Adil Javed 200

Experiment Number 4

To study the flow characteristics of the

Hydrostatic jump developed in Lab
flume.
Objectives
• To physically achieve the hydraulic jump in lab flume.
• To measure the physical dimension of hydraulic jump.
• To calculate the energy losses through hydraulic jump.
• To plot the water surface profile of the hydraulic jump for various discharges.

Apparatus
1. S6 Tilting or lab flume with automatic flow arrangement and slop adjusting scale.
2. Hook Gauge

Related Theory
1. Hydraulic Jump

The rise of water surface level which takes place due to transformation of super critical flow to sub
critical flow. It is termed as Hydraulic Jump.

A hydraulic jump occurs when the upstream flow is supercritical (F>1). To have a jump, there must be a
flow impediment downstream. The downstream impediment could be a weir, a bridge abutment, a
dam, or simply channel friction. Water depth increases during a hydraulic jump and energy is dissipated
as turbulence. Often, engineers will purposely install impediments in channels in order to force jumps to
occur. Mixing of coagulant chemicals in water treatment plants is often aided by hydraulic jumps.
Concrete blocks may be installed in a channel downstream of a spillway in order to force a jump to occur
thereby reducing the velocity and energy of the water. Flow will go from supercritical (F>1) to subcritical
(F<1) over a jump.

According to Chow (1959), a strong jump occurs when F1>9, a steady jump occurs when 4.5<F1<9, an
oscillating jump occurs when 2.5<F1<4.5, a weak jump occurs when 1.7<F1<2.5, and an undular jump
occurs when 1<F1<1.7. According to Chaudhry (1993), the best jumps occur when 4.5<F1<9.

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Notes:

• "Need B>0." Channel width must be a positive number.

• "Need Q>0." Discharge must be positive.
• "Need y1>0." Upstream depth must be positive.
• "Need F1 >1." Upstream flow must be supercritical.

Figure 1 Cross Section of a Dam Body

We can see, in figure 2, at section 11, d1<yc which means there is a super-critical
critical flow at section 1. Same
goes for at section 2, where d2>yc, it means there is sub-critical flow (yc is the critical depth of flow).

2. Expression for Depth of Hydraulic Jump

 


 2


   
2 4 

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3. Expression for Loss of Energy due to Hydraulic Jump

  


Figure 2 Energy dissipation using hydraulic jump.

  


On simplification, we can write this as:





 
4




4. Length of Hydraulic Jump

The length between two sections where section 1 is just taken before the hydraulic jump and section 2
is taken just after the hydraulic jump. (figure 1) If a rectangular section is used, length is usually 5-7
5
times the depth.

Figure 3 Length of Hydraulic Jump

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5. Location of Hydraulic Jump

We can divide Hydraulic Jump into 4 types according to its location.

There are two factors on which location of Hydraulic Jump depends, which are:

y2, it is the sequent depth after the jump.

y1, it is the tail water depth.

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Definition of types of hydraulic jumps are as follows:

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6. Types of Hydraulic Jump

We can divide Hydraulic jump into many types relating to its strength. Controlling section is section 1
(figure 1)

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7. Traditional applications of Hydraulic Jump

To dissipate energy

To dissipate energy of water flowing over the hydraulic structure and thus p
prevent
revent structure scouring at
downstream side.

To raise the water level

It is also used to recover the head or raise the water level on downstream side of Hydraulic structure
and thus to maintain the high water level in channel for irrigation and other wate
waterr distribution purposes.

To increase the weight on Apron

It is used to increase the weight on apron and does reduce the uplift pressure under the structure by
raising the water depth on apron. (figure 4)

Figure 4 Concrete and Apron on downstream side

Mixing Chemicals

To mix the chemicals in water for purification purposes and etc

etc.

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8. Observations and Calculations

Figure 5 Hydraulic Jump Overall Schematic

Figure 6 Hydraulic Jump developed in Lab Flume

• Depth of Jump = y2- y1

• Length of Jump = x2- x1
• Energy Loss = E1- E2
• Width of Flume = B= 0.3 m
• Slope of Flume = S = 1:40 m/m

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Observations & Calculations

Width of Flume= 0.3 m
Slope of Flume = 1:40 m/m

Critical Depth Length

Sr. Horizontal Energy
Discharge Depth of Flow Depth of of of v1 F1 Type of Jump
No Distance Loss
Flow Jump Jump
Units> m3/s m m m m m N/m m/s
Q yo y1 y2 xo x1 x2 yc y2-y1 x2-x1 hL Q/(By1) v1/(gy1)^0.5
1 0.011659 0.0253 0.0233 0.0904 7.00 7.20 7.38 0.0536 0.0671 0.18 0.0359 1.6680 3.4888 Oscillating Jump (2.5-4.5)
2 0.014400 0.0295 0.0280 0.1000 7.00 7.45 7.65 0.0617 0.0720 0.20 0.0333 1.7143 3.2709 Oscillating Jump (2.5-4.5)
3 0.015440 0.0305 0.0310 0.1023 7.00 7.54 7.71 0.0646 0.0713 0.17 0.0286 1.6602 3.0106 Oscillating Jump (2.5-4.5)
4 0.011659 0.0325 0.0354 0.1090 7.00 7.65 8.05 0.0536 0.0736 0.40 0.0258 1.0978 1.8629 Weak Jump (1.7-2.5)
5 0.019792 0.0370 0.0380 0.1169 7.00 7.76 8.06 0.0763 0.0789 0.30 0.0276 1.7361 2.8435 Oscillating Jump (2.5-4.5)

9. Comments

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10. Water Surface Profile

Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3 Reading 4 Reading 5

0.1400

0.1200

0.1000
Depth of Flow, m

0.0800

0.0600

0.0400

0.0200

0.0000
6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20
Horizontal Distance, m

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