943 – August 17, 1945)

The 3rd among Philippine presidents to assume office during the era of the Japanese occupation of World
War II, Jose P. Laurel is the only Filipino president in his time to have been shot outside of combat.

• since the early 1960s, Laurel considered a legitimate president of the Philippines
• organized KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas, or Association for Service to the
New Philippines), a provisional government during Japanese occupation
• declared Martial Law and war between the Philippines and the U.S./United Kingdom in 1944

4.Sergio Osmeña (August 1, 1944 – May 28, 1946)

Sergio Osmeña was the second president of the Commonwealth. During his presidency, the Philippines
joined the International Monetary Fund.

• became president at 65, making him the oldest person to hold office
• first Visayan to become president
• joined with U.S. Gen. Douglas McArthur in Leyte on October 20, 1944 to begin restoration of
Philippine freedom after Japanese occupation
• Philippine National Bank was rehabilitated and the country joined the International Monetary Fund
during his presidency
• Bell Trade Act was approved by the U.S. Congress during his presidency
• appears on the 50-peso bill

5.Manuel Roxas (May 28, 1946 – April 15, 1948)

He was the fifth Philippine president but was considered as the third and last president under the
Commonwealth era making him the next first leader of the Third Republic of the Philippines (R.P.).
Shortlived as he served for some reason, he only assumed office for a very short period of 1 year, 10
months and 18 days to be exact.

• inaugurated as the first president of the new Republic after World War II
• reconstruction from war damage and life without foreign rule began during his presidency
• under his term, the Philippine Rehabilitation Act and Philippine Trade Act laws were accepted by
Congress
• appears on the 100-peso bill

6. Elpidio Quirino (April 17, 1948 – December 30, 1953)

Elpidio Quirino served as vice president under Manuel Roxas. When Roxas died in 1948, Quirino became
president.

• Hukbalahap guerrilla movement active during his presidency

• created Social Security Commission
• created Integrity Board to monitor graft and corruption
• Quezon City became capital of the Philippines in 1948

7. Ramon Magsaysay (December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957)

President of the Philippines from 1953 to 1957. He had been President Quirino’s secretary of defense who
was instrumental is suppressing the HUK rebellion. As president, he persuaded Congress to pass the
Agricultural Tenancy Act (1954). It was during his term that the Retail Trade Nationalization Act was
passed. He secured revisions in the Bell Trade Act and was the first president to revise the US Military
Bases agreement to bring it more in line with Philippine interests.

• Hukbalahap movement quelled during his presidency

• chairman of the Committee on Guerrilla Affairs
• first president sworn into office wearing Barong Tagalog during inauguration
• presidency referred to as the Philippines' "Golden Years" for its lack of corruption
• Philippines was ranked second in Asia’s clean and well-governed countries during his presidency
• established National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) among other agrarian
reforms

8. Carlos P. Garcia (March 18, 1957 – December 30, 1961)

A lawyer, poet, and teacher, Carlos P. Garcia also served as a guerrilla leader during the Pacific War.
Born in Bohol, Garcia serviced as vice president under Ramon Magsaysay and as secretary of Foreign
Affairs for four years. He was among the founders of the Association for Southeast Asia (1963), the
precursor of the Association for Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).He became president when
Magsaysay died in 1957.

• known for “Filipino First Policy,” which favored Filipino businesses over foreign investors
• established the Austerity Program focusing on Filipino trade and commerce
• known as the “Prince of Visayan Poets” and the “Bard from Bohol”
• cultural arts was revived during his term
• was the first president to have his remains buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani

9. Diosdado Macapagal (December 30, 1961 – December 30, 1965)

Born in Lubao, Pampanga, Diosdado Macapagal was a lawyer and professor. His daughter Gloria
Macapagal Arroyo was the 14th, and second female, president of the Philippines. It was during his
presidency that Independence Day was moved from July 4 to June 12, the date when General Aguinaldo
proclaimed Philippine independence in Cavite.

• established the first Land Reform Law, allowing for the purchase of private farmland to be distributed in
inexpensive, small lots to the landless
• placed the Philippine peso on the currency exchange market
• declared June 12, 1898 to be Philippines’ Independence Day
• signed the Minimum Wage Law
• created the Philippine Veteran’s Bank

10. Ferdinand Marcos (December 30, 1965 – February 25, 1986)

Born in Sarrat, Ilocos Norte, Ferdinand Edralin Marcos was a lawyer and Senate President for three years.
He was president for 21 years. He ruled under martial law and his dictatorship was known for its
corruption and brutality. Marcos was removed from office after the People Power Revolution.

• first president to win a second term

• declared Martial Law on Sept. 22, 1972
• increased the size of Philippine military and armed forces
• by 1980 the Philippine GNP was four times greater than 1972
• by 1986 the Philippines was one of the most indebted countries in Asia
• built more schools, roads, bridges, hospitals, and other infrastructure than all former presidents
combined
• the only president whose remains are interred inside a refrigerated crypt

11. Corazon Aquino (February 25, 1986 – June 30, 1992)

President of the Philippines from 1986 to 1992. With Salvador Laurel as running mate, she led the
opposition that overthrew the authoritarian government of Marcos, who went into exile after the
successful People’s Power revolution of 1986. She first established a revolutionary government under the
Freedom Constitution, later replaced by the Constitution of 1987, which served as the basis for
reestablishing democracy

• first woman to be president of the Philippines or any Asian country

• restored democracy
• abolished the 1973 Marcos Constitution and ushered in the new Constitution of the Philippines
• reorganized the structure of the executive branch of government
• signed the Family Code of 1987, a major civil law reform, and 1191 Local Government Code, which
reorganized the structure of the executive branch of government
• initiated charitable and social activities helping the poor and the needy
• named “Woman of the Year” in 1986 by Time magazine
• on the new 500-peso bill together with her husband Benigno Aquino
Received honors and awards including:
• 100 Women Who Shaped World History
• 20 Most Influential Asians of the 20th Century
• 65 Great Asian Heroes
• J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding

12. Fidel V. Ramos (June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998)

A military general in his time when the former first female president resumed power over EDSA
revolution, the popular name for this Philippine president is FVR. He was the chief-of-staff of the Armed
Forces of the Philippines during Cory's regime before he became president. A civil engineer by college
career, Ramos is a PMA bred elite. He brought back economic growth and stability in the country in spite
of the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997. He is the first and only non-Catholic (protestant) president of the
Philippines.

• oversaw Philippine economic growth

• presided over celebrations of Philippine Independence Centennial in 1998
• received British Knighthood from the United Kingdom by Queen Elizabeth II (Knight Grand Cross of
the Order of St. Michael and St. George)
• hosted the fourth Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Leader's Summit in the Philippines in 1996
• Philippine Stock Exchange became an international favorite during his presidency
• death penalty reinstated while he was in office
• signed peace agreement with the rebel Moro National Liberation Front

13. Joseph Estrada (June 30, 1998 – January 20, 2001)

Erap para sa mahirap is his popular slogan. Joseph Ejercity Estrada is the first film actor to become
president of a country next to Ronald Reagan. His presidency was controversial. During his years in
office economic growth was slow and he faced impeachment proceedings. He was ousted from the
presidency in 2001. He was later convicted of stealing from the government but was pardoned. He ran
unsuccessfully for president in 2010

• during his presidency Moro Islamic Liberation Front headquarters and camps were captured
• joined other leaders and politicians to try to amend the 1987 Constitution
• cited as one of the Three Outstanding Senators in 1989
• among the “Magnificent 12” who voted to terminate the agreement that allows for U.S. control of Clark
Airbase and Subic Naval Base
14. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (January 20, 2001 – June 30, 2010)

President of the Philippines from 2001 to 2004. She served as vice president under President Estrada and
became president when he was forced to step down for malfeasance, through the People’s Power II
revolution. PGMA has confronted some of the same obstacles as did her father, President Diosdado
Macapagal, when he tried to clean up corruption in government

• second female president of the country

• first and only female vice-president of the Philippines so far
• first president to take oath outside Luzon
• former Economics professor at the Ateneo de Manila University, where current president Benigno
Aquino III was one of her students
• ex-classmate of former U.S. President Bill Clinton at Georgetown University’s Walsh School of Foreign
Service, where she maintained Dean’s list status
• oversaw higher economic growth than the past three presidents before her
• peso became the best-performing currency of the year in Asia in 2007
• eVAT Law was implemented under her term
• currently on the 200-peso bill

15. Benigno Aquino III (June 30, 2010 – 2016)

Popularly known as PNoy, he is the son of the first female Philippine president and of Asia – Corazon
Cojuangco Aquino. Real name is Simeon Benigno Aquino III a.k.a. NoyNoy or PNoy joined the House of
Representatives and the Senate before his presidency.

• created the no "wang-wang" (street siren) policy

• appointed statesman Jesse Robredo to serve as secretary of Interior and Local Government in 2010,
where Robredo served until his death in 2012
• initiated K-12 education in the Philippines
• renamed the Office of the Press Secretary to Presidential Communications Operations Office and
appointed new officers
• suspended allowances and bonuses to Government Owed and Controlled Corporation and Government
Financial Institution board members
• oversaw 7.1% growth of the Philippine economy in 2012

16. Rodrigo Duterte ( June 30, 2016 – present )

Current president of the Philippines. Was elected to a six-year term in May 2016. Took office on June 30.
Known by the nickname Digong. A lawyer and politician of Visayan descent from the southern island of
Mindanao.

• Passport validity extension to ten years

• Driver’s license validity extension to five years
• Stiffer penalties for hospitals refusing to treat patients
• The indefinite ceasefire between the MNLF, MILF, CPP NDF and the government (held in Norway)
• RA 10931 promotes universal access to quality tertiary education by providing free tuition in state
universities and colleges.
• Duterte also signed RA 10969 providing free irrigation service for local farmers who own eight hectares
of land or less
• Other priority measures are RA 11032 on promoting ease of doing business and efficient delivery of
government services,
• RA 10968 or an act institutionalizing the Philippine Qualifications Framework and RA 11035 or act
institutionalizing the Balik Scientist program.
• President Rodrigo Roa Duterte signed into law Republic Act No. 10963, otherwise known as the Tax
Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion (TRAIN) Act,

PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION Reviewer

ISM’s IN EDUCATION

BEHAVIORISM – change ESSENTIALISM – basic

EXISTENTIALISM – choice HUMANISM – build
IDEALISM – enough in mind PERRENIALISM – constant
PRAGMATISM - practice (T&E) PROGRESSIVISM – improve
REALISM – enough to see UTILITARIANISM - best
SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIVISM – benefit of all

✔NATURALISM - only nature exist, nature is better than civilization (NATURALESA ng isang
BAGAY)
✔IDEALISM - spiritual, values, moral, socratic method
✔REALISM -- natural world, values arenatural and absolute, reality exist undercieved
✔PRAGMATISM/EXPERIMENTALISM -- practical, problem solving research, knowledge is what
works, values are related, truth is warranted assertion.
✔ESSENTIALISM -- 3r's (4r's ngayon), achievement test, certain knowledge&skills are essential for
rational being.
✔PROGRESSIVISM -- process of development, higher level of knowledge, the child's need and interest
are relevant to curriculum.
✔EXISTENTIALISM -- knowledge is subjective, man shapes his being as he lives, we are what we do,
deciding precedes knowing.
✔PERENNIALISM -- education that last for century, universalist, knowledge is eternally valid.
✔SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIVISM -- for better society, community based learning
✔RECONSTRUCTUONALISM -- the school should help rebuild the social order thus social change.
✔BEHAVIORISM -- learning is change in behavior, S-R relationship
✔EMPIRICISM -- knowledge comes thru senses, 5 senses (observatory learning)
✔STRUCTURALISM -- complex mental exp. such as image,feeling and sensation
✔FUNCTIONALISM -- focus to motivation, thinking & learning.
✔PURPOSIVISM -- individual hormones are responsible for the motive to strive towards fulfillment of
his/her objective.
✔PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS -- reality is what verifiable, truth correspondes to reality, usage
determines meaning

PROF. ED PROPONENTS

B.F. SKINNER – Operant Conditioning

BANDURA – Modeling
BANDURA & WALLACE – Social Learning
CARL JUNG – Psychological
CONFICIUS – Education for all, Golden Rule
EDWARD THORNDIKE – Connectionism
ERICK ERIKSON – Psychosocial
IVAN PAVLOV – Classical Conditioning
JEAN PIAGET – Cognitive FROEBEL - Father of Kndrgrtn
PEZTALLOZI – realia, Froebel’s protégé
JEROME BRUNER – Instrumental Conceptualism
JOHN DEWEY – learning by doing
JOHN LOCKE – Tabula Rasa (blank sheet)
KOHLERS – Insight Learning
LAURENCE KOHLBERG – Moral Development
LEV VGOTSKY – Social Cognitivist, Scaffolding
SIGMUND FREUD – Psychosexual
WILLIAM SHELDON – Physiological

FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL/PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY

1. ORAL (0-1 yrs. old) – Infant
2. ANAL (1-3 yrs. old) – Toddler
3. PHALLIC – Preschool
4. LATENCY – School Age
5. GENITAL – Adolescense

BRUNER’S THREE MODES OF REPRESENTATION

1. ENACTIVE (0-1 yrs. old) – action-based information
2. ICONIC (1-6 yrs. old) – image-based information
3. SYMBOLIC (7+) – code/symbols such as language

ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL TASKS

1. TRUST VS. MISTRUST (0-12 months)
2. AUTONOMY VS. SHAME/DOUBT (1-3 years old)
3. INITIATIVE VS. GUILT (3-6 years old)
4. INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY (6-12 years old)
5. INDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION (12-18 years old)
6. INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION (early 20s-early 40s
7. GENERATIVITY VS. STAGNATION (40s-mid 60s)
8. INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR (mid 60s-death)

PIAGET’S COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORY

1. SENSORY – senses
2. PRE-OPERATIONAL - imagination
3. CONCRETE
4. FORMAL

SUBCATEGORIES OF TEACHER MOVEMENT/MOVEMENT MANAGEMENT

1. THRUST – proceeding without assessing
2. DANGLING – hanging activity by giving another
3. TRUNCATION – leaves activity
4. FLIP-FLOP – returns to a left activity while currently doing an activity
5. STIMULUS-BOUND – distracted
6. OVERDWELLING – overtime in one topic
7. OVERLAPPING – multitasking results negatively

TAXONOMY OF OBJECTIVES
COGNITIVE:
BLOOM (LOTS) ANDERSON (HOTS)
o Knowledge
o Comprehension
o Application
o Analysis
o Synthesis
o Evaluation o Remembering
o Understanding
o Applying
o Analyzing
o Evaluating
o Creating
AFFECTIVE:
o Receiving
o Responding
o Valuing
o Organizing
o Characterization

PSYCHOMOTOR: SIMPSON HARROW

o Perception
o Set
o Guided Response
o Mechanism
o Complex Overt Response
o Adaptation
o Origination o Reflex movement
o Fundamental Movement
o Physical Movement
o Perceptual Abilities
o Skilled Movements
o Non-discursive communication

DALES CONE OF EXPERIENCE

Read
Hear
Picture
Video
Exhibit
Demonstration
Collaborative Work
Simulation
Real thing

PILLARS OF LEARNING
Learning to know" HEAD" ---- Knowledge
Learning to Be "HEART" Awareness and understanding
Learning to Do "HAND"-- Skill and actions
Learning to Live "VALUES" Attitudes
Learning to To Transform is which involves all Pillars,
Learning to know - To recognize the evolving nature of the concept of sustainability - To reflect the ever-
growing needs of societies - To acknowledge that fulfilling local needs often has international effects and
consequences - To address content, context, global issues and local priorities
*Learning to be - To build on the principles and values that underline sustainable development -
To deal with the well-being of all three realms of sustainability environment, society, and
economy - To contribute to a person complete development: mind and body, intelligence,
sensitivity, aesthetic appreciation and spirituality

Learning to live together - To build capacity for community -based decision making, social
tolerance, environmental stewardship, adaptable workforce and quality of life

Learning to do - To contribute to a concrete reality for all our daily decisions and actions - To
build a sustainable and safe world for everyone

Laws in Philippine Education

PRC BR 435 – Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers

PD 1006 – Decree Professionalizing Teachers
RA NO. 1425 – inclusion of the works of Jose Rizal
RA NO. 4670 – “Magna Carta for Public School Teacher”
RA 7722 – CHED
RA 7796 – “TESDA Act of 1994”
RA 7836 – Phil. Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994
RA 9155 – BEGA (Basic Educ.) or DepEd Law
RA 9293 – Teachers Professionalization Act
RA 10533 – K-12 Law
ACT NO. 2706 – “Private School Law”
COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 578 – “persons in authority”
KAUTUSANG PANGKAGAWARAN BLG 7 - PILIPINO National Language
PROKLAMA BLG 12 - Linggo ng Wika (Balagtas,Mr29-Ap4)
PROKLAMA BLG. 186 – Linggo ng Wika (Quezon,Ag13-19)
PROKLAMA BLG. 1041 – Buwan ng Wika (Ramos)
PHIL. CONSTITUTION ACT 14 – ESTACS
RA 1079 – no limit of Civil Service eligibility
RA 6655 – “Free Public Secondary Educ. Act of 1988”
RA 6728 – “Act Providing Government Assistance to Students and Teachers in Private
Education

RA 7277 – Magna Carta for PWD

RA 7610 – Anti-Child Abuse Law (Amendment: RA 9231)
RA 7743 – establishment of public libraries
RA 7877 – “Anti Sexual Harassment Act of 1995”
RA 7880 – “Fair and Equitable Access to Education Act”
RA 8049 – Anti-Hazing Law
RA 8187 – Paternity Act
RA 10627 – Anti-BullyingSB 1987 ART. 14 SEK. 6-9 – FILIPINO (National Language)
"BY FAILING TO PREPARE YOU ARE PREPARING TO FAIL”

Cognitive Development Theory by Jean Piaget's

Basic Cognitive

Schema - the cognitive structure by which individuals intellectually adapt to and organize their
environment.
Assimilation - the process of fitting new experience into an existing created schema.
Accommodation - the process of creating a new schema
Equilibrium - achieving proper balance between assimilation and accommodation.

Stages of Cognitive Development:

1. Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years)

Object permanence
– ability attained in this stage where he knows that an object still exists even when out of sight

2. Preoperational Stage ( 2 to 7 years)

Symbolic Function – the ability to represent objects and events.
Egocentrism – the tendency of a child to only see his point of view and assume that everyone
else also has his same point of view.
Centration – the tendency of the child to only focus on one thing or event and exclude other
aspects.
Lack of Conservation – the inability to realize that some things remain unchanged despite
looking different.
Irreversibility – Pre-operational children still have the inability to reverse their thinking.
Animism – the tendency of the child to attribute human like traits to inanimate objects.
Realism - – believing that psychological events, such as dreams, are real
Transductive reasoning – reasoning that is neither inductive nor deductive, reasoning that
appears to be from particular to particular.

3. Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 years).

Decentering – the ability of the child to perceive the different features of objects and situations.
Reversibility – the ability of the child to follow that certain operations can be done in reverse.
Conservation – the ability to know that certain properties of objects like number, mass, volume
or area do not change even if there is a change in appearance.
Seriation – the ability to arrange things in a series based on one dimension such as weight,
volume, size, etc.
4. Formal Operation

Cognitive Development Theory by Jean Piaget's

Basic Cognitive

Schema - the cognitive structure by which individuals intellectually adapt to and organize their
environment.
Assimilation - the process of fitting new experience into an existing created schema.
Accommodation - the process of creating a new schema
Equilibrium - achieving proper balance between assimilation and accommodation.

Stages of Cognitive Development:

1. Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years)

Object permanence
– ability attained in this stage where he knows that an object still exists even when out of sight

2. Preoperational Stage ( 2 to 7 years)

Symbolic Function – the ability to represent objects and events.
Egocentrism – the tendency of a child to only see his point of view and assume that everyone
else also has his same point of view.
Centration – the tendency of the child to only focus on one thing or event and exclude other
aspects.
Lack of Conservation – the inability to realize that some things remain unchanged despite
looking different.
Irreversibility – Pre-operational children still have the inability to reverse their thinking.
Animism – the tendency of the child to attribute human like traits to inanimate objects.
Realism - – believing that psychological events, such as dreams, are real
Transductive reasoning – reasoning that is neither inductive nor deductive, reasoning that
appears to be from particular to particular.

3. Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 years).

Decentering – the ability of the child to perceive the different features of objects and situations.
Reversibility – the ability of the child to follow that certain operations can be done in reverse.
Conservation – the ability to know that certain properties of objects like number, mass, volume
or area do not change even if there is a change in appearance.
Seriation – the ability to arrange things in a series based on one dimension such as weight,
volume, size, etc.

4. Formal Operation

👉👉Guide in addressing CONTENT in the curriculum as proposed by Palma?👉👉

👉• BASIC
👉▷ Balance – content should be fairly distributed in depth and breadth

👉▷ Articulation - as the content complexity progresses, vertically or horizontally, smooth

connections or bridging should be provided
-this ensures that there is no gaps or overlaps in the content

👉▷ Sequence – logical arrangement

- Vertically – for deepening the content
- Horizontally – for broadening the content

👉▷ Integration – relatedness or connectedness to other contents

- Provides a wholistic or unified view of curriculum instead of segmentation

👉▷ Continuity – should be perennial, endures time

- Constant repetition, reinforcement and enhancement are elements of contnuity

👉 Four phases of curriculum development 👉

👉• Curriculum Planning – considers the school vision, mission, and goals; includes the
philosophy or strong education belief of the school

👉• Curriculum Designing – the way curriculum is conceptualized to include the selection and
organization of content, the selection and organization of learning experiences or activities and
the selection of the assessment procedure and tools to measure achieved learning outcomes.
-Also include the resources to be utilized and the statement of the intended learning outcomes

👉• Curriculum Implementing – putting into action the plan; it is where the action takes place;
involves the activities transpire in every teacher’s classroom where learning becomes an active
process

👉• Curriculum Evaluating – determines the extent to which the desired outcomes have been
achieved.
-this is an ongoing procedure as in finding out the progress of learning (formative) or the
mastery of learning (summative)

👉Curriculum development process models👉

👉• Ralph Tyler Model : Four Basic Principles

▷ Purposes of the school
▷ Educational experiences related to the purposes
▷ Organization of the purposes
▷ Evaluation of the experience
👉• Hilda Taba Model : Grassroots Approach
▷ Taba strongly believed teachers should take part in the design of curricula. Taba’s model
included seven steps

👉▷ Educators must first identify the students’ needs for the development of the curriculum.

👉▷ Objectives should by specific.

👉▷ The content matches the objectives, as well as demonstrates validity.

👉▷ Curriculum content is designed based on students’ interest, development, and achievement.

👉▷ Instructional methods are selected by teachers.

👉▷ The organization of the learning activities is determined by the teacher.

👉▷ Evaluation procedures are determined by students and teachers.

👉• Galen Sayler and Wiliam Alecander Curriculum Model – viewed curriculum development as
consisting of four steps
👉▷ Goals, Objectives and Domain
👉▷ Curriculum Designing
👉▷ Curriculum Implementation
👉▷ Evaluation

👉Philosophical foundations of curriculum👉

👉• Perennialism
👉• Essentialism
👉• ProgressivismP
👉• Reconstructionism

👉Elements/components of a curriculum design👉

👉• Intended Learning Outcomes (ILO) or the Desired Learning Outcomes DLO

👉• Subject matter or content
👉• Teaching and learning methods
👉• Assessment /Evaluation

👉5 categories of curriculum change👉

👉• Substitution
▷ Current curriculum will be replaced or substituted by a new one
▷ Complete overhaul
▷ Not merely a revision

👉• Alteration
▷ There is a minor change
▷ Example: graphing paper – to graphing calculator

👉• Restructuring
▷ Major change or modification in the school system, degree program or educational system

👉• Perturbations
▷ Changes that are disruptive, but teachers have to adjust to them within a fairly short time
▷ Ex. Changes in time schedule to catch up with something

👉• Value orientation
▷ Ex. A teacher who gives emphasis on academic and forget the formation of faith and values
needs value orientation

PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION

● IDEALISM Plato (own ideas) nothing exist except in the mind of a man/ what we want the
world to be

● REALISM Aristotle;Herbart; Comenius; Pestalozzi; Montessori; Hobbes; Bacon; Locke

(experience) fully mastery of knowledge

● BEHAVIORISM always guided by standards/by procedure; purpose is to modify the behavior

● EXISTENTIALISM Kierkegaard; Sartre; "Man shapes his being as he lives"

Focuses on self/individual

● PRAGMATISM/­EXPERIMENTALISM William James; John Dewey - learn from experiences

through interaction to the environment
Emphasizes the needs and interests of the children

● PERENNIALISM Robert Hutchins

focuses on unchanging/-universal truths

● ESSENTIALISM William Bagley - teaching the basic/essential knowledge

Focuses on basic skills and knowledge

● PROGRESSIVISM Dewey/Pestalozzi (process of development)

focuses on the whole child and the cultivation of individuality

● CONSTRUCTIVISMJean Piaget
Focused on how humans make meaning in relation to the interaction b/w their experiences and
their ideas. Nature of knowledge w/c represents an epistemological stance.

● SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM George Counts - recognized that education was the means
of preparing people for creating his new social order
highlights social reform as the aim of education

ACCULTURATION - learning other culture; the passing of customs, beliefs and tradition through
interaction and reading.

ENCULTURATION - the passing of group's custom, beliefs and traditions from one generation
to the next generation

Convergent questions - are those that typically have one correct answer.

Divergent questions - also called open-ended questions are used to encourage many answers
and generate greater participation of students.

Higher order thinking skills; to think more creatively.

👉7 types of curriculum according to Allan Glatthorn👉

👉• Recommended curriculum. The recommended curriculum is that which is recommended by

scholars and professional organizations
▷ Basic Education – recommended by DepEd
▷ Higher Education – recommended by CHED
▷ Vocational Ed- TESDA

👉• Written Curriculum
▷ Documents based on recommended curriculum
▷ Example: syllabi, course of study, module, books or instructional guides, lesson plan

👉• Taught curriculum. The taught curriculum is that which teachers actually deliver day by day.

👉• Supported curriculum.
▷ includes those resources that support the curriculum-textbooks, software, and other media
▷ supporting materials that make learning and teaching meaningful
▷ print materials like books, charts, posters, worksheets,
▷ or non-print materials like Power Point presentations, movies, slides, models, mock ups,
realias
▷ facilities – playground, laboratory, AV rooms, zoo, museum, market or plaza (places where
direct experiences occur)
• Learned curriculum. The learned curriculum is the bottom-line curriculum-the curriculum that
students actually learn.

👉• Assessed curriculum. The assessed curriculum is that which appears in tests and
performance measures: state tests, standardized tests, district tests, and teacher-made tests.

👉• Hidden/implicit curriculum.
▷ This is the unintended curriculum. It defines what students learn from the physical
environment, the policies, and the procedures of the school.
▷ Not planned but has a great impact on students