Story telling
Is a basic human activity. It connects us to others
as human beings and what separates us from
other life forms
1. Fable – moral
2. Parable – bible
3. Tale - word of mouth
4. Romantic Fiction
5. Realistic Fiction
6. Naturalistic - no free will
7. Historical Novel - history
8. Psychological Novel - stream of
consciousness
9. Science Fiction
10. Non-realistic Fiction - elements of magic and
unrealistic things
11. Non-fiction - happened irl but altered
12. Epistolary - letters
13. Picaresque - satire/sarcasm
14. Apprenticeship - author'development
however some info were added in order to make
stories better
Diff types of characters - imagined people
1. stock character - stereotype
2. Hero/heroine - needs to save someone
3. Protagonist - bida
4. Main character - can be an antagonist
5. Foil - character in contrast
6. Flat (boring hanggang sa huli) vs. Round
many personality - traits
7. Dynamic (major changes) vs. Static (flat)
Various Points of Views
First Person – “I”, narrator participant in the
action
Second Person – “You”
Third Person – employs a non participant
narrator who can usually move from place to
place to describe action and report dialogue
- all-knowing point of view : editorial
omniscience, authorial intrusion
- limited points of view: selected omniscience,
central intelligence
Narrative Devices
Stream of consciousness – narrative technique
intended to render the flow of myriad
impressions.
Interior Monologue – device used by writers to
make the character speak out loud like
delivering a speech for the readers to overhear.
PLOT
 Exposition – writer introduces the
characters, situation, time and place of the
narrative (can begin in medias res [in the
middle of things])
 Rising Action – an event, situation or
circumstance that shakes up a stable
situation
- External Conflict: arises between the
character and an outside force
o Man against Nature
o Man against Man
o Man against Society
- Internal Conflict – within the character
themselves
o Man against Self
 Climax and Falling Action
- Climax – central moment of crisis in a
plot, point of great tension which
initiates the falling action of the story
 Resolution/Denouement – final part of a plot
- Open Ended
- Close Ended
Narrative Devices
Foreshadowing – hint at what is about to take
place later
Irony – words mean the opposite of their actual
meaning
- Verbal Irony
- Situational Irony
- Dramatic Irony
Setting – place and time where and when an
event happens, where a story takes place it’s also
called a locale
 Physical Environment – to all things or
characteristics that are discernible(shapes,
colors, textures, natural features, landscapes)
 Sociological Environment – cultural,
economic and political attributes of a place
and its inhabitants
 Psychological Environment – personality of
a place used as the setting
Atmosphere or mood – element that evokes
certain feelings or emotion in readers
- created or conveyed by words used to describe IMAGERY
the setting. Auditory - hear
Olfactory - smell
Theme – central idea, the thesis, the message a Gustatory – taste
story conveys or a generalization Tactile – touch
To understand theme of story; Thermal - temperature
 Dramatic Premise – a story has this to set its Erotic – sensation and feeling
core dramatic issue, revolve around human Visual – sight
needs
 Moral – a story contains this a message or
moral.
- Objective, universal truth, obviously
stated in a story that aims to teach or
instruct
 Insight – capacity to gain an accurate and
deep intuitive understanding of a person or a
thing

Symbols – thing that suggests more than its

literal meaning
- Concrete thing that represents something
abstract

Tragedy – a play that portrays a conflict between

human beings and some greater or larger
overwhelming force

Comedy – komos (revelry or celebration)

- either a classification of an entire play, a comic
situation or a character in play

High Comedy – relies more on wordplay than

physical action for its humor

Low Comedy – great emphasis on physical

action and visual gags, its visual gags and verbal
jokes don’t need high intellect to be appreciated.

Regular Comedy – a play of one to five acts,

light and half-serious, with interjections of
humor and wit