SPECIFICATION SHEET

IDENTIFICATION
Name of Equipment Autoclave Reactor
Equipment Code J-1
Equipment Type Stirred-Type Tank
Operation Batch Operation
Number required 1 unit
BASIC DESIGN DATA
Function To produce vanillin from insoluble lignin using
nitrobenzene as a reducing agent in the nitrobenzene
oxidation process
Operating Temperature 170°C
Operating Pressure 5.80 atm
Material Handled Insoluble Lignin, Water, H2SO4, Na2SO4, Cellulose,
Hemicellulose, Ash, Extractives, Soluble Lignin,
Na2SO4, Nitrobenzene
VESSEL DESIGN
Vessel Capacity 3.90 m3
Height 2.5 m
Diameter 1.50 m
Material of Construction SS316
Shell Thickness 5.50 mm
Head Thickness 7.00 mm
Welding Type Double Butt Joint (fully radiographed)
IMPELLER DESIGN
Impeller Type Pitched No. of Impeller 2
Blade
Rotational Speed 300 rpm Impeller Diameter 0.5 m
No. of Baffles 4 Impeller Width 0.10 m
Baffle Width 0.13 m Impeller Length 0.13 m
Impeller Clearance at the Bottom 0.50 m Distance between 0.65 m
Impeller
POWER REQUIREMENT
Motor Size 15 hp
COOLING SYSTEM DESIGN
Jacket Area 4.0 m2
Jacket Diameter 4.62 m
Jacket Space 1.6 m
Thickness of Jacket 13.0 mm
Material of Construction SS316
Cooling Medium Water
Cooling Temperature 5°C
SUMMARY OF ASSUMPTIONS

1. The oxidation is conducted in a batch reactor.

2. Only 1 unit is used per batch.

3. The density of the feed is assumed constant.

4. The volume of the batch reactor is constant.

5. The overall conversion of lignin is 95%

6. An allowance of 7 hours for the cleaning and start-up of the reactor is used.

7. Height of the tank to Diameter of the tank ratio is 1.5 for safety purposes.

8. SS316 is the material of construction to be used for the reactor vessel

9. 20 % allowance for vapor space

10. Motor efficiency of the agitator is 70%.

11. ASME-UPV vessel design code is used for the design calculation of the vessel

12. 10% of the maximum internal pressure is allotted as allowance for safety.

13. The height of liquid is equal to the height of the jacket to maximize the heat transfer.

14. The optimum rotational speed of the impeller would be 300 rpm.

15. The cooling system of the reactor will be a jacketed type.

SUMMARY OF EQUATIONS

Batch Time Determination

1. Time taken for the entire batch reaction

𝑡𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ = 𝑡𝑓 + 𝑡ℎ + 𝑡𝑟 + 𝑡𝑐

Vessel Design

2. Volume of the Feed

πDT 2
VFeed = HL
4

3. Vessel volume allowing 20% volume allowance as the vapor space

𝑉𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 = 1.20 𝑉𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑

4. Shell Thickness

(Ref: Plant Design and Economics by Peters and Timmerhaus, Table 4 p.537)

For Cylindrical shell:

Pri
ts = + Cc
SEJ − 0.6P

5. Head Thickness

(Ref: Plant Design and Economics by Peters and Timmerhaus, Table 4 p.537)

For Torispherical Head:

0.885pL
th =
𝑆𝑤 EJ − 0.1P
Impeller Design

6. Impeller Diameter

1
𝐷𝑎 = 𝐷
3 𝑇

7. Impeller Width

1
𝑊= 𝐷
5 𝑎

8. Impeller Length

1
𝐿= 𝐷
4 𝑎

9. Width of the Baffle

1
𝐽= 𝐷
12 𝑇

10. Impeller Distance from the bottom of the vessel

1
𝐸= 𝐷
3 𝑇

11. Power Requirement

𝑛𝐷𝑎 2 𝜌
𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 𝐷𝑇
𝜇

For turbulent flow,

𝑃 = 𝐾𝑇 𝑛3 𝐷𝑎 5 𝜌

(References: Unit operations of Chemical Engineering 7th ed. By Mccabe & Smith, pp241-

251)
 12. Viscosity of Feed

1 xi
= ∑
μAve μi

(Ref: Chemical Engineering Design Principles, Practice, and Economics of Plant and

Process Design by G. Towler, et al. p. 440 Eq. 8-11.)

13. Distance between impeller

𝑌 = 1.3𝐷𝑎

(Ref: Plant Design and Economics by Peters and Timmerhaus, page 241)

Cooling System Design

14. Surface Area

𝑄
𝐴𝐽 =
𝑈∆𝑇𝐿𝑀

(Ref: ChE Handbook 8th edition, Eq 5-3)

15. Log Mean Temperature Difference

(𝑇𝐻𝑖 − 𝑇𝐶𝑜 ) − (𝑇𝐻𝑜 − 𝑇𝐶𝑖 )

∆𝑇𝐿𝑀 =
𝑇 −𝑇
𝑙𝑛 (𝑇𝐻𝑖 − 𝑇𝐶𝑜 )
𝐻𝑜 𝐶𝑖

(Ref: ChE Handbook 8th edition, p. 5-7 Eq 11-5a)

16. Diameter of Jacket

𝜋𝐻𝐽 (𝐷𝐽 2 − 𝐷𝑂 2 ) 𝜋(𝐷𝐽 3 − 𝐷𝑂 3 )

𝑉𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = +
4 24
 (References: Chemical Process Engineering Design and Economics by Harry Silla, Table

7.8 p. 395)

17. Thickness of Jacket

𝑃𝑟𝑖
𝑡𝑗 = + 𝐶𝐶
𝑆𝐸𝑗 − 0.6𝑃
ILLUSTRATION

HTank = 2 m

DTank(inside) = 1.08 m HJacket = 1.10 m

DJacketed Vessel = 5.20 m

Cooling Jacket

WBaffle = 100 mm

JS = 2.1 m
DO (Tank) = 1.086 m
A. BATCH TIME DETERMINATION

The reaction involved is first-order reaction with a rate constant of 1.93x10-4/s and a
conversion of 95% with respect to vanillin produced.

(Reference: Catalytic Wet-Air Oxidation of Lignin in a Three-Phase Reactor with

Aromatic Aldehyde Production by Sales et., al)

Component Mass Density Volume of feed

(kg) (kg/m3) (m3)
Insoluble Lignin 1,150.86 1450 0.79369
Water 95.90 997 0.09619
H2SO4 0.05 1826 0.00003
Na2SO4 10.45 1500 0.00697
Cellulose 7.18 1500 0.00479
Hemicellulose 3.76 1520 0.00247
Ash 0.27 700 0.00039
Extractives 3.58 789 0.00453
Soluble Lignin 20.19 1260 0.01602

Total 1,292.24 0.92508

(Ref: Chapter 5, Mass and Energy Balance)

𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒏𝒔. 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒊𝒏

[𝑪𝒊𝒏𝒔.𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒊𝒏 ] =
𝑳 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝟏 𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟎. 𝟖𝟔 𝒌𝒈 𝒙 𝒙
𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟑. 𝟖𝟓 𝒌𝒈 𝟏 𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍
[𝑪𝒊𝒏𝒔.𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒊𝒏 ] = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟓𝟑 𝑴
𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑳
𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟖 𝒎𝟑 𝒙
𝟏𝒎𝟑
[𝑪𝒊𝒏𝒔.𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒊𝒏 ] = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟓𝟑 𝑴 (𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟓𝟐𝟕 𝑴

[𝑪𝒊𝒏𝒔.𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒊𝒏 ]
𝒍𝒏 ( ) = −𝒌𝒕𝒓
[𝑪𝒊𝒏𝒔.𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒊𝒏 ]
𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍

𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟓𝟐𝟕
𝒍𝒏 [ ]
𝒕𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟓𝟑 = 𝟏𝟓, 𝟒𝟗𝟒. 𝟒𝟔𝒔
𝟏. 𝟗𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟒
𝒔
 𝒕𝒓 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟎 𝒉𝒓
Total Batch time:
𝑡𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ = 𝑡𝑓 + 𝑡ℎ + 𝑡𝑟 + 𝑡𝑐

Activity Time, (hrs)

Charge feed to the reactor and agitate, tf 0.5 – 2.0

Heat to reaction temperature, th 0.5 – 2.0
Carry out reaction, tr varies
Empty and clean reactor, tc 1.5 – 3.0
(Ref: Essentials of Chemical Reaction Engineering by Fogler, Table 5.3 p.147)

𝑡𝑓 = 2.0 ℎ𝑟𝑠

𝑡ℎ = 2.0 ℎ𝑟𝑠

𝑡𝑟 = 4.30 ℎ𝑟𝑠

𝑡𝑐 = 3.0 ℎ𝑟𝑠

𝑡𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ = 2.0 + 2.0 + 4.30 + 3.0 = 11.30 ℎ𝑟𝑠

𝒕𝒃𝒂𝒕𝒄𝒉 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟎 𝒉𝒓𝒔

B. VESSEL DESIGN

Component Mass Density Volume of feed

(kg) (kg/m3) (m3)
Insoluble Lignin 1,150.86 1450 0.79369
Water 1,189.22 997 1.19280
H2SO4 0.05 1826 0.00003
Na2SO4 10.45 1500 0.00697
Cellulose 7.18 1500 0.00479
Hemicellulose 3.76 1520 0.00247
Ash 0.27 700 0.00039
Extractives 3.58 789 0.00453
Soluble Lignin 20.19 1260 0.01602
NaOH 1093.32 1529 0.71506
Nitrobenzene 524.79 1199 0.43769
Total 4003.67 3.17444
Total Volume = 3.17444 m3/batch

Total Mass = 4003.67 kg/batch

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
Average Density: ρ𝐴𝑣𝑒 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟑.𝟔𝟕 𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈⁄
𝝆𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝟑.𝟏𝟕𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝟑 = 𝟏, 𝟐𝟔𝟏. 𝟐𝟐
𝒎𝟑

Vessel Capacity:

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 3.17444 𝑚3 ⁄𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ

𝑉𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑 = =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 1 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡⁄𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ

𝑽𝑭𝒆𝒆𝒅 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟕𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝟑

Volume of the Vessel (Excluding Head)

Assume 20% allowance

𝑉𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 = 1.2𝑉𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑
𝑽𝒗𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒍 = 𝟏. 𝟐(𝟑. 𝟏𝟕𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝟑 ) = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟎𝟗𝟑𝟑 ≈ 𝟑. 𝟗𝟎 𝒎𝟑

Dimensions:

For Vessel Diameter (D) and Height (H)

For top-entering impellers, the vessel straight-side-height-to-diameter ratio should be 0.75

to 1.5 and the volume should not exceed 4m3. (Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook 8th
Ed, p. 18-14)

Using the maximum ratio:

𝐻𝑇
= 1.5
𝐷𝑇

𝜋𝐷𝑇 2 𝐻𝑇
𝑉𝑇 =
4

4𝑉𝑇
3
𝐷𝑇 = √
1.5𝜋

3 4(3.90 𝑚3 )
𝐷𝑇 = √ /
1.5𝜋

DT = 1.49 m = 58.68 in ≈ 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎 𝒎

HT = 1.5 m x 1.5

HT = 2.25 m = 98.425 in ≈ 𝟐. 𝟓 𝒎

4𝑉𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 4(3.17444 𝑚3 )
HL = 2 =
𝜋𝐷𝑇 𝜋(1.50𝑚)2
HL= 1.80 m

Volume of the Head

𝜋𝐷3
𝑉=
24

Where:

V = Volume of the Head

D = Diameter of the Vessel

𝜋𝐷3 𝜋(1.50)3
𝑉= =
24 24

𝑽 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟏𝟖 𝒎𝟑

Total Volume of the Vessel

𝑉𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 = 𝑉𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 (𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑) + 𝑉𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 + 𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑝 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑

𝑉𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 = 3.90 𝑚3 + 0.4418 𝑚3 + 0.4418 𝑚3

𝑽𝒗𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒍 = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟖𝟑𝟔 𝒎𝟑 ≈ 𝟒. 𝟖𝟎 𝒎𝟑

The total volume of the reactor vessel is 4.80 m3. Based from the Pfaudler, Inc. Stainless

Steel Autoclave Reactor brochure, the total capacity is between 3.7854 m3 (1000 gallons)

and 5.6781 m3 (15000 gallons), thus the 5.6781 m3 capacity of reactor will be utilized.
Material of Construction: SS316

(Ref: Chemical Engineering Design by Sinnot and Towler)

Maximum Allowable Working Stress:

SW (for SS 316) = 128,900 kPa = 18,700.52 psi

Assume Fully Radiographed Double-butt Joint: EJ = 1.00

(Ref:Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers 5th ed by Peters and Timmerhaus,

Table 12-10 p. 555)

Maximum Internal Pressure:

g
P = Patm + ρHliquid ⁄g c

kg m
P = 5877685 Pa + (1,261.22 ) (1.80 m) ( 9.81 s2 )
m3

P = 609955.6228 Pa = 88.47 psi

Design Pressure (10% of internal pressure for safety)

PT = 1.10 (88.47)

PT = 1.10(88.47)

PT = 97.32 psia
Shell Thickness:

For Cylindrical shell:

Pri
ts = + Cc
𝑆𝑤 EJ − 0.6P

Where:

𝑡𝑠 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠

1
𝐶 = 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (16 𝑖𝑛)

ri = 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑

𝑆𝑤 = 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

𝑃 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

EJ = 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

𝐷𝑇 1.50 𝑚
ri = = = 0.75 𝑚 = 29.53 𝑖𝑛
2 2

(𝟗𝟕.𝟑𝟐 psi)(29.53 in)

t s = (18,700.52 psi)(1)−(0.6)(19.72psi)

t s = 0.1542 in

𝑟𝑖 𝑟𝑖
Limiting condition: ts ≤ where: = 14.77 𝑖𝑛
2 2

0.1542 in ≤ 14.77 in

1
t s = 0.1542 in + in
16

𝐭 𝐬 = 0.2167 in ≈ 5.50 mm (5.50 mm)

Outside Diameter:

Do = DT + 2(ts)

Do = 1500 mm + 2(5.50) mm

Do = 1511 mm = 1.511 m

Head Thickness:

For Torispherical Head:

0.885PL
th =
𝑆𝑤 EJ − 0.1P

Where:

𝑡ℎ = 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠

𝐿 = 𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝑆𝑤 = 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

𝑃 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

EJ = 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

0.885(97.32 psi)( 58.68 in)

th =
(18,700.52 psi)(1) − (0.1)( 97.32 psi)

𝐭 𝐡 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕 𝐢𝐧 = 𝟔. 𝟖𝟗 𝐦𝐦 ≈ 𝟕 𝐦𝐦

Bottom Thickness:

𝒕𝒃 = 𝐭 𝐬 = 𝟓. 𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦
C. EQUIPMENT SIZING

45 ˚ Pitched Blade Impeller

Pitched blade turbines with 45° blades are used to provide strong axial flow for
suspension of solids
(Ref: Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering by McCabe)

Impeller Design

Impeller Diameter, Da
1 1
𝐷𝑎 = 𝐷𝑇 = (1.50 𝑚)
3 3

𝑫𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒎

Impeller Width, W

1 1
𝑊= 𝐷𝑎 = (0.5)
5 5

𝑾 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎 𝒎

Impeller Length, L

1 1
𝐿= 𝐷𝑎 = (0.5)
4 4

𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒎 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑 𝒎

Distance between Impeller, Y

𝑌 = 1.3𝐷𝑎 = 1.3(0.5)

𝒀 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 𝒎

No. of Baffles = 4 (Ref: Geankoplis, Tranport Processes and Unit Operation 3rd ed)

Width of Baffle, J

1 1
𝐽= 𝐷𝑇 = (1.50)
12 12
 𝑱 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒎 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑 𝒎

Impeller Distance from the bottom of the vessel, E

1 1
𝐸= 𝐷𝑇 = (1.50)
3 3

𝑬 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎

Power Requirement of Agitator

For NRe>10,000

KT n3 D5a ρ
P=
gc

Dvρ
NRe = μ

Viscosity:

1 x
= ∑ μi
μAve i

Component Mass Mass Viscosity 𝒙𝒊

(kg) Fraction 𝝁𝒊
Insoluble Lignin 1,150.86 0.2875 - -
Water 1189.22 0.2970 0.0003261 910.8631
H2SO4 0.05 0.00001 0.0029 0.004306
Na2SO4 10.45 0.0026 0.000509 5.1279
Cellulose 7.18 0.0018 - -
Hemicellulose 3.76 0.0009 - -
Ash 0.27 0.0001 - -
Extractives 3.58 0.0009 - -
Soluble Lignin 20.19 0.0050 0.0000189 266.8187
NaOH 1093.32 0.2731 0.00065 420.1222
Nitrobenzene 524.79 0.1311 1686000 7.77x10^-8
Total 4003.67 1.000 1602.936

1 x
= ∑ μi
μAve i
 1
= 1602.936
μAve

𝝁𝑨𝒗𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟐 𝑷𝒂 − 𝒔

Computation of the Reynold’s Number:

Da 2 vρ
NRe =
μ

From Handbook of Industrial Mixing: Science and Practice by E.L. Paul, typical turbine

speed of a pitched blade impeller is at 300-400 rpm. Using the minimum, 300 rpm turbine

speed.

1 min kg
(0.5𝑚)2 (300rpm× )(1,261.22 3 )
60 s m
NRe = 0.00062 Pa−s

𝐍𝐑𝐞 = 2542782.26 > 10,000

Power Requirement

In baffled tanks and if NRe > 10,000, then Np = KT

(Ref: Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering by McCabe and Smith 7th edition, p.262)

𝑃 = (𝑁𝑝 )(𝑛 3 )(𝐷𝑎 5 ) (𝜌)

KT = 1.27 (Ref: Unit operations of chemical engineering by McCabe, Smith & Harriott

7th ed, Table 9.2)

1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 3 kg
P = KTn3𝐷𝑎5𝜌 = (1.27) [300𝑟𝑝𝑚 ( )] (0.50𝑚)5 (1,261.22 m3 )
60𝑠
P = 6256.83 W = 8.40 hp

Motor Efficiency, ŋ = 70%

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
Pactual = ŋ

8.40 ℎ𝑝
Pactual = 0.70

Pactual = 12 hp

From, the nearest standard size electric motor is 15 hp.

(Ref: Chemical Process Engineering, Design and Economics by Silla, Table 5.10 p. 240)
D. JACKET DESIGN

Surface Area (Heating Area):

From energy balance,

kJ 1000J 1 unit 1h
Qunit = 1,644,210.80 × × × 3600s
unit kJ 4.3 h

𝐐𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭 = 106,215.17 W

The cooling water will flow counter-current to the feed

Log Mean Temperature Difference:

Crude Vanillin Solution Water

Inlet Temperature Outlet Temperature Inlet Temperature Outlet Temperature
(°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
170 25 5 15

(𝑇𝐻𝑖 − 𝑇𝐶𝑜 ) − (𝑇𝐻𝑜 − 𝑇𝐶𝑖 )

∆𝑇𝐿𝑀 =
𝑇 −𝑇
𝑙𝑛 (𝑇𝐻𝑖 − 𝑇𝐶𝑜 )
𝐻𝑜 𝐶𝑖

(170 − 15) − (25 − 5)

∆TLM =
(170 − 15)
ln [ ]
(25 − 5)

∆𝐓𝐋𝐌 = 65.9278 K

Referring to the table below, for stirred tank (jacketed) using cooling water with organic

solution. UJ = 60 – 110 Btu/h-ft2-°F.

Getting the average value of U = 85 Btu/h-ft2-°F (482.63 W/m2-K)

(Ref: Chemical Process Engineering, Design and Economics by Harry Silla. 2003, Table

7.6 p. 386)

Surface Area of Jacket:

Q
AJ =
U𝐽 ΔTLM

106,215.17 W
AJ =
W
(482.63 2 ) (65.9278 K)
m −K

𝐀 𝐉 = 3.34 m2 ≈ 4.0 m2
Height of Jacket

The height of the liquid must be equal to the height of the jacket to optimize heat transfer.

𝐻𝐽 = 𝐻𝐿 = 1.80 𝑚

Diameter of Jacket

Qtotal 1,644,210.80 kJ
Mass of cooling water = = kJ
Cpcoolingwater ∆T (4.18 )(15−5)K
kg−K

Mass of cooling water = 39,335.19 kg

kg
39,335.19
unit
Vcooling water = kg
1000 3
m

m3
Vcooling water = 39.34 unit

𝜋𝐻𝐽 (𝐷𝐽 2 − 𝐷𝑂 2 ) 𝜋(𝐷𝐽 3 − 𝐷𝑂 3 )

𝑉𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = +
4 24

𝜋1.80(𝐷𝐽 2 − 1.5112 ) 𝜋(𝐷𝐽 3 − 1.5113 )

39.34 = +
4 24

𝐷𝐽 = 4.617 𝑚 ≈ 4.62 𝑚 (181.89 𝑖𝑛)

Jacket Space

𝐷𝐽 − 𝐷𝑂 4.62 − 1.511
𝐽𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 = =
2 2

𝑱𝒂𝒄𝒌𝒆𝒕 𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟒𝟓 𝒎 ≈ 𝟏. 𝟔 𝒎

Thickness of Jacket:
Material = SS316

Working Stress(S) of SS316 = 18,700.52 psi

g
Pressure (P) = Patm + ρ g hL
c
 ft
lbf lbm 32.174 2
s
P = 85.26in2 + (62.416 ft3 )( lbm ∙ ft )(3.3128 ft)
32.174
lbf ∙ s2

lb lb 1 ft2
P = 85.26 in2f + 206.77 ft2f(144 in2)

lb lb
P = 85.26 in2f + 1.436in2f `

P = 86.696 psi

Joint Efficiency, Ej = 1 (double welded butt joint-fully radiographed)

Internal jacket radius, rj = 4.62m/2 = 2.31 m = 90.95 in

(Ref: Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers, 5th ed, p.555)

Pr
i
t j = SE −0.6P + Cc
J

Where:

t j = 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐽𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡

rj = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠

S = 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

𝑃 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

EJ = 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

(86.696)(90.95)
t j = (18,700.52)(1)−(0.6)(86.696)

1
t j = 0.4228 + in
16

𝐭 𝐣 = 0.4853 in ≈ 12.33 mm (13.0 mm)