Councelling

3. COUNSELLING Counselling is a scientific process of assistance extended by an expert in an

individual situation to a needy person. Counselling involves relationship between two persons in
which one of them (counsellor) attempts to assists the other (counselee or client) in so organising
himself as to attain a particular form of happiness, adjusting to a life situation , or in short ,self
actualisation.
1. 4. Purpose of Counseling • First is to identify the problems of person.
2. • The basic purpose of counselling is to help people use their existing problem-solving skills
more effectively or to develop new or better coping skills.
3. • Counsellors can’t ‘fix’ other people’s problems.
4. • Their job is to provide an opportunity for the person to describe their feelings and problems
for themselves and then to reach decisions and actions that are based on informed choices.
5. 5. • Good counselling helps people build skills they can use in solving their problems. For
example, if people learn good communications skills in dealing with their spouses, they can
also use those communication skills with children, friends, or co-workers.
6. 6. Types of Counseling
7. 7. Types of Counseling • It has long been recognized that it can be extremely difficult to
maintain your psychological well being in today’s high-stress world on your own. Because
people need help, there are different types of counseling professionals who can help
everyday individuals who are struggling in a variety of areas. Here are some of the major
types of counseling that are available and who might benefit from them.
• Here are some of the most common types of conceling:
• Marriage and family counseling
• Guidance and career counseling
• Rehabilitation counseling
• Mental health counseling
Substance abuse counseling
Educational Counseling
8. 9. Family Counseling • Family units have different group pathologies than individuals which
require different types of counseling. A family counselor is trained in the types of negative
family dynamics that can occur and how it can affect each individual family member. This
counselor can then teach family members how to work, live and love together in a more
positive way.
9. 10. Group Counseling • In group counseling, a single therapist works with multiple patients in
order to help them resolve troubling issues. Group counseling can be effective for people who
are not comfortable in a one-on-one setting, who have social anxiety issues, or who do not
find it financially feasible to pursue individual counseling.
10. 11. Grief Counseling • Loss is extremely difficult for almost everyone, especially the loss of a
parent, spouse or child. Unfortunately, in an increasingly more isolated society, many people
grow up without the coping mechanisms to grieve effectively. A grief counselor can help an
individual work through this difficult time.
11. 12. Marriage Counseling • It’s natural for conflicts to occur in a healthy marriage. However,
when the two spouses have never learned effective ways of resolving these conflicts, the
marriage can be in danger. Marriage counseling helps couples explore the ways in which they
get stuck in their conflicts, and how to break out of those negative cycles
12. 13. Relationship Counseling • Marriage is not the only type of relationship that may require
healing. Boyfriends and girlfriends, brothers and sisters, even business partners may need
help developing coping methods that will enable them to interact effectively. Relationship
counselors can provide this assistance.
14. Teen Counseling • Teenagers are in a different stage of development than their parents, and
hence need a different style of counseling. Teen counseling helps teens deal with issues such as
understanding their sexuality, dealing with the temptations of drugs and alcohol and relating to
their parents.
15. Divorce Counseling • Not every divorce needs to end in ruin and chaos. People separate for
all kinds of legitimate reasons, and a divorce counselor can help make sure that break is clean.
Some divorce counselors can even mediate the separation so that the process does not stretch
out unnecessarily and cost both parties excessive amounts of money.
13. 16. Individual Counseling • Individual counseling is a direct, active and personal approach
that focuses on increasing your individual self-awareness, understanding, and adjustment.
Individual counseling can help you identify the most effective ways for you personally to
achieve your desired goals for this stage in life, as well as provide you with the tools to cope
with difficult circumstances that may arise along the way.
14. 17. Mental Health Counseling • There are many reasons why an individual may need mental
health counseling. He or she may have a chemical imbalance that is making it difficult to
function, which can be aided through drugs but may also require some form of talk therapy.
He or she may have deep-seated family issues which are pervading adult life. There may be
unresolved trauma that is plaguing an individual. In nearly any case where a psychological
issue is making daily functioning a problem, mental health counseling can help.
15. 18. Substance Abuse Counseling • People who are in the grips of an alcohol or drug addiction
need a special type of counseling. Substance abuse counseling uses professionals who are
trained in understanding the workings and pathology of addiction and helping patients learn
how to manage their addictions.
Elements of counselling
The counseling environment
• a place to facilitate counseling. The counselee
• the person who seeks help and lets himself/herself be subjective for counseling.  The
counselor
• a person who is professionally capable to extend help
principles
16. 20. Principle of individualization – this principle requires the counselor to recognize and
understand the client’s unique characteristics. Recognition and understanding of their unique
characteristics give them the feeling that they treated as individuals. Treating them as
individuals help the counselor to deal with them in a very personalized way. Dealing with the
client in a personalized way requires that methods appropriate to them be used.Principles of
Counseling
17. 21. Each counseling relationship should be based on the client and the peculiar
circumstances which brought about the problems. Each problem she/he presents is a
specific one.  Each client is a unique individual. Three things that must be remembered in
applying the principle of individualization
18. 22. COUNSELLING TECHNIQUE
19. MEDIA OF COUNSELLING
20.
21. 23. TELECONFERENCE BROADCAST  TELIVISION  RADIO  LETTERS  INTERVIEW
 FACE-TO-FACE CONTACT  STUDY CENTRES  REGIONAL CENTRES  24. STEPS
• G- GREET THE CLIENTS
• A- ASK CLIENTS ABOUT THEMSELVES
• T- TELL CLIENTSOR GIVE THE INFORMATION OF COPING MECHANISMS
• H- HELP THE CLIENT TO CHOOSE A METHOD
• E- EXPLAIN HOW TO USE A METHOD
• R- RETURN FOR FOLLOW-UP
22. 25. TECHNIQUE OF COUNSELLING
1. Prescriptive technique - This technique is used when individual is having health problem
2. Non – directive counselling - Client comes to counselor becaue he needs help,during the
interview counselor does not helps the counselee to express his feeling & clarify them
3. Directive counseling
4. Eclectic counseling
26. Prescriptive technique • There are many different techniques that counselors can use with
their clients. Let’s take a look at some of the techniques that we feel to be most effective during a
counseling session: • Spheres of Influence: This assessment tool will get the individual to look at
areas of their life and see which areas may be impacting and influencing them. The person’s job
is to figure out which systems in their life give them strength, and which ones give them stress.
Some spheres of influence to consider are: themselves, immediate family, friends, husband or
wife, extended family, job or school, community, culture or religion, and any external influences. •
Clarification: A counselor should often ask their client to clarify what they are telling them to make
sure they understand the situation correctly. This will help the counselor avoid any
misconceptions or avoid them having to make any assumptions that could hinder their feedback.
23. 27. • Client Expectations: When a person enters therapy, they should voice their opinions
about counseling and their beliefs about treatment. In the beginning, they should be able to
communicate with their counselor as to what they expect to get out of counseling. This can
help the counselor guide and direct their counseling accordingly. • Confrontation: We do not
mean the client confronting the therapist, or vice versa. The confrontation that should happen
here is within the client. The client should be able to self-examine themselves during
counseling. However, the speed at which they do this should be discussed between the
counselor and the client. • Congruence: This has to do with the counselor being genuine with
their feedback and beliefs about their client’s situation and progress. The more authentic and
true they are with their counseling, the more that their client and work to grow and benefit
from their help.
24. 28. • Core Conditions: This technique in counseling goes over some essential traits that the
counselor needs to integrate for effective counseling, which are: positive regard, empathy,
congruence or genuineness, and warmth. • Encouraging: Being encouraging as a counselor
for your client is an essential technique that will help facilitate confidence and respect
between both parties. This technique asks that the counselor focus on the client’s strengths
and assets to help them see themselves in a positive light. This will help with the client’s
progression. • Engagement: As a therapist, having a good, yet professional relationship with
your client is essential. However, there are bound to be difficult moments in counseling
sessions, which will require influential engagement on the counselor’s behalf. • Focusing: This
technique involves the counselor demonstrating that they understand what their client is
experiencing by using non-judgmental attention without any words. Focusing can help the
counselor determine what the client needs to obtain next from their services. • Immediacy:
The technique of the counselor speaking openly about something that is occurring in the
present moment. This helps the client learn from their real life experiences and apply this to
their reactions for other past situations.
25. 29. • Listening Skills: With any relationship, listening skills are needed to show that the
counselor understands and interprets the information that their client gives them correctly.
The counselor should do this by showing attentiveness in non-verbal ways, such as:
summarizing, capping, or matching the body language of their clients. • Open-Ended
Questions: Open ended questions encourage people in a counseling session to give more
details on their discussion. Therefore, these types of questions are used as a technique by
counselors to help their clients answer how, why, and what. • Paraphrasing: This technique
will show clients that the counselor is listening to their information and processing what they
have been telling them. Paraphrasing is also good to reiterate or clarify any misinformation
that might have occurred. • Positive Asset Search: A positive technique used by counselors
helps clients think up their positive strengths and attributes to get them into a strong mindset
about themselves. • Reflection of Feeling: Counselors use this technique to show their clients
that they are fully aware of the feelings that their client is experiencing. They can do this by
using exact words and phrases that their client is expressing to them.
26. 30. • Miracle Question: The technique of asking a question of this sort will help the client see
the world in a different way or perspective. A miracle question could be something along the
lines of: “What would your world look like if a miracle occurred? What would that miracle be
and how would it change things?” • Stages of Change: By assessing a client’s needs, a
counselor can determine the changes that need to occur for their client, and when they
should take place. This can be determined by what they believe to be most important. •
Trustworthiness: The counselor must create an environment for their client as such that their
client feels that they have the capacity to trust their counselor. A therapist must be:
congruent, warm, empathetic, and speak with positive regard to their client. • Capping: A lot of
counselors use the technique of capping during their sessions. Capping involves changing a
conversation’s direction from emotional to cognitive if the counselor feels their client’s
emotions need to be calmed or regulated.
27. 31. • Working Alliance: Creating a working alliance between a counselor and their client is
essential for a successful counseling environment that will work to achieve the client’s needs.
This technique involves the client and therapist being active collaborators during counseling
and agreeing upon goals of treatment that are necessary, as well as how to achieve those
goals. • Proxemics: This technique has the counselor study the spatial movements and
conditions of communication that their client exhibits. By studying their clients body
orientation, the counselor can determine mood, feelings, and reactions. • Self-Disclosure: The
counselor will make note when personal information is disclosed at certain points of therapy.
This technique will help the counselor learn more about the client and use this information
only to benefit them. • Structuring: When the individual enters counseling, the counselor
should discuss the agenda for the day with their client, the activities, and the processes that
they will go through. This technique in counseling will help the client understand their
counselor’s train of thought into determining how this routine will work for them. Soon enough,
the client will get used to the routine, and this establishes comfort and trust in counseling. •
Hierarchy of Needs: This technique involves the counselor assessing their client’s level of
needs as based on the progress that they are making. The needs that they will factor in are:
physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, self esteem needs, and self-
actualization needs. All these will determine if change needs to take place in counseling.
28. 32. a combination of the good features of the directive and non-directive counseling. This type
of counseling emphasizes that the responsibility of planning and carrying out the counseling
process is dependent on the counselor while the development of insight and decision making
rests on the counselee.Eclectic Counseling
29. 33. • Nondirective Counseling - this type of counseling is regarded as client-centered
because the responsibility is given to the clients for exploring their own problem. Emphasis is
given to the individual, not the problem.
30. 34. • It is also known as permissive counselling. • In this type of counselling, emotional
elements rather than intellectual element are stressed.
31. 35. Directive Counseling • this type of counseling is mostly counselor- centered because it
allows the counselor to give the counselee information about the latter, his/her opportunities,
and his/her problems.
36. Five steps in performing the Directive Counseling
• Clinical analysis – collecting, summarizing, and organizing data.
• Diagnosis – formulating hypothesis as to the cause or causes of the problem.
• Prognosis – predicting the development of the problem.
• Counseling – the heart of the process wherein the counselor and the counselee talk and
discuss the problem, and, by means of leading questions, enables the counselee to develop
insight.
• Follow-up – helping the pupils with recurring or new problems
32. 37. Steps of Directive Counseling
• 1st step: collecting data for clinical analysis. - counselor collect all information about counselee
from records and observation.
• 2nd step: organizing relative and significant data collected, counselor studies the information
and find out the area of problem.
• 3rd step- clinical diagnosis – interpretation of data the counselor & counselee both togrther
search the cause of problem & finds out strength & weakness of individual.
• 4th step- prognosis – estimating effect of counseling (a clinical prognosis) counselor predicts
what will happen if the present problem continues.
• 5th step-setting up of plan of action.
• 6th step- recording data – clinical basis for continued counseling & guidance.
• 7th step- follow up & evaluation – counsele comes & tell the counselor about he prognosis &
whether satisfied or not.
.MERITS
In this method, the counsellor becomes readily available to help the client which makes the client
very happy. This is best method at lower levels where the client is not in a position to analyse
his own problem  This method is best; less matured and less intelligent client interact with an
experienced counsellor.  It is less time consuming; hence this method can be adopted when an
early solution is required
DEMERITS
The counsellor fails in saving the client to commit the mistakes in future. It will not help the
individual to develop any attitudes through his own experiences.  The personal autonomy and
integrity of the client is not respected, it leads to new adjustment problems.  In directive
counselling, the client never becomes independent of the counsellor. So it is not an effective or
best guidance.

33. 40. PHASES OF COUNSELLING (Essentials of Counseling Process) • PHASE –1 :

EATABLISHING RELATIONSHIP • PHASE-2 : ASSESSMENT • PHASE-3 : SETTING GOAL
• PHASE-4 : INTERVENTION • PHASE-5 : TERMINATION & FOLLOW-UP
34. 41. Follow-up – the counselor knows the counselee would need a continuing assistance until
she/he gradually becomes self- directed.Attention to life’s adjustments – the counselor
skillfully leads the counselee to choose from several alternatives to find ways to solve
problems and adjust to situations in life. Facilitation of counselee’s effort – the counselee is
encouraged to talk about his/her problem without fear. Atmosphere – an atmosphere of the
acceptance of the counselee for what she/he is and allowing the purposeful of feelings. The
counselor shows willingness to help and has a deep understanding of counselee as an
individual.  The relationship – the relationship of the counselor and the counselee should be
based on mutual trust and respect. 
35. 42. RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN COUNSELLING METHODS • TREATING FEARS
THROUGH EXPERIENCE AS WELL IMAGINATION • COPING MODEL RATHER THAN
MASTERY MODELS • SELF CONTROL RATHER THAN EXTERNAL CONTROL
36. 43. THE STAGES OF A COUNSELING SESSION •OPEN THE SESSION Identify the
purpose and establish a constructive and subordinate-centered tone.
37. 44. •DISCUSS THE ISSUE Help the subordinate develop an understanding of the issues and
viable goals to effectively deal with them.
38. 45. •DEVELOPA PLAN Develop an action plan with subordinate. The plan that evolves from
the counseling process must be action-focused and facilitate both leader and subordinate
attention toward resolving the identified developmental needs.
39. 46. • CLOSE THE SESSION Discuss the implementation, including the leader’s role in
supporting the subordinate’s effort. Gain the subordinate’s commitment to the plan. Ensure
plan is specific enough to drive behaviors needed to affect the developmental needs
40. 47. Develop a Plan of Action •Actions should facilitate the attainment of goals • Actions should
be specific enough to drive behavior • Plan may entail contacting a referral agency
41. 48. Close the Session • Summarize the counseling session • Discuss implementation of the
plan; check for understanding and acceptance • Identify leader’s responsibilities
42. 49. • What is follow-up and why is it necessary? • Describe the assessment of the plan of
action. Why is it an integral part of the counseling process?
43. 50. Benefits of Counseling
• Helps the person being counseled to understand himself.
• Allows the individual to help himself.
• Assists in understand the situations more objectively.
• Facilitates to look at the situations with a new perspective.
• Develops positive outlook.
• Motivates to search for alternate solutions to problems.
Feel better about self.
• Feel more at peace, at ease in your daily activities, more comfortable, and more secure in the
world.
• Feel more successful and more joyful on a more regular basis.
• Feel more connected to others, especially those who are close to you, such as your family,
spouse, or best friends.
• Reduce stress at home, in the workplace, or in relationships.
• Help with your physical health by reducing emotional worries or stressors.
• Work through your problems with a skilled and compassionate professional counselor.
. • Helps in superior decision making.
• Prepares the person to cope with the situation and the related stresses.
• Identify the goals that you have in life, as well make new goals that you want to achieve.
• Learn new behaviors or responses to situations that can help you better achieve your goals.
• Establish healthy and efficient ways and techniques for reaching your goals.
. • Understand your own thoughts, feelings, and responses.
• Understand your loved ones and your relationships with them.
• Develop a safe and friendly listening ear.
• Speak with a skilled professional about your fears and perceptions of the world, and others.
• Feel safe about expressing any personal troubles or private concerns.
• Work towards greater self-fulfillment.
44. 54. QUALITIES OF A COUNSELLOR
45. 55. RESPECT CLIENTS ABILITIESTACTFULNESS SINCERITY SYMPATHETI
UNDERSTANDING GETS ALONG WITH OTHERS FRIENDLY NATURE
INTERPERSONAL RELTIONSHIP QUALITIES OF A COUNSELLOR & ATTENTIVE
LISTENERNEEDS
46. 56. MENTALLY SOUNDAWARE ABOUT ONE’S LIMITATION MAINTAIN EMOTIONAL
STABILITY SHOWS MATURED BEHAVIOUR PERSONAL ADJUSTMENT CONT… &
ABILITY TO WORK WITH PEOPLEHIGHLY CULTURED SOCIAL INTERESTS HEALTHY
47. HEALTH & PERSONAL APPEARANCE – PLEASING VOICE – PLEASING APPEARANCE •
LEADERSHIP – ABILITY TO STIMULATE & LEAD OTHERS – REINFORCE IMPORTANT
INFORMATION
48. PHILOSOPHY OF LIFE – GOOD CHARACTER – POSITIVE PHILOSOPHY OF LIFE –
FAITH IN HUMAN VALUES & NATURE • FAITH IN THE SPIRITUAL QUALITY OF THE
WORLD • HAD A HIGH SENE OF MORALITY
49. 59. Counseling Skills • Listen carefully. • Demonstrate empathy. • Do not make judgments. •
Understand emotions/feelings behind the story of the person being counseled. • Use
appropriate body language. • Do not show superiority or patronage.
50. 60. • Question with care. • Ask open ended questions. • Reflect back, summarize and
paraphrase so that the understanding is correct and complete.
Skills and Techniques of Counselling:
1. Listening skills—you should always listen carefully and not question
the patient too frequently. Allow him to ventilate through your listen-
ing.

2. Attending skill—your proper attention should be given to the

patient to show interest and concern-verbal and non-verbal.

3. Feedback—expressing the meaning of patient’s feelings and

summarizing his problems.

4. Probing—focusing in depth on particular aspects of the situation.

5. Confronting—help the patient to realize his problems or help him to

become aware of what he is suffering from, by making proper state-
ments.

6. Interpreting—presenting the alternative ways or angles to look at

his situation.

7. Self-disclosure—share your attitude, opinions and experiences.

8. Non-dependence—do not make the patient dependent rather make

him self sufficient to solve his problems independently.

9. Questioning—ask open ended questions so that the patients gets the

clue to open up with you. Do not ask too many close-ended questions.

10. Incomplete sentence—encourage the patient to complete the

sentence if he is not able to do so.
11. Refocusing—if the patient is going off track or talking in circles get
him back to maintain the theme without hurting any of his feelings.

12. Silence—be with the patient’s feelings while he is crying and do not
prevent him from crying. Let him cry and ventilate himself.

13. Connecting—show connection between thought, behaviour and

result or effect of what has gone before.

Principles of Counselling:
1. Principle of acceptance—accept the patient with his physical,
psychological, social, economical and cultural conditions.

2. Principle of communication—communication should be verbal as

well as non-verbal and should be skilful.

3. Principle of empathy—instead of showing sympathy put yourself in

patients shoes and then give reflections accordingly (Empathy is
ability to identify with a person.)

4. Principle of non-judge—mental attitude-do not criticize or comment

negatively regarding patient’s complaints.

5. Principle of confidentiality—always keep the patient’s name, and the

problem strictly secrete and assure the patient about the same.

6. Principle of individuality—treat each and every patient as unique

and respect his problem as well.
7. Principles of non-emotional involvement—not getting emotionally
involved with the patient and avoid getting carried away with his
feelings.

Goals of Counselling:
1. Listening keenly to the patient is the main goal.

2. Identify the need of the patient. E.g., parents need counselling for
their children’s behaviour problems.

3. To make the patient to ventilate his emotions properly and help him
to be aware of his own emotions and encourage him to be
independent.

4. Main problem should be focused so that the sub-problems should

be identified by the patient himself.

5. Make the patient to accept himself with his problem and help him to
adjust with it till it gets over.

6. To focus on his strengths by studying the case and produce positive

attitude in him and ultimately help him to reduce his negativity.

Types of Counseling

Supportive Counseling is most often used with people who have difficulty standing alone amid

their problems. At frequent intervals these persons may need sustained guidance. In supportive

counseling, the goal is not to create a chronic dependency upon the counselor, but to give

temporary support and help the person to gain strength and the resources to cope.
Confrontational Counseling seeks to point out to the client his or her actions. The counselor
guides the counselee into seeing what misdeeds were committed and to realize the hurt that

might have been caused to others. The idea is that hiding one’s immoral actions only creates

guilt, frustration, and anxiety. As a Christian, the counselor must help the client to confess,
forsake his sins, and accept the forgiveness of a loving Savior.

Educative Counseling focuses on teaching the client. Undesirable learned behavior may have to

be unlearned. The counselor in this case is a teacher. People may come to the counselor with

questions on social issues, religious issues, or even career problems. Often some clients may
need help in making certain critical decisions.

Preventive Counseling is used to stop problems before they start or to prevent things from

getting worse. Areas like “How to Keep Healthy,” “How to Prepare for Retirement,” or sessions
in premarital counseling are examples of preventive counseling.

Spiritual Counseling is a great necessity, and the Christian often seeks the opportunity to show

persons the way to Christ. Sometimes there will be persons who want to find spiritual answers.

People may be seeking for a purpose in life. This is a chance for the Christian counselor to lead

them to the Bible and to pray with them. Sometimes, through spiritual counseling the counselor
may discover that the client also has some psychological issues that need to be dealt with.

Depth Counseling is a long-term relationship in which deep-seated problems of the counselee are

uncovered and dealt with in detail. The counseling process is extended and demands the skills of
a counseling professional.

The following are some of the principles which may be kept in view in the process of
counselling:

1. The individuals vary in mental abilities and, therefore adjustment with the same stimuli
for different youth cannot be the same. Therefore, each individual is to helped at his
level.
2. Environment in which the youth lives is rapidly changing and these changes have
profound effect on adjustment process.
3. A decision based on the adjustment of the youth may be faulty and, therefore, the youth
has to be helped comprehend the pros and cons of a situation sot he may take a wise
decision.
4. A counsellor should work with the youth on a democratic basis instead of imposing his
decisions the youth by virtue of his being more mature and senior to them. He should
help them to take individual decisions.
5. The counsellor should establish close relationship w the youth so that the latter feels very
comfortable w he talks to the counsellor and finds in him a friend philosopher and a
guide. Confidence of the youth the counsellor is, therefore, one of the most
important principles of counselling.
6. In creating that relationship, the counsellor has to get information about the youth from
his parents, school records, friends, neighbourhood and the youth himself. It may be
necessary to pay home visits to the youth order to understand the past performance,
character and the experience of the youth.
7. The counsellor has to work with the youth in order to help him to understand himself
and to take decisions in solving his problems. Therefore, counsellor has to work with the
youth and not for the youth. "