GRADE 8 SCIENCE NOTES REVISED 2016 – 17

3. Inter neurons
CHAPTER # 1 HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEM These are present in CNS. They form a link between
sensory and motor neurons.
1) Define nervous system 11) Write the names of main parts of the followings
The organ system in our body that carries messages from 1. Forebrain
one part of the body to another part and coordinates It consists of three main parts
body functions is called nervous system. I. Cerebrum
2) What is CNS? II. Thalamus
CNS means central nervous system that includes brain III. Hypothalamus
and spinal cord. 2. Hindbrain
3) What is PNS? It consists of three main parts
PNS means peripheral nervous system that includes a I. Cerebellum
network of nerves connecting the central system to whole II. Pons
body. III. Medulla oblongata
4) Define Neuron or Nerve Cell. 3. Neuron
Neuron or nerve cell is the basic structure and functional It consists of three main parts
unit of the nervous system. All parts of the nervous I. Cell body
system are made up of neurons. II. Dendrites
5) Define Nerve impulses. III. Axon
Neurons carry messages in the form of electro-chemical 4. Nephron
waves called nerve impulses. It consists of two main parts
6) Define cell body. I. Renal corpuscle
The part of neuron containing nucleus and most of the II. Renal tubule
cytoplasm is called cell body. 12) Write the function of the followings
7) Define Dendrites. 1. Forebrain
A fine projection of the cell body that receives messages is It is the largest part of the brain. It consists of three main
called dendrites. parts
8) What is Axon? I. Cerebrum
A long projection of the cell body that conducts messages II. Thalamus
away from the cell body is called axon. III. Hypothalamus
9) Define Nerve. Cerebrum is the topmost and the largest part of the brain.
It is an enclosed, cable like bundle of axons present side It controls many actions like thinking, feelings, emotions,
by side in a common sheath. Nerve conveys messages seeing, hearing, perceptions, memory, speech, decision
carried by the individual neurons from one body part to making, etc.
another. Inside cerebrum there is a small structure called
10) How many types of neurons are there? thalamus. It controls many sensory functions.
There are three types of neurons on the basis of Hypothalamus lies at the base of thalamus. It controls
functions. body temperature, hunger and thirst.
I. Sensory neurons 2. Hindbrain
II. Motor neurons It consists of three main parts
III. Inter neurons I. Cerebellum
1. Sensory neurons II. Pons
It carries nerve impulses from sense organs (ears, eyes, III. Medulla oblongata
skin, tongue, nose etc) to the central nervous system Cerebellum lies under the back part of cerebrum. It acts
(CNS). as a controller for maintaining balance and accurate
2. Motor Neurons movements.
It carries nerve impulses from central nervous system Pons is oval structure and present beneath the midbrain.
(CNS) to effectors (muscles and glands), i.e. the parts It controls many function like sleeping, swallowing,
which respond. equilibrium and taste etc.

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 GRADE 8 SCIENCE NOTES REVISED 2016 – 17

Medulla oblongata is connected with the spinal cord. It nervous system. All parts sheath. Nerve conveys
controls heartbeat, breathing and digestion etc. it also of the nervous system are messages carried by the
keeps working when rest of brain goes to sleep. made up of neurons. individual neurons from
one body part to another.
3. Neuron or Nerve Cell
Neuron or nerve cell is the basic structure and Voluntary actions Involuntary actions
functional unit of the nervous system. All parts of the The body actions which are
The body actions which are
nervous system are made up of neurons. It consists of performed without thinking
performed under conscious
three main parts over them under conscious
control. These actions are
control are called
I. Cell body done after thinking.
involuntary actions.
e.g. speaking, eating,
II. Dendrites e.g. Heartbeat, blood
reading, walking, running,
III. Axon circulation, blinking of eyes
etc
etc.
I. Cell body
Kidneys Lungs
The part of neuron containing nucleus and most of the
cytoplasm is called cell body. Human body has two dark
Lungs are present in the
brown, bean shaped kidneys
II. Dendrites thorax cavity in pair form.
in the abdominal region. The
Lungs make oxygenated
A fine projection of the cell body that receives messages is main function is removing
blood and remove carbon
called dendrites. waste material from the
dioxide from the blood.
body in the form of urine.
III. Axon
Lithotripsy Dialysis
A long projection of the cell body that conducts messages
It is the bombardment of
away from the cell body is called axon. Terminal ends of
shock waves on the stones
the axons transmit the messages to the next cells. from outsides. Shock waves Clearing of blood by artificial
break the stones into small methods is called dialysis. It
pieces which are passed out is done by dialyzer.
of the body in the form of
urine.

15) Explain central nervous system.

CNS acts as a control Centre of the whole nervous system.
It contains brain and spinal cord.
Brain
Human brain is enclosed in a bony skull called cranium. It
4. Nephron divided into following parts.
It is the functional unit of kidneys. It consists of two main 1. Forebrain
parts It is the largest part of the brain. It consists of three main
I. Renal corpuscle parts
II. Renal tubule I. Cerebrum
These are the tubules where urine is formed. There are II. Thalamus
over one million nephrons in each kidney. III. Hypothalamus
13) Skin is considered as excretory organ. Why? Cerebrum is the topmost and the largest part of the brain.
Because some extra salts are also removed through skin It controls many actions like thinking, feelings, emotions,
during perspiration. seeing, hearing, perceptions, memory, speech, decision
14) Differentiate between making, etc.
Receptors Effectors Inside cerebrum there is a small structure called
The special organ tissue The parts respond after thalamus. It controls many sensory functions.
which detect any change receiving nerve impulses
Hypothalamus lies at the base of thalamus. It controls
in environment is called through motor neurons is
receptors. called effectors. body temperature, hunger and thirst.
Neuron Nerve 2. Midbrain
Neuron or nerve cell is the It is an enclosed cable like It is a small part of the brain that is present below
basic structure and bundle of axons present cerebrum. It receives information from sense organs and
functional unit of the side by side in a common sends messages to concerned part.

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 GRADE 8 SCIENCE NOTES REVISED 2016 – 17
3. Hindbrain
It consists of three main parts
I. Cerebellum
II. Pons
III. Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum lies under the back part of cerebrum. It acts
as a controller for maintaining balance and accurate
movements.
Pons is oval structure and present beneath the midbrain.
It controls many function like sleeping, swallowing,
equilibrium and taste etc.
Medulla oblongata is connected with the spinal cord. It
controls heartbeat, breathing and digestion etc. it also
keeps working when rest of brain goes to sleep.
4. Spinal Cord
It is an extension of medulla oblongata. It runs backwards
inside the backbone up to its lower end.
It creates a link between brain and different body parts. It
also controls some reflex actions and some other
involuntary actions.
16) Describe peripheral nervous system (PNS).
PNS includes a network of nerves connecting the central
system to whole body.
The nerves which arise from brain are called cranial
nerves. The nerves which arise from spinal cord are called
spinal nerves. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31
pairs of spinal nerves in human body.
17) Describe the main parts of excretory system in man.
It consists of one pair of kidneys and associated structure.
i.e. two ureter, a urinary bladder and urethra.
1. Kidneys
Human body has two dark brown bean shaped kidneys in the
abdominal region. The main function is removing waste
material from the body in the form of urine. The outer surface
of kidney is convex while the inner surface is concave.
2. Ureter
A tube which arises from each kidney and enters in
urinary bladder is called ureter.
3. Urinary bladder
Ureter transports urine from kidneys to urinary bladder.
Urinary bladder is a muscular sac which collects urine
from both ureters.
4. Urethra
A fine tube through which urine is released from urinary
bladder to the outside is called urethra.
18) Write a note on internal structure of kidneys
Each kidney is divided into three regions
1. Renal cortex
It is the outer most region of kidney
GOVT. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CUSTOM ACADEMY WALTON CANTT LAHORE
2. Renal medulla and renal pyramids
Renal medulla is the middle regions which is divided into
conical masses called renal pyramids.
3. Renal pelvis
It is the inner area where urine is drained. The urine from
renal pelvis moves into ureter.
19) Describe structure of nephron
It is the functional unit of kidneys. It consists of two main
parts
I. Renal corpuscle
II. Renal tubule
These are the tubules where urine is formed. There are
over one million nephrons in each kidney.
Renal corpuscle
It is the first part of nephron. It consists of two structures,
i.e. glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule.
Glomerulus is a tuft of blood capillaries formed by the
division of small arteries.
Bowman’s capsules is a cup shaped structure enclosing
glomerulus.
Renal tubule
It is start after bowman’s capsules. The first coiled part of
renal tubule is called proximal tubule. The next part is U-
shaped and is called Loop of Henle. The last part of the
renal tubule is again coiled called distal tubule.
20) Define reflex action.
An immediate and involuntary response to a stimulus is
called reflex action.
Quick pulling of hand just after touching the hot object is
a common example of reflex action.
Explanation
When we touch hot object a nerve impulse is created in
skin. It is carried by the sensory neuron to the spinal cord.
The inter neuron transmit the impulse to motor neuron.
They carried the impulse to muscles. The pathway of
nerve impulse that complete a reflex action is called
reflex arc. It consists of receptor, a sensory neuron, an
inter neuron, a motor neuron and effectors.
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 GRADE 8 SCIENCE NOTES REVISED 2016 – 17

21) Define Reflex arc. 3) What is gene?

The inter neuron transmit the impulse to motor neuron. The basic physical and functional unit of heredity is called
They carried the impulse to muscles. The pathway of gene. Genes act as instructions to make molecules called
nerve impulse that complete a reflex action is called proteins. Gene occur in pairs. Every hereditary character
reflex arc. It consists of receptor, a sensory neuron, an in an organism (tallness, eye colour) is controlled by a pair
inter neuron, a motor neuron and effectors. of genes. Genes are the sections of DNA molecule and are
22) What is renal failure? located on chromosomes
It is a complete or partial failure of kidneys to work. The 4) Define heredity
main cause of renal failure are During reproduction, living things pass on their
I. long term infection characteristics to their offspring. This process is called
II. Diabetes mellitus heredity e.g. colour of eye, skin colour, hair colour etc
III. Hypertension 5) What are haploid cells?
23) Define diabetes When an organism forms gametes (sperms or eggs) by
Diabetes mellitus is disease in which sugar level increases meiosis, the number of chromosomes is reduced to half in
in the blood. the gametes, is called haploid cell.
24) What is Hypertension? 6) Define cell division
It is a state of high blood pressure in the body. It is a process by which a cell divides into two daughter
cells.
25) What is dialyzer?
Clearing of blood by artificial methods is called dialysis. It 7) What are parent cell and daughter cell?
is done by a machine called dialyzer. During cell division the cell which divides is called Parent
Cell and the cell which is produced as a result of cell
26) What is kidney transplant?
division is called Daughter Cell.
In this method a kidney donated by some healthy person
is grafted in the body of the patient. The donar of kidney 8) What are chromatids?
may be blood relative or any other close relative. A typical chromosome consists of two arms called
chromatids, which are attached to the same part called
27) Name any two waste materials produced by the
centromere.
human body
1: Urine 2: Feces
28) How stones are formed in the kidney and how can
these be removed?
Sometimes kidneys cannot work properly to remove salt
from blood. In such situation, the salts gather in kidneys 9) Difference between Mitosis and Meiosis
and form stones. Mitosis Meiosis
Stones can be removed in three ways During mitosis, two During meiosis, four
daughter cells are daughter cells are
I. By drinking water produced from the parent produced from parent
II. Lithotripsy cell.
III. shockwaves The number of The number of
chromosomes in the chromosomes in the
daughter cells remains the daughter cells is reduced
CHAPTER # 2 CELL DIVISION same as in parent cell to half as compared to
parent cell
Mitosis occurs in general Meiosis occurs to produce
1) Name two inheritable characters. body cells gametes in animal or
Eye colour spores in plants
Skin colour Only one division takes Two division take place in
2) Name two non-inheritable characters. place in mitosis meiosis.
I. Loss of any part of body does not transferred to
children. 10) Name the cells produced by meiosis in plants and
II. Some diseases like malaria, kidney-stone etc does animals
not transferred to children Plant: Spores Animals: Gametes

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11) Define heredity and describe its importance in 3) Briefly describe gene therapy
transferring characteristics from parents to offspring. It is an advanced biotechnological technique which is used
During reproduction, living things pass on their to cure genetic and acquired diseases like cancer and
characteristics to their offspring. This process is called AIDS. In the process, defective genes are supplemented or
heredity for examples replaced by normal genes.
I. Colour of eye 4) Name two life saving products of biotechnology.
II. Skin colour Insuline: it is used for diabetes
III. Hair colour Vaccines: it is used against many infection disease.
IV. Free or attached earlobes
5) What is DNA replication?
V. Height
The process by which DNA makes its copy is called DNA
VI. Intelligence
replication.
12) Write a note on DNA
6) What is genetic engineering?
DNA means Deoxyribonucleic acid. As different sections of
It is an advanced technique of biotechnology in which
DNA are a set of information for the development of
scientist select and isolate the useful gene from one
different characters in an organism. So, DNA is called
organism (donor organism) and insert it into another
hereditary material.
organism usually bacterium.
13) What is Watson and crick Model of DNA?
7) What is transgenic organism?
Each DNA molecule is made of thousands of small units
The organism that contains a foreign gene in its cells is
called nucleotides. There are four types of nucleotides in
called transgenic organism.
DNA.
8) Why do scientists use bacteria in genetic
I. Adenine (A) nucleotides
engineering?
II. Thymine (T) nucleotides
Bacterial cell is very simple and easy to handle for the
III. Cytosine (C) nucleotides
scientists. It is easy for the scientists to isolate plasmid
IV. Guanine (G) nucleotides
from a bacterial cell and attach a gene with it. Another
According to them, DNA molecule consists of two stands reason is its fast rate of reproduction.
formed of nucleotides. These two are linked with each
9) What is genetic modification?
other by cross bands like a ladder.
The change in the genes of organism using biotechnology
14) Write a note on Chromosomes. techniques is called genetic modification.
The nucleus of the cell contains thread like structures
10) What is GMO?
called chromosomes. Chromosomes are composed of
The organism whose genes are modified called genetically
DNA and proteins. They appear as distinct structures
modified organism (GMO). GMO are also used to prepare
found in the nucleus of a cell. They appear as distinct
useful and life saving products such as insulin and
structures only during cell division.
vaccines etc.
A typical chromosome consists of two arms called
11) What is insulin?
chromatids, which are attached to the same part called
Insulin is a human protein. In human body it is produced
centromere.
by pancreas. It controls the glucose level in blood.

CHAPTER # 3 BIOTECHNOLOGY 12) What is vaccine?

1) What is biotechnology?
The technology in which living things are used in different
ways to help and benefit human beings is called
biotechnology.
2) What is genetic testing?
It is one of the latest biotechnological techniques used for
genetic diagnosis of inherited diseases. It involves the
direct examination of DNA molecule. It is also used to
determine a child’s paternity or a person’s ancestry.
Vaccine is a material which contains weakened or killed
pathogens (disease causing germs) and is used to produce
immunity against a disease.
13) How vaccine works?
When a vaccine is given to human body, the blood cells in
the body take the dead or weak pathogens as real ones
and prepare antibodies against them. These antibodies
remain in blood when any real pathogens enters the
body, the already present antibodies kill it immediately
and the body becomes protected from disease.

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14) What is diabetes mellitus? III. Oxides of nitrogen

If pancreas does not produce the required amount of IV. Water vapours
insulin, the level of glucose in blood rises. This condition is 3) Name the acids which are present in acid rain.
known as diabetes mellitus. I. Sulphuric acid
15) Differentiate between herbicides and pesticides? II. Nitric acid
Herbicides are weed killing chemicals and pesticides are 4) Why ozone layer is important?
insect killing chemicals which are used to eliminate the Ozone layer prevents to enter ultraviolet (UV) rays to the
crop enemies (weed and insects) such chemicals also earth. These rays are harmful for life.
cause damage to the crop plants. 5) 3R strategies stand for what?
16) Which major crops have been modified? 3R stands for “Reduce-Reuse-Recycle”
Maize (corn), wheat, rice, conola, potato, soybean, 6) Write down the names of products which are
cotton, etc recycled?
17) What are trying to produce Pakistani scientist? I. Glass piece
They are trying to produce wheat higher production of II. Aluminium
iron in the flour. This may help to overcome iron III. Steels cans
deficiency in food. IV. Copper wires
18) Which insects damage the wheat crop? How can V. Paper
solve this problem? 7) Name common method used for solid waste
Insects called aphids damage the wheat crop. management.
This problem can solved by producing aphid resistant I. Landfill
varieties using genetic engineering techniques. II. Incineration
III. Recycling
19) Describe the use of vitamin B12.
Vitamin B12 widely used as food addictive and in some 8) How does ozone depletion contribute towards global
medicines. It is produced in high yielding cultures of warming?
bacteria. UV rays can enter into the earth so the temperature of
the earth is increasing and earth globe is getting warmer.
20) Name some biotechnology products and tell about
This is called global warming.
their uses.
1. Insulin: Useful for diabetes. 9) Sulphur dioxide is an important. From where does it
2. Vaccine: Used against many infections disease. enter the atmosphere?
3. Beta Endorphin: A pain killer drug Sulphur dioxide is produced by burning of coal or oil in
4. Interferon: Anti-viral proteins. factories. Smoke released from thermal power stations
usually contain Sulphur dioxide.
21) Define cloning. 10) Describe the adverse effect of carbon monoxide on
It is also amongst the latest biotechnological techniques human organ system.
used for treating various diseases. It can also be used for I. It causes headache.
the production of animal organs. II. It causes brain damage and respiratory problems.
III. When CO reaches our blood, it gets bonded with
CHAPTER # 4 POLLUTANTS & THEIR hemoglobin and reduced its oxygen carrying
EFFECTIS ON ENVIRONMENT capacity.
11) What is greenhouse effect?
When sunlight falls on the earth, a small part of it is
1) What are the main air pollutants? absorbed by the earth and is converted to heat energy. A
I. Carbon monoxide (CO) part of this heat energy is reflected back to the
atmosphere by the earth. Some gases present in the
II. Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
atmosphere e.g,
III. Oxides of nitrogen (NO & NO2)
I. Carbon monoxide (CO)
IV. Chlorofluoro carbons (CFCs)
II. Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
2) Name greenhouse gases.
I. Carbon dioxide III. Oxides of nitrogen (NO & NO2)
II. Methane

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These gases trap a part of the heat reflected by the earth I. By keeping the environment clean
causing increase in the atmospheric temperature. These II. They can make awareness among people to
gases are called greenhouse gases and the phenomenon reduce harmful human activities.
is called greenhouse effect. III. By planting new plants.
12) What is global warming? Write its effect on earth. 2. Farmers
Due to greenhouse effect, the earth’s globe is getting I. By planting more and more trees
warmer. This is called global warming. II. By keeping fields greens throughout the years.
Effects III. By making artificial forests to reduce pollution.
I. Ice in the Polar Regions and at the mountains 3. Factory owners
melts, sea level rise and results in flood. I. Factory wastes must be treated before disposing
II. Climate of the World is changing. them.
13) What is ozone depletion? II. Waste should be neutralizes before entering in
A layer in the upper atmosphere is called ozone (O3) layer. the air.
It prevents to enter ultraviolet (UV) rays to the earth. III. Factories should be shifted far from urban areas.
These rays are harmful for life. 4. Scientists
I. Scientist must recycle chemicals and solids
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) react with ozone layer and
II. Less use of resources must be done.
cause thinning of ozone layer when leaked form air
III. Wastage of resources must be stopped and
conditioners etc. Hence depletion is takes place and called
checked.
ozone depletion.
17) What is deforestation? Explain its effect on wild life.
Effects
Destruction of forests due to human activities is called
I. UV rays can enter into the earth and causes serious
deforestation.
diseases like skin cancer, eye problems.
II. The temperature is increasing. Effects
I. It destroys habitats of wild life.
14) What is acid rain?
II. Extinction rate of wild life is increased.
Oxides of Sulphur and nitrogen (SO2 , NO, NO2) react with
water vapours in the air and forms acids which make the 18) What types of climatic changes can appear by
rain water acidic. deforestation?
Effects I. Due to deforestation, the rate of evaporation is
I. Acid rain kills the aquatic life in rivers and ponds. reduced which results in less rain.
II. Acid rain destroys the leaves of trees. II. Greenhouse effect is increased which results in
III. Acid rain destroys the metals and stones in buildings global warming.
IV. Crops do not grow in acidic soil. 19) What is recycling?
15) Point out the sources of air pollutants you find in In this method, plastic items, glass pieces, aluminum,
your locality and suggest ways to reduce the steels cans, copper wires, etc are collected separately
pollution. cleaned, melted and moulded into new products. In this
Sources of pollutants way, they are used again and again to reduce pollution.
I. Vehicle’s smoke 20) What should we do to adopt 3R strategies for
II. Industrial smoke conservation of resources?
III. CFC in aerosol spray I. Reduce
IV. Rotting vegetation By reducing the use of non-biodegradable objects and
Methods to reduce pollution the resources that are used in their manufacture
I. Public transport should be used instead of personal should be conserved.
cars. II. Reuse
II. Sulphur and lead free fuel should be used in vehicles Secondly, reuse of non-biodegradable objects again
III. Factories should be shifted away from urban areas. and again instead of throwing them after first use.
IV. CFC free products should be used. III. Recycle
V. Deforestation should be avoided. Thirdly, plastic items, glass pieces, aluminum, steels
cans, copper wires, etc are collected separately
16) Suggest what can following communities do to
cleaned, melted and moulded into new products.
reduce air pollution.
1. Students
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CHAPTER # 5 CHEMICAL REACTION 7) When coal burns it leaves ash behind. Ash so
produced is lighter than the coal which has burnt.
Justify the decrease in mass in the light of law of
1) Define a chemical reaction. conservation of mass.
The process in which a substance changes into entirely The decrease in mass of coal is due to the formation of
new substance with different chemical composition and gaseous products i.e. 𝐶𝑂2 that escape into air and only
properties is called chemical reaction. lighter ash is left behind. So the total mass of reactants
2) What are reactants? remains equal to the products.
Substances which take part in a chemical reaction are
𝐶 + 𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐴𝑠ℎ
called reactants.
A + B C + D 8) Give two examples of following chemical reactions.
In above reaction A & B are reactants. Addition reaction Decomposition reaction
3) What are products?
Substances which are formed in a chemical reaction are 2𝐻2 + 𝑂2 → 2𝐻2 𝑂 2𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3 → 2𝐾𝐶𝑙 + 3𝑂2
called products. 𝑁2 + 3𝐻2 → 2𝑁𝐻3 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 → 𝐶𝑎𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2
A + B C + D
Exothermic reaction Endothermic reaction
In above reaction C & D are products.
𝐶 + 𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑂2 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 + 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 → 𝐶𝑎𝑂
4) What is a chemical equation? 𝐶𝐻4 + 𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 + 𝐶𝑂2
The representation of chemical reaction in terms of symbols, 𝐹𝑒 + 𝑆 → 𝐹𝑒𝑆 + 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐻2 + 𝐼2 + 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 → 2𝐻𝐼
formulae and signs are called chemical equation. The 𝑁2 + 𝑂2 + 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 → 2𝑁𝑂2
reactants is written on left side while products on right sides.
A + B C + D 9) Describe application of chemical reactions.
5) State law of conservation of mass I. Heat produced during burning of fuel is used to cook
During a chemical reaction the total mass of the reactants food.
is equal to the total mass of products. II. Energy produced during respiration is used to
6) Differentiate between perform all the function of the body.
ADDITION REACTION DECOMPOSITION REACTION III. Useful fermentation products e.g. yogurt and backing
The chemical combination A chemical reaction during product are also application of chemical reaction.
of two or more substance a compound splits up into IV. During photosynthesis in plants carbon dioxide and
to form one compound is two or more simple
water react to produce glucose in the presence of
called addition reaction. substances are called
sunlight and chlorophyll.
decomposition reaction.
2𝐻2 + 𝑂2 → 2𝐻2 𝑂 2𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3 → 2𝐾𝐶𝑙 + 3𝑂2 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑠𝑢𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 + 𝑂2
𝑁2 + 3𝐻2 → 2𝑁𝐻3 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 → 𝐶𝑎𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2 V. During respiration the oxygen of air reacts with food
Balance Chemical Equation Unbalance Chemical Equation (glucose) to produce, carbon dioxide and water in the
The chemical equation in The chemical equation in cell of living organisms.
which the number of atoms which the number of 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 + 6𝑂2 → 6𝐶𝑂2 + 6𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
of each element on both atoms of each element on 10) What is fermentation reaction?
sides of equation i.e. on both sides of equation i.e. Conversion of milk into yogurt and formation of baking
reactants & Product side on reactants & Product products involve the chemical changes carried by
are equal is called balanced side are not equal is called microorganisms. Such reaction are called Fermentation
chemical equation. unbalanced chemical 11) How chemical equation is written.
𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 → 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2 𝑂 equation. The reactants and products are separated by arrow.
𝐻2 + 𝐶𝑙2 → 𝐻𝐶𝑙 Reactants on left while products are written of right hand
Exothermic reaction Endothermic reaction side of arrow. The arrow is directed toward products.
That reaction in which heat That reaction in which 12) Write down the rules for balancing a chem.
is given out is called heat is absorbed are called Equation.
exothermic reaction. endothermic reactions. I. Firstly count the number of atoms of each element on
Burning is common Thermal decomposition of
both side of the arrow.
example of exothermic calcium carbonate is an
reaction. endothermic reaction II. Only balance one element at a time.
𝐶 + 𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑂2 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 + 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 → 𝐶𝑎𝑂
𝐶𝐻4 + 𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 + 𝐶𝑂2
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 GRADE 8 SCIENCE NOTES REVISED 2016 – 17

III. Multiply the symbol or formula with suitable integers III. Strong acids are corrosive liquids. They burn skin and
(2,3,4,5 etc) on that side of equation where the destroy fabrics and animal tissues.
number of atom of a particular element is less and try IV. Aqueous solutions of acids are good conductors of
to balance this element on both sides of equation. electricity.
IV. Starts multiply with smaller number. V. Acids react with reactive metals (Mg, Zn) to form salt
and evolve hydrogen.
V. Repeat the process for all the elements one by one.
VI. Balance the diatomic molecules like 𝐻2 , 𝑁2 , 𝑂2 at the 4) Mention the uses of salts in industries
end I. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is used for the manufacture of
chlorine, hydrogen chloride, caustic soda, washing
Note: Solve all examples from Text Book soda and sodium hydrogen carbonate.
II. Sodium carbonate is used for softening hard water
13) Describe the importance of exothermic reaction in and for the manufacture of glass and soap.
everyday life. III. Potassium nitrite is used for the preparation of gun
I. They are widely used to fulfill our needs of heat powder, fireworks and fertilizer.
energy for various purposes. IV. Copper sulphate is used as fungicide in calico printing
II. The heat released during burning of fuel at our homes and in electroplating.
is used for cooking food and to warm our rooms. 5) Name the salt which reduces acidity in our stomach.
III. Heat produced during digestion of food in our body Sodium chloride (NaCl)
keeps us warm and alive. 6) What happens when a salt like copper sulphate
IV. Heat produced by Burning of fuel in thermal power reacts with water?
station is used in generating electricity. Sulphuric acid and copper oxide (CuO) is formed
14) Give two examples of chemical reaction from 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 + 𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝐶𝑢𝑂 + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
everyday life which are essential for life.
7) Is soda water acidic or basic?
Photosynthesis and respiration are the two essential
chemical reactions for our life. Soda water is acidic
I. During photosynthesis in plants carbon dioxide and 8) Which alkali is commonly used to open a drain?
water react to produce glucose in the presence of Potassium carbonate strong alkaline solution is used to
sunlight and chlorophyll. open a drain.
𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑠𝑢𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 + 𝑂2 9) Write down the reaction of ammonia and water.
II. During respiration the oxygen of air reacts with food 𝑁𝐻3 + 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻
(glucose) to produce, carbon dioxide and water in the Ammonia Water Ammonium Hydroxide
cell of living organisms. 10) How litmus solution is prepared?
𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 + 6𝑂2 → 6𝐶𝑂2 + 6𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 Litmus solution is prepared by dissolving red cabbage
juice or turmeric powder.
CHAPTER # 6 ACIDS, BASES / 11) What is the effect of dilute HCl on the colour of
ALKALIES & SALTS following?
Indicator Colour in dil HCl
1) Define an acid. Methyl orange Red
Acids can be defined as the compounds which produce Phenolphthalein Colourless
hydrogen ions (H+) in their aqueous solution. Acids have Blue litmus Red
sour taste. 12) What is base? Write down the names and formulae
2) Name some mineral acids. of four bases.
Hydrochloric acid 𝐻𝐶𝑙 Bases are the compounds that produce hydroxide ions
Nitric acid 𝐻𝑁𝑂3 (OH-) in their aqueous solution.
Sulphuric acid 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 Examples:
Phosphoric acid 𝐻3 𝑃𝑂4 Sodium hydroxide NaOH
3) State the properties of Acids Potassium hydroxide KOH
I. All acids have sour taste Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
II. All acids turn blue litmus solution and methyl orange Ammonium hydroxide NH4OH
solution Red. Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2
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13) State the properties of Bases iii. Copper oxide reacts with dil. Sulphuric acid
I. Aqueous solution of a base has a soapy touch Copper salt and water are produced
II. All bases turn Red litmus blue, colourless 𝐶𝑢𝑂 + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 → 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂
phenolphthalein pink and methyl orange yellow. iv. Sodium reacts with chlorine
III. Aqueous solutions of bases are good conductors of Sodium salt are produced which also used in cooking.
electricity.
2𝑁𝑎 + 𝐶𝑙2 → 2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
IV. Bases react with acids to form salts and water. This
reaction is called neutralization reaction. 18) Why the aqueous solutions of NaHCO3 and Na2CO3
are basic in nature?
𝑯𝑪𝒍 + 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 → 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
Because a strong base is formed
14) What is the action of caustic soda on the colour of
following? 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 + 2𝐻2 𝑂 → 2𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 + 𝐻2 𝐶𝑂3
Indicator Colour after action of Caustic soda 19) How does the soil become acidic?
Red litmus Blue Acid rain turns the soil acidic
Phenolphthalein Pink 20) Sulphuric acid 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 molecule can give two
Methyl orange Yellow protons in water whereas hydrochloric acid 𝑯𝑪𝒍
15) Mention the sources of the following. molecule can give only one proton. Does that mean
sulphuric acid is twice as strong an acid as HCl?
Name Source
Yes, 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 is twice as strong an acid as 𝐻𝐶𝑙
Citric acid Citrus fruits
Tartaric acid Tamarind, Grapes 21) Indicate in front of each salt the acid and the base
which have been used to produce them.
Acetic acid Vinegar
Name of salt Acid Base
Formic Acid Ant’s string
Acetic acid Calcium Hydroxide
Oxalic acid Tomatoes Calcium acetate
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
Lactic acid Curd
Potassium
Malic Acid Apples Potassium Sulphuric Acid
Hydroxide
Stearic acid Fats hydrogen sulphate 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 𝐾𝑂𝐻
Magnesium
Nitric Acid
16) Describe how salts are useful for the human body Magnesium nitrite Hydroxide
𝐻𝑁𝑂3 𝑀𝑔(𝑂𝐻)2
I. Sodium and potassium salts are needed for the
proper functioning of muscles and the nervous Ammonium
Ammonium Oxalic Acid
Hydroxide
system. oxalate 𝐶2 𝐻4 𝑂𝐻 𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻
II. Salts of calcium are present in bones. They are
Sodium potassium Potassium Sodium
responsible for the strength of bones. These salts are
tartarate Bitarate carbonate
responsible for preventing heart attacks. Plaster of
𝐾𝑁𝑎𝐶4 𝐻4 𝑂6 𝐾𝐻𝐶4 𝐻4 𝑂6 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
Paris (CaSO4 . ½ H2O) is used for broken limbs.
Hydrochloride Ferric Hydroxide
III. Potash alum is used to coagulate the blood coming Ferric chloride
Acid 𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝐹𝑒(𝑂𝐻)3
out of a wound. It is also used for the purification of
water. 22) Write the use of HCl
IV. Salts of iodine are needed for the proper functioning I. For cleaning rust from the surface of metals.
of thyroid glands. They are also used to set the II. For purification of Common salt (NaCl).
treatment of goiter. III. To make aqua regia (3HCl + HNO3) used to dissolve
noble metals such as gold.
17) What happened when
IV. For making glucose from starch.
i. Magnesium reacts with dilute HCl? V. For the proper digestion of food in our stomach.
Magnesium forms its salt and release Hydrogen gas 23) Write the use of Nitric Acid HNO3
𝑀𝑔 + 𝐻𝐶𝑙 → 𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑙2 + 𝐻2 I. In the manufacture of fertilizers like ammonium
ii. Sodium hydrogen carbonate reacts with dil. nitrate
𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 II. For the manufacture of explosives
Sodium salt and water and evolve carbon dioxide gas. III. In the manufacture of dyes, plastics and artificial silk.
2𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3 + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 → 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 + 2𝐻2 𝑂 + 2𝐶𝑂2 IV. For etching designs on metals like copper brass and
bronze.

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 GRADE 8 SCIENCE NOTES REVISED 2016 – 17

24) Write the use of Sulphuric acid 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 are neutral solutions. They have Ph = 7. PH = 7 is the
Sulphuric acid 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 used in: midpoint of the scale.
I. As a dehydrating agent Write the colours of some indicators in acidic and basic
II. In the manufacture of fertilizers like ammonium solutions
phosphate, calcium ammonium phosphate, calcium Original Colour in Colour in
Indicator
super phosphate etc. colour acid base
III. In the manufacture of celluloid plastic, artificial silk, Litmus Violet Red Blue
paints, drugs and detergents.
IV. In petroleum refining, textile, paper and leather Phenolphthalein Colourless Colourless Pink
industries.
V. In lead storage batteries. Methyl orange Orange Red Yellow

25) Write the use of Acetic acid 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯

Acetic acid used in: CHAPTER # 7 FORCE & PRESSURE
I. In the preparation of pickles (ACHAAR)
II. In the manufacture of synthetic fiber.
26) Write the use of Sodium Hydroxide 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 1) Define Force (F)
Sodium hydroxide used in: A quantity which moves or tends to move, stop or tend to
I. Soap, textile and plastic industries. stop the motion of body is called force (F).
II. Petroleum refining. 𝐹 = 𝑚 × 𝑎 𝑂𝑅 𝐹 = 𝑃 × 𝐴
III. Making rayon Force is measured in Newton (N) or Kgm/sec2.
IV. In the manufacture of paper pulp and medicines.
2) Define Area
27) Write the use of calcium Hydroxide 𝑪𝒂(𝑶𝑯)𝟐
The space upon which force acts is called area. It is
Calcium hydroxide used in: denoted by A. area is measured is m2 or cm2
I. In the manufacture of bleaching powder 3) Define Pressure
II. As a dressing material for acid burns
Force acting normally on unit area of a surface of an
III. In making lime sulphur sprays to be used as fungicide
object. Mathematically
IV. As a water softener
V. For neutralization acidity present in soil 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐹
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = → 𝑃=
28) Write the use of ammonium Hydroxide 𝑵𝑯𝟒 𝑶𝑯 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴
Pressure is measured in N/ m2 or in Pascal (Pa).
Ammonium hydroxide used in:
I. To remove grease from window panes 4) Define Hydraulics
II. To remove ink spots from clothes The branch of science deals with the transmission of fluid
III. As a regent in laboratory pressure through pipes as a source of mechanical force is
IV. For the treatment of bee’s string called hydraulics. Such systems are often using to produce
29) What is PH Scale? large force with the help of small force.
A scale used to measures the acidic or basic or alkaline 5) Define Pneumatics
solution is known as PH scale. The branch of science deals with the study of applications
30) How we can measure PH of a solution? of pressurized gas to produce mechanical motion is called
pneumatics.
The PH can be measure with universal indicator or PH
paper. A universal indicator paper has a mixture of several 6) State Pascal’s law
dyes coated on it. It shows different colours for each PH Liquid filled in a closed containers fluid exerts equal
values. pressure in all direction. This fact was first discovered by
31) Define indicator Pascal and called Pascal’s Law.
A substance shows different colour in acidic and basic 7) What is an altimeter? Write its application
solutions. e.g. phenolphthalein, methyl orange, litmus, An altimeter is an instrument used to measure
turmeric, China rose and red cabbage. the altitude of an object above a fixed level. It is used in
32) What is Natural solution? I. Air crafts
PH values range from 0 – 14. The solutions having equal II. Sky divers use wrist-mounted altimeter
concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide (OH-)

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 GRADE 8 SCIENCE NOTES REVISED 2016 – 17

8) Differentiate between hydrostatic and atmospheric

pressure
Hydrostatic pressure Atmospheric pressure
Greater the depth of the The earth is surrounded by
water in the vessel, a cover of air called
greater is the pressure atmosphere. The pressure
of water. Such a liquid of atmosphere is called
pressure that increases atmospheric pressure.
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟
with depth is called 𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑠𝑚𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 special fluid called brake oil. At one end of the pipe there
hydrostatic pressure
Pressure decreases with is a cylinder fitted with a small piston called master
increasing altitude. cylinder. The small piston is connected with brake pedal.
At the outer end of the pipe there is a second cylinder
9) Why supporting wall of a dam is built very broad at fitted with a large piston called slave cylinder. When small
the bottom? piston is pushed into master cylinder by applying a small
The supporting wall of a dam is built very broad at the force on brake pedal, the pressure thus produced is
bottom because at bottom the water pressure is very transmitted without loss to the slave cylinder. The large
large as compared to the surface of water. piston in the slave cylinder is pushed out with a large
force. It pushes the brake pad out to make it rub against
10) Describe water pressure
the moving wheel disc. It produces large frictional force
The pressure exerted by water on the walls of the
which stops the running wheel.
container and bottom is called water pressure.
Explanation: 12) Describe the use of Pneumatic system in daily life.
I. Automatic tyres are inflated with compressed air.
It is observed that speed of water coming out of tap on
II. Spray guns use compressed air for spraying paints.
ground floor is greater than the speed of water coming
out of a tap on upper storey of our house. The speed of III. Compressed air is used in air powered tools like
water depends upon the height of water. If water is on hammers and drills
height then its speed is high and if water is at low height IV. It is also used in air brake system in heavy vehicles.
then its speed is also low. 13) Describe Gas pressure in a container.
11) Application of Pascal’s Law- hydraulic system The molecules of a gas in container are in a continuous
Jack System state of motion in all direction. There the molecule
collides with each other and with the walls of the
A small force F1 is applied on a small piston that produces
container. These collisions exert force on the walls of
pressure P on the oil. This Pressure P is transmitted
container and thus produce pressure.
through a pipe to a very large cylinder fitted with a piston.
14) What is aerosol?
Since area of this piston is very huge. Hence a very large
force is produced that is used to lift something very heavy “Sol” is a mixture of suspended solid or liquid particles in
like a car. a gas or air. The product using “sol” systems are called
aerosols.
In figure valves V1 & V2 prevent the back flow of oil to the
small cylinder so that heavy load remains rose up. When 15) Give six application of compressed air.
I. Automobile tyres are inflated with compressed air
for smooth running of vehicles.
II. Spray guns use compressed air for spraying paint.
III. Air powered motors use compressed air to work.
IV. Pneumatics
V. Brake systems
VI. Most of dentistry tools use compressed air for
their working.
the oil stopper is opened, the oil in the large cylinder
flows back to the oil tank and the load is brought down. REVIEWED BY:
HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WAQAS SHARIF
MPHIL PHYSICS
Brake System SCIENCE TEACHER
GOVT. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
It is a common example of a hydraulic system in a car. It CUSTOM ACADEMY WALTON CANTT LAHORE
consists of a pipe and two cylinders. The pipe is filled with www.facebook.com/GESCAWL

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 GRADE 8 SCIENCE NOTES REVISED 2016 – 17

Length Measuring tape

CHAPTER # 8 MEASUREMENT OF
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES Volume Measuring cylinder
Time Watch
Atmospheric pressure barometer
1) Describe physical quantity and examples
The quantities which can be measured are called physical
Note: Solve all Numerical given at the end of chapter
quantity. Examples: Time, Mass, Length, volume etc.
2) Define the term prefix.
The words or letters added before SI units such as milli CHAPTER # 9 SOURCES AND EFFECTS
(m), centi (c) & Kilo (K) are known as prefixes. OF HEAT ENERGY
Prefixes are based on multiplying and dividing the units by
power of 10.
3) What is meter rule 1) Write down the effects of heating and cooling on
It is a one meter long graduated stick. It is used to solids
measure the length of an object or distance between two Solid expand on heating and contract on cooling
points. A meter rule is divided into 100 equal parts, each 2) Write down the effects of heating and cooling on
part is equal to one centi meter. gases
4) Write a short note on Gas expand on heating and contract on cooling
3) Why is water not used instead of mercury in
Measuring Flask
thermometers?
Flask is laboratory vessels (container). The flask is made of
Because Mercury has high coefficient of expansion per
plastic or glass. They are of different sizes and shapes. In
unit rise in temperature
school laboratory, 50ml, 100ml, 250ml, 500ml & 1000ml
4) Why one end of the iron girders is placed on rollers
flask are used for making solutions.
in construction of bridges?
Measuring Pipette One end of iron girders is placed on the rollers along with
Pipette is used to transfer a measured volume of liquid a gap at this end so that girder can move forward and
from one container to another. They are of different sizes backward during expansion or contraction.
and shapes. In laboratory 10ml to 25 ml pipette of glass or
5) Why gaps are left between two sections of a railway
plastic are used.
track?
5) What are SI units? Explain. The gaps allow the expansion and contraction of rails
International system of units: in our daily life, we often during summer and winter season.
need to measure various physical quantities with the help
6) Why do hot air balloons rise up?
of some standard quantity. For example if we purchase
Since hot gases rose up in air, so hot air in balloon causes
sugar, we must come to know the quantity of sugar. Thus,
it to rise up.
there is a need of some standard quantity for measuring
unknown quantity. This standard quantity is called unit. 7) Why do gases expand faster than liquids and solids?
Because the particles of gases are widely disturbed i.e.
Table of Units
their particles are far apart from each other and they free
Physical quantity Symbol Unit Symbol to move. Other
8) When a vessel containing a liquid is heated, the level
Length l Metre m
of liquid initially falls and then rises up. Why does it
Mass m Kilogram Kg
happen so? OR
Time t Second s
Describe the irregular expansion of liquid.
Volume V Cubic meter m3
On heating the liquid water from 0 0C to 4 0C, it contracts
so the level of liquid initially falls. But after 4 0C it expands
16) Write the names of measuring instruments which is so liquid rises up.
used to measure the physical quantities.
9) What is thermal expansion? Explain it with the help
Physical Quantity Measuring instrument of experiment.
Temperature Thermometer The expansion of material objects on heating is called
Mass Electrical balance thermal expansion.

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 GRADE 8 SCIENCE NOTES REVISED 2016 – 17
I. Take a metallic sphere which can pass easily through a
ring.
II. Remove the sphere out of the ring.
III. Now heat the sphere and put it on the ring.
IV. It does not pass through the ring because of
expansion due to heating.
V. On cooling the sphere, it attracts and passes through
the ring again.
10) What is Rivet and Riveting?
A rivet is a small, cylindrical and smooth shaft whose one
end is swollen (called Head) while the other end is flat.
Hot rivets are used to join the metal plates.
The process in which two metal plates are joined together
by means of rivets is called riveting.
11) Demonstrate how a bimetallic strip works in a
thermostat.
In electric iron, when current passes through heating
element, it becomes hot. The connected bimetallic strip
also heats up. On getting hot, it bends and is disconnected
from heating element so, circuit breaks and switches off
the electric iron.
12) Explain the peculiar (strange) behavior of water
during contraction and expansion.
On heating the liquid water from 0 0C to 4 0C, it contracts
and its volume decreases while its density increases. On
cooling from 4 0C to 0 0C it expands, its volume increases
and density decreases.
13) What is thermometer? How it works?
A thermometer is a device used to measure the
temperature. When some hot object touch the bulb of
the thermometer, the liquid inside the narrow tube
expands and rises up and we can measure the
temperature by reading scale.
14) Explain the damages which are caused by expansion
or contraction by giving two examples.
I. In hot summer, the concrete used in roads expands. If
no space is provided for its expansion, then road
surface crack.
II. Two sections of railway track are laid with gaps. If
there are no gaps, then they may be de-shaped due to
expansion in summer.
15) Describe the effects of expansion and contraction of
solids.
I. In hot summer, concrete in roads expands and road
surface crack.
II. Two sections of railway track are laid with gaps. If
there are no gaps, then they may be de-shaped due to
expansion in summer.
III. In bridges, one end of the iron girder resets on the
rollers. A gap is also present at this end. So that it can
GOVT. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CUSTOM ACADEMY WALTON CANTT LAHORE
move forward and backward during expansion and
contraction.
16) Explain the expansion of liquids and with the help of
an experiment.
I. Take an empty flask and fit a cork into its mouth. Pass
short limb of U-shape glass tube through it.
II. Clamp the flask in a stand.
III. Dip the long limb of U-shaped tube in the water.
IV. Note and mark at the level of water in glass tube and
then heat the flask.
V. On heating, air in the flask expands and produces
bubbles in the water.
VI. On cooling, air in the flask contracts, so suction is
created which pulls the water in the glass tube up.
17) Describe a simple experiment to study the thermal
expansion of Gases.
I. Take an empty flask and fit a cork into the mouth of
the flask.
II. Limb of the U shaped glass tube through the cork.
III. Clamp the flask in a stand as shown in fig.
IV. Dip the long limb of U-shaped glass tube in the water.
V. Note and mark a line at the level of water in the glass
tube.
VI. Now heat the flask.
VII. Stop heating and let the system cool down to room
temperature.
VIII. Observe and note the level of water in the glass tube
again.
IX. The result is that the flask expands on heating and
produce bubbles in water.
X. On cooling flask contracts and water level is pulled up
in the glass tube.
CHAPTER # 10 LENSES
1) Describe the paths of three rays which form image
after passing through a convex lens.
I. A ray parallel to principal axis after refraction from a
convex lens passes through its principal focus (F).
II. A ray incident on the convex lens after passing
through its principal focus (F) becomes parallel to
principal axis.
Page 14 of 20
 GRADE 8 SCIENCE NOTES REVISED 2016 – 17
III. A ray passing through the optical centre of the lens
goes straight without changing its direction.
I.
2) Describe the paths of three rays which form image
after passing through a concave lens.
I. A ray parallel to principal axis after refraction from a
concave lens appears to come from principal focus
(F).
II. A ray pointing towards principal focus (F) becomes
parallel to principal axis.
III. A ray passing through the optical centre of the lens
goes straight without changing its direction.
3) Write the name of instrument in which convex lens
is used
II. Camera
III. Binoculars
IV. Magnifying glass
V. Contact Lens
4) Define focal length.
The distance between the optical centre (O) and focus
point (F) of the lens is called focal length (f). Focal length
of a convex lens is taken as positive.
5) How focal length is affected when the lens of eye
becomes thicker?
In order to look something near to eye, ciliary muscles
make the lens thicker and its focal length becomes
shorter. So the image is formed on retina instead of point
beyond it.
6) Upon what factor does the amount of light entering
in a camera depend?
The size of aperture.
GOVT. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CUSTOM ACADEMY WALTON CANTT LAHORE
7) Can an image be obtained on the screen by a
concave lens? Explain your answer briefly.
The ray diagram of concave lens for different positions of
the object show that rays diverge out and do not meet on
the other side of the lens after
refraction. Therefore real image
is not formed, but virtual image is
formed on extending the rays
backward.
8) How long our eye takes to acquire dark adoption at
its maximum?
When we suddenly move from bright light to dark area,
the cone cells become de-activated but rod cell do not
activated immediately so we can’t see things clearly. But
after some time rod cells becomes active and we are able
to see in the darkness
I. Cone Cell: It activate in bright light
II. Rod Cell: It activate in dim light
9) Define short-sightedness and long-sightedness.
In short-sightedness a person can see near objects clearly
but distant object appear blurred.
In long-sightedness a person can see distant objects
clearly but near object appear blurred.
10) What is lens? Explain the difference between
convex and concave lenses.
Lens: A lens is a piece of glass or other transparent
material like plastic whose one or both side is spherical.
Types
There are two types of lenses.
1. Convex lens
2. Concave lens
Convex lens
Convex lens is thicker in the middle
and thinner at the edges.
Concave lens
Concave lens is thinner in the middle and thicker at the
edges.
11) Define centre of curvature
The centre of the sphere of which a lens is a part is called
centre of curvature. It is denoted by “C”.
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 GRADE 8 SCIENCE NOTES REVISED 2016 – 17
12) Define Optical centre
The centre of the lens is called optical centre. It is
denoted by “O”
13) Define principal axis and optical axis.
The line passing through the optical centre and centre of
curvature of the faces of the lens is called principal axis or
optical axis.
14) Explain the ray diagram where the images would be
formed by convex lens for different distances of
object. Also discuss the nature of images.
I. When object is placed beyond 2F, then image is
formed between F and 2F. The image is real, inverted
and smaller in size.
II. When object is placed at 2F, then image is formed at
2F. The image is real, inverted and equal in size.
III. When object is placed between F and 2F, then image
is formed beyond 2F. The image is real, inverted and
larger in size.
IV. When object is at F then image is formed at infinity
(∞)
GOVT. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CUSTOM ACADEMY WALTON CANTT LAHORE
15) What is a real and virtual image?
Real image
The image that can be obtained on the screen is called
real image.
Virtual image
The image that cannot be obtained on the screen is called
virtual image.
16) Why is real image not formed by concave lens?
Explain your answer by ray diagram.
In case of concave lens the ray diagram for different
positions of the object show that rays diverge out and do
not meet on the other side of the lens after refraction.
Therefore real image is not formed. Virtual image is
formed on extending the rays backward. The image is
always virtual erect and smaller in size.
17) Explain how eyes get used to darkness after
sometime
When we suddenly move from bright light to dark area,
the cone cells become de-activated but rod cell do not
activated immediately so we can’t see things clearly. But
after some time rod cells becomes active and we are able
to see in the darkness
I. Cone Cell: It activate in bright light
II. Rod Cell: It activate in dim light
18) Explain the defects in human eye.
I. Short-sightedness (Myopia)
In short-sightedness a person can see near objects clearly
but distant object appear blurred.
Reason
When the eye lens becomes much thicker or eyeball
becomes too long, the image of distant object is formed in
front of the retina rather at retina. This defect is also
called Myopia.
Correction of the Defect
This defect is removed by using concave lens of suitable
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focal length (f). The concave lens diverges the light rays
before they enter the eye. Hence the rays again meet at CHAPTER # 11 ELECTRICITY IN ACTION
the retina.
II. Long-sightedness (Hyperopia) 1) State the Principle of Power Generator
In long-sightedness a person can see distant objects The basic principle is that the coils are kept stationary
clearly but near object appear blurred. while magnet is turned inside the coil. The stationary coil
Reason is called stator. The moving magnet is called rotor.
When the eye lens becomes thin or eyeball becomes too 2) What are input devices? Give at least three
short, the image of near object is formed beyond the examples.
retina rather at retina. This defect is also called Any device that changes non electrical energy into
Hyperopia. electrical energy in an electronic system is called input
devices.
Correction of the Defect Examples: Key board, mouse and microphone.
3) What are output devices? Give at least three
examples.
An output device converts electrical energy into other
forms of energy
Examples: Loud speaker, T.V screen, Monitor, Printer.
4) What is the difference between A.C and D.C?
This defect is removed by using convex lens of suitable A.C (Alternating current) D.C (Direct current)
focal length (f). The convex lens converge the light rays The current which The current which do not
before they enter the eye. They are further bent by the changes its direction after changes its direction after
eye lens to meet at the retina. an equal interval of time an equal interval of time
19) How do camera and human eye resemble with each is called Alternating is called Direct current
other? What is the difference in their actions? current (A.C) (D.C)
Examples
Similarities
Generators Cell, Batteries
I. The retina of eye and film of camera serve the
same purpose.
5) Name some basic components of electronics system
II. Like camera, the eye lens forms a real and
I. Resistors
inverted image.
II. Capacitors
III. Pupil of eye is similar to the aperture of camera.
III. Transistors
Differences IV. Silicon chips
In a camera lens can be moved back and forth the image V. Integrated circuits (IC)
on film but eye lens cannot move. VI. Semiconductor diodes
20) Identify the properties of convex and concave lens 6) What is the function of solar panel?
Properties Convex lens Concave lens 1. It converts solar energy into electrical energy.
Positive focal length 2. Solar energy is used through solar panels.
3. During day light, electricity is directly used to run
Negative focal length
appliances and can also be stored in batteries for
Thicker in the middle the use during night.
Thinner in the middle
Can form real image 7) Sketch an electrical generator and its important
parts
Diverging lens
Always forms virtual image

Converging lens

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 GRADE 8 SCIENCE NOTES REVISED 2016 – 17
8) Describe the working of power generator
The basic principle is that the coils are kept stationary
while magnet is turned inside the coil. The stationary coil
is called stator. The moving magnet is called rotor.
The running water or fuels like, coal, oil or gas are used to
run generators for producing electricity.
In coal-fired electricity generation, the burning coal heats
water in a boiler to produce steam. The steam pushes the
blades of a turbine fixed at the lower end of the rotor
shaft. As the rotor spins inside the stator, electric power is
generated.
9) Discuss the problems involved in
1. Hydro power generation
2. Thermal power generation
3. Solar power generation
1. Hydro power generation
This is traditional method of producing cheap electricity
but involve some problems
I. The people living in these areas where the dams to be
constructed are shifted to some other places.
II. In winter, its capacity decreases due to shortage of
water.
III. Water table near a dam rises due to which water
logging occurs and the land becomes uncultivated.
2. Thermal power generation
I. This method involves burning of fossil fuels (Oil, gas,
Coal). These are non-renewable sources.
II. Fossil fuels releases smoke and other harmful gases in
atmosphere.
3. Solar power generation
I. Very high installation cost
II. Not applicable for night
III. Number of batteries required
10) What is bicycle dynamo?
The dynamo is a small generator
which produces electricity from
the energy of your body when
you pushing pedal. Some bicycle
may have a dynamo to light up
its lamp.
11) What is hydel power generation?
It is very economical, environmental friendly method. In
this method water falls from a high lake on the blades of a
turbine and it starts rotating. This rotating turbine runs
the generators that produce electricity. The electricity is
transmitted through wires to the whole country.
12) What is solar energy?
The energy produced by sun is called solar energy. This
energy is produced by solar panels.
GOVT. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CUSTOM ACADEMY WALTON CANTT LAHORE
13) What is wind energy?
The energy produced by wind is called wind energy. The
kinetic energy (K.E) of wind in coastal areas is use to turn
huge blades mounted on high pole. This rotating blade
runs the generators that produce electricity.
14) What is nuclear energy?
The energy produced by nucleus of an atom is called
nuclear energy. It is produced by nuclear fission.
15) What is nuclear fission?
Breaking a heavy nucleus into smaller atoms by fast
moving neutrons is called nuclear fission. A large amount
of energy is released by this process.
16) Define semiconductor.
Semiconductors are materials in which motions of
electrons can be controlled. The most common example is
silicon.
17) Define semiconductor diodes.
It is a device in which electric current can flow in one
direction. It has 2 terminals P and N.
18) What is transistor?
It is a semiconductor device with three terminals. It is
used for switches.
19) What is integrated circuit (IC)?
Very tiny electronic circuits are called integrated circuits
(IC).
CHAPTER # 12 EXPLORING SPACE
1) How does reflecting telescope differ from refracting
telescope?
Reflecting telescope can be made much larger than a
refracting telescope, so that a better and bright image can
be seen.
2) What are rockets?
Rocket is a space tool by which spacecrafts, space shuttles
and space stations are transfer into space. The sites from
which rockets are launched into space are called rocket
launching pads.
3) What is advantage of putting a telescope in space?
Telescope is an instrument that helps to see lovely object.
Hubble telescope can produce clear images of
astronomical objects which are very far from the earth.
4) What is remote sensing?
Fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas) and
underground water reservoirs can be located with the
help of satellites. This study is called remote sensing.
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 GRADE 8 SCIENCE NOTES REVISED 2016 – 17

5) What is GPS? 2. Rocket launching pads

GPS stands for Global positioning system. The place where rockets are launched into space is called
6) Describe the benefits generated by technology of rocket launching pads. These are especially built
space exploration. platforms for firing rockets into space.
Health and medicine 3. Telecommunication system
I. The invention of WARP 10 and hand-held high It is installed in rocket and spacecraft so that space crew
intensity LED unit etc. these machines are used for in the rockets capsule can communicate with each other
getting relief in muscle and joint pains and arthritis and with earth station.
II. Infra-red (IR) thermometer 4. Ground mission control stations
III. Kidney dialysis machines and mini cameras for taking To monitor and guide their motion in space, Ground
photos of internal organs of human body. stations receive and process information from satellites.
IV. The materials used to keep our homes warm. The main tasks are:
Global Navigation Tracking
I. Geostationary orbits and GPS use the network of Continuously reporting the position of the satellite or
satellites to facilitate communication and navigation. space probe.
II. The travelers, aeroplane pilots, sailors and desert Monitoring
hikers also use GPS in mobile phones to find their Progress of a space mission is closely observed and
positions and maps. necessary instructions are issued from time to time.
Weather forecasting 9) Describe four problems created from space
I. The accurate weather reports on hourly basis are exploration and their solutions.
possible by the help of satellites. The main problems are:
II. It is very easy to predict natural calamities such as I. Space sickness
floods, storms and tornadoes. II. Effects of weightlessness
Advanced electronics and computers III. Conditions resulting from exposure to radiation
Satellites are fitted with electronic and computer systems IV. Many unwanted side effects
that can perform many function automatically. V. Disposal of rocket parts
Locating Minerals, Fossil Fuels and water reservoirs VI. Pollution caused by burning of rocket fuel
Fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas) and 1. Deaths in space missions
underground water reservoirs can be located with the Many deaths have resulted during the manned space
help of satellites. This study is called remote sensing. flights. Space scientist needs continuous work to improve
7) Explain how do astronauts survive and work in safety in space mission.
space. 2. Fell of space crafts
I. Pressurized section in which scientists work without In 1979 skylab fell from its orbit to earth. This type of
space suits. incidents very dangerous for populations
II. Open to space section on which equipment is mounted 3. Very costly space programs
for observing the earth and sky. Unprotected human Space programs are very costly. Involvement of private
body cannot survive more as liquid boils at low sector in mission could be a possible solution.
pressure. 10) Write short notes on the following:
III. The astronauts wear a specially designed suit called 1. Hubble Space Telescope
space suit to protect from hazards while going into It is the first space based reflecting telescope launched in
space. 1990. It revolve around earth at a height of 600 Km. it is
IV. Special foods are prepared and packaged for easier work 24 hours. It has taken clear pictures of galaxies,
transportation and a variety of tastes for the billions of Kilometers away in space.
astronauts.
2. Space Probe or Space crafts
8) Describe the technological tools used in space It is a vehicle designed to travel in space. It is used for
exploration. different purposes like communication, earth’s
1. Space rockets observation and transportation of humans. There are two
It is used for transporting spacecrafts, space shuttles and major types
space stations into the space. (I) Robotic space craft (II) Manned space
craft

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 GRADE 8 SCIENCE NOTES REVISED 2016 – 17

1. Robotic space craft

It is sent into space for collection of data about space,
planets and other heavenly bodies such as asteroids.
REVIEWED BY:
Voyager I and voyager II are the two examples.
2. Manned Space craft or probe
HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WAQAS SHARIF
It carries humans and equipment to space. It is larger and
contains necessary facilities for humans such as MPHIL PHYSICS
I. Oxygen
SCIENCE TEACHER
II. Pressurized cabins
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III. Food
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V. Specially built bathrooms. Cell # 0345-4463899
It also protects humans from harmful radiations.
3. Space Stations SCHOOL PTCL # 042-36627013
Either very long stay or performing experiments in space, SCHOOL E-MAIL
larger space craft called space stations are used. A space gescustom@hotmail.com
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station is built in space by carrying its many small parts
and then assembling them there. It may have T.V, bags for
sleeping and kitchen for fresh food.

THE END
THE END

NOTE: If you find any mistake then please tell me.

JAZAK ALLAH

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