UNIT – 1

FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH
ARTICLES – A, AN, THE
“A” and “an” are called indefinite articles because they do not refer to any particular person
or thing. Indefinite articles are used before singular countable nouns. “A” is used before
consonant and “An” is used before vowels.
Example:- a paper, a book, an apple, a girl, an hour

“The” is called the Definite article because it is used to refer to a particular person or thing.
The Definite article is used before singular countable nouns, plural countable nouns and
uncountable nouns.
Example:- the book, the books, the milk

Exercise
Fill in the blanks with correct articles A, AN and The
1. Could you get me ____ bowl of chicken soup? (a, the)
2. For dessert, ___ plate of kheer will do (a, the, no article needed)
3. Please get me ___ glass of water.
4. Excuse me, where is _____ washroom?
5. I would like to have ____ onion masala dosa and vanilla ice-cream.

PRONOUN
The words used in place of noun is called pronoun.
Example, He, she, I, We, you, they, It, etc.

EXERCISE
1. Except Ruhi and ______ everyone else arrived late at the class (I/me)
2. We must reach the airport on time, or else ______ will miss the flight. (We/us)
3. We really enjoyed ________ on the trip to manali last month. (us/ourselves)
4. His friends did not appreciate ______ going to the fair alone. (his /himself)
5. Ravi was very helpful to ____. (us/ourselves)

ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

ADJECTIVES – An adjective is a word or set of words that modifies a noun or pronoun.

Adjectives may come before the word they modify.
Example – 1. That is a cute puppy.
Adjectives may also follow the word they modify. Example:-That puppy looks cute.

ADVERBS - An adverb is a word or set of words that modifies verbs, adjectives or other
adverbs. An adverb answer how, when, where, why, or to what extent, how often or how
much.
Example – 1. He speaks slowly (tells how)
2. She arrived today ( tells when)
EXERCISE
1. I am ________ to take the test. (adjective)
2. I am ______ taking the test. (adverb)
3. I was __________ when I received the certificate. (adjective)
4. I _______ received the certificate. (adverb)
PREPOSITION
A preposition is a word that links a noun and pronoun to other words in a sentence.
Example. 1. We went to the market. 2. The market is just around the corner.
Prepositions are used as follows.
 Prepositions of time: at, on, in, during, since, until, by etc. Use at for specific
times, on for days and dates, and in for non-specific times. Example – We reached
the school at 7:20 am. We reached the hostel on Monday. We will reach the airport
in an hour.
 Prepositions of place: at, on, in, over, above, under, beside, behind, etc. Use at
for specific places, on for roads, streets etc, and in for cities, countries etc.
Example – We went to the library. The library is on Hudson Lane.
 Prepositions of directions: to, from, across, through, around, into, towards etc.
Example – The electronic shop is across the street. The cricketers went in that
direction.
 Preposition indicating other relationships: by, with, of, for, etc. Example – This
sari is made of silk. A surprise is waiting for you.
EXERCISE
1. The florist stall is _____ Kamana’s house. (below, under)
2. The jeweler’s store is right next ____ the bus stop. (for, to)
3. The book store is just _________ the street (across, under)
4. Walk _____ you reach the traffic point (till, before)

TENSES
Tense – Tense is the form, a verb takes to show the time it happened. There are three
main tenses.
1. Present Tense – things that are true when the words are spoken or written.
2. Past Tense – things that were true before the words were spoken or written.
3. Future Tense – things that will be true after the words are spoken or written.

1. Present Tense
Types of Present Tense
1. Simple Present Tense – A sentence is presented in simple present tense when it
is used to describe an action that’s happening at present and does not indicate
when the action is expected to end.
Structure – Subject + Verb (1st Form) + s/es
2. Present Continuous Tense – Present continuous defines an act that is going on
at the time of speaking.
Structure – Subject + is/am/are + Verb (1st Form) + ing + Object
3. Present Perfect Tense – Present Perfect tense explains the incident that has
happened in the past and that continues until the present time.
Structure – Subject + has/have + Verb (3rd form)
2. Past Tense
Types of Past Tense
1. Simple Past Tense – A sentence is presented in simple past tense when it is used
to describe an action that was happened in past.
Structure – Subject + Verb (2nd Form) + Object
2. Past Continuous Tense – Past continuous defines an action that was already
happened in the past and have been completed before the time.
Structure – Subject + was/were + Verb (1st Form) + ing + Object
3. Past Perfect Tense – Past Perfect tense explains the non continuous action that
was already completed in the past.
Structure – Subject + had + Verb (3rd form) + Object
3. Future Tense
Types of Future Tense
1. Simple Future Tense – This tense refer to the actions which will occur later, in the
future.
Structure – Subject +will/shall + Verb (1st Form) + Object.
2. Future Continuous Tense – Future continuous defines an action which will be
continued at a future point of time.
Structure – Subject + will +be + Verb (1st Form) + ing + Object
3. Future Perfect Tense – Future Perfect tense express an action that is predicted
to be finished within a certain span of time in the future.
Structure – Subject + will + have + Verb (2nd form) + Object

MODALS:- Modals are helping verbs. They help to express the mood of the main verb.
The various modals are: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would. They have
various uses:
1. Asking for permission: Example – May I come in?
2. Making a Request: Example - Can/Could you pass me the book?
3. Expressing obligation: Example – You should do the work yourself.
4. Expressing determination: Example – I will finish the project.
5. Expressing ability: Example – I can solve the riddle.
6. Expressing probability: Example – It might rain tomorrow.
7. Expressing willingness: Example – I will meet you tomorrow.

Exercise: Fill with modals:

1. I ______ meet you day after tomorrow. (will / would)
2. What _____ I do for you. (Can / could)
3. It ______ rain today. (May / might)
4. You _____ do the work yourself. (Shall / should)

CONNECTOR AND CONJUNCTIONS:- Connectors are words used to express

relationship between ideas and combine paragraphs and sentences. For example: but,
also, however, moreover, etc.
Conjunctions are words used to connect phrases and words. For example: and, so, or
etc. Note: Conjunctions can also be used as Connectors.

Exercise:
1. The boy is active ____ intelligent. (and / because)
2. You should carry an umbrella ________ it is raining outside. (so / because)
3. You should wash your hands ____ you eat. (before / because)
4. I _____ my sister went to watch a movie. (or / and)

UNIT - 2
WEB APPLICATION : Networking Fundamentals
Network: A computer network is a collection of computers and other hardware
components interconnected by communication channels (cables or satellites) that allow
sharing of resources and information.
Networks are designed using the following architecture:
Peer to peer (P2P): Networkn which all computers have an equal status are called peer
to peer networks. Generally in such a network each terminal has an equally competent
CPU.
Client-Server: Networks, in which certain computers have special dedicated tasks,
providing services to other computers (in the network) are called client server networks.
The computer(s) which provide services are called servers and the ones that use these
services are called clients.
Types of Network:
There are 2 major types of network:-
1) LAN:- LAN is Local Area Network. It is used to connect computers and devices
within a small geographical area such as home, school etc.

2) WAN:- WAN is Wide Area Network. It is used to connect computers in a broad

area such as national and international boundaries.
Eg. Internet.
Internet: Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the
standard Internet protocol suite to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of
networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government
networks.
World Wide Web: World Wide Web (abbreviated as WWW or W3, commonly known as
the Web), is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet.
Web Browser: A Web Browser is software used to view Web sites and acts as an
interface between the user and the World Wide Web.
Web Server: A Web server is a computer that stores web sites and their related files for
viewing on the Internet.

Uses of Network:-
1) Data Sharing: We can share data like text files, documents, audio and video files
to other users with the help of Networking.
2) Hardware Sharing: Hardware components like printers, scanners etc. can also
be shared with the help of networking.
3) Internet Access Sharing: Through networking we can access a single internet
connection on multiple computers within a network.
4) Usage of Network Based Applications: Applications like chat applications, audio
and video calling is an another advantage.

Getting Access to the Internet:-

To use Internet we need the following:-
1) ISP:- ISP is Internet Service Provider. It is an organization which provides us with
the access of Internet. For eg. BSNL, Airtel, MTNL etc.
2) Modem:- The word modem is derived from its function Modulator/DEModulator. It
is a device which is used to convert digital computer signals into analog signals
and vice-versa.
Types of Internet Connectivity
Types of Internet Connectivity can be broadly categorized into Wired Technology and
Wireless Technology.
Wired Technology:-
1) Dial-up:- It uses the facilities of the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
to establish a internet connection via telephone lines using a device called
MODEM. Users dial a number and get access to internet. Dial-up connections are
extremely slow.
2) DSL:- DSL is Digital Subscriber Line provides internet connectivity by transmitting
digital data over wires of a local telephone network. It enables the use of Telephone
and Data Transmission on a single telephone line. For using DSL Connection, we
need a DSL modem and a subscription.
3) Cable Internet Access:- It is a form of broadband Internet access that uses the
cable TV infrastructure. It is provided through existing cable TV networks and it is
similar to DSL.
Wireless Technology:-
1) 3G:- 3G, is short for 3rd Generation. It is a set of standards used for Mobile devices
and mobile telecommunication services and networks. If the phone supports 3G,
then high speed internet connectivity can be accessed through its subscription.
High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is a 3G protocol (standard) that
allows higher data transfer speeds and capacity.
2) WiMAX:- WiMAX is Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access is a wireless
communications standard designed to provide mobile broadband connectivity
across cities and countries through variety of devices. It is a long range system. It
is beneficial where there is a difficulty in laying out cables and wires.
3) Wi-Fi:- It is a popular technology used to transfer data wirelessly over a network.
Wi-Fi stands for Wireless Fidelity. The wireless network is formed through a device
called Wireless Access Point (WAP). It is beneficial as there is no need of laying
out wires for transferring data.
Data Transfer On the Internet :-
The data is broken up into bits of same sized pieces called packets.
A header is added to each packet explaining where the data has come from, where it
should end up and where it fits in with the rest of the packets.
Each packet is sent from computer to computer until it finds its destination. All packets
may not take the same route.
At the destination, the packets are examined. If any packets are missing or damaged, a
message is sent asking for them to be resent. This continues until all packets have been
received intact.
The packets are now reassembled into their original form. All this done in seconds!

Session 3 : INTRODUCTION TO THE INSTANT MESSAGING

INSTANT MESSAGING
Instant Messaging (IM) is a form of communication over the internet that offers an
instantaneous transmission of text-based messages from sender to receiver. Most IM
software includes the option to transfer files, audio chat, video, images etc.
Key Features of IM are :-
1) Text message can be sent from one person to another(similar to SMS)
2) Audio calling and conferencing
3) Video calling and conferencing
4) File Transfers
5) Message History (Save messages for future reference)
Types of Instant Messaging Software
There are two kinds of IM Software:-
1) Application Based:- These software are downloaded and installed on user’s
computer. Eg. Google Talk , Yahoo! Messenger , Skype , Window Live Messenger
, Rediff Bol etc.
2) Web Based:- They are accessed using browsers such as Internet Explorer etc.
Eg. MSN Web Messenger , Yahoo! Messenger for the Web , Meebo , IMO etc.
BLOG
A blog is a discussion style site used by non-technical users for creating personal web
pages. Blog is similar to an online personal diary and similar to use. A blog is used to
convey messages, events, news, announcements etc.
Blogs are usually managed through web browser which needs an internet connection. A
blog can also be created through Offline Blog Software and later publish the content when
the internet connection is available.
Examples of Websites that offer blog services:-
www.blogger.com
www.wordpress.com
www.weebly.com
ONLINE TRANSACTIONS
The transactions over the internet are called Online Transactions
Like purchasing of goods, selling of goods, booking a ticket, payment of fees etc. all
comes under the category of Online transactions.
Examples of Online Transaction websites:-
1) For Buying Goods :- amazon, jabong, myntra, flipkart , ebay etc.
2) For Booking of Tickets :- IRCTC , Redbus etc.
3) For Payment of School Fee :- epay.unionbankofindia.co.in/kvfee
Payment Tools to use Online Transactions:-
For completing an online transaction we must need:-
1) Valid Debit Card
2) Valid Credit Card
3) Net Banking Subscription
INTERNET SECURITY
It is a branch of computer security specifically related to the internet, involving browser
security and also network security.
Objectives of Internet Security:-
The main objective of internet security is to establish rules and measures to use against
attacks over the internet.
Online Threats
The threats / vulnerabilities that uses World Wide Web (Internet) to facilitate crimes are
called Online Threats.
Like:-
1) Phishing :- The act of acquiring personal / private and sensitive data from personal
computers for use in fraudulent activities. For eg. Mails from unknown persons that
ask for your credit / debit card details.
2) Email spoofing :- It is the creation of email messages with a forged sender
address. For eg. Sending an email with a forged email address which appears to
be original. These mails are infected mails which contain worms.
3) Chat Spoofing:- Spoofing means hoax, trick, or deceive which contains false
information. Hiding / Faking the identity of another person over the internet is called
chat spoofing.
BEST PRACTICES FOR SECURITY OVER INTERNET
1. Use strong passwords: A combination of alphanumeric and special characters
could be used for creating a password that is not so easy to crack or guessed by
other users.
General guidelines for strong password
a) Keep the length of the password at least 12-14 characters if permitted.
b) Avoid keeping passwords based on repetition words, dictionary words,
usernames, pet names etc.
c) Include numbers and symbols in passwords.
d) Use Capital and lowercase letters.
e) Avoid using same password for multiple sites or purposes.
f) Avoid using something that the public or workmates know you strongly like or
dislikes.
2. Backup your data: Always keep copies of data in CD, pendrives etc, so it could
be helpful in situation when there is a loss of data.
3. Use Encryption software: Use encrypted software available within the operating
software to protect data from unauthorized users.
 4. Keep username and password private: Never save passwords or usernames
on computers that are used in shared environments like net café.
5. Registering with website: Read privacy policy whenever you register with a
website, the policy will include information about how the website use personal
data.
6. Do not share personal information: Be cautious when filling out forms on
internet. Because your personal information or emails could be used by
unauthorized users to send fake or unwanted emails. So, first research and verify
if it’s a trusted website or not before providing personal information to any website.
7. Secure transactions: It is always recommended to use only secure websites for
online shopping or transactions, because these websites store your credit card or
online banking personal information. Verify if the website uses secure transaction,
usually it is indicated through a digital certificate represented as a golden lock in
the web browser’s address bar.
8. Use Antivirus and antispyware software: These softwares protect your
computer from any changes by malwares/threats. Keep these softwares up to
date.
9. Do not immediately respond to mails from unknown users: Some mails, that
promise you jobs or announce lottery results, may contain virus or scripts or they
can try to gather your personal information. Never open the attachments from
unknown persons.
10. Install firewalls: Firewalls keep your system and network secure. They could be
software or hardware. So, Install and configure your firewall.
11. Regularly update your operating system and software applications.
12. When you visit websites, cookies are created on your system that may contain
your personal or logon details. Clear browser cookies frequently so that your logon
details could not be tracked by unauthorized users.
SESSION 1:-WORKING WITH ACCESSIBILITY OPTIONS
Computer Accessibility :- It refers to the user friendliness of a computer system for all,
regardless of their disability. It enables a person with a disability or impairment to use a
computer. It is also known as Assistive Technology.
There are numerous types of impairment that impact computer usage. These includes:-
1) Cognitive impairments and learning disabilities, such as dyslexia, autism, and
attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
2) Visual impairment, such as low-vision, complete or partial blindness, and color
blindness.
3) Hearing impairment including deafness.
4) Motor or dexterity impairment, such as paralysis, cerebral palsy, or carpal tunnel
syndrome and repetitive strain injury.
These accessibility options are used to customize the way your keyboard, display, or
mouse function.
Various Accessibility Options
1) Sticky Keys:- It is an accessibility feature to help computer users with physical
disabilities. It allows the user to press and release a modifier key, such as Ctrl, Alt,
Shift etc. and have it remain active until any other key is pressed.
2) Filter Keys:- It is an accessibility feature that tells the keyboard to ignore repeated
key strokes, making typing easier for people with hand tremors.
3) Toggle Keys:- It is an accessibility feature which is designed for people who have
vision impairment or cognitive disabilities. When toggle keys are turned on, the
computer emits a high sound when the locking keys, such as Caps Lock, Num
Lock, Scroll Lock are switched on & low sound when they are switched off.
 4) Sound Sentry:- It is designed for the users with auditory impairments. It generates
warnings, such as blinking title bar or a flashing border, whenever the computer
generates a sound.
5) Show Sounds:- It instructs applications that convey information by sound, to also
provide information visually, through text captions or informative icons.
6) High Contrast:- It is an accessibility feature to assist people with vision
impairment. It can change the size and color of fonts and the background for ease
of viewing.
7) Cursor Options:- It is an accessibility feature that assists people with vision
impairment by changing the blink rate and width of the cursor.
8) Mouse Keys:- It is an accessibility feature that assists people who have difficulty
using a mouse. This option uses the keyboard as a pointing device instead of a
mouse.
9) Serial keys:- It is an accessibility feature that assists people that have difficulty in
using a keyboard or a mouse or both. They can use special devices such as Sip,
Puff and Breath Switches to provide input to the computer through serial ports.
Unit - 3
Word Processing

Session 1: Modifying Layout of a paragraph

Steps to Set the paragraph layout:-
1. Open a word document. Click on Page Layout tab on the ribbon.
2. Click on the icon under Paragraph group. A paragraph dialog box will appear.
3. Select the desired alignment, line spacing etc.
4. Click on Tab button. A tab dialog box will appear.
5. Specify the tab stop position by mentioning the stopping position in the Tab stop
position box. After specifying the tab stop position click on Set button and the
Tabs window appears.
6. Click OK. The ruler of the document will be marked with a L shaped symbol at 2”,
meaning that the tab stop position has been set at that position.
(Now when you press the tab key, the cursor will automatically jump from its initial
position to the next tab stop position.)
Session 2 : Managing Headers
Header:- Headers are text or images included at the top of the page. They
usually contain important information such as company or department name, logo,
page numbers etc.
Steps to include header in a document
1. Click on the Insert tab on the Ribbon.
2. Click on the option Header in the Header & Footer group.
3. A drop down list will appear. Insert any of the predefined options from the list.
4. You can insert Page number, Date & Time or any picture or clip art in the
header area.
Session 3 : Managing Footers
Footer :- Footers are text or image included at the bottom of the page and may
repeat in all pages of the document. You can include page number, date & time,
pictures or clip art in the footer area.

Steps to include footer in a document

1. Click on the Insert tab on the Ribbon.
2. Click on the option Footer in the Header & Footer group.
3. A drop down list will appear. Insert any of the predefined footer options from
the list.
Session 4: Managing Styles
Styles:- Styles or Style sets are pre-defined or customized options used for
creating good looking profession documents with least efforts.
Steps to apply and manage styles:
1. Locate the Style group under Home tab.You can view list of styles in Styles
Group.
2. To view the list of style sets available, point to Style Set under Change Styles
option. A drop down with different styles will be displayed.
3. Select any of the styles listed by clicking it.
Session 5:- Document Template
Template:- Templates or document templates refer to a sample fill-in-the-blank
document that can help in saving time. They may have sample content, themes,
etc.
Steps to view & use sample templates:-
1. Go to File->New. Different types of templates will be displayed.
2. Select any of the templates by double-clicking on it. Now you can use this
template and customize the contents according to your needs.
Steps to create a template are:-
1. Create a word document that will serve as the template.
2. Click on File->Save As and give the template a name. Select Word Template
from the Save as type: drop down list.
3. Click on Save.
Session 6 : Working with Page and Section Breaks
Page and Section Breaks can be used to separate a document into sections. To separate
a section in a portion use Section Break. To start a new page in a document use Page
Break.
Steps to Use Section Break and Page Break :-
1. Click on the Page Layout tab on the ribbon.
2. Click on the option Breaks in the Page Setup group.
3. A dropdown list with options of different types of breaks appears.
Steps to Delete Section / Page Break
1. Click on the Section / Page Break.
2. Press Delete on your keyboard and the section / page break is removed.
Use of Page Break:- A page break can be inserted anywhere in a document to force the
end of a page and the beginning of a new one.
Use of Section Break :- Section Break add flexibility to formatting your document. You
can create different headers and footers, different footnote numbering, change the layout
of columns, change page borders for different pages and even change the page layout of
the same document. Using Section breaks is like having mini-documents in one
large document.
Session 7: Applying Character Formats
Character Formatting:- To change look and design of characters is called character
formatting.
Different options to make changes to a character or word:-
1. Font Face
2. Font Size
3. Grow Font - to make font size larger than the current size by the specified
point.
4. Shrink Font - to make font size smaller than the current size by the specified
point.
5. Strikethrough – to make a strike through the middle of the selected text.
6. Subscript – to make the selected text lower than the normal text position.
 7. Superscript – to make the selected text higher than the normal text position.
8. Clear Formatting – used to clear the character formatting.
9. Text Highlight Colour - used to change the background colour of the text.
10. Font Colour – used to change the colour of the text.
11. Change Case – helps us to change the text case to capital letters or small
letter. Different change case options are :-
(i) Sentence Case:- the first character in the First word of the selected
sentence will be in Upper case and rest of characters will be in small
case.
(ii) Lowercase:- selected text will be converted to small letters.
(iii) Uppercase:- selected text will be converted to Capital letters.
(iv) Capitalize Each Word:- the first character in all the words of the
selected sentence will be converted to Capital letter.
(v) tOGGLE cASE:- the small letters in the selected text will be converted
to capital letters and capital letters will be converted to small letter.
SESSION 8: INSERT GRAPHICAL OBJECTS AND ILLUSTRATIONS
Most Word processors has support for inserting illustrations in the form of Clip Arts,
Shapes, pictures, charts, etc.
Clip Art: Clip Art can help in making a document look colourful and presentable. Clip arts
are pre-defined images available for use in documents. For example, if you would like to
create a greeting card for your friend, you can use clip arts such as balloon, flowers, etc.
along with text message.
You can use the clip art gallery built-in within the word processor; you can also download
clipart
from websites. Some of the websites that have free clip arts are:
• www.openclipart.org
• www.pdclipart.org
Steps to insert a clip art in a document,
1. Click on the Insert tab on the Ribbon.
2. Click on the option Clip Art in the Illustrations group
3. The Clip Art Task Pane appears. Enter the clipart category name in the search box and
Click Go.
4. Select the clipart that you want to use, double-click on it and it will be inserted into your
document
Steps to insert a clip art in a document from websites
Sometimes, you may need clip arts that may not be available within the word processor
application. In such cases, you can visit websites that offer clip arts such as
OpenClipart.org.
To download a clip art from www.openclipart.org,
1. Open the web browser, Type www.openclipart.org in the address bar and press Enter
You can use the search box available on the website for viewing the list of clip arts to suit
your needs.
Now you can select the clip art you like, download it to your computer and insert it using
the photo option in the word processor.

SESSION 9: TEXT WRAPPING

Text Wrapping enables you to surround a picture with text. The text wraps around the
graphic or a picture.
Steps to insert Text Wrapping
1. Insert the picture / graphic / clipart in the document.
2. Click on the wrap text option under Text section of the Insert tab after double
clicking on the picture.
 3. Alternatively, select the picture then select the Text Wrapping dropdown arrow in
the Arrange group under the Format tab.
Different Wrap Text Options
The different wrap text options available in word processing software are:-
1. Square
2. Tight
3. Through
SESSION 10: INSERTING OBJECTS
In addition to graphic images, to add a personal touch to a special message or to illustrate
a special feature, you may want to embed sound files or maybe even actual files from
other software applications in your document. For example, you can insert a PDF file or
a spread sheet within the word processor.
Steps to insert an object,
1. Select Insert Tab
2. Click Object under Text section. A dialog box will be displayed
3. Select Create from File Tab
4. Click Browse and select a file such as a spread sheet or a PDF document that is
available on your computer, Click Open and Click OK
Note: If you would like to edit the embedded document, double-click on it. It will
automatically open it for editing using respective application.
Demerits of embedding an object
1. The embedded objects cannot be printed.
2. The person opening your document must have the relevant software loaded on
their computer to operate the embedded file.
3. If you embed an object, the size of your document increases significantly and this
may cause problems in emailing the document as an attachment.
4. If you link an object, the person opening that document must have a direct
connection to the original file location of the object.
SESSION 11: INSERT SHAPES, SYMBOLS AND SPECIAL CHARACTERS
We can insert objects that have different shapes such as lines, basic geometric shapes,
arrows, Equations, shapes, flowchart shapes, stars, banners, and callouts using the
shape option.
Steps to Insert ShapesClick on the Insert tab on the Ribbon.
1. Click on the option Shapes in the Illustrations group
2. Once you click the Shapes option a dropdown list with pre-defined shape such as
box, circle, etc. appears.
3. You can select the shape from the list of shapes available and draw the shape by
dragging the mouse with the left button clicked
Steps to Insert Symbols and Special Characters
1. Click on the Insert tab on the Ribbon.
2. Click on the option Symbol in the Symbols group
3. A dropdown list appears
4. Select a symbol from the list and double-click on to insert the symbol into the
document
Note: If you would like to view more symbols and special characters for inserting into a
document, click on the More Symbols… option in the Symbols Dropdown list.
UNIT – 4
SPREADSHEET
Autosum - Autosum is used for adding the values given in cells automatically without
writing the formula to perform the operation.
Steps to perform Autosum:
1. Select the cell in which you want sum.
 2. Click on Home Tab, then click the Autosum option in the Editing group.
3. The values in the cell will be calculated automatically.
Note: Autosum automatically selects the values around the cells either horizontally or
vertically.
Conditional Formatting - Conditional formatting allows you to change the formatting
(font color, border, shading) of the cells based on the values in it. So, you specify a
condition for the values in the cell, and if the condition is satisfied then automatically the
formatting of the cell changes.
You can control the following formats:
 Number format
 Font, font style, and font colour (but not font size)
 Fill colour and fill pattern
 Border colour and border style (but not border thickness)
Steps to perform Conditional Formatting:
1. Select all the cells you want to format conditionally.
2. Click on Conditional Formatting option available under Styles group in the Home
tab. A drop down list appears.
3. Select the desired formatting option, then specify the required values.
4. Click OK
Freeze Rows and Columns - When you are dealing with a huge amount of data that
spans several rows or columns, you may want the headers to remain constant (frozen)
while you scroll through the data so that you can see the identifying names of the
rows/columns is called Freezing of rows and columns.
Steps for Freezing Rows and Columns
1. Click on Freeze Panes option available under Window group in View tab.
2. A drop down list appears as shown below.
3. Click on Freeze Panes.
Note: The panes are formed where your cursor is placed. You can also freeze the entire
row or column by selecting the entire row or column and click “Freeze Panes” to freeze
the entire row or column.
Hide / Unhide Rows and Columns - Sometimes you have data in rows and columns
which are needed for formulas or charts, but you do not want the data to be visible. So,
you can Hide / Unhide that rows and columns. The data in hidden row/column is available
for calculations though not visible.
Steps to Hide a row / column:-
1. Either select the particular row/column or just one cell in the corresponding row/column.
2. Click on Format option available under Cells group in the Home tab.
3. A dropdown list appears. Click on Hide & Unhide > Hide Rows.
OR
Select the row/column, right click and select Hide.
Steps to Unhide a row / column:-
1. Select any cells before and after the cell that is hidden.
2. Click Unhide Rows in the Format option available under Home tab.

PAGE BREAKS
To print a worksheet with the exact number of pages that you want, you can adjust the
page breaks in the worksheet before printing it. This feature is very useful especially when
printing huge sheets.
Steps To Set Page Break
1. On the View tab, in the Workbook Views group, click Page Break Preview.
 2. To insert a vertical page break, select the row below where you want to insert the
page break. To insert a horizontal page break, select the column to the right of
where you want to insert the page break.
3. Click on Breaks down arrow under Page Setup group in the Page Layout tab.
4. Click on Insert Page Break option.
5. To move a page break, simply drag the page break to the desired location.
Steps to Remove Page Break
Click the Remove Page Break option in Breaks drop down list.
Note: To return to Normal view after you finish working with the page breaks, click Normal
in the Workbook Views group under the View tab.
PAGE LAYOUT
Spread sheet software provides various page layout options for organizing pages using
the Page Layout option.
Steps to set the page layout options
Click on Page Layout option under Workbook Views group on View tab. We can set
◦ Margins
◦ Orientation
◦ Page headers and footers
◦ Hide or display grid lines
◦ Size of the page
◦ Define the print area
◦ Specify the background
MARGINS
Click on Margins option under Page Setup group, a dropdown list appears.
You can either select anyone of the predefined margin options available or else you can
define your own margin settings by clicking Custom Margins option and set the margin
values manually from the options available under the dialog box.
ORIENTATION
You can set the orientation of the page to either Portrait or Landscape by clicking the
Orientation option under Page Setup group in the Page Layout tab.
PAGE HEADERS AND FOOTERS
HIDE OR DISPLAY GRID LINES
SIZE
You can set the size of the page by clicking the Size option under Page Setup group in
the Page Layout tab.
DEFINE THE PRINT AREA
Click on Set Print Area to set the selected to get printed. You can also clear the print area
by clicking the Clear Print Area option.
SPECIFY THE BACKGROUND
You can specify a background for your sheet using the Background option under Page
Setup in the Page Layout tab.
MANAGE WORKBOOK VIEWS
Workbook views are used for the purpose of viewing the outcome of the worksheet while
printing. There are five types of views in the spreadsheet:-
1. Normal-This is the default view of the spreadsheet application. It is a collection of
cells arranged in the work area.
2. Page Layout- With page layout view, you can quickly fine tune a worksheet and
achieve professional looking results.
3. Page Break Preview- This option is similar to Page Layout option except you can
set the area that is to be set as a page after inserting page break.
4. Custom View- With custom view, you can view selected areas of a document.
 5. Full Screen- Selecting this option the workbook cover the entire screen. All tabs
are hidden from view. To get back the tabs, click on File>Restore.
Multiple windows
You can open multiple windows that display the current spreadsheet and then arrange
those windows in a variety of ways.
Steps to open a new window of a workbook
1. Click New Window button on the View tab, in the Window group.
Steps to arrange multiple windows
1. Click Arrange All button in the Window group. An Arrange Windows dialog box
appears.
2. Click either Tiled, Horizontal, Vertical, or Cascade options.
3. Click OK.

APPLY CELL AND RANGE NAMES

We can assign names to cells in a worksheet and use it for quickly locating specific cells
by entering the names. Range is a collection of cells.
Steps to apply range names:-
1. Keep the Ctrl key pressed and click on the cells that you want to give a name OR
select the range of cells.
2. Right click and select Name a Range…. OR select Define name under Defines
Names group in the Formulas tab.
3. A New Name dialog box appears. Enter the name in the Name field.
4. Click OK.
CREATE MODIFY AND FORMAT CHARTS
A chart is graphical representation of data in which data is represented by symbols such
as bars in a bar chart, lines in a line chart or slices in a pie chart. Spreadsheet helps to
create, modify and format charts based on the data given in the spreadsheet.
Steps to create a chart:-
1. Prepare data in the spreadsheet on which you want to create the chart. Select the
data.
2. Click on the chart type that you want from Charts group under the Insert tab.
3. A chart will be displayed in the spreadsheet.
4. You can modify the chart values by making necessary modifications in the data
table.
Chart has many elements, however, only some of the elements are displayed by default.
Following are the elements of a chart:-
1. Chart Area
2. Plot Area
3. Data Points
4. Horizontal and Vertical Axis
5. Legend
6. Chart and Axis Title
7. Data Label

Chart Types
Different charts display data in very different ways. Using the best chart type and format
helps you to display data visually in the most meaningful way. Following are the different
types of chart:-
1. Bar charts: A bar chart (horizontal bars) emphasizes the comparison between
items at a fixed period of time. This chart type also includes cylinder, cone and
pyramid subtypes.
 2. Column Charts: A column chart emphasizes variation over a period of time. This
chart type also includes cylinder, cone and pyramid subtypes.
3. Line Charts: A line chart shows the relation of the changes in the data over a
period of time.
4. Pie Charts: A Pie chart shows the relationship of the parts to the whole.
5. Area Charts: An area chart shows the relative importance of values over time.
6. XY (Scatter) Charts: Scatter charts are useful for showing a correlation among
the data points that may not be easy to see from data alone.
SORT & FILTER DATA
Sort:- It is a feature that helps you arrange the selected data either in an ascending or
descending order.
Steps to Sort Data
1. Select the data to be sorted and then click on Sort option under Sort & Filter group
in the Data tab.
2. Specify on what basis you need to sort the data in the Sort by field and select the
order that is ascending and descending and then click OK.
Filter:- It is a feature used for extracting particular data using some conditions.
Steps to Filter Data
1. Click the Filter option available under Sort & Filter group in the Data tab. Before
applying the filter, select the data along with the header.
2. Once you click on filter, the header will be displayed with a down arrow.
CALCULATE DATA ACROSS WORKSHEETS
To summarize and report results from separate worksheets, you can consolidate data
from each into a master worksheet. The worksheets can be in the same workbook as the
master worksheet or in the other workbooks. The assembling of data is required so that
updates and calculations can be performed easily.
Steps:-
1. Create a sheet 1 name it as year1.
2. Create a sheet 2 name it as year2.
3. For using sheet 1 or sheet 2 data in any of the sheets use year1! Or year2!
Respectively.
For example:- if you want to add B1:B3 range of sheet 1 in sheet 2 use
=SUM(year1!B1:B3).
Note:- using this feature, we can use a value of a cell located at one sheet in the another
sheet.
USING MULTIPLE WORKBOOKS & LINKING CELLS
Spreadsheet also allows to link the cells from various worksheets and from various
spreadsheets to summarize data from several sources. In this way, we can create
formulas that span different sources and make calculations using a combination of local
and linked information. We can link the data from other spreadsheets and keep the
information up to date without editing multiple locations every time, the data changes.
Steps :-
1. Open a new spreadsheet workbook.
2. For example, we are using sum formula, type =sum(, while the parenthesis is
opened, click on Switch Windows option under Window group in the View tab. A
drop down list appears containing all the active workbooks names.
3. Click on the other workbook name eg. Book1 and select the desired cells eg. A2:A5
4. Press Enter. After pressing enter, we see that we are back on the previous
workbook with the desired result.
SHARING WORKSHEET DATA
Using this feature of spreadsheet, multiple users can access a single sheet
simultaneously in a network location.
Steps:-
1. Click on Share workbook option under Changes group in the Review tab.
2. A dialog box appears as shown below.
3. Check the option Allow changes by more than one user at the same time. This
also allows workbook merging.
4. Click OK.
UNIT 5:
DIGITAL PRESENTATION (INTERMEDIATE)
SESSION 1: INSERTING A MOVIE CLIP
Movie Clips are added to the presentation in order to make the presentation colourful and
meaningful.
A movie clip can be inserted in two ways:-
1. Using Insert Tab
2. Using Title and Content Layout Option
1. Steps to insert a movie in a presentation using Insert Tab are:-
1) Click on Movie option under Media clips group in the Insert tab. A drop down
appears.
2) Select the Movie from File…option to insert the movie clip. A dialog box
appears.
3) Select a movie clip and click OK to insert the same in the slide.
4) A message box appears asking you how do you play the movie, i.e.
Automatically or When Clicked.
5) Click on any of the options available and movie clip will be inserted in the slide.
OR
1) Click on Movie from Clip Organizer… option under Media clips group in the
Insert tab to insert the movie clips that are available under Clip organizer.
2) Clip Art pane will be displayed on the right side.
3) Select any of the movies available and insert it in the slide.
2. Steps to insert a movie in the presentation using Layout option:-
1) Click on Layout option available under Slides group in the Home tab. A drop
down list appears.
2) Click on Title and Content option and a slide will be displayed with the same
Layout.
3) Insert a movie in the slide by clicking the movie icon in the Layout option.
4) A dialog box will appear. Select a movie clip and click on Open.
5) A message box appears asking you how do you play the movie, i.e.
Automatically or When Clicked.
6) Click on any of the options available and movie clip will be inserted in the slide.

SESSION 2:- INSERTING AN AUDIO CLIP

We can include audio clips to a presentation similar to that of videos. For eg. we can play
mild background music while making the presentation.
STEPS TO INSERT AN AUDIO CLIP
1. Click on Sound option under Media clips group in the Insert tab.
2. A drop down appears
3. Select the Sound from File… option to insert the sound clip.
4. A dialog box appears.
5. Locate the audio clip and click OK. The same will be inserted in the slide.
SESSION 3:- WORKING WITH TABLES
Presentation software enables the user to add tables in the slides in order to represent
the statistical data meaningfully.
Tables can be inserted in two ways:-
1. Using Insert tab.
2. Using Title and Content Option
Using Insert tab:- Steps to insert table using Insert tab are:-
1. Click on Table option under Table group in the Insert tab, a drop down list appears.
2. Drag the mouse over requisite number of boxes
OR
2. Click on Insert Table … OR Draw Table options to create the table.
Using Title and Content Layout Option:- Steps to insert table using Title and Content
option are:-
1. Click on Layout option available under Slides group in the Home tab. A drop down
list appears, select Title and Content option.
2. Click the icon (Insert Table icon) available in the slide. A dialog box will open.
3. Enter the required number of rows and columns in the requisite boxes.
4. Click on OK button.
Session 4: Working with Charts
Presentation software enables the user to insert charts in slides to present statistical table
data in a pictorial representation.
Steps to insert a chart in a slide are:-
1. Click on Chart option under Illustrations group in the Insert tab. A dialog box will
appear.
2. Select a chart type among different types of the charts available.
3. Click OK. A default chart will be inserted on the slide. The default data table for
that chart will be opened in a spreadsheet application separately.
4. You can edit the values in the spreadsheet and the chart will get automatically
updated.
Steps to change the color and effects of the chart are:-
1. Click Chart Styles under Design tab. You can use Design tab to format the chart.
Basic guidelines for creating a chart:-
1. Convey one message per chart. Make the message the heading
2. Make the chart easy to read.
3. Make bars and columns wider than the spaces between them.
4. Be accurate.
5. Eliminate all unnecessary details.
6. Use a few (maximum four) colors per visual
Importing a table/chart in the presentation
Steps to import a table or a chart created in word/excel in the presentation are:-
1. In the Insert Object dialog box, click the Create From File option and click Browse to
locate the file that contains the table or the chart.
2. Click OK, the entire document or the spreadsheet that contains the table or the chart
is imported to your slide.
NOTE: If you check the Link checkbox while inserting, when you update the table in the
document or the spreadsheet, then right click on the imported table or chart in the
presentation, select the option Update Link, the embedded table gets updated
automatically.
Session 5: Inserting Transitions
A slide transition is the visual motion when one slide changes to the next during a
presentation.
Steps to insert transition effect:-
1. Select a slide.
2. Click on Animation Tab.
3. Select one of the transition effects under Transitions to this slide group and double
click on it.
4. The selected effect will be applied to the selected slide.
Note:- You can set the time interval in duration option, and sound schemes in Sound
option under Timing group.
Select Apply to All option under Timing group to apply the selected effect on all the
slides of the presentation.
Session 6: Inserting Animations
Animations are helpful way to make your slides look more dynamic. Animation allows you
to put slide elements such as text and graphics, in motion within a slide.
Steps to add animations in a presentation are:-
1. Select a slide element. Click Animations tab.
2. Click Animate under Animations group. A dropdown list appears.
3. Select any one of the animation effects. The selected animation effect will be applied
to the selected element of the slide.
4. Play the slideshow to preview the effect.
Session 7: Grouping Objects
Grouping can help when you want to move, rotate or resize multiple objects in a
presentation. You can group objects such as pictures, clipart, shapes and text box, once
grouped they appear as a single object.
Steps to group the objects:-
1. Select all the objects that you want to group. Click the Format tab.
2. Select the Group option available under Arrange group. A drop down list appears.
3. Click on Group, to group all the selected graphical objects in the slide.
NOTE: You can ungroup the grouped objects by selecting the ungroup option available
under Group dropdown list of Group option under Arrange group of Format tab.
Session 8 : Inserting Speaker Notes
Speaker Notes are guided text used by the presenter during a presentation. Speaker
notes can be short or long texts that can be used as a reference by the presenter while
making a presentation. Speaker notes area of the slide is hidden during slide show of the
presentation.
Steps to add speaker notes:-
1. Select the slide and type the notes in the Click to add notes area located at the bottom
of the presentation.
OR
1. Select View tab and click Notes page under Presentation Views group. Type the
notes.

Session 9: Reviewing Content

You should always review the presentation and make changes if required before you
present it to the audience. Presentation software includes options such as spell checks
for correcting errors in a presentation.
Guidelines to review the presentation are:-
 Do a thorough spell check across all slides
 Perform a manual spell check for terms that is not included during the standard
spell check.
 Remove irrelevant content such as images or cliparts, terms, etc. if they are not
required.
Tips to make an effective presentation:-
1. Know your topic – Do the research first and know your material, think through what
and how you will present the matter before making a presentation.
2. Use Key phrases about your topic – Good presenters use key phrases and include
only the most important information. Highlight key points that are necessary for the
audience to remember. Keep the points as short as possible.
3. Avoid too much text on each slide – Do not write whole speech on the slides. The
slide show is meant to accompany your oral presentation. Summarize the content as
bullet points.
4. Limit the number of slides – Too many slides in a presentation may cause you to
rush to get through them and your audience will pay more attention to the changing slide
than to what you are saying. On average, one slide per minute is about right in a
classroom presentation.
5. Plan the layout of your slide – Make your slide easy to follow. Put the title at the top.
Phrases should read left to right and top to bottom. Keep important information near the
top of the slide.
6. Avoid fancy fonts – Make sure the fonts, design and colors are consistent throughout
the presentation. Don’t use different styles for each slide. Use fonts that are readable. Do
not use all capital letters as it may be difficult to read.
7. Use contrasting colors of text and background - Use reasonable mix of text color
and background. Dark text on a light background is usually the best as this combination
offers the maximum visibility.
8. Use a slide design template to keep your presentation look consistent – Always
use a single background on all slides, do not use multiple backgrounds. Use a pleasant
template or style set as it will attract the audience and they will not lose their focus.
9. Use animations and transitions sparingly – Always use animations and transitions
in a limited amount. As using this feature in every piece and every place can be very
distracting for the audience.
10. Also, always review the presentation 2 – 3 times before making a presentation
– This can help in reducing or eliminating any errors in it. Remove irrelevant points during
the review, add or remove images during review. Make necessary corrections before
presenting it to a larger audience.
SESSION 11: PRINT A PRESENTATION
Sometimes, there is a need to provide the print outs of the presentation to the audience,
as a reference material. You can print notes, handouts or outline of the presentation using
the presentation software.
Steps to Print A Presentation (Notes)
1. Open the presentation and select the Print option.
2. Select the Notes Page option under print what: dropdown list.
3. Click OK.
Steps to Print A Presentation (Handouts)
1. Open the presentation and select the Print option.
2. Select the Handouts option under print what: dropdown list.
3. Select the number of slides to be printed on a single page under Slides per page
dropdown under handouts group.
(This option will reduce the wastage of paper as multiple slides can be printed on
a single sheet.)
Steps to Print A Presentation (Outline)
1. Open the presentation and select the Print option.
2. Select the Outline view option under print what: dropdown list.
3. Click OK
(This option will print only the text part of the presentation.)
UNIT - 6
 EMAIL MESSAGING
SESSION 1: WORKING WITH CALENDAR
Time management is the act of planning to stay organized that will result in
increased efficiency and productivity. Time management can be performed using
simple techniques such as a paper and pen or you can also use calendar software
to plan your time.
CALENDARING SOFTWARE:- Calendaring software provides the user an
electronic version of a calendar. It is a time management tool, a system of
organizing days for social, religious, commercial, or administrative purposes.
STEPS TO OPEN MICROSOFT OUTLOOK CALENDAR:-
1. Click Start -> Programs -> Microsoft Office -> Microsoft Outlook
2. Click Calendar located at the bottom left corner.
VIEWS SUPPORTED BY CALENDARING SOFTWARE:-
The calendaring software provides three views:-
1. Day :- To schedule an activity for a particular time in the day.
2. Week :- To schedule the activities for a particular days in the week.
a) Show work week:- (Monday to Friday)
b) Show full week:- (Sunday to Saturday)
3. Month:- To schedule the activities for the complete month.
Any appointments / meetings / commitments previously set in the day
/ week view will also be reflected here. This view is also used to switch over a
specific date in the calendar by selecting the date in the date navigator.
Note:- The default view is by “Day”.
SESSION 2: SCHEDULE AN APPOINTMENT
You can schedule an appointment in two ways:-
1. Using Menu Bar
2. Using Calendar View
1. Using Menu Bar- Steps to schedule an appointment are:-
1. Go to File->New->Appointment. A window will appear
2. Create the appointment.
3. Click on Save & Close option. The details will be reflected in the calendar.
2.Using Calendar View – You can create appointments on a daily, weekly,
monthly or yearly basis. You can create recurring appointment. To do so,
1. Right click on the calendar. A list of options will appear.
2. Click on New Recurring Appointment.
3. An appointment Recurrence window appears. Specify the appointment time,
recurrence pattern and the range of recurrence here.
4. Enter a recurring event, select multiple days and click OK.
Session 3: Categorize an Appointment
You can categorize the appointments at the time of creation of the appointment or
categorize after creating the appointment.
At the time of creating appointment
While creating an appointment, select a color from the Categorize dropdown list.
For an existing appointment
To apply category for an existing appointment, double-click on the appointment
and select a color from the Categorize dropdown list.
Session 4: Share a Calendar
You can share a copy of your calendar in an email message using email server.
The calendar will be uploaded to the mail server and can be accessed by others
using their email id.
Steps to share a calendar:-
1. Click on Publish My Calendar… option available in the Navigation Pane of the
Calendar. A window will appear.
2. Click Finish to publish the calendar on the mail server.
3. Select the time span and configure Detail list and Permission options. Click OK.
4. Enter your email account details to publish the calendar. Click OK.
5.A message will be displayed. To send invitation Click Yes.
6. A window will appear. Enter the email accounts to whom you want to share the
calendar and click Send.
Session 5: Print a calendar
Steps to print a calendar are:-
1. Go to File-> Print. A print dialog box will appear.
2. Select the range of the calendar by specifying the dates.
3. Select the Print Style and adjust other settings.
4. Click OK
Session 6: Creating a Meeting Request
A meeting is an appointment to which you invite people or reserve resources for
meeting hall, equipment etc.You can create and send meeting requests and
reserve resources for face-to-face meetings or for online meetings.
Steps to create a meeting request are
1. Go to File->New->Meeting Request, A window will appear.
2. Enter the Subject, Location and Timings of the meeting in the window.
3. Click Send.
Session 7: Respond to a Meeting Request
Steps to respond to a meeting request are:-
1. Open the email application to view the request.
2. Select the desired option from Accept, Tentative, Decline or Propose New
Time options.
Session 8: Create and Edit a Task
Task refers to actions that can be performed by an user; tasks may include actions
items such as booking a conference room, booking tickets, reminder for a task
completion itself etc.
Steps to create a task are
1. Go to File->New->Task. A task window will be displayed.
2. Define a subject name, the start date and end date of the task, the status of the
task and the priority of the task.
3. Click Save & Close at the top of the page.
Note:- You can edit the task by double clicking the task name available in the email
application
Session 9: Create and Edit a Note
Notes are short text messages that can be used for taking quick notes. You can
create notes in the calendar software.
Steps to create note:-
1. Go to File->New->Note, a window will appear.
2. Type the content of the note and click the icon. Once you click icon, a
dropdown list appear.
3. Click the Save As… option to save the note.
NOTE:If you would like to edit the note, double click on the note and edit as
required.
Session 10: Create and Edit a Journal Entry
Journal entry creates a timeline of transactions that can be linked to a contact. A
transaction might be an email, task, appointment etc. The following activities can
be automatically recorded:-
- Emails Sent & Received
- Telephone calls
- Meeting request & responses
- Office documents you manage
UNIT – 7
Database Development
Database – A database is an organized collection of data. For example:- In a
stationary shop, detailed records of the materials available in the shop is database.
Similarly in a computerized system, we need to maintain several files, we would
used database programs such as Microsoft Access, OpenOffice.org Base, and
MySQL. These database programs are used to organize the data as per our needs
in the computer system.
Database Management System (DBMS) - A database management system is a
software package with computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance
and use of a database. A DBMS allows different user application programs to
concurrently access the same database. Some of the DBMSs are Oracle, IBM
DB2, Microsoft SQL server, Microsoft Access, PostgreSQL, MySQL, FoxPro and
SQLite.
Data can be organized into two types:-
Flat File: Data is stored in a single table. Usually suitable for less amount of data.
Relational: Data is stored in multiple tables and the tables are linked using a
common field. Relational is suitable for medium to large amount of data.
Database Servers – Database servers are dedicated computers that hold the
actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Databases on the
database servers are accessed through command line or graphic user interface
tools referred to as Frontends; database servers are referred to as Back-ends.
Such type of data access is referred to as Client-server model.
RDBMS:- A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database
management system that is based on the relational model. In the relational model
of a database, all data is represented in terms of tuples (rows), grouped into
relations (tables). A database organized in terms the relational model is a relational
database.
Database Concepts:- Database contains objects that are used for storing and
managing information.
1. Item : - Item is about which information is stored in the database.
2. Field:- Each question that we ask about our item is a Field.
3. Record:- Record is a set of information (made up of fields) stored in your
database about one of the items.
4. Value:- Value is the actual text or numerical amount or date that you put in while
adding information to your database.
For example,
Database :- Employee
Emp_C Emp_Na Emp_Addr Emp_Design Emp_Conta Emp_Sal
ode me ess ation ctNo ary
E001 ABC Meerut Manager 9876543210 Rs.
50,000
Item : Employee
Field : Emp_Code , Emp_Name , Emp_Address , Emp_Designation ,
Emp_ContactNo , Emp_Salary
Record :
E001 ABC Meerut Manager 9876543210 Rs. 50,000
Value : E001 , ABC , Meerut , Manager , 9876543210 , Rs. 50,000
5. Key Field :- Key Field is a value in a Field that uniquely identifies the record.
Eg. E001 which is unique to every employee.
Important Question :- How data is organized in a RDBMS ?
Ans :- In RDBMS, data is organized in the form of inter linked tables.
SESSION 2:- DATA STORAGE
TABLE :- A table is a set of data elements that is organized using a model of
vertical columns and horizontal rows. Each row is identified by a unique key index
or the key field.
COLUMNS OR FIELD :- A column is a set of data values of a particular simple
type, one for each row of the table. For eg. Emp_Code , Emp_Name ,
Emp_Address etc.
ROWS OR RECORDS OR TUPLES :- A row represents a single, data items in a
table. Each row in a table represents a set of related data, and every row in the
table has the same structure.
DATA TYPES :- Datatypes are used to identify the type of data we are going to
store in the database.
Categories of data types:- Data types can be broadly classified into five
categories:-
1. Numeric Types
2. Alphanumeric Types
3. Binary Types
4. Date Time
5. Other variable Types
NUMERIC TYPES:- They are used for describing numeric values like mobile
number, age, etc.
The different types of numeric data types available are-
1. Boolean (Yes / No) 6. Numeric
2. TinyInt (Tiny Integer) 7. Decimal
3. SmallInt (Small Integer) 8. Real
4. Integer 9. Float
5. BigInt (Big Integer) 10. Double
ALPHANUMERIC TYPES:-
The list of different datatypes available in alphanumeric types are :-
1. LongVarChar (Memo) (Long Text)
2. Char (Text-fix) (Small Text)
3. VarChar (Text) (Text of specified Length)
4. VarChar_IgnoreCase (Text) (Comparisions are not case sensitive)
BINARY TYPES:-
Binary types are used for storing data in binary formats. It can be used for storing
photos, music files or (in general file of any format) etc.
The list of different datatypes available in Binary types are :-
1. LongVarBinary (Image)
2. Binary (Binary (fix) )
3. VarBinary (Binary)
DATE TIME:-
Date time data types are used for describing date and time values for the field used
in the table of a database. It can be used for storing information such as date of
birth, date of admission etc.
The list of different data types available in Date Time type are :-
1. Date (Stores month, day and year information)
2. Time (Store hour , minute and second information)
3. Timestamp (Stores date and time information)
PRIMARY KEY:- A primary key is a unique value that identifies a row in a table.
These keys are also indexed in the database, making it faster for the database to
search a record.
FOREIGN KEY:- The foreign key identifies a column or set of columns in one
(referencing) table that refers to a column or set of columns in another (referenced)
table.
Note:- The “one” side of a relation is always the parent, and provides the
PK(Primary Key) Attributes to be copied. The “many” side of a relation is always
the child, into which the FK(Foreign Key) attributes are copied.
Memorize it : one, parent, PK (Primary Key) ; many, child , FK (Foreign Key)
SESSION 3
MANIPULATING DATA
In a database we can define the structure of the data and manipulate the data
using some commands.
There are two types of languages:-
1. DDL (Data Definition Language)
2. DML (Data Manipulation Language)
DATA DEFINITION / DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE:- It is a standard for commands
that define the different structures in a database. DDL statements create,modify
and remove database objects such as tables, indexes and users.
Common DDL Statements are:-
1. Create :- Used to create database objects.
2. Alter :- Used to modify database objects.
3. Drop :- Used to delete database objects.
DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE:- It is a standard for commands that enables
users to access and manipulate data in a database.
Common DML Statements are:-
1. SELECT :- Used for retrieval of information from the database.
2. INSERT :- Used for insertion of new information into the database.
3. DELETE :- Used for deletion of information in the database.
4. UPDATE :- Used for modification of information in the database.
Types of DML:-
1.Procedural:- The user specifies what data is needed and how to get it.
2. Non Procedural :- The user only specifies what data is needed.
Note:- A popular data manipulation language is SQL (Structured Query
Language.)