Petrucci • Harwood • Herring • Madura

GENERAL
Ninth
Edition

CHEMISTRY
Principles and Modern Applications

Chapter 1: Matter—Its Properties and

Measurement
Philip Dutton
University of Windsor, Canada
Prentice-Hall © 2007

Slide 1 of 28 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Contents
1-1 The Scientific Method
1-2 Properties of Matter
1-3 Classification of Matter
1-4 Measurement of Matter: SI (Metric) System
1-5 Density and Percent Composition:
Their Use in Problem Solving
1-6 Uncertainties in Scientific Measurements
1-7 Significant Figures

Focus On The Scientific
Method at Work: Polywater

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 Figure 1-1 The Scientific Method Illustrated

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 1-2 Properties of Matter

Matter: Occupies space, has mass and inertia

Composition: Parts or components

ex. H2O, 11.19% H and 88.81% O

Properties: Distinguishing features

physical and chemical properties

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 1-2 Classification of Matter
• Matter is made of atoms.
• 114 elements.
• About 90% available from natural sources
• Compounds are comprised of two or more elements.
• Molecules are the smallest units of compounds.

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 Separating Mixtures

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 Separating Mixtures

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General Chemistry:Chapter
Chapter1 1 Prentice-Hall © 2007
 States of Matter

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General Chemistry:Chapter
Chapter1 1 Prentice-Hall © 2007
 1-4 The Measurement of Matter

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Slide 10 of 28 12 of 19
Slide General Chemistry:
General Chemistry:Chapter
Chapter1 1 Prentice-Hall
Prentice-Hall © 2007© 2007
 Mass

• Mass is the quantity

of matter in an object.
• Weight is the force of
gravity on an object

W∝m W=g⋅m

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 Temperature

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General Chemistry:Chapter
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 Volume

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 Units
S.I. Units Other Common Units
Length meter, m Length Angstrom, Å, 10-8 cm
Mass Kilogram, kg Volume Liter, L, 10-3 m3
Time second, s Energy Calorie, cal, 4.184 J
Temperature Kelvin, K Pressure
Quantity Mole, 6.022×1023 mol-1 1 Atm = 1.064 × 102 kPa
1 Atm = 760 mm Hg
Derived Quantities
Force Newton, kg m s-2
Pressure Pascal, kg m-1 s-2
Energy Joule, kg m2 s-2

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 1-5 Density and Percent Composition

δ= m/V
m=Vδ V=m/δ
g/mL
Mass and volume are extensive properties
Density is an intensive property
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 Density in Conversion Pathways
What is the mass of a cube of osmium that is 1.25
inches on each side?

Have volume, need density = 22.48g/cm3

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EXAMPLE 1-2
Relating Mass, Volume and Density
The stainless steel in the solid cylindrical rod pictured below has
a density of 7.75 g/cm3. If we want a 1.00 kg mass of this rod,
how long a section must we cut off?

m 1
Calculate the Volume needed V= = m×
d
d
Calculate the Length V = h πr2 h = V2
πr

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EXAMPLE 1-2

m 1
Calculate the Volume needed V= d = m× d
1 cm3
V = = (1.00kg)(1000g/kg) × 7.75 g = 129 cm3

V
Calculate the Length V = h πr2 h=
πr2

h= V = 129 cm 3
= 25.5 cm
πr 2 (3.1415){(0.5)(1.000 in)(2.54 cm/in)}2

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 1-6 Uncertainties in Scientific Measurements

• Systematic errors.
– Thermometer constantly 2°C too low.
• Random errors
– Limitation in reading a scale.
• Precision
– Reproducibility of a measurement.
• Accuracy
– How close to the real value.

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 Precision

Reproducibility ± 0.1 g ± 0.0001 g

Precision low high

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 1-7 Significant Figures

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 Significant Figures
The calculators show the effect of the change in a low precision
number in a calculation 14.79 × 12.11 × 5.05

5.04 5.05 5.06

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 End of Chapter Questions

Instructors may provide lists of questions that

reinforce topics they feel are particularly pertinent in
the chapter. If no list is given students should attempt
questions from each section of the chapter.

Build from the easier questions where the topic is

identified, to the more difficult integrative examples
where the approach to the question must be identified.

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