Vishwakarma Yojana-Anand-Vanskhiliya PDF

Vishwakarma Yojana: phase VI Vanskhiliya Village, Anand District
DETAIL PROJECT REPORT
VISHWAKARMA YOJNA: VI
AN APPROACH TOWARDS RURBANISATION
VANSKHILIYA Village
ANAND District
PREPARED BY
NAME BRANCH NAME ENROLLMENT NO
Lad Harsh Mahendrabhai Civil engineering 150010106024
Sheth Kevin Rakeshbhai Civil engineering 150010106056
COLLEGE NAME & LOGO NODAL OFFICER NAME

A.D.PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Prof. Vaishali Patel
YEAR:2018-19
Gujarat Technological University i

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Chandkheda, Ahmedabad– 382424 Gujarat
VishwakarmaYojana: Phase VI
DETAIL PROJECT REPORT

ON
VISHWAKARMA YOJNA: VI
AN APPROACH TOWARDS RURBANISATION
VanskhiliyaVillage
AnandDistrict
Prepared By

Lad Harsh M Civil 150010106024
Sheth Kevin R Civil 150010106056
COLLEGE NAME & LOGO NODAL OFFICERS NAME

A.D.PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Prof. Vaishali Patel
Year: 2018-19
Gujarat Technological University,
Chandkheda,Ahmedabad– 382424 Gujarat
Gujarat Technological University 2

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the following students of Degree Engineering successfully submitted
Detail Project Report for

Vanskhiliya Village
Anand District
Under
Vishwakarma Yojana: Phase-VI

In partial fulfillment of the project offered by
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, CHANDKHEDA
During the academic year 2018-19.
This project work has been carried out by them under our supervision and guidance.

Lad Harsh Mahendrabhai Civil engineering 150010106024
Sheth Kevin Rakeshbhai Civil engineering 150010106056
Date of Report Submission VY-Nodal Officer Name and Signature

Prof. Vaishali Patel
Internal Guide Name and Signature

Prof. Vaishali Patel
Principal Name and Signature Institute name & Stamp

Dr. R.K Jain A.D.PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Gujarat Technological University iii

ABSTRACT
The government of Gujarat has launched vishwakarma yojna (scheme) for development of
villages by identifying the requirements of villages. Under this scheme, the villages are surveyed
and this project was identified and selected for implementation. Rurbanization is to bring peace
of mind to the villagers by providing them the basic amenities required and still keeping the
village soul intact. It is about finding out what the basic facilities are present and what can be
provided to betterment of the village. The present resources are made to such a use that it gives
its cent percentage usability with sustainability.
Our village vans khiliya is located at 7km away from Anand district. It is located on national
Highway 228. Pin code of village is 388560. Postal head in Mogari. Language spoken are
Gujarati, Hindi, and English. elevation/altitude: 36 meter above sea level.
The village’s condition is good then other ordinary village. The village has good facilities of
Milk Co-operative Society, Public library, Panchayat building etc. But the other side the problem
of narrow roads in village, poor conditions of Primary school, Pond, Community hall etc.
The community hall should be built in village because in some function village people cannot
afford the private venue for the function.The physical structure like public toilet is must needed
component in village. The smart village design of Agriculture Co-Operative society is to build in
village because the farmer’s carting charges are reduce. And surrounding villages also take
facilities.
To application of service and maintenance of some structure. And some sustainable structure
should made in village. This factors affecting onthe development of village.
Key words: Good facility of post office, Public Toilet, Community Hall, Public Garden,
Agriculture Co-Operative society
Gujarat Technological University iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are highly indented to Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad for providing us
such opportunity to work under VishwakarmaYojana to get real work experience and applying
our technical knowledge in the development of Villages.
We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to Prof. Dr. Navin Sheth, Hon’ble Vice
Chancellor, Gujarat Technological University-Ahmedabad, for his encouragement and support
during project work.
We also express our gratitude to Dr. S.D.Panchal, Registrar, Gujarat Technological University-
Ahmedabad,
We express our sincere thanks to Commissionerate of Technical Education, Gujarat State for
appreciating and acknowledging our work.
We express our sincere thanks to DDO, TDO, Sarpanch and staff members of Anand ,Anand
,Vanskhiliya, for providing us with requisite data whenever we approached them. Especially our
thanks are to all villagers and stake holders for their support during Survey.
We are also thankful to our Dr.R.K.Jain Principal, All faculty and Staff Members of our
colleges for their encouragement and support to complete this project work.
An act of gratitude is expressed to our guide Prof. Vaishali Patel Nodal Officer, A.D.Patel
Institute of Technology, New V.V.Nagar for their invaluable guidance, constant inspiration and
his actively involvement in our project work.
We are also thankful to all the experts who provided us their valuable guidance during the work.
We express our sincere thanks to, Dr. JayeshDeshkar, Hon’ble Director, Prof. G.A. Patel,
GEC, Patan, Prof. Y.B. Bhavsar, VGEC, Chandkheda, Prof. K.L. Timani, VGEC,
Chandkheda, Prof. Paresh Nimodiya, GEC, Patan for providing us technical knowledge
throughout the project work.
We are also thankful to Dr.ParulkumariBhati, Deputy Director andMs. Darshana Chauhan,

OSD of VishwakarmaYojana, for all support during our work. We therefore, take this
opportunity for this Project work expressing our deep gratitude and sincere thanks to her that
without whose help and cooperation, it might not have been possible for us to produce this
project work in the present form.
Above all we would like to thank our Parents, family members and Friends for their
encouragement and support rendered in completion of the present this work
Gujarat Technological University v

Vishwakarma Yojana: Phase VI Vanskhiliya Village, Anand District
CONTENT
Page No.
 Cover Page i
 Certificate iii
 Abstract iv
 Index 1
 List of Figures 7
 List of Tables 8
 Abbreviations 9
1 Ideal village visit from District of Gujarat State:
1.1 Background & Study Area Location 10
1.2 Concept of Sarsa village 11
1.2.1 Case Study of sarsa village of India/Gujarat 11
1.2.2 Objectives of the Village 12
1.2.3 How to Develop the Ideal Village/Key elements of ideal village 12
1.2.4 Resources available in Ideal Village 13
1.2.5 SWOT analysis of ideal village 12
1.3 Physical & Demographical Growth 14
1.4 Economic profile 15
1.5 Social scenario/profile 16
1.6 Infrastructures facilities (All Types) 16
1.7 Initiatives in village development by local self-government 18
1.8 Future prospects of the Ideal Village 18
1.9 Learnable Things / Benefits of the visits 19
1.10 Civil Case Study of other state Ideal Village 19
2 Smart Cities &Village Concept

2.1 Introduction 22
2.1.1 Concepts 22
2.1.2 Definition (Civil) 23
2.1.3 Need of Smart Cities / Villages Development 23
2.1.4 Smart City Development Vision-Goals-Activities 24
2.1.5 Practice (Civil) 25
2.1.6 Smart Cities Bench Mark 25
Gujarat Technological University Page 1
2.1.7 Smart Cities Standards 26

2.1.8 Smart Cities Performance Measurement Indicators 39
2.2 Smart Cities Options

2.2.1 Technological Options for Smart Cities 29
2.2.1.1 Cyber Security 30
2.2.1.2 Green Buildings 31
2.2.1.3 District Cooling and Heating 32
2.2.1.4 Smart Data Centre 32
2.2.1.5 Smart Infrastructure 33
2.2.2 Funding of Smart Cities Development 34
2.2.3 Available option for developing Fast Smart Cities 35
2.2.4 Road Map and Safe Guards for Smart Cities 36
2.3 India's Smart Cities: Issues &Challenges

2.3.1 Urban Water and Sanitation Challenges 38
2.3.2 Role of Indigenous Technologies 39
2.3.3 Key Issues in development of Human Being 40
3 Literature Review
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Real Urban & Rural and concept 42
3.1.2 Ancient Villages / Different Definition of: Rural area /Village 43
3.2 Scenario: Rural / Urban India & Gujarat as per Census 2011
And Latest population Growth 43
3.3 Rural Issues &Concerns
3.3.1 Crime Free / Dispute free 45
3.3.2 Resources 45
3.3.3 Literacy 47
3.3.4 Health / Hygiene 47
3.3.5 Women Empowerment 48
3.3.6 Any Other 48
3.4 Various Measures for Rural Development 49

3.5 Good Governance Project 49
3.6 Rurban Cluster 50
3.7 Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana 51
3.8 Award Winning Gram Panchayat Pradhans 53
3.9 Action towards Poverty Free 53
3.10 India State Specific Special Finance Grant for Village 55
3.11 Projects / Schemes by Govt / Private Sector 55
3.12 Other Projects /Schemes 56
4 Concept of Infrastructure Facilities

4.1 Various infrastructure 58
4.1.1 Facilities with types 60
4.1.2 Importance in rural context at individual Home of village 61
4.1.3 Various guidelines/Norms for Villages for the
provisions of different Infrastructure facilities 61
4.2 Sustainable Village Development 62
4.3 Renewable energy source planning particularly for villages 63
4.4 Existing Institution like - Village Administration – Detail Profile 64
4.4.1 Bachat Mandali 64
4.4.2 Dudh Mandali 64
4.4.3 Mahila forum 65
4.4.4 Ancient start History of Civil concept from Indian Village /
Foreign Countries perspective / Development 66
5 Introduction about Vanskhiliya Village

5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 About Vanskhiliya Village 67
5.1.2 Study justification/ need of the study 67
5.1.3 Study Area (Broadly define) 67
5.1.4 Objectives of the study 68
5.1.5 Scope of the Study 68
5.1.6 Methodology Frame Work for development of village 68
5.2 Vanskhiliya Village Study Area Profile

5.2.1 Study Area Location 69
5.2.2 Physical & Demographical Growth 69
5.2.3 Brief history 70
5.2.4 Economic profile / Banks 70
5.2.5 Social scenario 71
5.2.6 Base Location map, Land Map, Gram Tal Map 72
5.2.7 Study area land use details 73
6 Case Study –Civil

6.1 Sardar sarovar dam visit 74
6.2 Visit of Educational Building 85

7 Data Collection Vanskhiliya Village

7.1 Methods for data collection 92
7.2 Primary survey details 92
7.2.1 Introduction of Village 92
7.2.2 Average size of the House 92
7.2.3 Geo-Tagging of House 92
7.2.4 No of Human being in One House 93
7.2.5 Which Material used locally 93
7.2.6 Out Sourced Material 93
7.2.7 Labor work doing 93
7.2.8 Any Costing 94
7.2.9 Geographical Detail 94
7.2.10 Demographical Detail 94
7.2.11 Occupational Detail 95
7.2.12 Agricultural Details / Organic Farming / Fishery 95
7.2.13 Manufacturing HUB / Ware Houses. 95
7.2.14 Tourism Cluster 95
7.2.15 Services Cluster 96
7.2.16 Male / Female Details 96
7.2.17 Cast Wise Population Details 96
7.2.18 Occupation wise Details 96
7.2.19 Physical Infrastructure Facilities 96
7.3 Infrastructure Details

7.3.1 Drinking Water 97
7.3.2 Drainage Network 97
7.3.3 Transportation & Road Network 98
7.3.4 Sanitation Facilities 98
7.3.5 Water Management Facilities 98
7.3.6 All various types of Waste Management 99
7.3.7 Irrigation Facilities 99
7.3.8 Housing condition 99
7.3.9 Social Infrastructure Facilities 99
7.3.10 Health Facilities 100
7.3.11 Education Facilities 100
7.3.12 Technology Mobile/ WIFI / Internet Usage Details. In% 100
7.3.13 Sports Activity as Gram Panchayat 101
7.3.14 Socio-Cultural Facilities 101

7.3.15 Community Hall 101

7.3.16 Public Library 101
7.3.17 Public Garden/Park/Playground 101
7.3.18 Village Pond/Lake 102
7.3.19 Other Recreation Facilities 102
7.3.20 Other Facilities 103
7.3.21 Sustainable Infrastructure Facilities 103
7.3.22 Existing Condition of Public Buildings 103
8 Sustainable Technical Options with Case Studies of the Existing

Village
8.1 Concept
8.1.1 Solid & Liquid Waste Management 104

8.1.2 Various type of method for Transportation 108
8.1.3 Various type method for Drainage System 112
8.1.4 Various type method for Roads 116
8.1.5 Various type of Environmental Factors 121
8.1.6 Latest Technology from the GLOB 123
8.1.7 Suggestion for the solving Civil related issues and concerns
and challenges 124
9 Various Designs in Rural Areas along with cost

9.1 Civil
Feasibility 125
Construction 125
Operation 125
Maintenance 125
10 Sustainable Design Planning Proposal (Prototype Design)- Part-I

10.1 Design Proposals with the Section, Elevation, Measurement, Costing,
any other points related to Civil Each Designs 127
10.1.1 Observation and Brief write up about each design from 11.2 to
11.6
10.1.2 Recommendations / why about new proposals of Design
10.1.3 Suggestions / Benefit of the Villagers about new path
technology/ Designs proposed by the students
10.2 Sustainable Design
10.3 Physical design

10.4 Social design

10.5 Socio-Cultural design
10.6 Smart Village Design
11 Future Development of the Village (for the PART-II Design, chapter –17) 149
12 Conclusion 150
13. References of report 151

14. Annexure
14.1 Scanned (for Part-I) Original (for –Part-II) Ideal Village Survey Form 152
14.2 Scanned (for Part-I) Original (for –Part-II) Smart Village (Gujarati)
Survey details 164
14.3 Scanned (for Part-I) Original (for –Part-II) <Allocated Village>
Techno - Economic Survey Form 168
14.4 Gap Analysis 107
14.5 Summary of All Villages Designs as Part-I and Part-II 179
14.6 Village Interaction Report with the photograph 186
14.7 Sarpanch Letter (village design proposal approval) 189
14.8 Drawings A3 (If, A4 design is not completely visible then ONLY)
14.9 Summary of Good Photographs with three different heading Ideal
Village, Smart Village, Allocated Village (In Table format) 190
PART-II
(VY-Phase-V-Part-I Report Is More Informative, Now In Part-II, Implementation, and
Development & Real Picture Of your Village enhancement Steps forward to develop
the Village)
15. Future Scope-Requirement of the Village (from the PART-I chapter - 13) detail
implementation of the future scope of work
Sustainable Design Planning Proposal (Prototype Design)- Part- II
(Points to be covered for Improvement of Health / Hygiene, Safety and security,
Environment,Amenities , Comfortability etc., Road ,Transport) 218
15.1 Observation and Brief write up about the new proposal design 218

15.2 Recommendations / why about new proposals of Designs 219

15.3 Suggestions / Benefit of the Villagers about new path
technology / Designs proposed by the students
220
15.4 Design Proposals wit the Section , Elevation, Measurement, Costing,
Any other points related to Civil / Electrical Designs , define the
status of the design implantation like 220
15.4.1 Sustainable design (Civil ) 220
15.4.2 Physical design (Civil ) 225
15.4.3 Social design (Civil ) 230
15.4.4 Socio-Cultural design (Civil ) 233
15.4.5 Smart design ( Civil ) 238
16. Chapter 17–design

16.1 Clearly describe the total existing scenario of the implantation 243
16.2 How can be improved with small changes, Period ‐ a) Immediately ,
b) Within 1 year and , c) Long term (3‐5 years) along with cost estimation
and drawing. 244
17. Five Most important and crucial items that need to be addressed from the techno-
economy survey or Ideal Village Survey or Smart Village Survey of the village for
the visible change in the respective allotted village for the VY project and make the
villagers happier and more comfortable for the enhancement of the village
17.1 First 245
17.2 Second 245
17.3 Third 246
17.4 Forth 246
17.5 Five 246
18. Five Identify that from the CHAPTER-2-SMART CITIES/ VILLAGE CONCEPT AS PER
YOUR IDEA AND ITS VISIT, how the new modern technology with innovation
available in the market can be used for possible adaptation in the village.
18.1 First 247
18.2 Second 248
18.3 Third 250

18.4 Forth 251

18.5 Five 253
19. Listing of the proposed design name that can be implement in the village with the
available fund with the village local body, 255
19.1 List the sources of the funding available with the Village Authority
(from the Sarpanch, TDO,DDO,..etc) 255
19.2 Design Name Implantation with the available fund 255
20. Provide in all the available infrastructure in tabular format like schools,
community halls, hospitals and drainage system etc with names of the persons
present working there and number of more persons required for maintenance
etc. (Actual scenario of the village with the man power and condition.) 256
21. Write statements of the local people in local language/ or in English with 5
male and 5 female persons at random. After taking the statement identify the
acute need of the majority of the local people and what could be done
immediately to address their problems as per below table, (After interviews
the student need to get verify their statement with the actual places) 257
22. Social Scenario in the village of the family 259
23. Civil technical domain point for case study
24. SAGY Questionnaire with the Sarpanch Signature (Original Form) 264

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE FIGURES LISTING PAGE NO

NO
1 Area of Sarsa village 10
2 Location map of Sarsa village 11
3 Key-elements chart 13
4 Sat-Kaival Eye Hospital 14
5 Resources table 14
6 Demographic growth graph 16
7 PHC 18
8 Post-office 18
9 Higher secondary school 18
10 Milk co-operative society 19
11 BSNL Office 19
12 Mawlynnongvillge 20
13 Technology option smart city 26
14 District heating diagram 29
15 Engage citizen graph 32
16 Demographic detail table vanskhiliya 51
17 Overhead watertank 53
18 Demographic graph Vans khiliya 55
19 Location mao of Vans khiliya village 56
20 Vans khiliya area map 57
21 Population chart 2001-2011 71
22 Overhead watertank 74
23 Public Toilet 75
24 Private alopathydavakhanu 76
25 Primary school 77
26 Play ground 77
27 Ecosan system toilet 89
28 Agricultural co-operative society plan 91
29 Agricultural co-operative society section 92
30 Ideal village survey form 96
3 Smart village survey form 105
32 Allocated village survey form 109

TABLE TABLES LISTING PAGE

NO NO
Table No. 1 Population of Vanskhiliya Village. 15
Table No. 2 Infrastructures facilities 19
Table No. 3 Population count of India census 2011in crores 45
Table No. 4 Award winning gram panchayat pradhans 51
Table No. 5 Various norms for villages for provision of diff. 58
infrastructure facilities
Table No. 6 Demographic detail table of vanskhiliya 65
Table No. 7 Study table of vanskhiliya 69
Table No. 8 Population detail of vanskhiliya 69
Table No. 9 Land area detail of vanskhiliya 71
Table No. 10 Sardar sarovar dam detail 73
Table No. 11 Material used for construction 91
Table No. 12 Sourced material 91
Table No. 13 Labour charge 91
Table No. 14 Costing 91
Table No. 15 Geographic detail 92
Table No. 16 Demographical detail 92
Table No. 17 Occupational detail 93
Table No. 18 Agricultural detail 93
Table No. 19 Facilities of village 100
Table No. 20 Estimate table of eco-san toilet 123
Table No. 21 Design detail of bank 126
Table No. 22 Quantity sheet of bank 129
Table No. 23 Abstract sheet of bank 132
Table No. 24 Design detail of community hall 134
Table No. 25 Quantity sheet of community hall 136
Table No. 26 Abstract sheet of community hall 139
Table No. 27 Quantity sheet of public toilet 142
Table No. 28 Abstract sheet of public toilet 144
Table No. 29 Techno economic survey form of sarsa village 150
Table No. 30 Smart village form 162
Table No. 31 Techno economic survey form of vanskhiliya 167
village
Table No. 32 Gap analysis 176
Table No. 33 Summary of all villages as part 1 178
Table No. 34 Summary of all villages photograph 189

SHORT NAME FULL NAME

/SYMBOL
VY Vishwakarma Yojana
SWOT Strength ,Weakness , Opportunity ,Threats
WHO World Health Organization
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
SC Scheduled Cast
ST Scheduled Tribes
NH National Highway
SH State Highway
ODR Ordinary District Road
MDR Major District Road
GDP Gross Domestic Product
PHC Primary Health Centre
SWM Solid Waste Management
RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete
PCC Plain Cement Concrete
BBCC Brick Bat Cement Concrete
GP Gram Panchayat
CRI Central For Rural Infrastructure
ODF Open Defection Free

Chapter 1: Ideal village visit from District of Gujarat State

1.1 Background & Study Area Location
As a part of VishwakarmaYojana Project, we visited SARSA village, ANAND& tried to observe
the various parameters like important elements in village development like various infrastructure,
economic and social growth & activities related to that, population, financial background,
environmental sustainability, electricity, water supply, drainage network, waste management,
educational facilities, mandals or trust or society etc.
We also met Sarpanch (Indiraben M. Patel) and Talati (Takhathsinh M. Zala) of gram
panchayat of Sarsa village and villagers. In the Sarsa village, the various infrastructure are there
like School, Sewage system, Bank, PHC, Hospital is available in the village. The road of RCC
and Bitumen are there.
Sarsa village is located in Anand district in Gujarat, India. Anand is nearest town to Sarsa
village. The village has 3051 houses.
Sarsa is a village located in the Anand district of Gujarat state, India. With 44 meter above sea
level.
Population: 14582 (As per 2011 census)
Fig-1 Sarsa village area (1858 hectares)

1.2 Concept: Ideal Village
1.2.1 Case Study of Ideal village of India/ Gujarat
 Sarsa is a village in India and is administered by the Sarsa Census Town. Sarsa is located
in the ANAND taluka/Mandal/tehsil, ANAND district, in the state of Gujarat.
STUDY AREA LOCATION
 Village: Sarsa
 Tehsil: Anand
 District: Anand
 State: Gujarat
 Latitude, Longitude
(22.5451° N, 73.0686° E)
Fig-2 Location map

1.2.2 Objectives of Ideal village
A Sarsa village has the following important objectives:
 Prevent distress migration from rural to urban areas, which is a common phenomenon in
India’s villages due to lack of opportunities and facilities that guarantee a suitable
standard of living.
 Basic Physical Infrastructure – Water Supply, Transport, Sewerage and Solid Waste
Management should be the priority focus and be provided.
 Basic Social Infrastructure – Health and Education facilities should be provided and
ensure proper delivery of facilities to village dwellers.
 Provide easier, faster and cheaper access to urban markets for agricultural produce or
other marketable commodities produced in such village.
 Internal roads with in village settlement, Efficient Mass Transportation systems to

improve connectivity between urban and rural areas, Public transportation facilities that
need to be developed like bus stops, transport depot etc.
 Identification of sanitation facilities that need improvement – sewerage and drainage line
for household connection, door to door solid waste collection & dumping facilities.
 Electricity connections like street lighting that is energy efficient and ecofriendly.
 Refurbishing of village lakes, water tanks and wells, construction of rain water
harvesting structures for sustainable Development.
 Repair & maintenance of Existing Public Buildings like Gram Panchayat, Public
Library, School Buildings, Health Center, Public Toilet Block & Other.
1.2.3 Key elements of Sarsa village
A 21st century Sarsa village in India needs to incorporate certain key themes which would be
essential for its success.
Element of a model village is given below:

1. Community involvement

2. Sustainability
3. Connectivity
4. Technology
5. Eye Hospital
Fig-3 Key elements
 An intervention under one of these areas could have an effect across other areas as well.
For example, technology could be used to improve the quality and delivery of other
services such as health and education, which in turn contributes to sustainable

development.
 Village tree plantation drives could encourage a community participation, benefit the
environment, prevent soil erosion and benefit agriculture, conserve water, and finally
contribute to the aesthetics of the village.
 A number of these initiatives have already been taken in different parts of the country,
but most of them have been attempted in isolation.
Fig-4 Sat-kaival eye hospital

1.2.4 Resources available in sarsa village
Fig-5 resources available in Sarsa

The various trusts working for village development, Financial structure, crop land, infrastructure
like industrial unit, water supply network, solid waste management., road network etc. all are
resources for ideal village. Location and geography of area is a major resource which needs to be
managed by various means for which financial support is must.
1.2.5 SWOT analysis
Strengths:
-High growth rate.
- Employment
- Door to door collection of waste.
- Strong infrastructure.
- Educational facilities availability up to Higher secondary level.
Weakness:
- Less sustainable ecofriendly environment in terms of capacity to green development in future.
Opportunities:
- Involvement of government initiated health program.
- WIFI spots development.
- Developed green Infrastructures – Tech., Solar Panels, Waste Recycle

- Development of special agricultural programs to various new techniques.

- Sustainable ecofriendly structure – Rain water harvesting, Energy efficient buildings
Threats:
- Very less sustainability to environment in future
1.3 Physical and demographical growth:
Sarsa is a Census village in district of Anand, Gujarat. The Sarsa Census Town has population of
14,582 of which 7607 are males while 6,975 are females as per report released by Census India
2011.
PARTICULARS TOTAL MALE FEMALE
Total no. of house 3051
Population (2001) 14360 7385 6771

approx.
Population(2011) 14582 7607 6975
Child(0-6) 1634 887 747
Literacy 85.46% 93.32% 76.99%

Chart Title
7800
7600
7400
7200
7000
6800
6600
6400
6200
2011 2001
male female
Fig-6 Demographic growth
1.4 Economic profile

 In in work activities. Of this 4512 were males while 1546were females.
 In census survey, worker is defined as person who does business, job, service, and
cultivator and labor activity.
 85.52% of workers describe their work as main work (employment or earning more than
6 months) while 14.48% were involved in marginal activity providing livelihood for less
than 6 months. Of 6062 workers engaged in main work, 902 were cultivators (owner or
co-owner ) while 2355 were agricultural labours.
 Sarsa village out of total population, 6062 were engaged
1.5 Social scenario /profile

 In this village many patel, shtriy, saiyad, marvadi, darji, goswami, patanvandiya, thakor,
vanik, vhora, harijan, Panchal etc. cast people are live in this village.
1.6 Infrastructure facilities:

Social infrastructure facilities
 Public health center
 Privet clinic and hospitals
 Anganwadi
 primary school
 secondary and higher secondary school
 Community Hall
 Public library
 village pond
Fig-7 PHC Fig-8 Post office

Fig-9 Higher secondary shool

Other facilities
 Post office
 Telecommunication network
 General Market
 Panchayat building
 Banks & ATMs
 Milk co-operative soc.
Fig-10 Milk co-operative soc. Fig-11 BSNL office (Sarsa)

Physical infrastructures facilities

 Treated water.
 Manual Hand pump.
 Tube well.
 Covered well.
 Overhead water tank.
 uncovered drainage system.
 Interior street road is made of RCC.
 village road is made of bitumen.
 street road is made of RCC.
 Transport facilities.
1.7 Initiatives in village development by local self-government

 No initiative programs in village development by local self-government.
1.8 Future prospects of the Ideal Village

 Green evolution, further improved educational system, gas lines etc.
1.9 Benefits of the visits

 Example for set up a village development project.
 To get insight into the socio-economic and cultural realities of rural life.
 Can able to know different types of the facilities infrastructure likes Physical
social; social cultural sustainable and repair and maintenance related and also
know about the basic facilities about the village which have to provide for every
poor villages.
 Got information related various amenities from gram panchayat.

1.10 Case Study of any other state Ideal Village / any other from
outside Gujarat
Mawlynnong - Asia's cleanest village

Mawlynnong, a small village in Meghalaya, was awarded the prestigious tag of 'Cleanest Village
in Asia' in 2003 by Discover India Magazine. Located at about 90 kms from Shillong, the village
offers a sky walk for you to take in the beauty as you explore it. According to visitors, you
cannot find a single cigarette butt/plastic bag lying around there.
Fig-12 Mawlynnong village
Ankapoor, Telangana

Ankapoor village
Ankapoor is located in the Nizamabad district in the state of Telangana. Ankapoor has been
globally recognized as a “Model Agricultural Village” for its achievements in introducing
modern technologies in agriculture while ensuring the participation of all sections of the
village community, particularly women. Organizations like the Indian Council for
Agricultural Research (ICAR), International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Manila and
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-arid Tropics (ICRISAT) have formally
commended the developments in agriculture in the village.
Some of the important features of the agricultural model of the Ankapoorinclude :
Peasant Association of the village coordinates various agricultural interventions

The decision making process is inclusive and based on consensus-building.

Ankapur- A Model Village
Ankapur Village has been recognized as a Model Village by many agencies including
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Manila, Philippines, for outstanding
achievements in the field of agriculture development. Besides cultivating commercial crops
and vegetables on a large scale, the local farming communities have been raising various
crops for seeds in preference to cornflakes and traditional crops of food grains. The Peasant
Association of the village coordinates, organizes and controls various agricultural
development programmes. The village also boasts of modern amenities for the inhabitants and
is also taking up its marketing activities itself.
Ankapur is a small, self-reliant, progressive Model Village located in Armoor Mandal,

Nizamabad District, and Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh. The village is 400 years old
and is located on eastern side of the National Highway 16 connecting Nizamabad with
Jagdalpur (CHG) also near to another National Highway (NH7) connecting Hyderabad and
Nagpur. It lies 77 degrees 51 E longitude and 18 degrees 30 N latitude at an elevation of 404
meters abovethe level. It receives an annual rainfall of about 1100 mm and experiences a
subtropical climate.
The village has post office, telephone office, four primary schools, two high schools a primary
agricultural cooperative society, a commercial bank (Andhra bank), a Panchayat Office (three
storied building), veterinary center with artificial insemination facilities, library, two fair price
shops, 20 seed processing plants, a market yard, and 35 DWCRA groups. There are about 800
houses and most they have ultra-modern facilities. In this village, there are about 500
television sets with cable connection. There are 100 cars, 400 two wheelers, 27 tractors, 05
lorries, 02 buses, 26 multiple crop harvesters, 20 paddy threshers, 60 maize shellers, 11 bajra
power threshers, 250 hand sprayers and 15 power sprayers. There are 2473 telephone
connections (includes both land line and mobile) in this village.


Chapter 2: Smart Cities &Village Concept
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Concepts:
 A 'smart city' is an urban region that is advanced in terms of overall infrastructure,
sustainable real estate, communications and market viability. It is a city where
information technology is the principal infrastructure and the basis for providing
essential services to residents. People migrate to cities primarily for employment.
 Making a city “smart” is evolving as a strategy to ease the problems generated by the
urban population growth and speedy urbanization. Yet little hypothetical research has
sparingly discussed the phenomenon. To close the gap in the literature about smart cities
and in response to the increasing use of the concept, this paper proposes an agenda to
understand the concept of smart cities. Based on the exploration of a wide and extensive
array of literature from various disciplinary areas we identify eight critical factors of
smart city initiatives: management and organization, technology, governance, policy
context, people and communities, economy, built infrastructure, and natural
environment.
The infrastructure elements in a Smart City would include:

 Adequate Sustainable Water Supply
 Electricity Supply with Renewable sources
 Sanitation, Including Solid Waste Management
 Efficient Urban Mobility and Public Transport
 Affordable Housing, Especially for The Poor
 Sustainable Environment
 Safety and Security

 Strategic planning
 Mobility
 Wi fi
 E – government
 E – transportation
 Technological resiliency
 Cyber defense
 Renewable energy
2.1.2Definition:
The concept which is done for development of village by National, state and Rural
Government. A city well performing in a forward looking way in economy, people
governance, mobility, environment, and living, builds on the smart combination of
endowment and activities of self-decisive, independent and aware citizens.
2.1.3 Needs of smart cities / villages development:

 In needs of smart city solutions relating to water management, clean and
renewable energies, smart grid, intelligent traffic control, electronic government,
urban mobility, wireless internet accessibility and waste management are just a
few example that can be highlighted.
Following are the points required to fulfill for development of smart village:
1. Smart security.
2. Efficient public transportation system.
3. Improving sanitation conditions

4. Solid and liquid waste management.

5. Rain harvesting /Rain water drainage system.
6. Safe drinking water facilities.
7. Use of renewable energy.
2.1.4 Smart city Development Vision-Goals-Activities
The USDOT identifies twelve vision element that comprise a smart city.
1. Urban automation
2. Connected vehicles
3. Intelligent, sensor-based infrastructure
4. Urban analytics
5. User-focused mobility services and choices
6. Urban delivery and logistics
7. Strategic business models and partnering opportunities
8. Smart grid, roadway electrification and electric vehicals
9. Connected, involved citizens
10. Architecture and standards
11. Low cost, efficient, secure and resilient information and communication technology
(ICT)
12. Smart land use
Goal
 Improve people’s quality of life
 Improve health
 Increase economic growth
 Provide employment
 Sustainable environment

 Use of renewable energy.
Smart City would be the one which plans judiciously to meet its aspirations and challenges in a
sustainable manner while fostering principles of good governance. These are achieved in a Smart
City by utilizing the enhanced power of technology.
2.1.5 Practices
 In order to develop a smart village, all the above criteria need to be met and a sustainable
environment needs to be created which is supportive of the initiatives required in order to
make the efforts to develop a smart village successful.
Education:
 This is one of the most important aspects of developing a village. A community can only
thrive when people have access to education which helps empower them with the knowledge
required to create better lives for the people around them. Therefore, this is probably one of
the most important criteria when it comes to developing a smart village.
Healthcare:
 A unified healthcare system needs to be developed which guarantees access to healthcare for
every citizen. A community cannot thrive if the people can’t even access basic healthcare.
Access to Drinking Water and Sanitation:
 Clean drinking water is something that is a basic requirement for survival along with proper
sanitation to ensure that people live healthy and fulfilling lives.

Nutrition:
 A unified program needs to be developed where every single individual in the community has
access to a nutritious diet. Regarding this, a proper plan needs to be developed that would
ensure that no one goes without food.
Connectivity and Security:

 Connectivity and Security are two of the most fundamental requirements. Proper policing and
maintenance of law and order are paramount for the safety and security of a community.
Connectivity is another aspect which needs to be looked into, irrespective of whether we are
talking about the roads, transport or digital and mobile connectivity.
2.1.7 Smart Cities Bench Marks

 There are no specified benchmarks or codes or standard for Smart Village.
 Good services to satisfy needs of its people to a very good extent within approachable
area like educational and health facility.
 No pollution at all like heat wave, water pollution, noise pollution etc.
 Provision of maximum e-Governance to each and every person equally.
 A complete set of sustainable environment friendly approach for infrastructure and
technology
 Affordable houses, transport, healthcare etc. for all
 Safety for all categories of citizen.
Parameter Benchmark
A Transport • Maximum travel time of 30 minutes in small &

medium size cities and 45 minutes in metropolitan

areas.
• Continuous unobstructed footpath for 2 m wide on
either side of all street with Row 12 m more
• Dedicated and physically segregated bicycle
tracks with width of 2 m or more, one in each
direction, should be provided on all streets with
carriage way larger than 10 m
• High quality and high frequency mass transport
within 800 m (10-15-minute walking distance) of
all residences in areas over 175persons / ha of built
area
 B Spatial Planning
•175 persons per Ha along transit corridors.
• 95% of residences should have daily needs retail,
parks, primary schools and recreational areas
accessible within 400m walking distance.
• 95% residences should have access to
employment and public and institutional transport
or bicycle or walk
• At least 20% of all residential units to be occupied
by economically weaker sections in each Transit
Oriented Development Zone 800m from Transit Stations
• At least 30% residential and 30
commercial/institutional in every TOD Zone
within 800m of Transit Stations

C Water Supply
• 24 x 7 supply of water
• 100% household with direct water supply
connections
• 135 liters of per capita supply of water
• 100% metering of water connections
• 100% efficiency in collection of water related
Charges
D Sewerage & • 100% households should have access to toilets

Sanitation • 100% schools should have separate toilets for
girls
• 100% households should be connected to the
waste water network
• 100% efficiency in the collection and treatment
of waste water
• 100% efficiency in the collection of sewerage
network
E Solid management
• 100% households are covered by daily door-step Collection
system.
• 100% collection of municipal solid waste
• 100% segregation of waste at source, i.e. bio-
degradable and non-degradable waste 100%
recycling of solid waste

F Storm storage
• 100% coverage of road network with storm
water drainage network
• Aggregate number of incidents of water logging
reported in a Year = 0
• 100 % rainwater harvesting
Electricity
• 100% households have electricity connection 24
x 7 supply of electricity
• 100% metering of electricity supply
• 100% recovery of cost
• Tariff slabs that work towards minimizing waste
Telephone
• 100% households have a telephone connection
Connections including mobile
Wi-Fi connectivity
• 100% households have a telephone connection
including mobile
J Health care • Availability of telemedicine facilities to 100%

Facilities residents
• 30 minutes’ emergency response time
• 1 dispensary for every 15,000 residents
• Nursing home, child, welfare and maternity,
• center - 25 to 30 beds per lakh population

• Intermediate Hospital (Category B) - 80 beds per

lakh population
• Intermediate Hospital (Category A) - 200 beds
per lakh population
• Multi-Specialty Hospital - 200 beds per lakh
population
• Specialty Hospital - 200 beds per lakh population
2.1.8 Smart Cities Standards

“Sustainability as a general principle” was at the heart of the standards, the committee said.
2.1.9 Smart Cities Performance Measurement Indicators

These included indicators on economics, education, energy, environment, health, governance,
transport, shelter and safety. Other indicators related to particulate matter pollution, renewable
energy consumption, the unemployment rate, the ratio of police personnel to population, and the
infant mortality rate.
The indicators are listed under the following heads:

 Economy
 Education
 Environment
 Energy
 Finance
 Fire and Emergency Responses
 Governance
 Health
 Safety
2.2 Smart Cities Options
2.2.1 Technological options for smart cities:
 Intelligent Traffic Management System

 Metering and monitoring of various parameters of all resources for energy waste water,
drainage etc.
 Outreach medical and educational facility
 Green building technologies
 Self-sustained renewable resource management technologies
Smart city into required developed/used some structure/technology based on given below
indicator:
Fig-13 Technology option of smart city

2.2.3 Cyber Security
The last 30 to 40 years have fostered an era of rapid automation and ingenuity to create
technology that makes our lives easier and operations simpler. Today, technology is interwoven
into our everyday lives with interconnected smart devices that respond to seemingly everything
around us. These advances, which are frequently used by consumers and commercial enterprises,
are now being leveraged within our nation’s critical infrastructure, creating new concerns about
the network integrity and vulnerability of the nation’s mission critical operations.
The introduction of automation to our nation’s critical infrastructure for electricity, transportation
and security drives the need for a stronger, more robust means of cybersecurity. Our cities are
becoming increasingly smarter due to the implementation of autonomous monitoring and control
technologies. However, hese technologies, when not connected to secure networks, are
extremely susceptible to cyber threats - many of which have.
The increased complexity of city‟s systems, interdependencies, globally connected social,

economic and political sub systems has increased the vulnerability of a city‟s security. The cyber
threats get magnified as infinite supply of data becomes more integral to a wide array of
operations.Smart Cities have smart (intelligent) physical, social, institutional and economic
infrastructure while ensuring centrality of citizens in a sustainable environment. It is expected
that such a Smart City will generate options for all residents to pursue their livelihoods and
interests meaningfully and with joy.Smart surveillance technology or analytics to manage the
crowd, traffic, cyber security, data privacy, building code to manage natural/man-made disasters
etc. are factors that would make a city safe and secured for a citizen to live in.
We examine two important and entangled challenges:

Security
Privacy

City infrastructures and services are changing with new interconnected systems for monitoring,
control and automation. These may include water and sanitation to emergency responders and
disaster recovery.
These benefits must be considered against the potential harm that may come from this massively
interconnected world. Technical, administrative and financial factors must be weighted with the
legal, political and social environment of the city.
Cyber security in the context of Smart Cities is a hot topic. The objective of Smart Cities is to
optimize the city in a dynamic way to offer a better quality of life to the citizens through the
application of information and communication technology (ICT). The range of areas where cities
can become smarter is extensive: it is an evolution of “Connected Cities” with the prevalence of
data exchange at a larger scale.
The benefits of Information and Computing Technologies (ICT) in a Smart City and of the
Internet of Things are tremendous. Smart energy meters, security devices, smart appliances for
health and domestic life: these and more offer unprecedented conveniences and improved qualit y
of life. City infrastructures and services are changing with new interconnected systems for
monitoring, control and automation. These may include water and sanitation to emergency
responders and disaster recovery.
Methodology
Several paradigms and categorical structures may be applied in analyzing the benefits and
detriments of this data environment. An applicable paradigm used for this analysis is that of IBM
that the Smart City, its components and its citizens are
Instrumented
Interconnected
Intelligent.

2.2.4 Green Building
According to world green building council A ‘green’ building is a building that, in its design,
construction or operation, reduces or eliminates negative impacts, and can create positive
impacts, on our climate and natural environment. Green buildings preserve precious natural
resources and improve our quality of life.
There are a number of features which can make a building ‘green’. These include:
 Efficient use of energy, water and other resources
 Use of renewable energy, such as solar energy

 Pollution and waste reduction measures, and the enabling of re-use and recycling
 Good indoor environmental air quality
 Use of materials that are non-toxic, ethical and sustainable
 Consideration of the environment in design, construction and operation
 Consideration of the quality of life of occupants in design, construction and operation
 A design that enables adaptation to a changing environment
Any building can be a green building, whether it’s a home, an office, a school, a hospital, a
community center, or any other type of structure, provided it includes features listed above.
2.2.5 District Cooling and Heating
District Cooling
District cooling is the cooling equivalent of district heating. Working on broadly similar
principles to district heating, district cooling delivers chilled water to buildings like offices and
factories needing cooling. In winter, the source for the cooling can often be sea water, so it is a
cheaper resource than using electricity to run compressors for cooling. Alternatively, District

Cooling can be provided by a Heat Sharing Network which enables each building on the circuit
to use a heat pump to reject heat to an ambient ground temperature circuit.
District cooling is the distribution of cooling energy from a centralized plant to several buildings
in a district. Centralizing the comfort cooling infrastructure offset the need for mechanical rooms
in each building within the district. The result is up to 40% improvement in efficiency and up to
20% life cycle cost saving.
District Heating
District heating is a system for distributing heat generated in a centralized location for residential
and commercial heating requirements such as space heating and water heating. The heat is often
obtained from a cogeneration plant burning fossil fuels but increasingly also biomass, although
heat-only boiler stations, geothermal heating, heat pumps and central solar heating are also used,
as well as nuclear power. District heating plants can provide higher efficiencies and better
pollution control than localized boilers. According to some research, district heating with
combined heat and power is the cheapest method of cutting carbon emissions, and has one of the
lowest carbon footprints of all fossil generation plants.
Fig-14 District Heating Diagram

District heating plants can provide higher efficiencies and better pollution control than localized
boilers. According to some research, district heating with combined heat and power (CHPDH) is
the cheapest method of cutting carbon emissions, and has one of the lowest carbon footprints of
all fossil generation plants.
2.2.6 Smart data Centre

It is undeniable that Smart Cities will contribute to a heavy squeeze on the supply of data centre
and cloud resources, particularly as Smart Cities grow in number and complexity. As a result,
those involved in building and developing Smart Cities must consider data first, and then ensure
that their investments in infrastructure put scalability, flexibility, security and future-proofing at
the top of the list of their priorities. Stringent service level agreements, 24/7/365 support and
real-time reporting are also fundamental to help users access the data in their systems and
provide the services promised.
Smart Data Center Facilities Solution provides a modern foundation for distributed cloud
applications for individuals and corporations.
Easily scale up or scale out to meet the growing demand for cloud computing, virtualization, and
other advanced technologies. Incorporate intelligent plug-and-play micro modules that address
the requirements of branch and headquarters data centers Be based on digital, intelligent network
technologies. Uses green energy technology to reduce Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE), and
slashes operating costs with proactive Operations and Management (O&M) techniques.
Criteria should be considered while selecting data center
• Energy metering
• Effectiveness of power use
• Virtualization
• Efficiency of use for servers
• Efficiency of use for facility floor space.

2.2.7 Smart Infrastructure
 There is no fix definition of smart infrastructure but it can be defined as above,
 In a world where infrastructure is truly smart, sensing technologies are embedded in

infrastructure and the equipment it interacts with. These sensors are connected to a
communication backbone which allows real-time data acquisition and analysis.
 The information gathered is analyzed, interpreted and delivered as reliable, robust and
meaningful information to infrastructure providers, who can then make better-informed
decisions about the structural health and maintenance of their assets.
2.2.8 Funding of smart cities Development
According to past data The Rs 1 lakh crore that will be granted for the ambitious five-year Smart
Cities plan by the Centre, state governments and municipal bodies of the 100 selected cities, will
account for merely a fifth of the money needed for the mission. As per Central government
estimates, a whopping Rs 4 lakh crore of funds will be infused chiefly through private
investments and loans from multilateral institutions among other sources.
2.2.9 Available Option for Developing Fast Smart Cities
There are 6 key features on which smart city works

 Smart energy
 Smart transportation
 Smart data
 Smart infrastructure
 Smart mobility
 Smart lot services

Each of these technologies work together to make a smart city even smarter. As the world's
population grows, and more people move into urban areas, the need for smarter cities will
increase to make the best use of available resources.
2.2.10 Road Map and Safe Guards for Smart Cities
To become a digital city, governments will need an appropriate set of solutions that will help
them advance to the next stage of ICT maturity. The more a city takes advantage of the potential
offered by ICT in terms of the provision of digital services and an integrated urban network, the
higher its level of ICT maturity. In many ways, this is easier for newer cities in emerging
markets, which are just now investing in urban infrastructure.
For example, Lusail City in Qatar, Masdar City in the UAE, and Songdo in South Korea are all
making digital technology, networks, and apps a central part of how they operate and interact
with citizens. By contrast, existing — or brownfield — metropolitan areas face clear challenges
in moving up the ICT maturity ladder, as they need to modernize their existing infrastructure
with embedded sensors and control systems and retrofit old buildings — a complicated and
expensive process.
Indeed, in some cases it is impossible as the buildings cannot accommodate new technologies.
However, becoming a digital city is not so stark a choice that urban authorities either achieve this
revolution or fail. Rather, even taking small steps, particularly for established cities, toward
becoming more digitized and offering enhanced digital services provides a variety of benefits. In
some cases, established cities can use the disruptive power of digitization to leapfrog some of the
obstacles.
A smart city roadmap consists of major components:

1. To describe exactly what is the community:
Maybe that definition can condition what you are doing in the subsequent steps; it relates to
geography, links between cities and flows of people between them; that in some Countries the
definition of City/community that is stated does not correspond effectively happens in the real
life.
2. Study Community:
Before deciding to build a smart city, first we need to know that. This can be done by
determining the benefits of such an initiative. Study the community to know the citizens, the
business's needs – know the citizens and the community's unique attributes, such as the age of
the citizens, their education, hobbies, and attractions ofthe city.
3. Develop a Smart City Policy:
Develop a policy to drive the initiatives, where roles, responsibilities, objective, and goals, can
be defined. Create plans and strategies on how the goals will be achieved.
4. Engage The Citizens:
This can be done by engaging the citizens through the use of government initiatives, open data,
sport events, etc.

Fig-15 Engage citizen diagram
2.3 India’s Smart Cities: Issues and Challenges
Funding: One of the biggest challenge is having a streamlined funding for the development of
smart cities. It was decided that each Smart City will receive 500 Crore over the period of 5
years by Central Government. But this amount won’t be sufficient. To match the contribution of
central government there should be some contribution from the state government too in order to
create sustainable funding to take the smart cities from pilot phase to execution and
thencompletion. There are many private firms that are providing funding but it requires to be in
proper process.
Technology: There are certain technologies that are a part of the project and it is expensive to use
them. Because of the advancement, some technologies are borrowed from other countries which
makes it more expensive. This hinders the success of smart city project. Another challenge is in
the discovery of technology and the need for a medium that can bring technology users and
creators together to adopt faster platforms.

Problem of regulation and governance: Owing to a large set of investors, the list of stakeholders
in the project is growing. In case of any legal issues, there is a strong need of separate legal
framework in the stages of smart city mission. When the project is big there is a need of effective
communication between central government, state and local governments. Apart from this, there
is also a need of statutory bodies to provide quick approvals so that no resources and time goes
waste.
2.3.1 Urban Water and Sanitation Challenges
Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan was launched by Hon’ble Prime Minister of India on 2 nd October
2015, which caught attention of everybody not only in India, but also in the world. The
government has taken various steps to create awareness among the masses for keeping the area
surrounding them neat and clean. Government is also paying special attention for cleaning of
rivers, railway stations, tourist destinations and other public places.
The BARC is playing a pivotal role in the development of these technologies. Some of these
technologies are as follows:
Environment friendly Plasma technologies:

Solid waste dumping sites or landfill sites need more amount of land which is not available in
urban areas. Incineration of solid waste pollutes the environment if the incinerators are not
designed or operated properly. Thermal Plasma Technology is ideally suited for waste treatment.
By plasma technology Hazardous & toxic compounds are broken down to elemental constituents
at high temperatures; Inorganic materials are converted to Vitrified Mass; and Organic materials
are Pyrolysed or Gasified, converted to flue gases (H2 & CO) & Lower hydrocarbon gases when
operated at low temperature (500 – 600OC). Disposal of carcass is also being thought of using
plasma pyrolysis.

Unique Multi Stage Biological Treatment Solution:
Multi Stage Biological Treatment Solution (MSBT) can be implemented on existing STP which
are not able to process Sewage to optimum efficiency. MSBT can be implemented as a modular
or container on the banks of rivers on Drains/Nalas which discharge waste water to the river. It
can also be implanted in small urban societies and housing complex for better water
management. Benefits of MSBT are: No Surplus of Organic Sludge, No Odour problem, drastic
reduction of Electrical Power usage which minimizes operating costs, No need for return sludge
pumping (minimizing electromechanical component which ultimately reduces operating cost).
There are more than 90% of the population has access to drinking and 60 %of the population has
access basic sanitation.
The challenges faced by India urban water and sanitation are as Follow:
 Creating consensus on sector governance and institutional arrangements.
 Developing and testing service provider models that have characteristics of well Run
public companies for different market segments Is the main challenges faced by India
urban and sanitation.
 Improving financial sustainability of providers.
 The first is that the data bank for people seeking to information.
2.3.2 Role of Indigenous Technologies

Some of these Role of Indigenous technologies are as follows:
• Indigenous water purification technologies: These technologies can improve the: drinking
water quality of smaller villages as well as larger cities. It uses the Pressure Driven Membrane
Processes. These are suitable for all capacity units e.g. they are adaptable from household level
unit or community level unit to large scale unit. Water purification technologies make use of the
nuclear energy and solar energy also.

 Environment friendly Plasma technologies:
Solid waste dumping sites or landfill sites: need more amount of land which is not available in
urban areas. Incineration of solid waste pollutes the environment if the incinerators are not
designed or operated properly. Thermal Plasma Technology is ideally suited for waste treatment.
By plasma technology Hazardous & toxic compounds are broken down to elemental constituents
at high temperatures; Inorganic materials are converted to Vitrified Mass; and Organic materials
are Pyrolysed or Gasified, Converted to flue gases (H2 & CO) & Lower hydrocarbon gases when
operated at low temperature (500 – 600OC). Disposal of carcass is also being thought of using
plasma pyrolysis..
 Unique Multi Stage Biological Treatment Solution:
Multi Stage Biological Treatment Solution (MSBT) can be implemented on existing STP which
is not able to process Sewage to optimum efficiency. MSBT can be implemented as a modular or
container onthe banks of rivers on Drains/Nalas which discharge waste water to the river. It can
also be implanted in small urban societies and housing complex for better water management.
Benefits of MSBT are: No Surplus of Organic Sludge, No Oder problem, drastic reduction of
Electrical Power usage which minimizes operating costs, No need for return sludge pumping
(minimizing electromechanical component which ultimately reduces operating cost).
Role of environmental isotope techniques in the water resources development and management:
There are two type of isotopes, stable isotopes and radioactive isotopes. Isotope techniques are
used to find out the type of contamination in surface water and ground water, the sources and
origin of contamination, pollutant dispersion in surface water bodies, to assess the ground water

salinity, to assess the changes due to long-term exploitation of groundwater, for hydro-chemical
investigation and to carry out geochemical evolution of groundwater.
2.3.3 Key Issues in development of Human Being

1. Sustainability
a. Better health – with special focus on maternal and child health.
b. Practical and smart education.
c. Housing & livelihood.
d. Capacity building of all stakeholders.
e. Clean drinking water& sanitation.
2. Community involvement
a. Planning for Village Development.
b. Mobilizing resources for the Plan, with active engagement with elected representative.
c. Monitoring the utilization of government funds to increase accountability.
d. Influencing personal and community behavior
3. Technology
a. Delivery of government services.
b. ICT and space technology in the aid of farmers.
c. Remote sensing for resource mapping and better utilization of existing assets.
d. Land records modernization
4. Connectivity
a. Physical connectivity to towns and other places through roads.
b. Easy and cheap means of transportation.
c. Digital connectivity and mobile connectivity.
d. Augmenting power connectivity through off-grid renewable sources.
e. Financial connectivity.

Chapter 3: Literature Review

3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Real urban & Rural and Concept
Urban:
 A settlement where the population is very high and has the feature of a built environment
is known as Urban.
 City, towns, conurbations are examples of urban and this term is can’t be extended to
villages and hamlets. It includes Non-agricultural work, i.e. trade, commerce or provision
of service.
 Urbanization also includes having more advanced technology and science, where
hospitals have more advanced machineries and people have smart-phones, tablets, etc.
 It also has a higher employment rate compared to rural area.
 An urban area is the region surrounding a city. Most people of urban areas have non-agricultural
jobs. Urban areas are very developed, meaning there is a density of human structures such as
houses, commercial buildings, roads, bridges, and railways. "Urban area" can refer to towns
cities, and suburbs.

Rural:
 Rural area is defined as the area in which 75% or more male population is engaged with
agricultural Activity.
 According to the planning commission a town with a max. population of 15,000 is
considered rural in nature. In these areas the panchayat makes all the decisions.
 In rural areas, agriculture is the chief source of livelihood along with fishing, cottage
industry, pottery, etc. It has a very low population density.
3.1.2 Ancient Villages / Different definitions of Rural area/ Villages
Rural area:
A rural area is an area or a land that has lower residential density or other buildings, and with
lower population density generally with lower or backwardness in facilities,low literacyrate in
comparison to city or any other urban area as per conventional Indian context rural area has
following characteristics and problems.

An urban area is the region surrounding a city. Most inhabitants of urban areas have non-agricultural
jobs. The population density is quite high. Urban areas are very developed, meaning there is a density
of human structures such as houses, commercial buildings, roads, bridges, and railways. “Urban
area" can refer to towns, cities, and suburbs. An urban area includes the city itself, as well as the
surrounding areas. Many urban areas are called metropolitan areas, when two or more metropolitan
areas grow until they combine, the result may be known as a megalopolis.
 Lower literacy, educational achievements and vocational education

 Lower standard of living, Lower aspirations and less amenities and services
 75% or more male population is engaged with agricultural activity.
 Migration in search of job and better facilities. Less health infrastructure leading to
higher death rate.
 Lower income groups.
Village:
A Village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet but smaller than a
town, with a population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand. It is generally larger than
a "hamlet" but smaller than a "town".
Village has following characteristics
 Village can have population between 500 and 10000 inhabitants.

 The villagers managed their own affairs through the traditional institution of Panchayat.
The central government had neither the inclination nor the means for interfering with the
self-government of villages.
 Village has the atmosphere of simplicity, calmness and peace prevailing therein. There
is no noise and little sophistication.

 Generally, the women in villages are not much educated and their social status is lower
than that of their counterparts in the towns. Factors like prevalence of child marriage,
joint family system, traditional ideals, old values and lack of education among females
are responsible for the low status of women.
 The poverty and illiteracy of the village people
3.2 Scenario: Rural /Urban India & Gujarat as per Census

2011{Population Growth}
The total population growth of Gujarat in this decade was 19.28 percent while in previous decade
it was 22.48 percent. The population of Gujarat forms 4.99 percent of India in 2011. In 2001, the
figure was 4.93 percent.
Gujarat Rural Population 2011:
Total population 60,439,692

Total population of male: - 31,491,260
Total population of female: 28,948,432
Total population growth in decade is 19.28%
Out of total population of Gujarat, 42.60% people lives in urban region and rest in rural
Description Rural Urban
Population 57.14 42.7
Total population 35694609 25745083

male population
17,799,159 13,692,101
Female Population
16,895,450 12,052,982
Population growth
9.31 % 36.00 %
Sex ratio
949 880
Literates
21,420,842 19,672,516
Average literacy
71.71 % 86.31 %
India:
According to the census reports of Indian Census 2011, is given bellow.
Urban and Rural Population of India:
According to the provisional data released by Census India, these are some of trends of Urban
and Rural Population of India.
 Rural Population in India: 68.84%
 Urban Population in India :31.16%
 Level of urbanization increased from 27.81% in 2001 Census to 31.16% in 2011 Census.
3.3 Rural issues and Concerns
3.3.1 Crime free / Dispute free
 Poverty is largely a rural problem. More than 75 percent of the world’s poor live in rural
areas and a majority of the poor will continue to live in rural areas well into the 21st

century. Although internationally comparable statistics on rural poverty are limited, it is

clear that in virtually all developing countries, the rural poor outnumber the urban poor,
often by a factor of two or more.
 There for to make crime free rural areas it should be developed.

 There are some of issues and concerns are shown below
 Water problem
 Sewage system
 Lower education
 Poor Health services
 Migration to urban areas
 Lower living standards
 No transportation facility
 Less awareness
 Less income opportunity
3.3.2 Resources
Following are the resources concerned with rural development.

 Covered drainage
 Primary school
 Batter roads (pakka roads)
 Proper solution for villager’s issue.
3.3.3 Literacy
 Due to poverty more than 75% peoples live in rural regions which directly affects to
literacy rate of India, corruption is other factor due to which people from rural area
migrates to urban region and doesn’t get their benefits, which result in more % of
illiteracy.

 Literacy and poverty brings down the, development of the rural areas as people, can’t
easily accept the new technology and thus many schemes by government doesn’t seems
to worked out in many aspects.
3.3.4 Health / hygiene
 In rural areas due to less use of public toilets and poor mentality there are more chances
of spreading disease’s and if village has lower population than they suffer due to non-
ability of PHC center.
3.3.5 Woman Empowerment
 In villages now in 21st century peoples are believing to educate girl child even in village
areas, which must. They are supported by different sectors too. Gram panchayat also
provides financial support to them. At present in every town in Anand district Sarpanch
of the villages are Woman candidates. Hence it’s been good sight point for woman
Empowerment.
3.3.6 Any other
 The financial, manpower and, managerial resources devoted to the implementation of

rural development programmers are completely insufficient.
 Better implementation, of rural growth programmers can be ensured only, if those
accountable for actual implementation are, paid reasonably well, appropriately trained,
and adequately motivated. But this has not been done as yet.
3.4 Various Measures of Rural Development

 The main objective of rural development has been to remove poverty of the people and
fill the widened gap between the rich and the poor.
 This has been also vocalized in the policy of the government which says: said, ‘Rural
poverty alleviation has been the primary concern in the economic planning and
development process of the country rural development which encompasses the entire
gamut of improvement in the overall quality of life in the rural areas can be achieved
through eradication of poverty in rural areas.

 The main objective of rural development has been to remove poverty of the people and
fill the widened gap between the rich and the poor. This has been also vocalized in the
policy of the government which says: said, „Rural poverty alleviation has been the
primary concern in the economic planning and development process of the country …
rural development which encompasses the entire gamut of improvement in the overall
quality of life in the rural areas can be achieved through eradication of poverty in rural
areas.
 Experiences of many countries suggest that technological development fuelled by
demand has a higher dissemination rate. However, in India, technology developers for
rural areas have been catering to needs (with small improvement), rather than creating
demand. There is no industry linkage machinery to create demand-based-technology
market for rural communities. Besides, there is also an imbalance between strategies and
effective management programs.
3.5 Good governance project

Although governance has been defined variously by different people depending upon the context
and perspective, there is agreement over the broad elements ofgovernance namely, • the process
whereby elements in society wield power and authority, and influence and enact policies and
decisions concerning public life, and economic and social development, • the capacity of
governments to manage resources efficiently and to formulate, implement, and enforce sound
policies and regulations
Following are projects by govt. for development
1.Pradhan-Mantri Awas Yojna
 Pradhan MantriGraminAwaasYojana (PMGAY), previously Indira AwaasYojana (IAY),

is a social welfare flagship programme, created by the Indian Government, to provide
housing for the rural poor in India. A similar scheme for urban poor was launched in
2015 as Housing for All by 2022. Indira AwaasYojana was launched by Rajiv Gandhi,
the then Prime Minister of India, as one of the major flagship programs of the Ministry
of Rural Development to construct houses for BPL population in the villages. Under the
scheme, financial assistance worth ₹70,000 (US$1,100) in plain areas and ₹75,000
(US$1,200) in difficult areas (high land area) is provided for construction of houses. The
houses are allotted in the name of the woman or jointly between husband and wife. The
construction of the houses is the sole responsibility of the beneficiary and poverty.

 Engagement of contractors is strictly prohibited. Sanitary latrine and smokeless chullah

are required to be constructed along with each IAY house for which additional financial
assistance is provided from "Total Sanitation Campaign" and "Rajiv Gandhi
GrameenVidyutikaranYojana" respectively. This scheme, operating since 1985, provides
subsidies and cash-assistance to people in villages toconstruct their houses, themselves.
2.Atal Pension Yojana
 This scheme is related to Social Sector Scheme pertaining to Pension Sector.

 In Atal Pension Yojana, for every contribution made to the pension fund, The Central
Government would also co-contribute 50% of the total contribution or ₹1,000(US$16)
per annum, whichever is lower, to each eligible subscriber account, for a period of 5
years. The minimum age of joining APY is 18 years and maximum age is 40 years. The
age of exit and start of pension would be 60 years. Therefore, minimum period of
contribution by the subscriber under APY would be 20 years or more.
3. Digital India Program
 Digital India is a campaign launched by the Government of India to ensure that

Government services are made available to citizens electronically by improved online
infrastructure and by increasing Internet connectivity or by making the country digitally
empowered in the field of technology.
4. Pradhanmantriujjwalayojana
 Launched to provide free LPG connections to women from below poverty line families.
5.Antyodaya Anna Yojana
 Under the scheme 1 crore of the poorest among the (Below Poverty Line)BPL families
covered under the targeted public distribution system are identified. Issue of Ration Cards
Following the recognition of Antyodaya families, unique quota cards to be recognized an
"Antyodaya Ration Card" must be given to the Antyodaya families by the chosen power.
The scheme has been further expanded twice by additional 50 lakh BPL families each in
June 2003 and in August 2004,thus covering 2 crore families under the AAY scheme.
3.6 Rurban Cluster

A 'Rurban cluster', would be a cluster of geographically contiguous villages with a population of
about 25000 to 50000 in plain and coastal areas and with a population of 5000 to 15000 in
desert, hilly or tribal areas. As far as practicable, clusters of villages would follow administrative
convergence units of Gram Panchayats and shall be within a single block/tehsil for
administrative convenience.
Rurban cluster gram panchayat are classified in 2 ways:
Tribal
 For identification of the tribal clusters, the Ministry would select the leading sub districts
falling within the top 100 tribal districts of the country, based on the Scheduled Tribes
population. The selection of these sub districts would be based on parameters such as i.
Decadal growth in Tribal Population ii. Current Tribal Literacy Rate iii. Decadal growth
in Non- Farm Work force participation iv. Decadal growth in Rural Population and v.
Presence of Economic Clusters.
Non-tribal
 For selection of Non- Tribal clusters, the Ministry would provide a list of leading sub
districts to each State, within which the clusters could be identified. The selection of
these sub districts by the Ministry would be based on parameters such as i. Decadal
Growth in Rural Population ii. Decadal Growth in Non-Farm work force participation iii.
Presence of Economic Clusters iv. Presence of places of Tourism and Pilgrimage
significance. v. Proximity to Transport Corridors.
3.7 SansadAdarsh Gram Yojna
SansadAdarsh Gram Yojana is a rural development program broadly focusing upon the
development in the villages which includes social development, cultural development and spread
motivation among the people on social mobilization of the village community. The programme
was launched by the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi on the birth anniversary of
Jayaprakash Narayan, on11 October 2014.
Objectives –
 Creating models of local development which can be replicated in other villages.

 The development of model villages, called Adarsh Grams, through the implementation of
existing schemes, and certain new initiatives to be designed for the local context, which
may vary from village to village.

SansadAdarsh Gram Yojana was initiated to bring the member of parliament of all the political
parties under the same umbrella while taking the responsibility of developing physical and
institutional infrastructure in villages and turn them into model villages. Under this scheme, each
member of parliament needs to choose one village each from the constituency that they
represent, except their own village or their in-law’s village and fix parameters and make it a
model village by 2019.
3.8 Award winning Gram Panchayat Pradhans
3.9 Action Towards poverty free
Due to most of the people are having regular work there has not been any implementation for
such strategic action apart from increasing facilities time to time.
3.10 India State Specific Special Finance Grant for Village

1. State Finance Commission
In Tamil Nadu, the First State Finance Commission was constituted in April, 1994. It gave its
report in November 1996 covering the period from April, 1997 to March 2002.

Government vide G.O (Ms) No.225, Finance (Resources) Dept., dt: 2.5.1997, accepted the
following recommendations of the First State Finance Commission:
• Devolution of 8% of State’s own tax revenue (except Entertainment Tax) to rural and urban
local bodies. Out of 8%, 85% to be released as devolution grant and 15% as equalization and
incentive grant.
• The 85% devolution grant to be shared between rural and urban local bodies in the ratio of
55:45 respectively. The 15% equalization and incentive grant was apportioned torural and urban
local bodies in the ratio of 60:40 respectively.
2. Assigned Revenues
Section 167 of the Tamil Nadu Panchayats Act, 1994 provides for the levy of local cess at the
rate of Re.1 on every rupee of land revenue realized in the State. The total amount realized from
this source was distributed entirely to Village Panchayats. Similarly, Section 168 of the Act
provides for the levy of local cess surcharge at such rate which may be considered suitable but
not less than Rs.5 on every rupee of land revenue. The levy, collection and adjustment to Village
Panchayats and Panchayat Unions is done by Revenue Department in the districts.
3. Central Finance Commissions:
The Tenth Finance Commission recommended an adhoc grant of Rs.71.83 Crores annually from
1996-97 to 2000-01 for the rural local bodies in Tamil Nadu to take up capital works which was
the first time when a central finance commission touched the local bodies. While releasing the
amount the Government had stipulated that the local bodies could take up capital works from out
of the Tenth Central Finance Commission’s grant by suitable contribution from its general funds.
3.11 Project / Scheme by Govt./private Sector
The aim of the scheme is to integrated development of the selected villages so that they have all
required physical and social infrastructure for an all round socio-economic development.
Another objective of the plan is elimination of disparity between SCs and other communities in
terms of common socio-economic indicators such as literacy rate, completion rate of elementary
education, infant mortality rate/maternal mortality rate and ownership of productive assets.

In the past "government as provider" approach, the priorities were to secure budget allocations
and develop projects. The Housing Policy and the NCU statement implicitly give higher priority
to two other requirements: first, the reform of policies and regulations that now inhibit
development initiatives by the people; and second, more efficient resource management and the
building of institutional capacity.
Resource Management and Institutional Development. As discussed in Section 5, India's urban

institutions do not have the capacity to provide adequate services at present, let alone address the
requirements of accelerated urban growth in the future. Proposals relate to three types of
institutions.
Pradhan MantriAdarsh Gram Yojana (PMAGY) :
The aim of the scheme is to integrated development of the selected villages so that they have all
required physical and social infrastructure for an all round socio-economic development.
Another objective of the plan is elimination of disparity between SCs and other communities in
terms of common socio-economic indicators such as literacy rate, completion rate of elementary
education, infant mortality rate/maternal mortality rate and ownership of productive assets.
SarvaShikshaAbhiyan :
Objectives –
 Focus on elementary education of satisfactory quality with emphasis on education for

life.
 Bridge all gender and social category gaps at primary stage by 2007 and at elementary
education level by 2010.
SansadAdarsh Gram Yojana :
Objectives -
 Creating models of local development which can be replicated in other villages.

 The development of model villages, called Adarsh Grams, through the implementation of
existing schemes, and certain new initiatives to be designed for the local context, which
may vary from village to village.
Pradhan Mantri Jan-DhanYojana :
 Pradhan Mantri Jan-DhanYojana (P.M.J.D.Y), Prime Minister's People Money Scheme is

India's National Mission for Financial Inclusion to ensure access to financial services,
namely Banking Savings & Deposit Accounts, Remittance, Credit, Insurance, Pension in
an affordable manner.
Following are schemes invented for development of Rural areas
National Rural Livelihood Mission: It is mean to eradicate poverty by 2014-15.
National Food Security Scheme: On the pattern of MNREGS, the central government is trying
hard to bring a bill in the monsoon session (2013) to provide guarantee for food to the poor
people, although it has already issued an ordinance in this regard
3.12 Other Project Schemes
 Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MNREGS)

 Atal Pension Yojana
 Pradhan Mantri Suraksha BimaYojana
1. Bharat NirmanYojana:
 It was launched in 2005 for building infrastructure and basic amenities in rural areas. It
comprises of six components—rural housing, irrigation, drinking water, rural roads,
electrification and rural telephony.
2. Indira AwasYojana:
 It is one of the six components of Bharat NirmanYojana. It was introduced in 1985-86. It

aims to help built or upgrade the households of people living under BPL.
3. Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM):

 It was launched on 3rd December, 2005. The main objective of this scheme was fast
track development of cities across the country. It was focused especially on developing
efficient urban infrastructure service delivery mechanism, community participation and
accountability of urban local bodies and other agencies towards citizen.
4. Rajiv AwasYojana (RAY):
 This programme was announced in June 2009 with an objective to make the country
slum-free.
5. National Rural Health Mission:
 It was launched to make basic health care facilities accessible to the rural people.

Chapter 4: Concept of Infrastructure Facilities
4.1 Various Infrastructures
4.2.1 Facilities with Type

4.2.2 Importance in rural context at individual home of village
4.2.3 Various guidelines/norms for villages for provision of different
infrastructure facilities
Infrastructure is the basic requirement of economic development of rural village area.
Types of infrastructure facilities:
1) Physical infrastructure facilities

2) Social infrastructure facilities
3) Socio-Cultural infrastructure facilities
4) Sustainable infrastructure facilities
1) Physical infrastructure facilities:
The Physical infrastructure consists of a broad array of system and facilities required for
economic development at a higher community level.
It includes various facilities as follows:

 Water and Sanitation Infrastructure - E.g.: Water Supply Systems, Sewage treatment
systems
 Telecommunication Infrastructure – E.g.: postal and telecommunication services
 Transportation Infrastructure - E.g.: Roads, Bridges, Airports, Ports, Waterways
 Energy Infrastructure – E.g.: Dams, power plants, power distribution and transmission
facilities, pipelines
2) Social infrastructure facilities:
Social Infrastructure is a subset of the infrastructure sector and typically includes assets that
accommodate social services. As set out below, examples of Social Infrastructure Assets include
schools, universities, hospitals, prisons and community housing etc.
It includes,
 Medical facilities
 Education facilities
 State or Council and defense force housing
 Civic and Utilities
 Transport
3) Socio-Cultural infrastructure facilities:
These infrastructures are Social and cultural facilities mixed together to give a holistic approach
to looking at both the non-material cultural constructs – such as faith, value systems – and the
social structures – such as political organizations, civil organizations, educational systems etc –
and how the two interact.
It includes;
 Religion buildings: Mandir, Masjid , Church etc.
 Auditorium
 Garden
 Library
 Playgrounds
 Community halls
4). Sustainable infrastructure facilities:
Sustainable infrastructure is dynamic conceptual infrastructure which allows environment and

infrastructure facility to survive with consideration of natural resources and its limitations,
renewability in relation with present and future aspects.
It includes;
 Rain water harvesting and ground water recharge
 Biogas plant
 Recycling of waste like in composting
 Green roofs
 Photovoltaic panel and Solar Street lights
Provision and norms for infrastructure facilities are
 URDPFI - URBAN AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANS FORMULATION

AND IMPLEMENTATION (URDPFI) GUIDELINES from Town and Country
Planning department
 GDCR: General Development Control Regulations


4.2 Sustainable Village Development
 Sustainable development is the organizing principle for meeting human development

goals while at the same time sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the
natural resources and ecosystem services upon which the economy and society depend.
The desired result is a state of society where living and conditions and resource use
continue to meet human needs without undermining the integrity and stability of the
natural systems.
 it has shifted to focus more on economic development, social development and

environmental protection for future generations. It has been suggested that "the term
'sustainability' should be viewed as humanity's target goal of human-ecosystem
equilibrium (homeostasis), while 'sustainable development' refers to the holistic approach
and temporal processes that lead us to the end point of sustainability.
 The concept of sustainable development has been—and still is—subject to criticism.

What, exactly, is to be sustained in sustainable development? It has been argued that
there is no such thing as a sustainable use of a non-renewable resource, since any positive
rate of exploitation will eventually lead to the exhaustion of Earth's finite stock; this
perspective renders the Industrial Revolution as a whole unsustainable.

Here are principles shown of sustainable development of village
Hare are goals for sustainability development are given below

 Goal1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere

 Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote
sustainable agriculture.
 Goal 3. Ensure healthy live and promote well-being for all at all ages.
 Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all.
 Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
 Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
 Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.
 Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and
productive employment and decent work for all.
"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present

withoutcompromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

While the modern concept of sustainable development is derived mostly from the 1987
Brundtland Report, it is also rooted in earlier ideas about sustainable forest management and
twentieth century environmental concerns. As the concept developed, it has shifted to focus more
on economic development, social development and environmental protection for future
generations. It has been suggested that "the term 'sustainability' should be viewed as humanity's
target goal of human-ecosystem equilibrium (homeostasis), while 'sustainable development'
refers to the holistic approach and temporal processes that lead us to the end of sustainability".
4.3 Renewable Energy Source planning particularly for villages
India is endowed with abundant natural and renewable resources of energy viz., sun, wind and
biomass. The country has been able to achieve significant capacity addition of 1,367 MW
through wind farms. India now ranks fifth in the world after Germany, United States, Spain and
Denmark inthe generation of wind energy. Available renewable resources need to be exploited
by giving a commercial orientation, wherever possible. It may be necessary to continue with
subsidies in the case of socially oriented programmers to meet the energy requirements of rural
areas, particularly remote villages, which may be difficult to service through the conventional
power grids in the near future. Apart from these resources, the country has significant potential
for ocean thermal, sea wave power and tidal power.
Village Name: Vanskhiliya
If bio gas is used in Vanskhiliyavillage,their advantages given below :
 Provides a non-polluting and renewable source of energy.

 Efficient way of energy conversion (saves fuel wood).
 Produces enriched organic manure, which can supplement or even replace chemical
fertilizers.
 Provides a source for decentralized power generation
Renewable energy plays an important role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. When
renewable energy sources are used, the demand for fossil fuels is reduced. Unlike fossil fuels,
non-biomass renewable sources of energy (hydropower, geothermal, wind, and solar) do not
directly emit greenhouse gases. Solar energy is commonly used on public parking meters, street

lights and the roof of buildings. Wind power has expanded quickly, its share of worldwide
electricity usage at the end of 2014 was 3.1%. Most of California's fossil fuel infrastructures are
sited in or near low-income communities, and have traditionally suffered the most from
California's fossil fuel energy system. These communities are historically left out during the
decision-making process, and often end up with dirty power plants and other dirty energy
projects that poison the air and harm the area. These toxicants are major contributors to health
problems in the communities. As renewable energy becomes more common, fossil fuel
infrastructures are replaced by renewables, providing better social equity to these communities.
Overall, and in the long run, sustainable development in the field of energy is also deemed to
contribute to economic sustainability and national security of communities, thus being
increasingly encouraged through investment policies.
4.4 Existing Institution like – Village Administration – Detail profile
4.4.1 Bachatmandli
In village there is record that kept by organization which have target of economy in mind this
organizations are bachatmandli.
4.4.2 Dudhmandli
In village the Dhudhmandali or Milk Co-OperativeSociety is available..
The milk co-operative soc is very important role in village. Majorly people of village are
financial depend upon Agriculture work andMilk production.
4.4.3 Mahila forum
In village a team for woman health and support is generated by village woman’s which is named
as mahila forum
4.5 Ancient Start History of Civil Concept from Indian Village

Countries Prospective Development

 In the past, villages were a usual form of community for societies that
practice subsistence agriculture, and also for some non-agricultural societies.
 In many cultures, towns and cities were few, with only a small proportion of the
population living in them. The Industrial Revolution attracted people in larger numbers to
work in mills and factories; the concentration of people caused many villages to grow
into towns and cities. This also enabled specialization of labor and crafts, and
development of many trades. The trend of urbanization continues, though not always in
connection with industrialization.
 "The soul of India lives in its villages", declared M. K. Gandhi[2] at the beginning of 20th
century. According to the 2011 census of India, 68.84% of Indians (around
833.1 million people) live in 640,867 different villages. [3] The size of these villages varies
considerably. 236,004 Indian villages have a population of fewer than 500, while 3,976
villages have a population of 10,000+. Most of the villages have their own temple,
mosque, or church, depending on the local religious following.
 India offers astounding variety in virtually every aspect of social life. Diversities of
ethnic, linguistic, regional, economic, religious, class, and caste groups crosscut Indian
society, which is also permeated with immense urban-rural differences and gender
distinctions.

Chapter 5: Introduction about Vanskhiliya village
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 About Vans khiliya Village
 Vans khiliya is village in Anand Taluka in Anand District of Gujarat State,India.It is

located 8 KM towards south from District headquarters Anand. 8 KM from. 100 KM
from state capital Gandhinagar.
 This place is in the border of the Anand District and Vadodara District. Vadodara District
Savli is East towards this place.
 Vans Khiliya village has higher literacy rate compared to Gujarat. In 2011, literacy rate
of Vans Khiliya village was 91.78 % compared to 78.03 % of Gujarat. In Vans Khiliya
Male literacy stands at 96.79 % while female literacy rate was 86.39 %.
Particulars Total Male Female

Total no. of houses 639 - -
Population 2963 1550 1413
Child(0-6) 383 212 171
Schedule caste 43 24 19
Schedule tribe 0 0 0
literacy 91.78% 96.79% 86.39%
Total workers 1229 898 331
Marginal worker 170 91 79
Fig 16 demographic detail table
5.1.2 Study justification/ need of the study
 As a future civil engineer to serve the civilization it is required that the true depth of
development requirement should be understood. As our great leadeGandhiji said that
“The India Lives In Its Villages “. Almost 69% population of our India lives in villages
even if just 1% of village population migrates to any city area, it greatly affects the
livelihood of whole Nation: let it be overcrowding in city area, pollution , GDP growth
decrement , increase in prices of goods for day to day use. Migration occurs mainly due
to job opportunities and better facilities like hospitals, educational facilities etc provided
in urban area.
 To increase liveliness of village by providing good sanitation facilities, good infrastructure , basic
requirements like pucca houses or awaas , water supply etc are required considering the
environmental and need of people.
5.1.3 Study Area (Broadly define)
Education:
 Aanganvadi
 Primary school
 Secondary and higher secondary school required
Medical facilities:
 Gov. davakhanu
 other medical facilities are not available
Transportation facilities:
 Private vehicles
 Auto rickshaw
 Pacca road
 Need to maintenance of bridge
Drinking water facilities:

 Overhead water tank
 Protected well
 Irrigation canal
 Hand pump

Fig-17 Overhead water tank
Others:
 Gram panchayat
 Pond
 Need bus stand
5.1.4Objectives of the study:
“Creation of infrastructure connectivity, civic and social infrastructure along with provision of
alternative Economy generation is the key pillars that the concept thinges on.”
 To create sanitation for all Basic physical infrastructure– Water Supply, Transport,
S e w e r a g e a n d S o l i d Waste Management should be the priority focus and be
provided.
 Reduce migration from rural to urban areas due to lack of basic service sand sufficient
economic activities in rural areas.
 Improve connectivity between urban and rural areas, Public transportation facilities that
need to be developed like bus stops, transport depo etc.
 Electricity connections like street lighting that is energy efficient and eco-friendly.
 To create better lifestyle for village without changing its core soul
 Economy generation is the key pillars that the concept hinges on which should be
introduced to village.
5.1.5 Scope of the Study

 To ensure integrated development of village, people and environment by creating
sustainable designs for all to optimum extent as possible.
 The study will focus the development trend, intensity of growth of the village, and find
out the problems related to the physical development of the area and infrastructure
services of the village.
 Project proposal and sustainability aspect not consider in micro level; it is only guide
way. The study focused to only following Village: Vans khiliya
5.1.6 List of Objects Available related to Civil Methodology

Ideal village &

Village Submission of
smart village
Allocation final SPR
survey
Deciding
Village visit
proposal
Data collection Designing

& Data analsis proposal
5.2 Vans khiliya Study Area Profile of vans khiliya
5.2.1 Study Area Location
Village Vans khiliya

Taehsil Anand
District Anand
State Gujarat
Location 22.5000° N, 72.9313° E
5.2.2 Physical & Demographical Growth

Village code of Vans khiliya village is 388345. Vans khiliya village is located in Anand district
in Gujarat, India. It is situated 7 km away from district headquarter anand.

Total population Male Female

2011 2693 1550 1413
2001 2589 1371 1218
3000
2500
2000
total population
1500 male
female
1000
500
0
2011 2001
Fig-18 demographic graph

5.2.3 Brief history:
 Vans khiliya village is situated 7km ToAnand.
 Pin code of Vans- khiliya village is 388345.
 Language: Gujarati, Hindi, Marathi and English
 Vans-khiliya village 36 meter above sea level.
5.2.4 Economic profile:
Major three occupation in village

1. Agricultural work
2. Employers
3. Workers
5.2.5 Social scenario

Vans-khiliya village has population 2963. In this population schedule cast(sc) constitutes
1.45 % of total population of village. The village doesn’t have any schedule tribe (ST)
population.
5.2.6 Base Location map, Land Map, Gram Tal Map
Fig-19 location map

5.2.7 Study area land use details
Total area of village 244-00-00

Forest area -
Agricultural land area 146-00-00
Residential rea 96-00-00
Other area 2-00-00
Here, all area in “hector”

Fig-20 Vans khiliya area map

Chapter 6: Case Study – Civil
Introduction
 We are student of 4th year Civil Engineering of A.D.Patel Institute of technology visited
Sardarsarovar dam site visit and mahi aqueduct on 12th September,2018.
 The SardarSarovar Dam is a gravity dam on the Narmada

river near Navagam, Gujarat in India. Four Indian states, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharastra and Rajasthan, receive water and electricity supplied from the dam. The
foundation stone of the project was laid out by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on April 5,
1961. The project took form in 1979 as part of a development scheme to increase irrigation
and produce hydroelectricity. The dam was inaugurated by Prime Minister Modi on
September 17, 2017.

 Sardarsarovar dam
1 Length of main concrete gravity dam 1210.00 m

2 Maximum height above deepest foundation level 163.00 m

3 Top R.L. of dam. 146.50 m
4 Catchments area of river above dam site 88,000 Sq. km
5 Live storage capacity 0.5860M.Ha.m (4.75 MAF)
Length of reservoir 214.00 km

6 Maximum width 16.10 km
Average Width 1.77 km
Spillway gates
7 Chute Spillway 7 Nos. 60' x 60'
Service Spillway 23 Nos. 60' x 55'
87000 cumecs
8 Spillway Capacity
(30.70 lakh cusecs)
 POWER HOUSES
1 River bed power house 1200 MW
2 Canal head power house 250 MW
 CANAL SYSTEM
Main Canal
1 Full supply level (F.S.L.) at H.R. 91.44 m (300 ft)

2 Length upto Gujarat - Rajasthan border 458.318 km
3 Base width in head reach 73.01 m
4 Full supply depth (F.S.D.) in head reach 7.60 m
Design discharge capacity
1133 cumecs
5 (1) In head reach
(40,000 cusecs)
74.55 cumecs
(2) At Gujarat Rajasthan border
(2,600 cusecs)

 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
1 Numbers of Branches 38
2 Length of distribution system network 74626.00 km
3 Culturable Command Area 18.45 lakh hectares
 SARDAR SAROVAR RESERVOIR
 The Full Reservoir Level (FRL) of the SardarSarovar Dam is fixed at RL 138.68 metres
(455 feet). The Maximum Water Level is 140.21 metres (460 feet.) while minimum draw
down level is 110.64 metres (363 feet.). The normal tail water level is 25.91 metres (85
feet.).
 The gross storage capacity of the reservoir is 0.95 M. ha.m. (7.7 MAF) while live storage
capacity is 0.58 M.ha.m. (4.75 MAF). The dead storage capacity below minimum draw
down level is 0.37 M. ha. m. (2.97 MAF). The reservoir would occupy an area of 37,000
ha. and would have a linear stretch of 214 kilometer of water and an average width of
1.77 kilometer.

 The submergence at Full Reservoir Level (FRL) is 37,690 ha. (86,088 acres), which
comprises 11,279 ha. agricultural land, 13,542 ha. forests and 12,869 ha. river bed and
waste land. In all 245 villages of the three states viz. 193 Villages of Madhya Pradesh, 33
villages of Maharashtra and 19 villages of Gujarat are affected. Only 3 villages of Gujarat
are fully affected, while the remaining 16 villages are partly affected. In Madhya Pradesh,
out of 193 villages, more than 10% agricultural land will be submerged only in 79
villages, in 89 villages less than 10% agricultural land or only houses will be submerged
under FRL, due to back water of 1 in 100 years’ flood. In 25 villages, only Government
waste land will be submerged.
 SARDAR SAROVAR DAM:

 A concrete gravity dam, 1210 meters (3970 feet) in length and with a maximum height of
163 meters above the deepest foundation level, is under construction across river Narmada.
 The dam will be the third highest concrete dam (163 meters) in India, the first two being
Bhakra (226 metres) in Himachal Pradesh and Lakhwar (192 meters) in Uttar Pradesh. In
terms of the volume of concrete involved for gravity dams, this dam will be ranking as the
second largest in the world with an aggregate volume of 6.82 million cu.m. The first is Grand
Coule Dam in USA with a total volume of 8.0 million cu.m. This dam with its spillway
discharging capacity of 85,000 cumecs (30.00 lac), will be the third in the world, Gazenba
(1.13 lac cumecs) in China and Tucurri (1.0 lac cumecs) in Brazil being the first two.
 For chute spillway Radial gates, 7 in number and size 60' x 60' and for service spillway, 23
Radial gates of size 60' x 55' are to be provided to negotiate the design flood. 10 number of
temporary construction sluices, each of size 2.15 m x 2.75 m. are provided in the boby of the
spillway at RL 18 m. Another set of 4 permanent river sluices are provided at RL 53.0 m.

The lower sluices were closed in February, 1994.
 The design of the dam allows for a horizontal seismic coefficient of 0.125g and it also covers
an additional risk due to reservoir induced seism city. Most sophisticated seismological
instruments for monitoring and evaluation of the stresses in the body of the dam as well as
the effect on the periphery of the reservoir are under installation.
 POWER

 There are two power houses for the SardarSarovar Project (SSP). Power benefits are
shared among Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat in the ratio of 57:27:16
respectively.
(i) River Bed Power House:

 The RBPH is an underground power house stationed on the right bank of the river located
about 165 meters downstream of the dam. It has six number of Francis type reversible
turbine generators each of 200 MW installed capacity. The T.G. Sets are supplied by M/S
Sumitomo Corporation, Japan and M/S BHEL. These units can operate at minimum
reservoir water level of 110.64 meters. These six units have been commissioned in a
phase manner during Feb-05 to June-06. The generation of energy depends upon inflow
of water from upstream projects and need of water for irrigation in Gujarat.
(ii) Canal Head Power House

 The CHPH is a surface power station in a saddle dam on right bank of the reservoir
having total installed capacity of 250 MW (5 x 50 MW). These five units have been
commissioned in a phased manner during Aug-04 to Dec-04. These units can be operated
with minimum reservoir water level of 110.18 meters.

 The CHPH is being operated in consultation and as per advice of NCA/WREB based on
irrigation requirement of Gujarat/Rajasthan and availability of water in reservoir and
release from upstream project of Madhya Pradesh.
 The energy generated from both the power houses is to be evacuated through 400 KV
level through interconnecting transformers at GIS, situated in RBPH switch yard. The
400 KV Switchyard is indoor type having Gas Insulated Switch Gear and Bus bars. The
energy is transmitted to party states i.e. Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh in the
proportion of 16:27:57 respectively through 400 KV double circuit transmission lines,
namely SSP-Kasor, SSP-Asoj, SSP-Dhule and SSP-Nagda respectively. All the
transmission lines are commissioned and charged.
 The operation and maintenance of SSP power complex and transmission lines is being
done by Gujarat State Electricity Company Limited (GSECL), for which O&M
agreement between SSNNL and GSECL has been signed.
 MAIN CANAL:
 Narmada Main Canal is a contour canal. It is the biggest lined irrigation canal in the
world. It is about 458.318 km. long up to Gujarat -Rajasthan border. The canal extends
further in the state of Rajasthan to irrigate areas in Barmer and Jhalore districts of
Rajasthan. The Main Canal is lined with plain cement concrete to minimise seepage
losses to attain higher velocity and to control the water logging in future. The lining work
is carried out with the mechanized pavers. Such a large scale paving of concrete lining is
done for the first time in India.

 The Main Canal in its journey has to negotiate several water streams, rivers, roads,
railways etc. This is possible by constructing appropriate structure on the canal. In all,
there are 634 structures on the Narmada Main Canal. Narmada Main Canal as on today is
completed up to 458 Km. and water has been flowing throught it right upto the state of
Rajasthan.
 Features of Narmada Main Canal:
1. Full supply level (F.S.L.) at H.R. 91.44 m (300 ft)

2. Length up to Gujarat - Rajasthan border 458.318 Km
3. Base width in head reach 73.10 m
4. Full supply depth (F.S.D.) in head reach 7.60 m
5. Design discharge capacity
(i) In head reach 1133 cusecs (40,000 cusecs)

(ii) At Gujarat Rajasthan border 74.55 cusecs (2,600 cusecs)

 Benefits of project:
 IRRIGATION:
 The SardarSarovar Project will provide irrigation facilities to 18.45 lac ha. of land,
covering 3112 villages of 73 talukas in 15 districts of Gujarat. It will also irrigate
2,46,000 ha. of land in the strategic desert districts of Barmer and Jallore in Rajasthan
and 37,500 ha. in the tribal hilly tract of Maharashtra through lift. About 75% of the
command area in Gujarat is drought prone while entire command in Rajasthan is drought
prone. Assured water supply will soon make this area drought proof.
 DRINKING WATER SUPPLY:

 A special allocation of 0.86 MAF of water has been made to provide drinking water to
131 urban centres and 9633 villages (53% of total 18144 villages of Gujarat) within and
out-side command in Gujarat for present population of 28 million and prospective
population of over 40 million by the year 2021. All the villages and urban centres of arid
region of Saurashtra and Kachchh and all "no source" villages and the villages affected
by salinity and fluoride in North Gujarat will be benefited. Water supply requirement of
several industries will also be met from the project giving a boost to all-round production

 POWER:
 There are two power houses viz. River Bed Power House and Canal Head Power House
with an installed capacity of 1200 MW and 250 MW respectively. The power would be
shared by three states - Madhya Pradesh - 57%, Maharashtra - 27% and Gujarat 16%.
This will provide a useful peaking power to western grid of the country which has very
limited hydel power production at present. A series of micro hydel power stations are
also planned on the branch canals where convenient falls are available.
 FLOOD PROTECTION:
 It will also provide flood protection to riverine reaches measuring 30,000 ha. covering
210 villages and Bharuch city and a population of 4.0 lac in Gujarat.
 WILD LIFE:
 Wild life sanctuaries viz. "Shoolpaneshewar wild life sanctuary" on left Bank, Wild Ass
Sanctuary in little Rann of Kachchh, Black Buck National Park at Velavadar, Great
Indian Bustard Sanctuary in Kachchh, NalSarovar Bird Sanctuary and Alia Bet at the
mouth of River will be benefited.
 Mahi aqueduct:
 The Mahi aqueduct, built across river Mahi, at chain age 142 km of the Narmada main
canal (NMC), is the largest aqueduct in the world.
 The NMC, the largest concrete lined irrigation canal in the world, crosses many rivers on
its long journey. Some are aqueducts which take the Narmada water over the river and
some are siphons where the canal goes under the river bed.
 The aqueduct is an engineering marvel and it has been selected for an award by the
Indian Institution of Bridge Engineers. The design of the structure has been done in-
house by engineers of the SardarSarovar Narmada Nigam Ltd.
 The works involved for the mammoth aqueduct structure is 4,30,000 cubic metre of
earthwork, 3,67,000 cubic metre of concrete and 22,900 tonne of steel for reinforcement.
 The aqueduct crosses the river at a height of 25 m above the bed level of Mahi. Total
length of the structure is 602.50 metres. It has eight barrels of 6.10 x 7.6 metre size.
 The length of the aqueduct spanning across the river is 600 metres, having 24 spans of 25
metres each. The height of the super structure is 110 feet above the river bed. The sub-
structure consists of 23 piers, each of 3.30 m thickness and average 25 m height.
 The water flow of 1008.38 m3/s is carried across the river through superstructure of two
monoliths having total eight barrels (box structure), each of 6.1m width and 7.6m height,
supported over 63 m wide piers, and two abutments.

GROUP PHOTO OF SARDAR SAROVAR DAM VISIT

2) Case Study on Low Cost Housing

Affordable housing is a term used to describe dwelling units whose total housing cost are
deemed “Affordable” to a group of people within a specified income range. In India, the
technology to be adopted for housing components should be such that the production and
erection technology be adjusted to suite the level of skills and handling facilities available under
metropolitan, urban and rural conditions.
Logical approach for optimizing housing solutions:
There should be a logical approach for providing appropriate technology based on the
availability of options, considering its technical and economical analysis.
There should be optimal space in the design considering efficiency of space, minimum
circulation space.
Economy should be considered in design of individual buildings, layouts, clusters etc.
While preparing the specifications it should be kept in mind that, cost effective construction
systems are adopted.
Energy efficiency has gained considerable importance due to energy crisis especially in
developing countries. Orientation, built–form, openings & materials play a vital role besides
landscaping / outdoor environment.
To develop an effective mechanism for providing appropriate technology based shelter
particularly to the vulnerable group and economically weaker section.
Prefabrication as applied to Low Cost Housing (Advantages of prefabrication are):

In prefabricated construction, as the components are readymade, self supporting, shuttering and
scaffolding is eliminated with a saving in shuttering cost.
In conventional methods, the shuttering gets damaged due to its repetitive use because of
frequent cutting, nailing etc. On the other hand, the mould for the precast components can be
used for large number of repetitions thereby reducing the cost of the mould per unit.

In prefabricated housing system, time is saved by the use of precast elements which are casted
off-site during the course of foundations being laid. The finishes and services can be done below
the slab immediately. While in the conventional in-situ RCC slabs, due to props and shuttering,
the work cannot be done, till they are removed. Thus, saving of time attributes to saving of
money.
In precast construction, similar types of components are produced repeatedly, resulting in
increased productivity and economy in cost too.
Since there is repeated production of similar types of components in precast construction,
therefore, it results in faster execution, more productivity and economy.
In prefabricated construction, the work at site is reduced to minimum, thereby, enhancing the
quality of work, reliability and cleanliness.
The execution is much faster than the conventional methods, thereby, reducing the time period of
construction which can be beneficial in early returns of the investment. Concept of prefabrication
/ partial prefabrication has been adopted for speedier construction, better quality components &
saving in material quantities & costs.
Some of these construction techniques & Materials for walls, roof & floor slab, doors &
windows are as follows:
In Walls:-
In the construction of walls, rammed earth, normal bricks, soil cement blocks, hollow clay
blocks, dense concrete blocks, small, medium and room size panels etc of different sizes are
used. However, bricks continue to be the backbone of the building industry. In actual
construction, the number of the bricks or blocks that are broken into different sizes to fit into
position at site is very large. This results in wastage of material poor quality. Increasing the size
of wall blocks will prove economical due to greater speed and less mortar consumption, which
can be achieved by producing low density bigger size wall blocks using industrial wastes like
blast furnace slag and fly ash. Several prefabrication techniques have been developed and

executed for walls but these medium and large panel techniques have not proved economical for
low rise buildings as compared to traditional brick work.
Non erodable mud plaster
The plaster over mud walls gets eroded during rains, which necessitates costly annual repairs.
This can be made non erodable by the use of bitumen cutback emulsion containing mixture of
hot bitumen and kerosene oil. The mixture is pugged along with mud mortar and wheat/ rice
straw. This mortar is applied on mud wall surface in thickness of 12 mm. One or two coats of
mud cow dung slurry with cutback are applied after the plaster is dry. The maintenance cost is
low due to enhanced durability of mud walls.
Fly –Ash sand lime bricks:
By mixing of lime and fly ash in the presence of moisture, fly ash sand lime bricks are made. Fly
Ash reacts with lime at ordinary temperature and forms a compound possessing cementitious
properties. After reactions between lime and fly ash, calcium silicate hydrates are produced
which are responsible for the high strength of the compound. Bricks made by mixing lime and
fly ash are therefore, chemically bonded bricks. The bricks are manufactured with the help of
hydraulic press and are dried in the autoclave. These bricks have various advantages over the
clay bricks, It possesses adequate crushing strength, uniform shape, smooth finish and does not
require plastering and also are lighter in weight than ordinary clay bricks.

Solid concrete and stone blocks:
This technique is suitable in areas where stones and aggregates for the blocks are available
locally at cheaper rates. Innovative techniques of solid blocks with both lean concrete and stones
have been developed for walls. The gang-mould is developed for semi-mechanized faster
production of the blocks. In the manual process, single block moulds are used wherein the
concrete is compacted with help of a plate vibrator. With the use of a portable power screw
driven egg laying type machine, solid concrete blocks are made with higher productivity at low
cost. Six blocks of 30 x 20 x 5 cm size are cast in single operation with an output of 120-150/hr.
In Floor and Roof:

Structural floors/roofs account for substantial cost of a building in normal situation. Therefore,
any savings achieved in floor/roof considerably reduce the cost of building. Traditional Cast-in-
situ concrete roof involve the use of temporary Shuttering which adds to the cost of construction
and time. Use of standardized and optimized roofing components where shuttering is avoided
prove to be economical, fast and better in quality.
Some of the prefabricated roofing/flooring components found suitable in many low cost housing
projects are:
Precast RC Planks.
Prefabricated Brick Panels
Precast RB Curved Panels.
Precast RC Channel Roofing
Precast Hollow Slabs
Precast Concrete Panels
L Panel Roofing
Trapezon Panel Roofing

Materials used: - (BMTPC- Building Materials & Technology Promotion Council, Govt. of
India)
By and large, conventional building materials like burnt bricks, steel and cement are higher in
cost, utilize large amount of non-renewable natural resources like energy, minerals, top soil,
forest cover, etc. The continued use of such conventional materials has adverse impact on
economy and environment.
Environment friendly materials and technologies with cost effectiveness are, therefore, required
to be adopted for sustainable constructions which must fulfill some or more of the following
criterion :-
Not endanger bio-reserves and be non-polluting.

Be self sustaining and promote self reliance.
Recycle polluting waste into usable materials.
Utilize locally available materials.
Utilize local skills, manpower and managing systems.
Benefit local economy by being income generating.
Utilize renewable energy sources.
Be accessible to people.
Be low in monetary cost.
Some of the materials are:
Bamboo Mat Veneer Composite
Raw material source Bamboo grass (plant)

Species Materials for production Bamboo: polymeric resin, chlorinated hydrocarbons and boron
and cashew nut shell liquid.
Applications: Flooring, walling, structural membrane, false ceiling and door/window frames.
Fly Ash Polymer Composite
Raw material source: Fly ash from coal based power generating plants.
Materials for production Fly ash, Polymeric material
Applications: Partitions, door shutters, roofing sheets
Blast Furnace Slag Composite
Raw material source: Waste from steel plants

Materials for production: Blast furnace slag, polymeric resin, laminating material
Applications Partitions and interior finishing on walls
Plantation Timber Doors/ Windows:

Raw material source: Rubber wood, popular wood and other soft woods
Materials for production: Rubber wood and popular wood plants, thermoplastic and
thermosetting resin, adhesives
Applications: Doors and window frames, flush and panelled door shutters.
Low Cost Housing by Surat Municipal Corporation(SMC):

Low Income Group Housing Scheme:


SMC LIG Scheme Plan

Chapter 7: Data Collection Vanskhiliya village

(Photograph/Graphs/Charts/Table)
7.1 Methods for data collection

The main methods for data collecting were:
 Individual interviews.
 Focus groups.
 Observations –field trips.
 Research by open data achieve of government
 Questionnaire Survey
7.2 Primary survey details

7.2.1 /7.2.2/7.2.3 Introduction of Village/Average size of the House/ Geo-
Tagging of House
 Vans khiliya is village in Anand Taluka in Anand District of Gujarat State, India. It is
located 8 KM towards south from District headquarters Anand. 8 KM from. 100 KM
from state capital Gandhinagar.
 This place is in the border of the Anand District and Vadodara District. Vadodara District
Savli is East towards this place.
 Vans Khiliya village has higher literacy rate compared to Gujarat. In 2011, literacy rate
of Vans Khiliya village was 91.78 % compared to 78.03 % of Gujarat. In Vans Khiliya
Male literacy stands at 96.79 % while female literacy rate was 86.39 %
 Vans khiliya is located at 22.5000° N, 72.9313° E.
 The average number of village in vans khiliya is 639.

7.2.4 No of Human being in One House
 The average human being in village Is around 4,5 human in a particular house.

7.2.5 Which Material used locally
No. Material
1 Concrete block
2 Brick
3 House made with animal mud and clay
4 sand and with some gasket available
7.2.6 Out Sourced Material
Materials available in village Material exposed in village
Cement Aggregate
Clay Sand,etc.
Animal mud Chemical (Dr. fixit,fly ash etc. )
7.2.7 Labor work doing
Labor work in farm

Labor work doing various small industry
7.2.8 Any Costing
Sr. no Type of Material Per

costing
1 Construction Cement Bag 300
materials cost Sand Metric tone 550
Metric tone
aggregate 700
2 Labour cost Mason Day 750
unskilled Day 400

7.2.9Geographical Detail
Total area of village 244-00-00

Forest area -
Agricultural land area 146-00-00
Residential rea 96-00-00
Other area 2-00-00
7.2.10 Demographical Detail
Sr.no census Total Male Female

population
1 2001 2589 1371 1218
2 2011 2963 1550 1413
Total population 2011
1413, 48%
1550, 52% Male
Female
Fig-21 population chart
Total population 2001
1218, 47%1371, 53%

Male
Female

7.2.11 Occupational Detail
The major occupation in village Agriculture work (farmers)

Employers
Workers
7.2.12 Agricultural Details / Organic Farming / Fishery
Total land used in agriculture 146 hector

Total people include agriculture work 703
Total organic land in village 146 hector
Fishery
 fishery activities are not in that area because there are not very big pond, river and any
type of lake.
7.2.13 Manufacturing HUB / Ware Houses
 There are not very big industries located near the village.
 But the highway side small garage and ware houses are available.
7.2.14 Tourism Cluster
 There is no tourism cluster in village.
7.2.15 Services Cluster
 Apart from transporting product of agriculture some shops for basic needs are there, no
other such work is done here.
7.2.16 Male / Female Details

2001 2011
Male = Male
1371 =1550
Female = Female
1218 =1413
7.2.18 Cast Wise Population Details
 In Vans-khiliya village Schedule caste (SC) constitutes 1.45 % of total population.

 The village currently doesn’t have any schedule tribe ( ST ) population.
7.2.19 Occupation wise Details

 In Vans khiliya village out of total population, 1229 were engaged in work activities.
 86.17 % of workers described their work as main work.
 While 13.83 % were involved in marginal activity.
 Of 1229 workers engaged in main work,
122 were cultivators
While, 703 were agricultural laborer.
7.2.20 Physical Infrastructure Facilities
 Water tank
 Gram panchayat
 Religious place
 School
 Milk co-operative society
7.3 Infrastructure Details
7.3.1 Drinking Water
1. Overhead water tank
Drinking faculties available in this village like Hand pumps, Tap water and protected well. It is
sufficient as per village demand but in monsoon season the quality of drinking water is not good
because of solid particles as the due to rainfall hindrance of solid particles in water comes under.
The consideration in the media of main source is overhead tanks. Overhead water tank condition
average. Two overhead water tank is available.
 the capacity of overhead tank is 15,000 litter.

 In this village 408 houses are available personal tap.
Fig-22 overhead watertank
7.3.2 Drainage Network
 Underground drainage is available.
7.3.3 Transportation & Road Network
 Road network
 Vans khiliya village have R.C.C & bitumen roads are available.
 But the major problem of village is the roads are very narrow so the big vehicles are not
enter of the village. In fire situation of village, to enter the fire brigade very difficulties are
facing to enter such types of vehicles in village.
 Transportation
 In village bus service is available in the morning once in a day.

 And other transportation are auto rickshaw, chhakda and private vehicales are available.
 National highway 228 is the highway is near the village
7.3.4 Sanitation Facilities
 Vans-khiliya village have only one public toilet is available and its condition is very
poor. And other public toilet land is allocated near the pond so, it is very difficult to
construction work.
 And also some houses has no private toilet. The reason is same as above.
 In this village 389 houses have sanitation facilities.
Fig-23 public toilet
7.3.5 Irrigation facilities

 Vans khiliya village have 25-75-90 hectors land is farming by using irrigation canal.
7.3.6 Housing condition
 In this village 65 % of houses are prope(pacca) and 35 % houses are not proper(kacha)
7.3.7 Health Facilities
 In this village only one personal elopathydavakhanu is available.
Fig-24 Private allopathy davakhanu

7.3.8 Education Facilities

 This village only one govt. school is available up to standard 8th. The school have
drinking facility, toilet facilities, compound wall and also lunch is provided.
Fig-25 primary school
 we also met principal of this school in vanskhiliya village.
7.3.9 Technology Mobile/ WIFI / Internet Usage Details. In %

 Vans khiliya village into Mobile User are about 75% and Internet users are 50%.
 Wi-Fi Facilities are not available.

7.3.10 Sports Activity as Gram Panchayat
Fig-26 play ground

 Vans khiliya village have only one play ground is available in school.
7.3.11 Socio-Cultural Facilities

 Vans khiliya village has availability of gram panchayat building, community hall, Library
is available.Village has cremation ground.
 Vans khiliya village does not have public garden, police station.
7.3.12 Community Hall
 There is a one community hall available in village.

 The community hall is located near Gram Panchayat building.
 The community hall is in average condition.
7.3.13 Public Library
 There is only one public library in village.
7.3.14 Public Garden /Park/Playground

 There is no public garden and park.
 Playground is available in school for children.

7.3.15 Village Pond/Lake

 The pond is available in village. The pond is little bit dirty.
7.3.15 Other recreational facilities
 Vans khiliya has Masjid, Swaminarayan temple and other religious temple.
7.3.17 Other Facilities
 Graveyard
 Agriculture Society
 Milk Co-operative Society
7.3.18 Sustainable Infrastructure Facilities

 Currently village does not have any sustainable infrastructure facility.
7.3.19 Existing Condition of Public Buildings
 Public Buildings such as primary school, gram panchayat, overhead water tank etc. are
required to be maintenance.
7.3.20 Any other details
 None.
7.3.21 Suggestions for Sustainable Infrastructure Facilities & Repair

 Vans khiliya village dwellers suggestions for development are as below
 Biogas plant.
 Playground and garden.
 Police station.
 Post office.
 Widening the roads
7.3.22 maintenance of existing Public Infrastructures
 Primary school
 Overhead water tank

Chapter 8: Sustainable Technical Options with Case

Studies of the Existing Village
8.1 concept
8.1.1 Solid and liquid Waste Management
Different Concept of the Solid / Liquid type of Waste Management
1. Solid Waste: Solid wastes include solid portions of the discarded material such as glass
bottles, crockeries, plastic containers, metals and radioactive wastes. The solid wastes may be
biodegradable or non-biodegradable.
The biodegradable solid wastes are agricultural wastes, food wastes, paper, food processing by
products, manure, yard wastes etc.
The non-biodegradable wastes include plastics, metals, synthetic materials, polythene,

radioactive wastes etc.
The solid waste management involves disposal of solid waste to land (or ocean) or recovering
and reproducing useful substances from the waste through recycling.
The entire methodology of solid waste management is based on:
(A) Collection of Waste:
The solid wastes are usually collected by a covered truck.
(B) Disposal of Waste:
After the collection of wastes, the wastes are disposed of by any one of the methods described
below:
(i) Dumping (ii) Sanitary land fill (iii) Incineration (iv) Pyrolysis (v) Composting (vi) Biogas
technology
(C) Resource recovery (Recycling):
By the process of recycling a number of useful products can be obtained from the solid wastes.

Some important products obtainable from solid wastes are described below:
 Electricity can be generated from incinerated plastics.

 Synthetic oil can be produced from plastic wastes.
 Waste papers and cardboards from sugar cane bagasse can be used for the preparation of
unbreakable dolls, packing cardboards etc.
 Waste glasses can be used for the preparation of new glass bottle. Bricks and concretes
can be prepared by using ash generated by power plants, slit from water works and red
mud from aluminum industry.
2. Liquid Wastes:
 Liquid wastes are the liquid part of the waste material. Liquid waste includes effluents of
industries, fertilizer and pesticide solutions from agricultural fields, leachate from
landfills, urban runoff of untreated waste water and garbage, mining wastes etc. The
liquid waste may contain nontoxic inorganic substances or toxic organic substances.
Some important liquid waste management methods are described below:
A). Sewage treatment:
The process of sewage treatment involves the following methodology:
 i) Dilution ii) Mechanical treatments iii) Biological treatments iv) Chemical treatments
 Precipitation, Adsorption, Osmosis, Chemical oxidation
B) Removal of ammonia:
The treatment of industrial effluents in „Effluent Treatment involves chemical or primary

treatment (by methods of neutralization, sedimentation, coagulation, precipitation etc.) followed
by biological or secondary treatment (by activated sludge and trickling filter method) and tertiary
treatment (by methods of ion exchange, reverse osmosis, chemical oxidation).
C) Effluent water can be used to grow algae and aquatic plants to produce biomass for biogas
plants.
D) The effluents containing heavy metals like cadmium, mercury, lead etc. can be purified by
growing water hyacinth plants.
E) The sewage with organic nutrients is stored in specially constructed shallow ponds called as
oxidizing or stabilizing pond. In the pond, green algae and bacteria grow in presence of sun light,

consuming organic nutrients. This water contains enough nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium
and is highly helpful for the growth of plants.
Liquid waste management
1. Stabilization pond system for waste water treatment
Stabilization ponds use a natural process for wastewater treatment is a combination of microbial
plants, substrates and microorganisms in a more or less artificial pond to treat wastewater.
Stabilization ponds are also known as oxidation ponds. The technique is frequently used to treat
municipal waste water, industrial waste matter, and runoff or storm water. After treatment, the
effluent may be returned to surface water or reused as irrigation water if the effluent quality is
high enough.
Wastewater stabilization pond systems:

The designed is to achieve different forms of treatment in up to three stages in series, depending
on the organic strength of the input waste and the effluent quality objectives.
For effortlessness maintenance and flexibility of operation, at least two trains of ponds in parallel
are incorporated in any design.
Weaker wastes may be discharged directly into primary facultative ponds.
Waste stabilization ponds types and function:

Anaerobic pond
Facultative pond
Maturation pond

Anaerobic pond:
Anaerobic ponds are deep treatment ponds that exclude oxygen and encourage the growth of
bacteria, which break down the waste water. It is in the anaerobic pond, the effluent begins breaking
down in the absence of oxygen i.e. "anaerobically”. The anaerobic pond acts like an uncovered septic
tank. Anaerobic bacteria break down the organic matter in the effluent, releasing methane and carbon
dioxide. Sludge is deposited on the bottom and a crust forms on the surface.
aerobic ponds
As a complete process, the anaerobic pond serves to:

Separate out solid from dissolved material as solids settle as bottom sludge.
Dissolve further organic material.
Break down biodegradable organic material.

Store undigested material and non-degradable solids as bottom sludge.

Allow partially treated effluent to pass out.
2. Septic Tanks
A septic tank is a combined sedimentation and digestion tank where the retention time of sewage
is one to two days. During this period, settle able solids settle down to the bottom. This is
followed by anaerobic digestion of settled solids (sludge) and liquid, resulting in reasonable
reduction in the volume of sludge, reduction in biodegradable organic matter and release of gases
like carbon dioxide, methane and hydrogen sulphide. The effluent although clarified to a
largeextent, will still contain appreciable amount of dissolved and suspended put risible organic
solids and pathogens, as the efficiency is only 30-50 % for BOD and 60-70 % TSS removal.
Applicability:
The conventional septic tank system is particularly applicable for:

Primary treatment of wastewater from individual houses.
It is suitable even for high water table areas where drainage facility for effluent discharge is
available.
Septage/Sludge collection and treatment facility is available nearby.
Disadvantages of septic tank:
Safe removal of septage from septic tank is a problem. Due to lack of any such policy
septage is disposed of in open space, low land areas or drains causing health and
environmental pollution.
Lower treatment efficiency (30-60 % BOD and SS Removal) and associated cost and space
requirements for the construction of soakage pit is comparatively higher.

Septic tank is incapability to handle hydraulic shock loads, as peak flow disturbs the settling
zone and causes high suspended solids in the effluent.
PILE METHOD, NADEP METHOD, BAGLORE METHOD, INDORE METHOD

AND COIMBATORE METHOD:
1. PILE METHOD:
Composting is a simple way to add nutrient-rich humus which fuels plant growth and restores
vitality to depleted soil. It's also free, easy to make and good for the environment. Starting Your
Compost Pile:
Layering:
Layer 1- The organic materials layer can be vegetable wastes, sod, grass clippings, leaves, hay,
straw, chopped corncobs, corn stalks, untreated sawdust, twigs less than ½ inch in diameter, or
garden debris. Remember the proper C: N ratio and mix accordingly. Your bulkier organic
materials do best in the first ground level layer. As your pile settles, these items tend to allow for
more air spaces. Shred or chop up materials for greater surface area. The organic layers should
be between 6-8 inches thick. Materials that tend to mat such as grass clippings should be either
mixed in or placed in 2-3 inch layers within this 6-8-inch layer.
Layer 2 - Animal manures, fertilizers or starters serve as activators that accelerate the ignition or
initial heating of your pile. They all provide a nitrogen source for the microbial community.
Some provide proteins and enzymes. If manure from a grain eating animal is available, add 1-2
inchlayer. If this isnot available, add one cup of 10-10-10 or 12-12-12 commercial fertilizer per
25 square feet. If using a commercial starter, follow label directions.
Care:
Temperature plays an important role in the composting process. Decomposition occurs most
rapidly between 110° to 160°F. Within two weeks, a properly made compost pile will reach these
temperatures. Now, you will notice your pile settling which is a good sign that the pile is
working properly.
2. NADEP METHOD:
The NADEP method of making miracle compost was first invented by a farmer named N.D.
Pandharipande living in Maharashtra (India). The method, which has become popular among the
farmers in Western India, now bears his name.
The process basically involves placing selected layers of different types of compostable materials
in a simple, mud-sealed structure designed with brick and mud water. The system permits
conversion of approximately 1 kg of animal dung into 40 kg of rich compost which can then be
applied directly to the field. The multiplication factor is significant in view of the fact that in the
tropics, there is rapid decomposition of organic materials in the soil. This organic matter must be

replaced and replenished if agricultural fertility is not to go on declining. The problem is there
that a scarcity of compostable materials, particularly animal dung, prevailing within the country.
Thus, even if all available organic materials, including dung, were religiously and scrupulously
collected, they would still not be sufficient to replace the organic constituents of the vast
quantities of India’s fast-degrading soils. The NADEP method of composting actually enables
the farmers to get around the difficulty of the generation of mass and to increase the quantity of
compost rapidly within a given frame of time and without any significant additional expense.
3. BANGLORE METHOD:
This is an anaerobic method conventionally carried out in pits. Formerly the waste was
anaerobically stabilized in pits where alternate layers of MSW and night soil were laid. The pit
is filled and a final soil layer is laid to prevent fly breeding, entry of rain water into the pit and
for conservation of the released energy. The material can decompose for 4 to 6 months after
which the stabilized material is taken out and used as compost.
Case Studies and Best Practices in Solid and Liquid Waste Management in
Rural Areas
1. PRACTICING ZERO WASTE MANAGEMENT IN VELLORE, TAMIL NADU:
Urbanization brings prosperity but at the same time creates environmental problems like
pollution, accumulation of solid waste and poor sanitation. Use of tetra packs, plastic plates, cups
and bags, tin cans and similar throw-away items has increased in the last decade as has the
amount of organic waste. In many Indian states, rural areas are fast catching up with urban areas
in generating solid waste. Lack of proper waste collection, segregation and management systems
and poor sanitary conditions in both urban and rural areas are aggravating health problems. In
this context, solid waste management is an area of challenge and of innovation for urban

planners and city corporations. Small and big pilots, with different degrees of sustainability and
success, are operational in many parts of the country. A zero waste management (ZWM) project
by NGO Exnora Green Cross and the District Rural Development Agency (DRDA), initially
piloted with UNICEF, in Tamil Nadu’s Vellore district is an example of a successful solid waste
management programme and its benefits.
The Vellore solid waste management project1 is now managed by village Panchayats supported
by Residential Welfare Associations and SHGs. Each family pays Rs 20/- and each shop pays Rs
50/- as waste collection charge. The funds collected from monthly subscriptions and sale of
inorganic waste and organic manure are used for paying the street beautifiers and supervisors.
Gandhi Nagar village Panchayat generated an income of Rs 10,646/- during the financial year
2005-06 by selling organic waste and Rs 1, 62,289/- from inorganic waste. The pilots in Vellore
district are successful because informed communities are willing to pay for a clean environment
managed by local youth who take pride in beautifying their street and get paid for it too. Equally
crucial to the success is the full involvement of local bodies and their commitment to making a
difference.
2 GREYWATER MANAGEMENT – A CASE STUDY OF MEHSANA, GUJARAT:
The Fathepura in Meshana district of Gujarat is a village having a total human population of
1200 in 214 households and also cattle population of 1400. This village, which is being headed
by Sri Jai Singh Bhai K.Chaudhary (Gram Pradhan) has presented a unique example of grey
water management in the village.
Main features:
The village has a deep bore tube well of 8” diameter and 800 feet depth. Water is pumped
through a 35hp pump to an overhead reservoir of 40000 lit capacity, four times in a day, i.e.
160000 lit per day water is being used by the village. Out of this, about 40000 lit is being
consumed for the cattle population. Though, the actual quantity of greywater production is not

calculated, however it can be assumed that 80% of the total water use will come out as
greywater. Thus, the estimated quantity of greywater generation in the village would be around
96000 lit per day.
8.1.2 Various type of Method for Transportation
Mode of transport is a term used to distinguish substantially different ways to perform. The
different modes of transport are air, water, and land transport, which includes rail, road and off-
road transport. Other modes also exist, including pipelines, cable transport, and space transport.
Human-powered transport and animal-powered transport are sometimes regarded as their own
mode, but these normally also fall into the other categories. In general, transportation is used for
the movement of people, animals, and other things. Each mode of transport has a fundamentally
different technological solution, and some require a separate environment. Each mode has its
own infrastructure, vehicles, and operations.
Road:

A road is an identifiable route of travel, usually surfaced with gravel, asphalt or concrete, and
supporting land passage by foot or by a number of vehicles.
Components of a mode of transport:
A transport mode is a combination of the following:

 Transportation infrastructure: thoroughfares, networks, hubs
 Vehicles and containers: motor vehicles, automobiles, motorcycles, trucks, wagons,
trains, ships, and aircraft
 A stationary or mobile workforce
 Propulsion system and power supply (traction)
 Operations: driving, management, traffic signals, railway signaling, air traffic control,
etc.
There are a range of different types of transport available to us; the type we choose to use will
depend on the purpose for travelling, length of the journey and anyone you may be travelling
with. Increasingly cost is becoming a deciding factor in the types of transport we use, especially
due to the increase in fuel costs we all wish to avoid.
Car
The most popular type of transport, most people use cars daily for short and long journeys. Cars
have many advantages such as their ease of use and convenience, getting you exactly where you
want to be without additional buses, trains or walking needed to get to your final destination. To
save money you can carpool with friends or work colleagues when possible.
Bicycles
Numbers of cyclists are fast increasing as it is a cheap and environmentally friendly method of
transport. There are now incentive schemes which businesses can run, making bikes cheaper for
their employees who are going to use them to travel to work. The main disadvantage is being
exposed to the elements on wet days!
Buses
Buses are available in all cities, towns and most villages. They are ideal for those short journeys
from one part of a town to another. Short journeys may take longer than expected on a bus due to

the frequent stops and routes which cover a lot of the area to accommodate everyone. Buses are
however a cheap method of transport, if you use the buses a lot there are a range of travel cards,
passes and long-term tickets to help you save more money!
Trains
Rail transport is used for both goods and people and is a popular method of public transport.
Many towns have a train station but there are still a lot more than don’t which would make
travelling by train difficult to get to some destinations and will require further transportation by
bus, car or taxi. Shopping around and buying your tickets in advance will help you save money
which may make travelling by train more affordable than a car or even bus.
Aero planes
Domestic travel by air in the UK, thanks to low cost airlines is becoming increasingly popular with
many, especially for business trips with lots of advantages making it a relatively simple type of
transport to use. Aero planes can travel from one city to another in a matter of hours, much faster
than bus, car or even train. The main problem many have is the location of the airports and needing
to use an additional method of transport to get to and from the airport and your destination.
Boats
Travelling by sea is usually by ferry or cruise ship. Ferries are often used for short sea crossings to
the continent or many of the islands around mainland Britain such as the Isle of Man. You can take
your vehicle with you to use when you reach your destination which can make this a more
convenient option compared to a plane or train.
Purpose of Transport:
Freight & Passenger movement and mobility are core components of a transport system.

8.1.3 Various type method for Drainage System
Different types of drainage:

1.Surface drainage
2.Subsurface drainage
Drainage can be either natural or artificial. Many areas have some natural drainage; this means
that excess water flows from the farmers' fields to swamps or to lakes and rivers.
There are two types of artificial drainage: surface drainage and subsurface drainage.
Surface drainage:
Surface drainage is the removal of excess water from the surface of the land. This is normally
accomplished by shallow ditches, also called open drains. The shallow ditches discharge into
larger and deeper collector drains. In order to facilitate the flow of excess water toward the
drains, the field is given an artificial slope by means of land grading. It may consist of open
ditches that are laid out by eye judgment, leading from one wet spot to another and finally into a
nala or river. This is often called natural system.
A) Open ditch drains

B) Field ditches
C) Narrow ditches
In level areas, a collecting ditch may need to be installed at one side of the field and shallow
shaped ditches are constructed to discharge into the collecting ditch.The field ditches should be
laid out parallel and spaced 15 to 45 meters or more apart as required by the soil surface
conditions and crop to be grown. They should be 30 to 60 cm deep depending upon the depth of
the collecting ditch. Farming operations should be parallel to the field ditches.
Subsurface drainage:
Subsurface drainage is the removal of water from the root zone. It is accomplished by deep open
drains or buried pipe drains.
A) Deep open drains

Deep water drain

B) Pipe drains
Control of ground water table by means of buried pipes
Drain pipes are made of clay, concrete or plastic. They are usually placed in trenches by
machines. In clay and concrete pipes (usually 30 cm long and 5 - 10 cm in diameter) drainage
water enters the pipes through the joints. Flexible plastic drains are much longer (up to 200 m)
and the water enters through perforations distributed over the entire length of the pipe.
C) Deep open drains versus pipe drains

Open drains use land that otherwise could be used for crops. They restrict the use of machines.
They also require a large number of bridges and culverts for road crossings and access to the
fields. Open drains require frequent maintenance (weed control, repairs, etc.).In contrast to open
drains, buried pipes cause no loss of cultivable land and maintenance requirements are very
limited. The installation costs, however, of pipe drains may be higher due to the materials, the
equipment and the skilled manpower involved.
A sub surface or underground drainage will remove excess soil water. It percolates in to
themselves, just like open drains. These underground drains afford the great advantages that the
surface of the field is not cut off, no wastage of lad and do not interfere with farm operations. On
the other hand, they are costly to lie and are not effective in slowly permeable clay soils.
Underground drains may be classified as:

1. Tile drain
2. Box drains
3. Rubble drains
4. Mole drains:
5. Use of pumps for drainage:
Low cost PVC Drainage system in Amarapur
The Amarapur in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra is a village having total human population
of 3539 in 746 households. Before the underground PVC drainage, Amarapur village having
open type of RCC drainage system which collect water from toilet, kitchen etc. and transport it
into outside to village.
Problem 2 80% of available water is converted in to wastewater which create following problems
in Amarapur.
Increase % of Water borne diseases

Unhygienic and insanitary surrounding on village road
Mosquitos breeding in showed water increases rapidly.
Child are consistently ill due to unhygienic surrounding which also affect school attendances.
Strategy

To solve this problem Amarapur Grampanchayat decided to make action plan, Gram panchayat
staff visited experimental model at Muthevadgaon. With the consent of all low cost PVC
drainage Model is accepted and granted through ZP engineers. For Funding this Plan is put in
front of planning department for year 2014-2015. Planning department gives approval under
BRGF scheme and gives work order to Shevgaon Panchayat Samiti. The pipeline work is started
in January 2014 and completed in August 2015. Stages of Development
Main feature:
In this system waste water goes through Underground covered PVC pipe line in place of open
drainage system. After the construction of silt catcher at household level it relates to 3” PVC
pipe and finally connected with 6” PVC pipe with the main line. In house silt catcher should be
constructed near the plate farm made for washing purposes and pipe slope should be kept approx.
1:200. Instead of bends it is better to provide chambers in turning points of pipe lines. This
Waste water is collected in waste water stabilization pond located in outside of village.
This stabilization pond is specially designed for stored wastewater for reuse (irrigation purpose).
Amarapur gram panchayat having 5-acre land which is unused due to water scarcity. Now using
this wastewater this land is used to cultivate different crops through a joint venture with a local
farmer. Due to this great decision of gram panchayat farmer get permanent employment and
panchyat gets extra revenue from agricultural commodity sale.
For proper O& M, the depth of underground drainage should be at least 60cm so that PVC pipe
line is safe from any surface pressure. Silt catcher should be clean at least once in a weak. Time
to time water should flow in the drains. The important aspect for the O&M is active people
participation and awareness in the community.
Benefits

This project is very much appreciated by users in Amarapur because against open drain system,
close drain system is more useful and due to low maintenance cost this system is economical
viable. This system keeps surrounding environment more clean and safe against health hazards.
Pipes were buried 60cm below the ground surface so this system is more sustainable than open
drain system. Socially this system is more acceptable than any another because house holding
using the system had developed participatory approach and developed more capacity of
community in respect to economy, relationship and awareness.
As the system is closed, materials like garbage, road side solid wastes, plastics, building
materials etc. will not find access to the system.
Operation and maintenance becomes easily manageable by Gram Panchayat
Construction cost is comparably low as cost for surface drain.
Road space is fully utilized.
8.1.4 Various type Methods for Roads
Flexible pavement design:
 A flexible, or asphalt, or Tarmac pavement typically consists of three or four layers. For a
four-layer flexible pavement, there is a surface course, base course, and subbase course
constructed over a compacted, natural soil subgrade. When building a three-layer flexible
pavement, the subbase layer is not used and the base course is placed directly on the
natural subgrade. A flexible pavement's surface layer is constructed of hot-mix asphalt
(HMA). Unsterilized aggregates are typically used for the base course; however, the base
course could also be stabilized with asphalt, Foamed Bitumen, <Road stone Recycling>
Portland cement, or another stabilizing agent. The subbase is generally constructed from
local aggregate material, while the top of the subgrade is often stabilized with cement or
lime.
 With flexible pavement, the highest stress occurs at the surface and the stress decreases
as the depth of the pavement increases. Therefore, the highest quality material needs to be
used for the surface, while lower quality materials can be used as the depth of the

pavement increases. The term "flexible" is used because of the asphalts ability to bend
and deform slightly, then return to its original position as each traffic load is applied and
removed. It is possible for these small deformations to become permanent, which can
lead to rutting in the wheel path over an extended time. The service life of a flexible
pavement is typically designed in the range of 20 to 30 years. Required thicknesses of
each layer of a flexible pavement vary widely depending on the materials used,
magnitude, number of repetitions of traffic loads, environmental conditions, and the
desired service life of the pavement. Factors such as these are taken into consideration
during the design process so that the pavement will last for the designed life without
excessive distresses.
Rigid pavement design:
 Rigid pavements are generally used in constructing airports and major highways, such as
those in the interstate highway system. In addition, they commonly serve as heavy-duty
industrial floor slabs, port and harbor yard pavements, and heavy-vehicle park or terminal
pavements. Like flexible pavements, rigid highway pavements are designed as all-
weather, long-lasting structures to serve modern day high-speed traffic. Offering high
quality riding surfaces for safe vehicular travel, they function as structural layers to
distribute vehicular wheel loads in such a manner that the induced stresses transmitted to
the subgrade soil are of acceptable magnitudes. Portland cement concrete (PCC) is the
most common material used in the construction of rigid pavement slabs. The reason for
its popularity is due to its availability and the economy.
 Rigid pavements must be designed to endure frequently repeated traffic loadings. The
typical designed service life of a rigid pavement is between 30 and 40 years, lasting about
twice as long as a flexible pavement.
 One major design consideration of rigid pavements is reducing fatigue failure due to the
repeated stresses of traffic. Fatigue failure is common among major roads because a
typical highway will experience millions of wheel passes throughout its service life. In
addition to design criteria such as traffic loadings, tensile stresses due to thermal energy
must also be taken into consideration. As pavement design has progressed, many
highway engineers have noted that thermally induced stresses in rigid pavements can be
just as intense as those imposed by wheel loadings. Due to the relatively low tensile

strength of concrete, thermal stresses are extremely important to the design

considerations of rigid pavements.
 Rigid pavements are generally constructed in three layers - a prepared subgrade, base or
subbase, and a concrete slab. The concrete slab is constructed according to a designed
choice of plan dimensions for the slab panels, directly influencing the intensity of thermal
stresses occurring within the pavement. In addition to the slab panels, temperature
reinforcements must be designed to control cracking behavior in the slab. Joint spacing is
determined by the slab panel dimensions.
Roads have been existing in India for the last 5000 years. In early stages of Indian history,
Ashoka and Chandragupta made efforts to construct roads. But the real progress was made
during the Mughal period.
Asphalt –One of the most popular types of construction ever since its inception in the
early1920s is asphalt paving. In this construction technique, a layer of asphalt is laid on top
of an equally thick gravel base. Advantages of this form of road construction are that the
pavement produces relatively little noise, its relative low cost compared to other materials,
and that it is relatively easy to repair and maintain as well. However, asphalt is known to be
significantly less durable and strong than most other choices, and isn’t the best for the
environment either.
Concrete –Concrete is another popular choice for roadways, though it is typically only
usedfor local roads and no other types of construction. There are three major types of
concrete road surfaces, JPCP, JRCP, and CRCP; the distinguishing feature between the three
being the joint system that is used to help prevent cracks from forming. Concrete is more
long-lasting than asphalt and significantly stronger as well, but is quite expensive to lay and
maintain.

Composite –Composite materials are often used in types of construction that are more
relatedto maintenance, recycling, and rehabilitation. Composite materials are combinations of
both asphalt and concrete, and are typically employed in one of two methods. Asphalt
overlays literally are placed over a damaged surface, or alternatively pavement may be
cracked and seated instead, forming a true new surface.
Recycling –There are three typical types of construction techniques related to recycling
thesurface of distressed or damaged pavement. Rubblizing, Cold/Hot in-place Recycling, and
Full-depth Reclamation. Rubblizing involves reducing the road to gravel and then applying a
new surface, both hot and cold in-place recycling relies on using bituminous pavement to
reinforce the road (at different temperatures and admixtures, of course), and Full-depth
reclamation involves both total pulverization and the addition of binding agents or other
additives.
Bituminous Solutions –Bituminous and other temporary solutions are types of

constructionthat are only suitable for use on very low-traffic thoroughfares. Chipsealing
techniques, thin membrane surfacing, and Otta sealing are all examples of bituminous surface
options. These are all more commonly employed as sealing coats or finishes than as full road
surfaces.
8.1.5 Various Types of Environmental Factor
Physical Environmental Factors:
The factors in the physical environment that are important to health include harmful substances,
such as air pollution or proximity to toxic sites (the focus of classic environmental
epidemiology); access to various health-related resources (e.g., healthy or unhealthy foods,

recreational resources, medical care); and community design and the “built environment” (e.g.,
land use mix, street connectivity, transportation systems).
Social Environmental Factors:
Factors in the social environment that are important to health include those related to safety,
violence, and social disorder in general, and more specific factors related to the type, quality, and
stability of social connections, including social participation, social cohesion, social capital, and
the collective efficacy of the neighborhood (or work) environment. Social participation and
integration in the immediate social environment (e.g., school, work, neighborhood) appear to be
important to both mental and physical health What also seems important is the stability of social
connections, such as the composition and stability of households and the existence of stable and
supportive local social environments or neighborhoods in which to live and work.
Other Five environmental factors affecting agricultural production:
 Rainfall
 Temperature
 Wind
 Light/sunshine
8.1.6 Latest Technology from GLOB
Rural India faces a severe technology deficit. While there are other serious shortages power,
water, health facilities, roads, etc., these are known and recognized. However, the role of
technology in solving these and other problems is but barely acknowledged, and the actual
availability of technology in rural areas is, at best, marginal. The so-called digital divide is
widely spoken and written about; the technology divide is hardly mentioned. Yet, this disparity is
arguably more important, as it has far greater impact.
In irrigated areas (a third of the total arable land), managing the release and distribution of water
is critical for maximizing production. Sophisticated power transmission systems use information
and communication technologies to effectively optimize and monitor the distribution of
electricity. Despite many similarities, there is hardly any use of ICT in water distribution.
In rain-fed areas, the construction of bunds and check-dams is vital. Choosing the right location
for such water-harvesting structures can be greatly facilitated by using satellite remote sensing
data, as pilot projects have already demonstrated. Where irrigation is from wells, the simple
technology for the pump to be automatically switched on when power is available (and a timed
switch-off) so common in cities is still rare in villages. As a result, the farmer has to manually
switch on the pump generally in the middle of the night, when power becomes available.

Cold storage and cold-chains for transportation to market is of great importance for many
agricultural products particularly, fruits and vegetables but are non-existent. These are clearly
technologies with an immediate return on investment, and benefits for all: the farmer, the end-
consumer, the technology provider. However, regulatory and structural barriers are holding back
investments.
Information related to commodity prices, transportation, agricultural practices, weather, etc., are
crucial for the farmer. Technology can now provide this easily and instantaneously either at a
village computer kiosk or on a mobile handset.
Power is a key requirement in rural areas, for agricultural as well as non-agricultural and
domestic uses. Technology is now capable of providing reliable power at comparatively low cost
in a decentralized manner. This needs to be upgraded and scaled in a big way, with emphasis on
renewable and non-polluting technologies. An all-terrain, reliable and low-cost means of
transporting goods and people is an essential need for rural areas. In addition, it must be robust,
low-maintenance and near-friendly. The bullock-cart and the tractor-trailer are present vehicles
of choice. Surely, technology can provide a better, cheaper and more efficient solution.
Water is known to be responsible for a majority of the health problems in rural areas. While
many technologies exist for water-purification, there is need for developing context-specific
technologies (ideally, low-cost, reliable and not power-dependent) for providing safe drinking
water. Another vital area largely untouched by technology is sanitation. On the other hand, fuel
for cooking has drawn attention (efficient smoke-less chulas; briquettes, solar-cookers), but cost-
efficient technologies that fit the socio-cultural milieu are yet awaited.
Teachers work with students to teach them how to be Global Citizens. Global Citizens will bring
international perspectives to their ideas creating a mindset that they are deeply connected to
everyone in the world. Global citizens will embrace cultural and human diversity. Many schools
are leaning towards adding global education to the curricula in order to build global citizens for a
hope for a better society.
Global Education deals with Social Justice Issues across the world. Social Justice is taught to
advocate for a better society in which people have equal accessibility to resources and equal
treatment regardless of race, gender, sexual orientation, religion, class, or able-bloodedness. By
creating a comfortable community, teachers can spark conversations with students that explore
social justice issues locally and around the world to help understand the complexities of
societies. Many teachers of Global Education expect students to be active in their community
and challenge social justice issues outside of school. This can be done through community
service engagement.

8.1.7 Suggestions for the Solving Civil Related Issues and Concerns and
Challenges
In order to meet the challenges of municipal solid waste management, there is a need for
technological advancements, community awareness and implementation of good waste
management practices. Increasing public awareness about degrading health and environment is
becoming a cause of concern for society. It is putting more and more pressure on Central and
state level governing bodies to find sustainable solutions to the problem of municipal solid waste
management. There is a „need‟ to address the problem at the grass root level to find lasting
solutions. It can be seen that the current laws and regulations are unable to make an impact for
obtaining sound environment. Either the laws are not well understood or unable to implement
successfully. Loopholes can be identified in the legal regime and there is a need for strictness in
application of the laws to see a change in the future. Providing municipal services and clean
environment is the primary responsibility of State municipalities. Previous attempts made by the
government at the central and state levels have been noteworthy but insufficient. The efforts
made by local bodies, citizens and government together are visible and worth replicating, yet
there is a need to stop tolerating cheap and dirty practices of waste disposal and pay attention to
environment and health. Hence, there is an urgent need for better policies and legislative changes
that promote waste minimization by collectively promoting responsibility towards environment
and match with the changing conditions of lifestyle patterns of the Indian Society

Chapter 9: Various Designs in Rural Areas along with cost
The EcoSan System
 The EcoSan toilet is a closed system that does not need water, so is an alternative to leach
pit toilets in places where water is scarce or where the water table is high and the risk of
groundwater contamination is increased. The toilet is based on the principle of recovery
and recycling of nutrients from excreta tocreate a valuable resource for agriculture. When
the pit of an EcoSan toilet fills up it is closed and sealed. After about eight to nine
months, the faeces are completely composted to organic manure and can be used on
farms. When the first pit is closed, users can switch to using the second pit. The pictures
below show how the manure is used onfarms.
 After a successful demonstration in one village, acceptance of the technology has

increased and communities have asked for EcoSan toilets to be built in five other
panchayats of Korba. The fact that people in these communities have contributed up to
40% of the cost is further proofofthe acceptance the technology enjoyed.
 We initially used poly-fibre squatting pans for the EcoSan toilets, but because these were
not available in Chhattisgarh and had to be purchased from another state the cost per
toilet increased to around 16,000 rupees. This cost was not viable, because it made it
difficult to get support from the government's Nirmal Bharat Abhiyanprogramme
(formerly the Total Sanitation Campaign), which can provide up to 10,000 rupees for the
construction of household toilets.
 To ensure the sustainability ofthese toilets it was therefore important to reduce the unit
cost. Thus, instead of procuring the traditional poly-fibre pans, masons were trained to
construct the floor of the toilets as EcoSan pans. This in-situ construction reduced costs
substantially to just 12,000 rupees per unit, which could be further decreased by reducing
the size of the pit, building the super-structure from locally available material such as
bamboo, or making super-structure walls thinner. Together, these changes brought the
cost within the range required by the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyanprogramme.

Items Unit Rate Amount

Brick 450 3 1350
Cement 3 bag 300 900
Sand two bullock cart 2 450 900
Slab cost(squatting ,roof, 6nos. 1600

detachable)
Mud Block Stone 200nos. 10 2000
Door cost 1 400
PVC Pipes Materials 375
Mason wages 4 400 1600
Material Transportation 200
Contribution for beneficiaries 500
Total 9825

Chapter 10: Sustainable Design Planning Proposal

(Prototype Design)- Part- I
1)Design of Bank
Plan
Entrance door 2.5 X 2.1
Door 1.2 X 2.1
Window 1.2 X 1.2
Outer wall 0.3
Inner wall 0.2
Manager office 3.12 X 3
Locker room 2.54 X 5.77
Cash counter 1.68 X 1.77

(1,3)
Cash counter 2 2.0 X 1.77
Toilet 1.89 X 5
Elevation

Side view

Inner view

Item number Item description No. Length L(m) width B(m) Height H(m) Quantity Total
excavation for foundation 1 75.47

1 76.24 0.9 1.1 75.47m3
L = 80.74-0.5(0.9*10)
L = 76.24
2 BBCC 1 76.24 0.9 0.2 13.72 13.72m3
3 Brick masonary upto plinth

c:m (1:6)
first: L = 80.74-0.5*.5*10 1 78.24 0.6 0.3 14.083

L= 78.24
second:L= 80.74-0.5*.4*10 1 78.74 0.5 0.3 11.81

L=78.74
third:L=80.74-.5*.3*10 1 79.24 0.4 0.85 26.94

L=79.24
Steps:
First step: 1 1.1 0.9 0.15 0.15

Second step: 1 1.1 0.6 0.15 0.1
Third step: 1 1.1 0.3 0.15 0.05
53.19m3
4 Brick Masonry above plinth

upto slab level in c.m 1:6
L=80.74-0.5*0.3*10
L=79.24 1 79.24 0.3 3.5 83.2 83.2m3
Deduction :-
D1 1 2.5 0.3 2.1 1.575
D2 5 1.2 0.3 2.1 3.75
W 6 1.2 0.3 1.2 2.592
V 2 0.9 0.3 0.7 0.378
(-)8.295m3
Deduction for lintels above

door & windows with 15cm
bearing at each end
D1 1 2.8 0.3 0.15 0.126

D2 5 1.5 0.3 0.15 0.3375
W 6 1.5 0.3 0.15 0.405
V 2 1.2 0.3 0.15 0.14
(-)0.9765m3
grand total=
73.9285m3

5 Smooth plaster inside the

Rooms and celliung in
C.M 1:3
Plaster For wall
Inquiry room 2 3.16 3.5 22.12

2 2.8 3.5 19.6
Manager office 2 3.12 3.5 21.84
2 3 3.5 21
Locker 2 2.54 3.5 17.71
2 5.77 3.5 40.39
W.C 4 1.89 3.5 26.46
4 2.5 3.5 35
Infront of W.C 2 2.7 3.5 18.9
2 1.89 3.5 13.23 236.25m2
Celling Plaster:
Inquiry room 1 3.16 2.8 8.84

Manager Office 1 3 3.12 9.36
Locker 1 2.54 5.77 14.65
W.C 1 1.89 5 9.45 42.3m2
Deduction:
D1 0.5 3.5 2.1 3.675

D2 5 1.2 2.1 12.6 (-)16.275m2
Grand total=
262.34m2
6 RCC Work in Slab, Chajja &

Lintel
L=10+2*0.3
L=10.6
B=12.5+2*0.3
B=13.1 1 10.6 13.1 0.15 20.829 20.829m2
RCC Chajja
W 6 1.5 0.6 0.1 0.54 0.54+0.9765
1.51
Grand total=
22.339m3
7 2cm thick marble flooring
Locker 1 2.54 5.77 14.65
Manager office 1 3.12 3 9.36
Inquiry counter 1 3.16 2.8 8.85
Cash Counter 1&3 2 1.65 1.75 5.947
Cash Counter 2 1 2.07 1.77 3.66
Passage 1 1.85 5.77 10.67
Passage 1 6.66 1.97 13.12
Passage 1 10.5 2 21
Passage 1 3.12 3.07 9.578
Door Sills 5 1.2 2.1 12.6 138.32m2

8 Earth filing in plinth

H=0.6-0.075-0.025-0.02
H=0.48
Locker 1 2.54 5.77 0.48 5.12
Manager office 1 3.12 3 0.48 7.03
Inquiry counter 1 3.16 2.8 0.48 4.49
Cash Counter 1&3 2 1.65 1.75 0.48 4.24
Cash Counter 2 1 2.07 1.77 0.48 2.84
Passage 1 1.85 5.77 0.48 1.75
Passage 1 6.66 1.97 0.48 13.86
Passage 1 10.5 2 0.48 6.29
Passage 1 3.12 3.07 0.48 10.08
Door Sills 5 1.2 2.1 0.48 4.59 60.34m3
Quantity sheet

Abstract sheet
Item no Particulers of item Quantity per Rate Amount in RS

1 Excavation in foundation 75.47 m3 85 6414.95
2 PCC in Foundation in 1:3:6 13.72 m3 3200 43904
3 Brickwork in foundation 53.19 m3 3200 170208
4 Brickwork in super structure in cement mortar 1:4 73.92 m3 3500 258749
5 RCC Work in Slab, Chajja and lintel 22.339 m3 8800 196583
6 2cm Thick marble Flooring 138.32 m2 500 69164
7 Earth filling in plinth 64.876 m3 50 3244
8 Plastering
inner 262.34 m2 150 39351
outer 233 m2 150 34950
9 painting in same area as plastering 495.34 m2 220 108974
10 wooden materials 35000
11 glass plates 7000
total= 9,73,553/-
add 3% contingencies= 29,206
add 2% work charged establish= 19,471
grand total= 10,22,231

2)Design of Community Hall

It will be a place for community gatherings, marriages, religious functions,
political get to gathers, etc. Since this centre will be constructed in village, the
budget provision has been kept very low. As a result, it is decided that only a
sheltered hall open from sides, with one stage will be provided. The other
provisions will include a toilet block.
These are just basic facilities required for small village. The hall has been designed
in Pre engineered steel structure.
Advantages:
• Cheaper than RCC structure.
• Easy to construct.
• Easy to maintain.
Entrance Door 3 X 2.1

Doors 1.2 X 2.1
Window 1.5 X 1.5
Verandah 20 X 3
Ventilator 0.7 X 0.7
Room 4X4
Store room 4X4
Stage 8X4
Toilet 2X2

Plan
ELEVATION
INNER VIEW

Item number Item descruption

Quantity Sheet
No. Length(m) Width(m) Height(m) Quantity total
1 Excavation
109.7 - 0.5*6*0.9
107 1 107 0.9 1.1 105.93 105.93m3
2 brick cement concrete

1:4:8 for foundation 1 107 0.9 0.2 19.26 19.26m3
3 Brick masonary upto plinth

in cm 1:6
F.S L=109.7-.5*0.6*6
109.7 1 109.7 0.6 0.3 19.42
S.S L=109.7-0.5*0.5*6
108.2 1 108.2 0.5 0.3 16.23
T.S L=109.7-.5*0.4*6
108.5 1 108.5 0.4 1.15 49.91
Step
1st 1 1.1 0.9 0.15 0.15
2nd 1 1.1 0.6 0.15 0.1
3rd 1 1.1 0.3 0.15 0.05 0.3m3
Total= 86.16m3
4 Brick Masonary above

plinth up to slab level
in C.M 1:6
L=109.7-0.5*3*6
108.8 1 108.8 0.3 5 163.2m3
Deduction for
door D1 1 3 0.3 2.1 1.89
D2 2 1.2 0.2 2.1 1
D3 1 0.7 0.3 2.1 0.44
W1 4 1.5 0.3 1.5 2.7
W2 2 1.2 0.2 1 0.48
V 1 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.072
(-)6.58m3
Deductions for D1 1 3.3 0.3 0.15 0.148

lintels above D2 2 1.5 0.2 0.15 0.09
doors&windows D3 1 1 0.3 0.15 0.045
with 15cm W1 4 1.8 0.3 0.15 0.324
Bearing at eachW2 2 1.5 0.2 0.15 0.09
end V 1 0.9 0.2 0.15 0.027
(-)0.73m3
Total= 155.89m3

5 smooth plastering rooms

& celling in cm 1:3 plaster
for wall
hall 2 21.8 5 218

1 20 5 100
wall 2 4.3 5 43
room 4 4 5 80
varandah (outerwall) 2 8.5 5 85
Celling plaster 1 20 25 500

2 4 4 32
total= 1058m2
Deduction
d1 0.5 3 2.1 3.15

d2 2 1.2 2.1 5.04
d3 1 0.7 2.1 1.47
w1 2 1.5 1.5 4.5
w2 1 1.2 1 1.2
total= (-)5.36m2
5) Total= 1042.64m2
6 Rcc work in slab chajja &

lintel Rcc slab
L=22 1 22 20 0.12 52.8m3
B=20
Rcc chajja
w1 4 1.5 0.6 0.1 0.36
w2 2 1.2 0.4 0.1 0.096
0.456m3
+ 0.73
1.19m3
total= 53.98m3
7 2cm thick marble flooring
room 2 4 4 32
varandah 1 3 20 60
HALL 372.72
door sill D 3 1.2 0.3 1.08
465.8m2

8 Earth filling in plinth

H=0.9-0.075-0.025-0.02
0.78
Room 2 4 4 0.78 24.96

Varandah 1 3 20 0.78 46.8
Hall 1 290.72
Toilet 1 2 2 0.78 3.12
365.6m3

Abstract Sheet
Note: - (Calculations are done without plastering and

painting)
Item no particulers of item Quantity per rate Amount in RS

1 Excavation in foundation 105.93 m3 85 9004
2 Plain cement Concrete (pcc) in

foundation in 1:3:6 19.26 m3 3000 57780
3 Brickwork in foundation 86.19 m3 3000 258570
4 Brickwork in super structure in

cement mortar 1:4 155.89 m3 3200 498848
5 Rcc Work in Slab, chajja and lintel 53.98 m3 8700 469626
6 2cm thick marble 465.8 m2 495 230573
7 Earth filling in plinth 365.6 m3 50 18280
8 wooden stage,doors,windows 25000
total= 1546531/-
add 3% contingencies= 30930
add 2% work charged establish= 46395
Grand total= 1623856/-

3)Design of public Toilet

PLAN
plan



Abstract Sheet

2. Medical Shop
There is Primary Health Centre in village but not any medical shop. It will improve health
facility of village. People do not have to travel nearby villages to purchase medicines.

Quantity sheet


Abstract Sheet


Quantity sheet


Chapter 11: Future Development of the Village (for the PART-II

Design)
Following points should be considered for Delasa village in future prospects:
 Renewable energy sources can be used for the purpose of energy conservation and to
reduce load on conventional energy sources.
 To Facilitate Good Health trough PHC
 Solar Energy Sources can be used for electricity purposes in schools and other
infrastructure.
 Internal road quality can be improved to provide better transportation facilities by using
waste material as filling material which is produced within the village.
 Community hall should be in village to organize various events and function.

Chapter 12: Conclusion
 We have tried to develop sustainable and economic design as per our knowledge and hard
work from visiting the villages to designing the proper design. In this phase we have focused
mainly on Data collection and done the survey of village.
 Employment is the main solution for people who do not have the income to meet their basic
needs, often in villages that have no energy access, employment Opportunities are the only
sustainable means of reducing and eradicating poverty. The preceding essays argue that
energy provision fosters employment opportunities. Moreover, employment creation and
entrepreneurial activity mobilize the most abundant yet under-utilized resource in poor
countries – the people for development. People who constitute resources on the supply side
also provide markets on the demand side. This interactive causation between supply and
demand is a potential source of economic growth that highlights the importance of domestic
markets in the process of development.
 Our main motto is to develop the undeveloped villages and rural areas with reference to the
ideal village. Long-range planning has taken place in a public forum. The support of the
community can also foster improved implementation opportunities. An approach that will be
used successfully when planning for the future of a community involves preceding the
planning process with an exercise designed to develop vision of the future for the
“VishwakarmaYojana”. By developing Rural India, the future scenario for urbanization can
be change in Sustainable manner

Chapter 13: References of report
 www.onefivenine.com
 http://smartvillages.org/
 www.wikipedia.com
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_of_transport
 https://www.journals.elsevier.com
 http://eeas.europa.eu/archives/delegations/fiji/press_corner/all_news/news/2015/20150
420_01_en.pdf
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansad_Adarsh_Gram_Yojana

Chapter 14: Annexure
14.1 Scanned (for Part-I) Original Ideal Village SurveyForm
Techno Economic Survey

Viswakarma
Yojna: Phase VI
IDEAL VILLAGE
SURVEY
An approach towards “Urbanization for Village
Development”
Name of District: Anand
Name of Taluka: Anand
Name of Village: Sarsa
Name of Institute: A.D. Patel institute of technology
Nodal Officer Name & Prof. Vaishali Patel
9537521272
Contact Detail:
Respondent Name: Sarpanch (Indiraben M. patel)
(Sarpanch/ Panchayat Member/
Teacher/ Gram Sevak/ Aaganwadi
worker/Village dweller)
Date of Survey: 16/10/18

1
 DEMOGRAPHICALDETAIL:
Sr. Census Population Male Female Total Number

No. of House
Holds
1. 2001 - - - -
2. 2011 14582 7607 6975 3600
 GEOGRAPHICALDETAIL:
Sr. No. Description Information/Detail

1. Area of Village (Approx.) 1959-15-80
(In Hector)Coordinates for Location:
2. Forest Area (In hect.) 54-85-73
3. Agricultural Land Area (In hect.) 1795
4. Residential Area (In hect.)
5. Other Area (In hect.)
6 Distance to the nearest railway station (in 9.8
kilometers):
7. Name of Nearest Town with Distance: Anand 16 km.
8. Distance to the nearest bus station (in Available in village

kilometers):
9. Whether village is connected to all road for yes
the any facility or town or City?

 OCCUPATIONAL DETAILS:
1.farmars
Name of Three Major Occupation groups in
2.workers
Village
3.employee
1.tobacoo
Major crops grown in the village:
2.bajri
3.vegitables
Sr. Descriptions Detail Adequate Inadequate Remarks

No.
A. Main Source of Drinking water
1. PIPED WATER
Piped Into Dwelling
Piped To Yard/Plot
Public Tap/Standpipe Public tap
Tube Well Or Bore Well
DUG WELL
2.
Protected Well
Un Protected Well Protected
WATER FROM SPRING
3. Protected Spring
Unprotected Spring
Rainwater
Tanker Truck
Cart With Small Tank
4. SURFACE WATER
(RIVER/DAM/
LAKE/POND/STREAM/C
AN
AL/
Irrigation Channel Irrigation
Bottled Water channel and
Hand Pump hand pump

Other(Specify)Lake/ Pond
pond
Suggestions if any:
B. Water Tank Facility
Overhead Tank Capacity:

Underground Sump Capacity:
Suggestions if any:
C. The Type of Drainage Facility

A. UNDERGROUND available
DRAINAGE
1
Suggestions if any:
D. Road Network :All Weather/ Kutchha (Gravel)/ Black Topped pucca/ WBM
Village approach road Pakka
Main road Pakka
Internal streets Pakka
Nearest 5-10
NH/SH/MDR/ODR
Dist. in kms.
Suggestions if any:
E. Transport Facility
Railway Station (Y/N)
(If No than Nearest Rly 9.8
Station---Kms)
Bus station (Y/N)
Condition: good
(If No than Nearest Bus
Station---Kms)

Local Transportation
(Auto/ Jeep/Chhakda/ Auto,
Private Vehicles/ Other) private
vehicles
F. Electricity Distribution
(Y/N ) Govt./ Private
(Less than 6 hrs./ Govt.
More Than 6 hrs)
Power supply for
Domestic Use
Power supply for
Agricultural Use
Power supply for
Commercial Use
Road/ Street Lights available
Electrification in
Government Buildings/ yes
Schools/ Hospitals
Renewable Energy Source N
Facilities (Y/ N)
LED Facilities available
Suggestions if any:
G. Sanitation Facility
Public Latrine Blocks
If available than Nos.
Location Condition
Community Toilet
(With bath/ without bath
facilities)
Solid & liquid waste yes
Disposal system available
Any facility for Waste yes
collection from road

Suggestions if any:
H. Main Source of Irrigation Facility:

TANK/POND Y
STREAM/RIVER
CANAL
Y
WELL
TUBE WELL. Y
OTHER (SPECIFY)
Y
Suggestions if any:
I. Housing Condition:
Kutchha/Pucca 80-20
(Approx. ratio)
Social infrastructure facelaties
Sr. Descriptions Information/ Adequate Inadequate Remar

ks
No. Detail
J. Health Facilities:

ICDS (Anganwadi) Yes Yes

Sub-Centre
PHC Yes
BLOCK PHC
CHC/RH
District/ Govt. Hospital
No
Govt. Dispensary
Private Clinic
Private Hospital/ Yes
Nursing Home
AYUSH Health Facility
sonography /ultrasound facility
yes
If any of the above Facility is not available in village than approx. distance
from village: ………kms.
Suggestions if any:
K. Education Facilities:
Aaganwadi/ Play group available Yes
Primary School available Yes
Secondary school available Yes
Higher sec. School Available Yes
ITI college/ vocational No
Training Center
Art, Commerce& No
Science /Polytechnic/
Engineering/ Medical/
Management/ other college
facilities
If any of the above Facility is not available in village than approx. distance from
village: ………kms.

Suggestions if any:
L. Socio- Culture Facilities Condition Location Available Availab

(YES) le (NO)
Community Hall (With good School Y
or without TV)
Public Library (With Good Centre
daily newspaper supply: Y/N)
Public Garden Good Starting
point
Village Pond No
Recreation Center No
Cinema/ Video Hall No
Assembly Polling Station Yes
Birth & Death Registration Office yes
If any of the above Facility is not available in village than approx. distance from
village: ………kms.
Suggestions if any:
M. Other Facilities Condition Location Available Availab

(YES) le (NO)
Post-office Average Centre Yes
Telecommunication Centre yes
Network/ STD booth
General Market Good Yes
Shops (Public Yes
Distribution System)
Panchayat Building Good Centre yes
Pharmacy/Medical Shop Center Yes
Bank & ATM Facility Yes
Agriculture Co-operative Society Yes
Milk Co-operative Soc. Yes

Small Scale Industries Yes

Internet Cafes/ Common No

Service Center/Wi Fi
Youth Club Yes
Mahila Mandal Yes
Credit Cooperative Society
Agricultural Cooperative Society Yes
Milk Cooperative Society Yes
Fishermen’s Cooperative Society
Computer Kiosk/ e-chaupal/ Mills
/ Small Scale Industries
Other Facility
Suggestions if any:
N. Other Facilities Condition Available Avail

(YES) able
(NO)

1. Have these programme

implemented thevillage?
2. Are there any beneficiaries in
the village from thefollowing
programme?
3. Janani SurakshaYojana
4. KishoriShaktiYojana
5. BalikaSamriddhiYojana
6. Mid-day MealProgramme
7. IntergratedChild Development
Scheme(ICDS)
8. MahilaMandal
ProtsahanYojana(MMPY
)
9. National Food forwork
Programme(NFFWP)
10. National Social Assistance
Programme
11. Sanitation Programme(SP)
12. Rajiv Gandhi National
Drinking WaterMission
13. SwarnjayantiGram
SwarozgarYojana
14. Minimum
NeedsProgramme(MNP)
15. National Rural Employment
Programme
16. Employee Guarantee Scheme
(EGS)
17. Prime Minister
RojgarYojana(PMRY)
18. JawaharRozgarYojana(JRY)
19. Indira AwasYaojna(IAY)
20. SamagraAwasYojana(SAY)
21. Sanjay Gandhi
NiradharYojana(SGNY)
22. JawaharGram
SamridhiYojana(JGSY)
23. Other(SPECIFY)

 SUSTAINABLE /GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES:
Sr. Descriptions Information/ Adequate Inadequate Remarks

No. Details
1. Adoption of Non- Not available
Conventional Energy Sources/
Renewable Energy Sources
2. Bio-Gas Plant Not available

Solar Street Lights Rain
Water Harvesting
System
3. Any Other
 Data collection from village
Sr. Descriptions Information/ Adequate Inadequate Remarks

No. Details
1. Village Base Map Yes
Available: Hard Copy/Soft Copy
2. Recent Projects going on for

Development of Village
3. Any NGO working for village Yes

development

4. Any natural calamity in the No

village during the last one year:
EARTHQUAKES
FLOODS
CYCLONE
DROUGHT
LANDSLIDES
AVALANCHE
OTHER
(SPECIFY)
 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION/ REQUIREMENT:
Sr. Descriptions Information/ Detail Remarks

No.
1. Repair & Maintenance of Existing
Public Infrastructure facilities,
School Building
Health Center
Panchayat Building
Public toilets required.
Public Toilets & any other
2. Additional Information/ Requirement
3. During the last six months how many times
CLEANING ……………………………..
FOGGING………………………………..
Drive was undertaken in the village?
 Smart Village / HeritageDetails
Sr. No. Descriptions Information/ Detail Remarks
1. ISTHEIRANYTHINGFORTHEVILLAG Yes, need to include

E ENHANCEMENT POSSIBLE? public toiles.

Note: Photographs/ Video/ Drawings of all existing

Infrastructure facilities & conditions should be taken
by students of respective villages for their record
andinformation.
For Any Administration

queries/ Difficulties:
Ms.DarshanaChauhan,
Project Co-ordinator
Contact No – 079-
23267588
Email ID: rurban@gtu.edu.in

14.2Scanned (for Part-I) Original Smart Village (Gujarati)

Survey details.




14.3 Scanned (for Part-I) Originalvans khiliya Techno -

Economic SurveyForm.









14.4 Gap analysis

VILLAGE GAP Analysis
Village Facilities Planning Village Name: vanskhiliya
Commission/UDPFI Population:2963
Norms Existing Required as Smart Vilage / Gap
per Norms Cities /
Heritage
Future
Projection
Design
Social Infrastructure Facilities
Education Available
T
Anganwadi Each or Per 2500 population 1 1T
3 0
Primary School Each Per 2500 population
Erres rs 11
1 1 3 0
Secondary School Per 7,500 population 0 0 2 0
Higher Secondary School Per 15,000 Population 0 0 2 0
College Per 125,000 Population 0 0
00
0 0
Tech. Training Institute Per 100000 Population 0 00
0 0
Agriculture Research Centre Per 100000 Population 0 0 0 0
Skill Development Center Per 100000 Population 0 0 1 000
Health Facility available

Govt/Panchyat Dispensary or Sub PHC or Health Each Village 1 0 1 0
Centre
Primary Health & Child Health Center Per 20,000 population 0 0
0 0 0
Child Welfare and Maternity Home Per 10,000 population 0 0 1 0
Multispeciality Hospital Per 100000 Population 0 0 0 0
Public Latrines 1 for 50 families (if toilet is not
there in home, specially for slum 3 9 Available -6
pockets & kutcha house)
Physical Infrastructure Facilities
Transportation Available Adequate /
Inadequate
Pucca Village Approach Road Each village Available
Bus stand
Bus/Auto Stand provision All Villages connected by PT (ST Available Required
Bus or Auto)
Drinking Water (Minimum 70 lpcd) available Adequate /
Inadequate
Over Head Tank 1/3 of Total Demand Available
U/G Sump 2/3 of Total Demand available Not required
Drainage Network - Open Available
Inadequate
Drainage Network - Cover Available
Waste Management System available Adequate
Socio- Cultural Infrastructure Facilities

Community Hall Per 10000 Population 0 1 1 -1
community hall and Public Library Per 15000 Population 1 1 1 0
Cremation Ground Per 20,000 population 1 1 1 0
Post Office Per 10,000 population 0 1 1 -1
Gram Panchayat Building Each individual/group panchayat 1 1 1 0
APMC Per 100000 Population 0 0 0 0

Fire Station Per 100000 Population 0 0 0 0
Public Garden Per village 0 1 1 -1
Police post Per 40,000Population 0 0 0 0
Shopping Mall

Electrical Design
Electricity Network Adequate /
Inadequate
Any Smart Village Facility

Technology
ESR cap 0
Sump cap 0
Lat 0

14.5 Summary of all villages Designs as part 1
DHOBIKUI
1.Community Hall  It is provided at the middle of village.
 Old community hall is not in good

condition also not withstand with
large capacity for meeting.
 New community hall is constructed

by the demolition of old hall.
 It is also can useful for function as

well as meeting purpose.
 It is useful for occasionally

programme.
2.Public Toilket  In many villages many households

have not their personal toilet so public
toilet will constructed for those
people.
 By use of it hygiene environment of

the village is maintain.
 Many disease is get away by use of

this.
DEDARDA
1] Avedo:  It has to be provide on the outskirts of
the village where cattle’s at every day
and evening goes out for grazing.

 It is useful for cattles to drink water

from it.
 It doesn’t need any worker to refill it as
it has been provided with automatic
filling of water of sensor.
 It needs to be cleaned every 3 days.
 By this design cattles will have clean
and fresh water to drink.
 It will also maintain hygiene of the
village as cattle’s will not roam in the
village for water.
2] Primary School:  It is one of the three building of school

which is currently present in village.
 Two of the three buildings are new
structure but one building is kutcha and
not of rcc structure.
 So we have provided new design of that
school so the students over there can
study in every condition.
 In every weather the students can study
and have a good future.
 It is having 5 class room with stage and
blackboard provide.
Vanskhiliya
1.Bank  Bank is the most important part of
economy or money transfer.
 Bank is not available in village so

regarding to it we put design of it.

 Bank is useful for loan, Money

deposit and credit.
2.Comminity Hall  It is useful for function as well as

meeting purpose.
 It is useful for occasionally

programme.
 Design of it is based on population of

village.
Napa-vanta
1.Walking path at the periphery of pond  We design walking path for the
villagers.
 Provided paver block to comfort for
walkers.
 For night time we provided street
lights.
 Pond is hisotorical, so it will increase
in torisoum to visit this place.
2.Sitting area cum garden  Provided garden and sitting area at
the near the pond walking area.
 Main purpose to degsin this for
esthetic view sunriase and sunset
time.
 There is not one garden in this village
for the senior citizen to make their
time to pass.
 In this sitting area cum garden,
provided street lights,paver blocks,
benches for sitting, small swings and
slide for the children to play.
3.Bank  Nowadays, bank is first requirement
for any village and human beings to
secure their money and other
important ornamentals.
 We have provided gl+1 type of bank

building.
 We have provided everything like
locker room, conferences room,
meeting room, projecter room,
manager cabine, head manager
cabine, save deposits for secured
money, toilets, watchmen
room,canteen, and other all facilities
which required.
4.ommunity Hall  Though community hall is available,
we requires strong new structure.
 The condition of this structure is

totally collapse. So, we design the
new structure of it.
 We have provided 2 main hall, one

store room, one habited room, toilets.
 We have design separate entery and

exits for both of this hall

Adding sample design plan for vanskhiliya village
Design of bank
Design of community hall

Public toilet

14.6 Village interaction report with photographsVillage

Interaction Report
Vanskhiliya Village, Anand: Taluka, Anand : District
As per the circular GTU guideline, VY section informed all the teams of VishwakarmaYojana to
present their work in village for the effective implementation of VishwakarmaYojana. Under this
guideline Student’s team of Vanskhiliya village presented the village development plan of design
requirement & benefits at gametal of village.
After going through techno economic survey forms and by doing survey on the field, we
addressed our design proposal to people of Delasa.During this we interacted with following
persons and sarpanchof the village Mrs. Komalbenranjitbhaisodhaparmar to get proper scenario
of various design implementation of our designs mentioned in our report.
After interacting with them,defining problems and required designs by URDPFI Guidelines/Gap
Analysis we chose following main design proposal for primary importance. From all the designs,
we explained the benefits & how it will contribute to village development solving unwanted
situation in daily life.
Primary Health Centre
Lake Design
Community Hall
Public Garden
Playground
Public Toilet
Efficient Drainage & Water supply network redesign
Road Network
Solid waste management system
Entrance gate
Rain water harvesting system
Apart from other maintenance type designs are also invited for other building like gram
panchayat and post office during the discussion. All the designs were approved as per
requirement in the attached appreciation letter to our team for the efforts towards designing for
village.



14.7 Sarpanch latter

14.8 Summary of Good Photographs With Different village



15. Future Scope-Requirement of the Village (from

the PART-I chapter - 13) detail implementation of
the future scope of work
Sustainable Design Planning Proposal (Prototype Design)
- Part- II
15.1 Observation and Brief write up about the existing design
In primary and techno-economic survey we collected information regarding to facilities viz.

Primary facilities, social facilities, socio-cultural facilities, educational facilities and sanitation
facilities.
From the collected data and observation, the information and condition of existing facilities as
follows.
Bus-Stand
 The bus stand of village is in well condition and newly constructed.

 Drinking water facility not available. Public toilet or latrine block not available. 

 Arrival of buses is 2 to 3 times in a day. 
Panchayat building
 Panchayat building is important of any village.

 Paint and plaster of building is segregated.

 Panchayat building is rest on village main gate.

 In the panchayat building no provision for separate room for sarpanch, revenue talati and clerk.
Water Tank
 In the village 2 elevated water tank.
Sub center

 In Patidad village there is a small sub center without beds. For a serious health problem
patient have to go to the 9 km far to the gondal.
Roads
 In the village 60 % roads are CC and RCC and rest is kutcha roads.
School
 In the village 2 primary school and 1 secondary school for boys and girls with well condition
15.2 Recommendations / why about new proposals of Designs
Physical Design (Underground sump)
 In the village only two elevated tanks is available. In summer season lack of drinking water
problem is arise so we proposed a underground sump for water reserve. 
Social Design (Farmer help center)
 In the village most people relying on the farming so we decided to give a farmer help center
to help farmers so they can understand more about new technology. 
Socio-cultural design (Skill development classes)
 We will give design of skill development classes for the village where lots of activity
villagers do like women empowerment classes, karate classes, painting class etc.
Sustainable design (Bio gas)
 In village there is no provision of organic waste controller so we decided to give a bio gas
plant. Due to this organic waste can be used for producing bio gas. 
Smart Design (Artificial pond with jogging track)
 In the village no provision for storage for rain water and no small pond available so we will
give an artificial pond with jogging track.

15.3 Suggestions / Benefit of the Villagers about new path technology / Designs
proposed by the students
There are following structures need to build up to Progress of village and their people:
 Physical Infrastructure Facilities should need such as: Higher secondary school, closed
drainage system, panchayat building, sanitation facilities, Child Welfare center etc.

 Social Infrastructure Facilities should need such as: Police station, hospitals, community
Housing, General market, etc.

 Socio-Cultural Infrastructure Facilities should need such as: Govt. grocery shop,
Community hall, Library, Auditorium, Recreational activities, pick up stand etc.

 Sustainable Infrastructure Facilities should need such as: Green building, organic waste
controller, Natural Resources (petrol, diesel), Solar system, Biogas plant, Rain Water
Harvesting, etc.
If these structures available in the village, Villager can easily get the advantages of the system
and they not need to depend on other town, good drainage system and sanitation facility in
village ensure the good health and well-being of people
15.4 Design Proposals with the Section, Elevation, Measurement, Costing, Any
other points to civil designs
15.4.1 Sustainable design – Ground Water Recharge by Vertical Shaft

Introduction
Main source of water in village is ground water. Due to excessive use and population
expansion ground water level is depleting. To maintain round water level and conserve it
for future generation Ground water recharge is necessary.
Design
In an Artificial groundwater recharge we will use vertical recharge shaft method. In this
shaft the top portion we use PVC ball & Rubber lip which is help in whenever river water
level gone up & rubble lip will automatically open fill with water.
The diameter of shaft is 0.45m. Depth of PVC pipe is 15 M. It should end in more
permeable strata below the top impermeable strata. It may not touch water table.
To begin with in PVC pipe on top portion provide rubber valve. Below it 0.20 Inches
diameter screen is placed to remove rags, paper and plastic to prevent damage.
In PVC pipe 10 M deep filtration bucket is connected with bolt. In which there are three
layer of fine, gravel and coarse material placed.
At bottom there is one extra screen provided which is prevent filter material to the ground.
In PVC pipe provide hole to spread water in to confined aquifer.




15.4.2 Physical Design ( Civil ) – Primary Health Centre


5) Smooth Plaster Inside

room and ceeling in cm 1:3
Plaster in Wall
Clinic 2 3 3 18
2 3 3 18
Store room 2 3 3 18
2 3 3 18
Examination 2 3 3 18
2 3 3 18
Emaegency room 2 3.5 3 21
2 3 3 18
Medical shop 2 2.5 3 1.5

1 2.5 3 7.5
W.C 2 1.5 3 9
2 1.5 3 9
187.5m2
Celling plaster 9.8 8.8 86.24m2
Deduction
D1 0.5 3 2.1 3.15
D2 0.5 1.2 2.1 16.38
D3 0.5 0.9 2.1 0.945
20.4754
Grand total 253.268m2
6) R.C.C work in slab Chajja

and lintel 1 10.2 5.2 0.15 14.076m2
L= 9.8+2 x 0.2
10.2
B= 8.8+ 2 x 0.2
9.2
R.C.C chajja
w 6 1.5 0.6 0.1 0.54
0.651
1.191
Grand total 14.076

1.191
15.267m3

7) 2cm Thick marble

flooring
Clinic 1 3 3 9
store room 1 3 3 9
exemanation 1 3 3 9
medical shop 1 2.5 2.5 6.25
passage 27.95
door sills 6 1.1 2.1 15.21
Emergency room 1 3.5 3 21
97.32m2
8) Earth filling in plinth
H=0.6- 0.075- 0.025 X 0.2

0.48
Store room 1 3 3 0.48 4.32

Clinic 1 3 3 0.48 4.32
Examination 1 3 3 0.48 4.32
Emergency room 1 3.5 3 0.48 5.04
Medical Shop 1 3 3 0.48 4.32
Passage 1 27.95 0.48 13.41
Door Sills 6 1.2 2.1 0.48 1.2096
36.94m2

Abstract Sheet
Item Description Total Quantity Rate Total amount
1) Excavation in foundation 57.77m3 85 4910.95

2) p.c.c 10.50m3 3200 33600
3) Brickwork in Foundation 32.70m3 3200 10640
4) Brickwork in superstructure 30.943m3 3100 108297
in cement mortar 1:4 15.26m3 8800 134349
5) R.C work in slab and lintill 97.32m2 500 48660
6) 2cm thick marble flooring 86.24m2 50 4312
7) Earth filling in plinth 253.26m2 150 37987
8) Inner plastering 145.04m2 150 21756
9) Painting in same as plaster 398.31m2 220 87745.75
total 5,86,143
10% contractor 58614

Contigineous 3% Risk 17,584.35
2% work charge 11722.86
Grand total 6,74,063

15.4.3 Social design – Public Garden


Garden Estimate
Item Description Total Quantity Rate Amount
Provide Sit Clearance 500 m2 8 4000

Complete Wall const. 493.7 m2 150 74055
Walking Area 164m2 500 82000
Sand pit in Garden 10.86m2 0 0
paver block 164m2 78 12792
flling mooram for grass
in garden 50.4m2 500 25200
Rcc benches 6no. 1300 7800
Gate 1no. 1200 1200
garden plants 25nos. 500 12500
total= 2,51,047
10% contractors profit 25100
Excavation 20.2X25.2 45.5 44,946
849.04
Grand Total= 2,83,682Rs.

15.4.4 Socio Cultural Design – General Market
There is not any market in village. People have to travel nearby villages to purchase agriculture
products. It enables to sell agriculture produts directly to the consumers which increases income
of farmers. It will yield revenue for village as people from outside will come for shopping.
Proposed design consists of two offices for administrative work and one closed storage area.
It is covered with roof on top. Market area provides 4 raised platforms for sellers to arrange their
items and way for public in between them as shown in figure.





15.4.5 Smart Village Design ( Civil ) – Renewable energy source ( Biogas

plant )





Chapter 16: Chapter – 17 Design
16.1 Clearly describe the total existing scenario of the implantation
Any public project is undertaken to satisfy necessity or to provide comfort to people. Rural
projects are mainly undertaken to satisfy need of people. In public project the main aspect is
funding i.e. whether it is funded by Govt. or Private firm or both. Implementation of project
mainly depends on finance.
Vanskhiliya village is agriculture village. Main source of income for village authority is from tax
collected from farmers. For implementation of any project implementation Village authority
(Gram Panchayat) alone is not capable. It need help form District authority or State Govt. or any
private firm.
Root Zone Sewage Treatment
 Root zone sewage treatment is rise ground water

 Its cost is 44,000 Rs.
PHC
 It will improve health facility of village

 Its cost is 6,74,063 Rs
General Market
 It will provide plateform to farmers to sell their product

 Its cost is 11,00,000 Rs.
Biogas plant
 It is very sustainable way to get energy and in the village there is lot of dung so it is very
economical.

16.2 How can be improved with small changes, Period ‐ a) Immediately , b)

Within 1 year and , c) Long term (3‐5 years) along with cost estimation and
drawing.
Sr. No Design name Period Amount Benefit

Expenditure
17.4.1 Root Zone Immediately 44,000 To raise ground
sewage system water level
To store water
to avoid water
scarcity
17.4.2 PHC Immediately 6,74,063

It will improve
health facility
17.4.3 Public Garden 8 – 10 months 2,83,000
17.4.4 General Long Term 11,00,000 It will provide

Market (3-5 years) platform to
farmers to sell
their products.
It will increase
income of
farmers
17.4.5 Bio gas plant 2 year 4,50,000 It is very

sustainable way
to get energy
and in the
village there is
lot of dung so it
is economical
Chapter 17:
Five Most important and crucial items that need to be

addressed from the techno- economy survey or Ideal
Village Survey or Smart Village Survey of the village for
the visible change in the respective allotted village for the
VY project and make the villagers happier and more
comfortable for the enhancement of the village
17.1 First - Public Toilet

There is public toilet in village but it is not in working condition. Also it is not accessible by all
villagers. It is very important to provide sanitation facilities to villagers and visitors. To maintain
health and hygiene of village. To promote social inclusion and equality. To issue privacy and
basic human decency.
According to new governmental policy there should be public toilet in village. Public toilet may
be funded by Swachh Bharat Mission of National Govt.
17.2 Second - Root Zone Sewage Treatment

Ground water is the only source of potable water in a village, as 80% of water supplied to village
is converted in a waste water which directly disposed in ground again with or without treatment.
If we can reuse this waste water in the irrigation, house cleaning or in flushing system of toilets
then burden on ground water will decrease. Also if we dispose waste water without treatment in
a ground results in a pollution of ground water.
This will provide sustainability to village. This project may be implemented on the basis of PPP
model. There is a sugar mill near village which can finance this project as it will receive water at
very low rate as compared to current rates.

17.3 Third – Community Hall
There is not any building or public space in a village where social gathering functions can be
organized. So it is necessary to provide community hall in a village which enables social
gatherings of villagers on the special occasions like marriages, festivals etc. Community hall also
enables to organize awareness programmes, seminars, discussions for village problems etc. It
eliminates social injustice in a village as all the villagers gather on same place.
Funding of this may be done by District authority or State Govt. or may be any private firm or
person can undertake this project.
17.4 Fourth – general market

It will provide platform to farmers to sell their products. It will increase income of farmers. It
will generate revenue for village
17.5 Fifth – Biogas plant

It is very sustainable way to get energy and in the village there is lot of dung so it is economical

Chapter 18:
Five Identify that from the CHAPTER-2-SMART CITIES/
VILLAGE CONCEPT AS PER YOUR IDEA AND ITS VISIT,
how the new modern technology with innovation available in the
market can be used for possible adaptation in the village.
18.1 – First: Solar-powered LED street light

solar-powered LED street light that can immediately report its power data. The disclosed LED
Street light has a solar cell, a switch power supply unit, and a power cable data communicating
unit. The mains power cable of the LED Street light connects to the switch power supply unit for
providing it with DC power. The solar cell has a solar board, a battery and a charge controller.
The charge controller can also provide the LED Street light with DC power. The charge
controller has a power data digital output interface for connecting with the power cable data
communicating unit, outputting the power data of the solar cell to the power cable data
communicating unit. Through the mains power cable, the status of solar cell of each LED lamp is
monitored.
A solar-powered LED street light comprising:

An LED lamp mounted on a lamp post;
A solar cell comprising a solar board, a charge controller and a battery, wherein the charge
controller is electrically connected between the solar board and the battery and electrically
connected to the LED lamp for converting power in the battery and outputting to the LED lamp,
and the charge controller has a power data digital output interface;
A switch power supply unit connected to an mains power cable for converting AC power into
DC power and outputting the DC power to the LED lamp; and
A power cable digital communicating unit coupled to the AC power cable and electrically
connected to the power data digital output interface of the charge controller to obtain power data
of the solar cell, the power data being modulated and coupled to the mains power cable for
transmission.
18.2 Second: RO Plant for water treatment
Using local groundwater, though of poor quality becomes the only long term solution for many
areas of the country. Treatment of this local groundwater is essential since various problems of
biological and chemical contamination affect these sources. The important question is what kind
of water treatment would best suit the local needs and adapt to local culture, be within
affordability of the users and as a technology be reasonably adept to maintenance and long-term
upkeep.
Fluoride, Arsenic, Nitrate, Salinity and biological contamination are broadly the main pollutants
that need to be removed by any water treatment for drinking. Add to these, individual and

cultural factors such as colour, odour, taste and smell. Different water treatment technologies
have emerged catering to specific purposes in the past few decades. A popular technology that
gained popularity in the past 2 decades has been biofilters that can be fitted to the tap. This
technology guaranteed with-flow removal of biological contaminants without requiring any
storage and at no extra time for treatment. Variants of this technology are still popular in many
areas that suffer only from biological contamination. But when it comes to removing chemical
contaminants, the need remained. Specific filters such as defluoridation (Activated Alumina,
Resin) have been developed, and they are effective in areas where Fluoride is the only problem
with water contamination. But, removal of other salts was still a question. The one technology
till now that has been able to address all these problems together has been that of Reverse
Osmosis (RO). The major question with RO has been that of cost and handling of effluent
(reject) water, both of which present constraints to adoption and wider spread of this technology.
Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis: The Process
The principle of Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis is based on semi-permeable membrane science.
Osmosis3 and Reverse Osmosis are important diffusional processes through a semipermeable
membrane, driven by concentration difference and pressure respectively. The natural force that
drives the water through the semi-permeable membrane is called ‘osmotic pressure’, and the
process is called ‘osmosis’. The concept of Reverse Osmosis came to light in the middle of
1950’s and can be considered a need-based invention. Literally the two phrases signify just the
opposite process, however thermodynamically they are similar. In osmosis, the solvent (water)
flows to solution (salt-water) through semipermeable membrane, whereas in reverse osmosis, the
flow of water is from solution (salt-water) to solvent (water) by applying pressure on solution
(salt-water) side. In both these cases, only solvent (water) molecules migrate from one side to
other. The principle of RO is shown in Figure.
Reverse Osmosis is a process that uses semi-permeable spiral wound membranes to separate and
remove Dissolved Solids, Organic, Pyrogens, Submicron colloidal matter and Bacteria from
water. Inlet water is delivered under pressure through the membrane, where water permeates the

minute pores of the membrane and is delivered as purified water. Impurities in the water are
concentrated in the reject stream and flushed to the drain. Reverse Osmosis is capable of
removing 90-98 per cent of the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), 99 per cent of the Organics
(Including pyrogens), and 99 per cent of all Bacteria. Currently available membranes can
eliminate as much as 99 per cent of the mineral content of the water in one pass. It is
advantageously used to remove water from the concentrated solution. Since the cost of RO
treatment increases very little with increased TDS, it is economically attractive for the
desalination of both brackish water supplies at TDS concentrations of 10,000 ppm and seawater
supplies at 45,000 ppm. Along with TDS RO process removes fluoride proportionately. If TDS
is at tolerable level and fluoride content is high then one can use special alum-resin filter, works
under gravitational force. A typical RO system consists of pre-treatment, high-pressure feed
pump(s), an 3-2-1 array of membranes housed in pressure vessels, and a network of piping and
valves to divide the feed water and collect the permeate product. The process utilises four
different configurations, namely plate and frame, tubular, spiral and hollow fine fibre.
18.3 Third: Indore method of Composting
Composting is any system of mixing and decaying natural wastes (manure, garbage, etc.) in a
pile or pit, so as to obtain a product resembling what the forest makes on its floor. Compost is
very rich in humus. Humus is the final state of decomposing organic matter. It is humus which

feeds the soil microbes and improves the texture of the soil. It makes the soil easier to work, have
better aeration and absorb and holds more water. Nutrients are held best by a soil with good
sponge structure. Compost provides nutrients for plant growth and the humic acid in compost
helps release locked up nutrients.
The Indore compost pile is built 5 to 10 feet wide, 5 feet high and any length. Wooden stakes 3
or 4 inches in diameter and 6 feet tall, are set two feet apart along the centre of the pile. These
will serve to allow air into the pile.
The materials which can be used in this method are plant, animal, and garden wastes, kitchen
waste, dustpan waste, wood ashes, weed cleanings from roadside ditches, bagasse, saw dust, and
any other kind of organic materials that can be found in large enough quantities.
The first layer is of straw or brush about 12 inches thick. This provides a base for the pile. Then
the heap is built in layers; first a 6 inch layer of green matter such as weeds, crop wastes, kitchen
waste, then a layer of animal manure, less if poultry manure is used, followed by a thin layer of
soil. These layers are repeated until the pile is 5 feet high. Each layer is watered so as to
resemble a squeezed out sponge. A pile is turned after six weeks, and again after 12 weeks to
allow air to penetrate all parts of the pile. The compost should be ready to use in 3 months.
18.4 Fourth: Rooftop rainwater harvesting
Rooftop rainwater harvesting (RTRWH) is the most common technique of rainwater harvesting
(RWH) for domestic consumption. In rural areas, this is most often done at small-scale. It is a
simple, low-cost technique that requires minimum specific expertise or knowledge and offers
many benefits. Rainwater is collected on the roof and transported with gutters to a storage
reservoir, where it provides water at the point of consumption or can be used for recharging a
well or the aquifer. Rainwater harvesting can supplement water sources when they become
scarce or are of low quality like brackish groundwater or polluted surface water in the rainy
season. However, rainwater quality may be affected by air pollution, animal or bird droppings,

insects, dirt and organic matter. Therefore regular maintenance (cleaning, repairs, etc.) as well as
a treatment before water consumption (e.g. filtration or/and disinfection) are very important.
The delivery system from rural rooftop catchment usually consists of gutters hanging from the
sides of the roof sloping towards a down pipe and tank. Guttering is used to transport rainwater
from the roof to the storage vessel. Guttering comes in a wide variety of shapes and forms,
ranging from the factory made PVC type similar as the pipes used in water distribution systems
to homemade guttering using bamboo or folded metal sheet. Guttering is usually fixed to the
building just below the roof and catches the water as it falls from the roof.
Debris, dirt, dust and droppings will collect on the roof of a building or other collection area.
When the first rains arrive, this unwanted matter would be washed into the tank. This will cause
contamination of the water and the quality will be reduced. Many RWH systems therefore
incorporate a system for diverting this ‘first flush’ water so that it does not enter the tank. These
systems are called first flush devices.
The simpler ideas are based on a manually operated arrangement whereby the inlet pipe is
moved away from the tank inlet and then replaced again once the initial first flush has been
diverted. This method has obvious drawbacks in that there has to be a person present who will
remember to move the pipe. Other, more sophisticated methods provide a much more elegant
means of rejecting the first flush water, training material). But practitioners often recommend
that very simple, easily maintained systems be used, as these are more likely to be repaired if
failure occurs.
A coarse filter, preferably made of nylon or a fine mesh, can also be used to remove dirt and
debris before the water enters the tank.

18.5 Five: A Real – Time Irrigation Control System for Precision Agriculture
Using WSN in Indian Agricultural Sectors
India is the agriculture based country. Our ancient people completely depended on the
agricultural harvesting. Agriculture is a source of livelihood of majority Indians and has great
impact on the economy of the country. In dry areas or in case of inadequate rainfall, irrigation
becomes difficult. So, it needs to be automated for proper yield and handled remotely for farmer
safety. Increasing energy costs and decreasing water supplies point out the need for better water
management. Irrigation management is a complex decision- making process to determine when
and how much water to apply to a growing crop to meet specific management objectives. If the
farmer is far from the agricultural land he will not be noticed of current conditions. So, efficient
water management plays an important role in the irrigated agricultural cropping systems.
A low cost alternative solution for efficient water management currently in use is drip irrigation
systems that consist of an automated controller to turn on & off the control values, which in-turn
helps the farmers by managing the water supply to the crop fields and further maintains the
moisture levels of soil that helps in better crop production within the short span of time.
By using the concept of modern irrigation system a farmer can save water up to 50%. This
concept depends on two irrigation methods those are: conventional irrigation methods like
overhead sprinklers, flood type feeding systems i.e. wet the lower leaves and stem of the plants.

The area between the crop rows become dry as the large amount of water is consumed by the
flood type methods, in which case the farmer depends only on the incidental rainfalls. The crops
are been infected by the leaf mold fungi as the soil surface often stays wet and is saturated after
irrigation is completed.
Overcoming these drawbacks new techniques are been adopted in the irrigation techniques,
through which small amounts of water applies to the parts of root zone of a plant. The plant soil
moisture stress is prevented by providing required amount of water resources frequently or often
daily by which the moisture condition of the soil will retain well. The diagram below shows the
entire concept of the modern irrigation system.
The traditional techniques like sprinkler or surface irrigation requires / uses nearly half of water
sources. Even more precise amounts of water can be supplied for plants. As far as the foliage is
dry the plant damage due to disease and insects will be reduced, which further reduces the
operating cost. The dry rows between plants will leads to continuous federations during the
irrigation process.
Fertilizers can be applied through this type of system, and the cost required for will also reduce.
The erosion of soil and wind is much reduced by the recent techniques when compared with
overhead sprinkler systems.
The soil characteristics will define the form of the dripping nature in the root zone of a plant
which receives moisture. As the method of dripping will reduce huge water losses it became a
popular method by reducing the labour cost and increasing the yields.

Chapter 19:
Listing of the proposed design name that can be implement
in the village with the available fund with the village local
body,
19.1 List the sources of the funding available with the Village Authority (from
the Sarpanch, TDO, DDO, Etc.)
 By donation
 Land lords
 Donation of any private organization
 Land charges
 Fund Collected by panchayat for development of village
 Government sector scheme
 Government primary school
 Community hall
 Water charges
 Government allocated fund for village development
Sr no. Proposed Design Period Available Amount

Name fund Expenditure
1 Public Toilet Immediately within a 2,30,000
month with minimum
fund
3 Root Zone Sewage Within 5 to 7 month 10,00,000

Treatment
3 Community hall Within 1 year 1623856

4 General Market Within 2 year 11,00,000

Chapter – 20
Provide in all the available infrastructure in tabular format
like schools, community halls, hospitals and drainage system
etc. with names of the persons present working there and
number of more persons required for maintenance etc.
(Actual scenario of the village with the man power and
condition.)
Infrastructure Man power

Available Required
School 1 1
Panchayat building 1 0
Milk Co-operative Society 1 1
Anganwadi 3 0
Elevated water tank 2 0
Waste collection 0 1
Library 1 1

Chapter – 21
Write statements of the local people in local language/ or in
English with 5 male and 5 female persons at random. After
taking the statement identify the acute need of the majority
of the local people and what could be done immediately to
address their problems as per below table
Interaction -1
Hardikbhai says, Roads are good but they get clogged in rainy season.
Interaction -2
Manojbhai says, they do not get proper profit in the crops which they grow in their own farms.
Interaction-3
Kishorbhai says, Reconstruction of community hall is required
Interaction -4
Ramubhai says, the flooring is weak and it needs to be repaired.
Interaction -5
Ramnikbhai says, the drainage is open and it causes illness to villagers, endangers to the children
who are playing near open drainage.
Interaction -6
Vandanaben says, ATM and bank is required in the village.
Interaction -7
Hansaben says, Provide Public toilet for local people and visitors.
Interaction -8
Savitaben says, higher secondary school is required for students.
Interaction -9
Ramaben says, A primary help center is required for emergency treatment.
Interaction -10
Sushmaben says, waste disposal system is needed in the village for the healthy environment.

Sr no. Proposed Design Period Available Amount

Name fund Expenditure
1 Public Toilet Immediately within a 2,30,000
month with minimum
fund
3 Root Zone Sewage Within 5 to 7 month 10,00,000

Treatment
3 Community hall Within 1 year 1623856

4 General Market Within 2 year 11,00,000

Chapter – 22 Social Scenario in the village of the family
Sr no. Questions No. of Remarks

family
1 Debt by any family presently being 2 -
faced?
2 Any serious starvation by any family that None Not such issue is
may lead to death...? occured
3 How to solve such an issue? - -
4 What are the incidents in the past? - -
5 Village developed for the Rehabilitation 10 They need concrete
& Redevelopment of Slum area houses.
6 How many family facing water scarcity? 0 -
7 How many children not taken the 0 -
vaccination?
8 How many children not going to school? 0 -
9 How many women are facing health 0 -
related issue?
10 How many is not having/facing the 2 -
earning sources?
11 Social justice happening? 0 -
12 Nurturing local self-governance? 0 -
13 Skilling local youth to improve 0 -
employability?
14 In this village “Beti Padhao Beti Bachao” - Yes
is getting encouragement?
15 In Village Women Helpline available? - yes
16 Is any technological usage happening in - Yes
the village?

Chapter-23- CIVIL–TECHNICAL DOMAIN POINT FOR CASE

STUDY
Case Study of Coconut and Rubber as eco-friendly building material

Coconut and Natural Rubber Plantation are important cash crops that support the life of more
than 15 lakhs Indian growers. Coconut and rubber plantations have generally a positive impact
on the environment. Agro-forestry system with coconut and rubber trees could be used for
stabilization of degraded water-catchments. Acreage under coconut and rubber cultivation has
been making steady progress. As a key industrial raw material, the coconut and natural rubber
provide livelihood to thousands of workers in the industrial and rural sectors. Our, rural areas
need means for socially and environmentally sustainable development. Coconut and rubber
plantations can be considered a production system which is socially desirable and
environmentally positive, particularly, if agro-forestry principles are applied. The social and
environmental benefits of coconut and rubber
plantations have clearly outweighed possible ecological problems.
Coconut is cultivated in 93 countries in the world and India is the largest coconut producing
country in the world. Even though production of coconut is confined to 18 states in the country,
coconut and coconut products enjoy consumer demand throughout the country. Coconut
cultivation and allied activities provide continuous employment and revenue to more than 10
million people in the country. It is a fibre yielding crop to the coir industry giving employment
opportunities to nearly 6.75 lakh workers of which 80% are women folk. The coconut is
cultivated in 1.94 million hectares in India with a production of 15,840 million nuts in the year
2008-09. India has around 5.83 lakh hectares under natural rubber cultivation. Once planted,
rubber trees take 6-7 years to mature and to start yielding latex and goes on to give yield for
about 22 to 25 years. Between the age of 25 to 30 years, latex production is not economical and
given for slaughter tapping which means that taping in the last season before it is cut and
removed. India is the 3rd largest producer of natural rubber with a production of 8,57,000 tonnes
in 2008-09 and has a rich source of timber of plantation origin.
Importance of Coir & Rubber as Wood Substitutes
The major available replacement for wood products is plastic, metals and few other products.
Coir, a by-product of coconut and rubber wood, a by-product of the rubber plantation industries
and therefore, considered as an eco-friendly alternative to natural forest based timber.
When coir and rubber wood are substantially produced from plantations, they can substitute logs
and fuel wood, otherwise exploited from natural forests. The economically available volume of

rubber wood logs and coir and its utilization therefore can reduce the pressure on natural tropical
forests and contribute towards biodiversity conservation.
One unit of coir ply with a production capacity of 40 cubic meters a day would be able to save
about 22 trees per day which means 6,600 trees per year. Assuming that one such tree requires
40 sq.meter, then it would be 25 trees in one acre so that one coir ply unit could save about 264
acres of tropical forest in every year. If 10% of coir fibre produced is utilized in the manufacture.
of coir ply, it would save about 8, 80,000 tropical trees per year which corresponds to 8,800
acres of tropical forests per year.
Correspondingly, a rubber tree could yield about 0.57 cubic meters of timber (20 cft.). The yield
per hectare is about 150 cubic meters (5295 cft.) and hence the current availability has been
estimated at 1.6 million cft. Per year which means that the rubber plantations have become a
good eco-friendly source of timber. From the point of view of the national economy rubber wood
processing industry performs the vital function of saving precious foreign exchange used up in
the import of timber. The 45 rubber wood processing plants that are in operation at present
consumes only 11% of the stem wood that is available here.
It has been, therefore, estimated that the industry can expand substantially, if proper expertise,
finance and government support are forthcoming. Such an exercise could save foreign exchange
to the tune of US$ 200 million and generate direct employment of the order of 2 lakh. Coir ply
made from coir fibre and phenol formaldehyde resin is an innovative wood substitute. It is a
composite board and other hard fibres such as sisal and jute etc. and pre-treated plantation rubber
wood veneers could be incorporated The diversified new uses of coir composite and rubber wood
will save the tropical forests, increase rural employment opportunities and also promote
agriculture leading to sustainable development.
It was in the latter half of the 20th century that growing eco-concerns the world over channelled
research and resources into a product called rubber wood. In India, the initial attempts to process
rubber wood were made in the mid – 1960’s but the industry had to wait for the closing years of
the 20th century to gain momentum through larger investments from private investors. However,
the main hurdle in the wide spread use of rubber wood is the lack of awareness about its
versatility among the public. Today, there, are nearly 45 rubber wood processing units of varying
size in the country.
Like coconut palm, almost all parts of rubber can be put to commercial use. The major industrial
products of rubber are automobile tyres and tubes, cycle tyres and tubes, footwears, surgical
gloves, condoms, electrical grade rubber mats, latex threads, medical equipments, toy, balloon
etc. The non-traditional use of rubber includes rubberisation of roads and as seismic bearings
used in soil stabilization and vibration absorption.

Apart from latex and honey from rubber plantations, the rubber wood industry performs the other
vital function of being an additional source of revenue to the growers. The trees, at the end of
their economic life, are cut down and form the feed stock of the rubber wood industry. Rubber
tree has in more ways than one revolutionized man’s life. But it is the use of the tree as timber
that has now captured the imagination of millions of people. Apart from being another source of
income for growers and employment for workers in the industrial sector, the process of value
addition has offered the home and office segment with stylish products.
Advantages of Rubber Wood

The treated rubber wood is cheaper to teak wood by 30 – 40%
Eco friendly
Gives better colour and finish to the users
Its light colour and uniform structure allows for easy acceptability of any dye or staining to
any desired wood colour
Good lustre
Can be planed, grooved and sanded easily
Sawing, cross cutting, machining etc. are smoother and easier
Better nailing and screw holding properties and gluing characteristics
Working characteristics of rubber wood are comparable to soft woods
Its smooth texture makes it easy to work on
Building materials from Coconut Palm
Given coir’s close resemblance to wood in its chemical composition and the availability of
renewable fibre every 45-60 days, it would be a good replacement for tropical timber. The
increased use of coir composite and rubber wood as alternatives for forest timber, plastics,
asbestos etc. encourage sustainable development.
The coconut shells are used mainly in fuel, activated carbon and shell flour. It was reported that
coconut shells were used in building construction either as a primarily structural material or as a
filter material. It is also used beneath the ground floors in predominantly water-logged areas in
order to resist the up thrust due to water pressure and incorporated in roof weathering cores to
increase thermal insulation, producing hardboards, thermal insulant slabs. The coir pith is used
for producing hard boards, thermal insulant slabs and bricks.
The coconut wood has been used for roofing components like rafters, beams, joints, purlins.
Compared with conventional furniture timbers, coconut wood, because of its abrasive nature, has
less desirable working qualities. Coconut stem wood does not suffer from degrading defects such
as knots. This could facilitate stem bending and use of curved profiles. Coconut stems are ideally
suitable as natural round timber because the strongest wood is in outside surface of the stem.
For purposes like rural houses, temporary sheds, cowsheds, workshop buildings, farm buildings,
small and rural buildings, where some wood in unfinished form could be used, coconut wood is
the most suitable material cost wise. Only the first 8 to 10 meter of the mature and over matured

coconut trees will be worth sawing. About 0.15 to 0.2 m3 of sawn sizes will be available from an
average size of mature trees.
Coir Composites
Coir composites belong to the fibre reinforced resins and the fibres are embedded in a polymer
matrix so that the former forms a discontinuous phase in the continuous phase of the latter. The
resinous matrix is the material used to envelop the reinforcement. The material are superior to
conventional metallic materials, wood and timber which are mainly used in civil engineering,
building and construction, chemical, transportation, marine and off-shore engineering and sports
good applications.
Coir composites can be made using coir as reinforcing material with or without plantation timber
veneer like rubber veneer, bamboo, jute, glass in-between as a secondary reinforcement and then
impregnated with polymeric matrix material like phenolic, polyester, epoxy etc. and processed
under controlled temperature and pressure.
The primary advantage of the coir composite is due to the coir, which is a natural, eco-friendly
and abundantly available material. Coir is very strong due to its high content of crystalline alpha
cellulose and lignin. It is highly resistant to borer, termite, water and other natural elements. The
coir fibre being very strong and flexible, it can easily replace the glass fibre or can be hybridized
in required ratio with the glass fibre.
The coir reinforcement fibre could be of coir felt, coir rope or coir sliver, etc. Additional
reinforcement fibres such as glass, bamboo and jute fibre could also be used for improving the
structural performance. The resultant coir fibre composites offer several advantages such as light
weight, high strength and stiffness, non- corrosive, water resistant, long durability, low cost, etc.
Coir composites are highly suitable for building and construction and transportation applications
for cost effective substitute to wood and timber.
Advantages of Coir Composites

100% wood substitute product – prevents felling of trees
Biodegradable
Coir and jute are agro based materials – provide more employment in rural area
Coir is available throughout the year
Termite and borer resistant
Better screw and nail holding properties
Flame retardant
Boiling water resistant
Very good appearance due to oriented jute layer and can be used without painting.

Chapter 24
SAGY Questionnaire with the Sarpanch Signature



SAANSAD ADARSH GRAM YOJANA (SAGY) Baseline Household Survey Questionnaire









1
While filling this the surveyor must collect the information from the Ward Member/s and relevant
government officials



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Vishwakarma Yojana: phase VI Vanskhiliya Village, Anand District

DETAIL PROJECT REPORT

NAME BRANCH NAME ENROLLMENT NO

Lad Harsh Mahendrabhai Civil engineering 150010106024

Sheth Kevin Rakeshbhai Civil engineering 150010106056

COLLEGE NAME & LOGO NODAL OFFICER NAME

Gujarat Technological University i

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

DETAIL PROJECT REPORT

NAME BRANCH NAME ENROLLMENT NO

COLLEGE NAME & LOGO NODAL OFFICERS NAME

Gujarat Technological University 2

Detail Project Report for

Vishwakarma Yojana: Phase-VI

NAME BRANCH NAME ENROLLMENT NO

Date of Report Submission VY-Nodal Officer Name and Signature

Internal Guide Name and Signature

Principal Name and Signature Institute name & Stamp

Gujarat Technological University iii

Gujarat Technological University iv

We are also thankful to Dr.ParulkumariBhati, Deputy Director andMs. Darshana Chauhan,

Gujarat Technological University v

2 Smart Cities &Village Concept

2.1.7 Smart Cities Standards 26

2.2 Smart Cities Options

2.3 India's Smart Cities: Issues &Challenges

3.4 Various Measures for Rural Development 49

3.12 Other Projects /Schemes 56

4 Concept of Infrastructure Facilities

5 Introduction about Vanskhiliya Village

5.2 Vanskhiliya Village Study Area Profile

6 Case Study –Civil

Gujarat Technological University Page 3

7 Data Collection Vanskhiliya Village

7.3 Infrastructure Details

Gujarat Technological University Page 4

7.3.15 Community Hall 101

8 Sustainable Technical Options with Case Studies of the Existing

8.1.1 Solid & Liquid Waste Management 104

9 Various Designs in Rural Areas along with cost

10 Sustainable Design Planning Proposal (Prototype Design)- Part-I

Gujarat Technological University Page 5

10.4 Social design

13. References of report 151

Gujarat Technological University Page 6

15.2 Recommendations / why about new proposals of Designs 219

16. Chapter 17–design

Gujarat Technological University Page 7

18.4 Forth 251

22. Social Scenario in the village of the family 259

23. Civil technical domain point for case study

Gujarat Technological University Page 8

FIGURE FIGURES LISTING PAGE NO

Gujarat Technological University Page 9

TABLE TABLES LISTING PAGE

Gujarat Technological University Page 10

SHORT NAME FULL NAME

Gujarat Technological University Page 11

Chapter 1: Ideal village visit from District of Gujarat State

Population: 14582 (As per 2011 census)

Fig-1 Sarsa village area (1858 hectares)

Gujarat Technological University Page 12

1.2 Concept: Ideal Village