3RD QUARTER STATISTICS REVIEWER – by adrian hehe

LINEAR CORRELATION
- Used to determine the strength of linear relationship
between variables x and y
x – independent
y – dependent
- Used to determine if the change in the values of y
can be explained by a linear relationship with the
values of x
TYPES OF CORRELATION
1. Positive Linear Correlation

- value of x increases, value of y also increases

- graph shows a positive slope correlation
2. Negative Linear Correlation

- value of x decreases, value of y also decreases

- shows a negative slope correlation
3. Zero Correlation

-no linear relationship between the values of x and y

- change in the values of y cant be determined by
a linear relationship with the values of x
- relationship is not linear but maybe of another kind
like quadratic,exponential, circular, etc.
PEARSONS PRODUCT – Moment Correlation
Coefficient (used for interval/ratio level variables)
 INTERPRETATION
1 – perfect positive correlation
0.76 – 0.99 – very strong/high positive correlation
0.51 – 0.74 – strong/high positive correlation
0.26 – 0.49 – moderately weak/low positive correlation
0.01 – 0.24 – very weak/low positive correlation
0 – zero correlation
-0.01 – -0.24 – very weak/low negative correlation (may negative na ean ah pababa)
-0.26 – -0.49 – moderately weak/low negative correlation
-0.51 – -0.74 – strong/high negative correlation
-0.76 – -0.99 – very strong/high negative correlation
-1 – perfect negative correlation
r^2 INTERPRETATION
- the total amt. of variability in the values of y that can be explained by its linear relationship with the
values of x
SPEARMANS RANK – ORDER
Correlation Coefficient ( ρ)

where:
D (malaking d yung d^2) – difference between ranks of x and y
n = sample size
Interpretation – the same as LINEAR CORRELATION
How to rank:
either increasing or decreasing
if there are the same values for the rank, get the average for the current rank and the next rank after
that (for e.g if there are two same number of values and the current rank is 3, get ave. of 3 and 4)
If there are more than 2 same values, do the same thing (current rank, next, next)
EXAMPLE: (increasing)
1. 85 – 2.5
2. 90 – 5
3. 85 – 2.5
4. 80 - 1
5. 86 – 4
SIMPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS
- process of determing the equation of the line that best describes the linear relationship between
values of x and y
- the line of best fit or regression line is used in predicting values of the y for given values of x
Equation of the regression line:
y = a+bx
where: a- y-intercept of the regression line
b – slope of the regression line
a = ȳ – bx̄
where:
ȳ – mean of y values
x̄ – mean of x values
b = n Σxy - Σx Σy
------------------------
n Σx ² – (Σx) ²
Interpreting Slope:
The slope is the amt. of increase/dec. in the value of y for every unit increase/dec. in the value of x
 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
X~N (μ, σ²)
read as x is approx. normally distributed with a mean of μ and variance of σ².
Properties:
1. Its mean=median=mode
2. Its graph is a bell-shaped curve (called normal curve) symmetric with respect to its mean
3. The total area under the normal curve is equal to 1 or 100% of the distribution
4. The tails of the normal curve are asymptotic to the horizontal axis
The Normal Curve

Standard Scores (z)

Normal scores (x)
convert z to x
x = z σ + μ (μ is mean, σ is variance)
convert x to z
z=x–μ
-----------
σ

APPLICATION OF THE AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE

- problem solving including normal distribution