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Mg2+
KMnO4
Redox reactions are a chemical reactions involving
simultaneously (serentak) oxidation and reduction processes
A Redox Reactions :
Oxidation is the process of gaining oxygen & elimination of
hydrogen
reduction is the process of losing oxygen & addition of hydrogen
oxidising agent is the substance which experiences reduction &
receives electrons .
reducing agent is the substance which experiences oxidation &
donates electrons .
PbO – oxidising
agent (experiences
reduction
Mg + PbO MgO + Pb
Mg – re
ducing
agent (
experien
oxidatio ces
n)
Cl2 – oxidising agent
Re
( undergoes reduction ) do
--- chlorine oxidises x rea
hydrogen sulphide to ctio
sulphur n
H2 S + Cl2 2HCl + S
non- metal are reduced & its receive electrons to form anions .
Chlorine
–
oxidising Reduction Process
agent Cl2 + 2e- 2Cl- (gain of electron)
Solution :
C : Change in Oxidation Number ( O.N )
oxidation is the increase in oxidation number
reduction is the decrease in the oxidation number
O.N of ions is same value to the charge of the ion.
Ex : Na+, K+ , H+ is +1
Mg2+ , Ca+2 is +2
O2- , S2- is -2
O.N for atom or molecule in a neutral elements are zero ( 0 )
example : O2 , N2 , Na , Mg, Br 2 is 0 .
Oxidising agent
--- chlorine gas
O.N Oxidation number decreases (0 → -1)
reduction
+2 -1 0 +3 -1
2FeCl2 + Cl2 2FeCl3
X =+6
Example :
Half equation :
Fe2+ Fe3+ + e- -------- (1) X 2
Combined
Br2 + 2e -
2Br -
-------- (2)
Ionic equation :
2Fe 2+ + Br2 2Fe3+ + 2Br-
combined
Magnesium reduces oxygen to oxide ion .
Oxygen atom receives electrons to form oxide ion .
Half- equation : O2 + 2e- O2- ------------(2)
O.Number 0 -2 (reduction )
The overall equation : (1) + (2)
2Mg + O2 2MgO
Observation :-
Combusts with a white shiny flame
A white solid is formed
Oxidising agent : Oxygen
Reactants
B. The change of iron(II) ions to iron(III) ions ( Fe2+ Fe3+)
Bromine water oxidises iron(II) ion , Fe2+ to iron(III) ion , Fe3+
Iron(II) ion releases electron to form iron(III) ion.
Half-equation : Fe2+ Fe3+ + e- ------------(1)X 2
O. Number
Combined
+2 +3 ( oxidation)
Iron(II) ion reduces bromine ,Br2 to bromide ion , Br -
Bromine receives electron to form bromide ion , Br-1
Half-equation : Br 2 + 2e- 2Br - ------------(2)
O.Number 0 -1 ( reduction )
Observation :
• The green iron(II) sulphate solution changes to brown .
• The brown coloured bromine water is decolourised .
• Oxidising agent : Bromine water , Br2
• Reducing agent : Iron(II) ion, Fe2+
• Ionic Equation : 2 Fe2+ + Br2 2Fe3+ + 2Br -
C : The change of iron(III) ion, Fe3+ to iron(II) ion , Fe2+
The element is more electropositive in the E.S, the higher the tendency
(kecenderungan) to release electrons to form positive ions .
More electropositive , oxidised more easily & act as a reducing agent
The higher the position in the E.S. can displace other elements that are
lower in the E.S .
K, Na , Ca , Mg , Al , Zn , Fe , Sn , Pb , H , Cu , Hg , Ag , Au
colourless brown
Chlorine , Cl2 receives electrons to form chloride ion , Cl-
Half-equation : Cl2 + 2e- 2Cl- ------- (2)
0 -1 reduction
yellow decolourised(colourless)
Ionic equation : (1) + (2)
Cl2 + 2Br- Br2 + 2Cl-
Chlorine ----- oxidising agent
Bromide ion ----- reducing agent
Confirmatory Test for the Bromine, Chlorine and Iodine
Colour in water
Solution Colour in
CCl4
Concentrated Dilute
oxd reduction
The electrons that are released from reducing agent (negative electrode) will
flow out through outer circuit to the oxidising agent ( positive electrode)
The Reaction Between Bromine Water and Iron(II) Sulphate solution
Iron(II) ion, Fe2+ releases electron & is oxidised to iron(III) ion , Fe3+
Fe2+ Fe3+ + e-1 ---------- (1)
O. Number +2 +3 ( oxidation)
The green solution ,(Fe2+) changes to brown, Fe3+
The electrons that are released collect at the carbon electrode that is
immersed in FeSO4
It act as the negative terminal .
Bromine ,Br2 receives electron & is reduced to bromide ion, Br-1
Half equation : Br2 + 2e- 2Br-1 --------------(2)
brown colour decolourised
O.Number 0 -1 (reduction)
the carbon electrode in bromine water act as the positive terminal
the ionic equation :- 2Fe2+ + Br2 2Fe3+ + 2Br-1
O. Number +2 0 +3 -1
oxidising agent ----- Bromine water , Br
reducing agent ----- Iron (II) ion, Fe
The galvanometer needle is deflected because the movement of
electrons from the negative electrode to the positive electrode produces an
electric current .
(Negative terminal)
(Positive terminal)
Oxidation Reduction
Test Yourself
The figure shows a U-tube redox cell .
• Write a summary of the redox reaction for the reaction between Iron(II)
sulphate, FeSO4 solution and the acidified potassium manganate (VII) ,
KMnO4 solution.
• Can dilute sulphuric acid be replaced with dilute hydrochloric acid ?
Give the reason for your answer .
Solution :
• Observation :
Electrode (-) :
The green coloured iron(II) nitrate solution changes to brown
Electrode (+) :
The purple coloured acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution is
decolourised .
Half equation :
Electrode (-) : Fe2+ Fe3+ + e- ----------- ( oxidation)
Electrode (+) : MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- Mn2+ + 4H2O (reduction)
Ionic Equation : 5Fe2 + MnO4 - + 8H+ Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O
Oxidising agent : manganate(VII) ion
Reducing agent : Iron (II) ion .
Confirmatory test for the product( Fe ) that is formed.
Add sodium hydroxide solution, a brown precipitate is formed .
Redox Reaction in a simple voltaic cells
The porous pot ( pasu berliang) --- to separate the two solutions but allows the ions
to flow through it to complete circuit .
the transfer of electrons occur from reducing agent to the oxidising agent through an
outer circuit .
The negative electrode ( anode) ----- metal which is more electropositive in the E.S.
The positive electrode ( cathode) ----- metal which is less electropositive in the E. S.
electron flows from the negative electrode to the positive electrode .
two types of Daniell cell that uses a porous pot :
At the negative electrode( anode) :
Zn is more electropositive than copper
Zn has more tendency to releases two electrons to form zinc ion,Zn2+
Zn rod acts as the negative electrode .
Zn Zn2+ + 2e ------ oxidation process occurs
The electrons will flows from the zinc rod to the copper rod through the
outer circuit
an electric current is produced .
At the cathode :
copper ion, Cu2+ receives two electrons to form copper atom, Cu &
undergoes reduction process .
Cu2+ + 2e Cu ------ reduction process
Copper(II) ion oxidises(mengoksidakan) zinc, Zn to zinc ion, Zn2+
Cu2+ ----------- oxidising agent
Zinc reduces(menurunkan) copper(II) ion,Cu2+ to copper atom, Cu
Zn ------------- reducing agent
Overall Ionic Equation :
+2 Reduction 0
Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu
0 Oxidation +2
Observation :
cathode – the blue copper(II) sulphate
solution becomes fade/ colourless
--- a brown solid forms at the copper rod //
the copper rod thickens // the mass of the
copper will increases.
anode ---- the zinc rod dissolves /
corrodes/ becomes thinner(menipis)
Cell symbol :
Zn(s) / Zn2+(aq) // Cu2+ (aq) / Cu(s)
G . Corrosion of Metals
occur when a metal loses electrons & is oxidised to form the metal ion .
the metal is corroded
example : Iron loses electrons to form iron(II) ion , Fe2+
Fe Fe2+ + 2e-1 ------- oxidation
O. Number 0 +2
Iron is corroded .
If magnesium loses electrons to form magnesium ion Mg2+ ,
magnesium is corroded.
Mg Mg2+ + 2e- ------- oxidation
The metals is more electropositive in E.S. , corrode much easier .
because the metals more tendency to release electrons to form metal ions
Example : Al corrodes more easily compared to copper .
because Al is more electropositive than copper .
the rusting requires water and oxygen Metal corrosion
RUSTING OF IRON corrosion
Iron(II) ion , Fe2+ & hydroxide ion , OH- combine to form iron(II)
Stage 3
K
More
Na
easily
Ca
corroded
Mg
Al
Zn
Fe
Tendency for
Sn
corrosion increases
Pb
H
Cu
Difficult to
Hg
be corroded
Ag
Au
Example : The effect of rusting when iron comes into contact with other metals
( Mg, Cu , Zn , Sn)
Hypothesis : Iron is protected from rusting when it comes in contact with more
electropositive metals, but rusts when it contact with less electropositive metals .
B
A
rusting