Chapter I

Introduction

The central air conditioning plant or the systems are used when large buildings,

hotels, theaters, airports, shopping malls etc. are to be air conditioned completely. The

window and split air conditioners are used for single rooms or small office spaces. If the

whole building is to be cooled it is not economically viable to put window or split air

conditioner in each and every room. Further, these small units cannot satisfactorily cool

the large halls, auditoriums, receptions areas etc.

In the central air conditioning systems, there is a plant room where large

compressor, condenser, thermostatic expansion valve and the evaporator are kept in the

large plant room. They perform all the functions as usual similar to a typical refrigeration

system. However, all these parts are larger in size and have higher capacities. The

compressor is of open reciprocating type with multiple cylinders and is cooled by the water

just like the automobile engine. The compressor and the condenser are of shell and tube

type. While in the small air conditioning system capillary is used as the expansion valve,

in the central air conditioning systems thermostatic expansion valve is used. The chilled

is passed via the ducts to all the rooms, halls and other spaces that are to be air

conditioned. Thus, in all the rooms there is only the duct passing the chilled air and there

are no individual cooling coils, and other parts of the refrigeration system in the rooms.

A central air conditioner cools your entire house or office at once using a condenser

(usually located outside), a fan-and-coil system and ductwork that brings the cooled air

to each room and returns the air for cooling again. It usually works in tandem with a
forced-air furnace and its related ducting. Similar to the window unit, the central unit's

strength is measured in BTUs per hour, but you'll sometimes encounter the term tonnage.

A contractor should calculate your home's specific heat gain based on insulation, the

number, type, and exposure of windows and doors; how the sun hits your house; and

other factors.

A central air conditioner is either a split-system unit or a packaged unit. In a split-

system central air conditioner, an outdoor metal cabinet contains the condenser and

compressor, and an indoor cabinet contains the evaporator. In many split-system air

conditioners, this indoor cabinet also contains a furnace or the indoor part of a heat pump.

The air conditioner's evaporator coil is installed in the cabinet or main supply duct of this

furnace or heat pump. If your home already has a furnace but no air conditioner, a split-

system is the most economical central air conditioner to install.

In a packaged central air conditioner, the evaporator, condenser, and compressor

are all located in one cabinet, which usually is placed on a roof or on a concrete slab next

to the house's foundation. This type of air conditioner also is used in small commercial

buildings. Air supply and return ducts come from indoors through the home's exterior wall

or roof to connect with the packaged air conditioner, which is usually located outdoors.

Packaged air conditioners often include electric heating coils or a natural gas furnace.

This combination of air conditioner and central heater eliminates the need for a separate

furnace indoors.
Significance of the Study

The study of Air conditioning can be learn in the college to enhance the student’s

knowledge and skills as well. This design goal is designed to help students gain

knowledge about the Central Air conditioning room. This goal can be achieved through

the instructors that can teach the students the Air Conditioning use and process. This

study is another achievement of the Golden Gate College, especially to the department

of Mechanical Engineering.
Definition of Terms

Central air conditioning- (or central A/C) is a system in which air is cooled at a

central location and distributed to and from rooms by one or more fans and ductwork.

Thermal expansion valve or Thermostatic expansion valve- (often abbreviated as

TEV, TXV, or TX valve) is a component in refrigeration and air conditioning systems that

controls the amount of refrigerant released into the evaporator thereby keeping

superheat.

Compressor- is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by

reducing its volume. An air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor.

Evaporator- is a device in a process used to turn the liquid form of a chemical

substance such as water into its gaseous-form/vapor.

Tonnage- is a measure of the cargo-carrying capacity of a ship.

Split air conditioner- consists of an outdoor unit and an indoor unit.

Cooling system- apparatus employed to keep the temperature of a structure or

device from exceeding limits imposed by needs of safety and efficiency.

Humidity- is an important thing to understand because it affects both weather and

climate as well as global climate change.

Relative Humidity- is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor to the

equilibrium vapor pressure of water at a given temperature. Relative humidity depends

on temperature and the pressure of the system of interest.

 Chapter II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

The first modern air conditioning system was developed in 1902, but the basic

concept of a primitive air conditioning unit is believed to have originated in Egypt where

reeds were strung across windows and kept moist by water trickling over the reed, while

the breeze would blow the cooled air into the room. We’ve come a long way since then,

and modern central air conditioners are much more complex in the 21st century.

The principle of a central air conditioning system is to alter the properties of the air

within the home, namely the temperature, the humidity, and the comfort of the interior of

the house, and to provide the house with cleaner air quality.

The basic function of an air conditioning system is to reduce the ambient

temperature in the home. It works in a very similar way to the refrigerator, except on a

much larger scale. The walls of in a home act as the refrigerator walls, keeping the cold

air inside.

One benefit of having a central air conditioning system is that the entire home or

office building is cooled at once. With a central air conditioning unit, you do not feel the

change in temperature as you move from one room to the next. Most central air

conditioning systems are extremely quiet compared to individual systems, which are

considerably louder. There are no visible signs of the central air conditioning unit inside

the house as the compressor is generally situated outside the house. Individual unit are

fitted in a window aperture and block the view from the window, and portable units occupy

floor space in the home.

 The central air conditioning system can be programmed to automatically adjust the

temperature throughout the home at different times of the day, where the individual or

portable units have to be adjusted manually.

Repairs to a central air conditioning unit are simplified as there is only the one

compressor that may require repairs, whereas the individual or portable units if faulty

require individual attention and depending on the repairs required, they may be less cost

effective to repair. Before you call for the repair services of a professional, it would be

wise to check whether your thermostat is functioning correctly and whether your filters

are clean. All central air conditioning systems are fitted with air filters, and going for long

periods of time without cleaning or replacing dirty or clogged filters can contribute to

higher energy bills, reduce the lifespan of the compressor, lower air flow and ice up the

evaporator coils, which in turn will increase your repair bill.

 Chapter III

Methodology of the Study

Location

Sampaga, Batangas

Land Area : 377.77 sq meter

Population : 4,307

Classification : Rural

Number of Purok/Sitio :3

Boundaries : North- Dumantay

South- Dumuclay

West- Pallocan

East- Tulo
Average Weather in Batangas
Design Building
Air Conditioning Calculations (Rule of Thumb)

Calculating the cooling capacity needed for the room.

Size of each room 20m x 16m x 3m (L x W x H)

Width: 16m x 0.3048 ft/m = 4.8768 ft

Length: 20m x 0.3048 ft/m = 6.096 ft

Height: 3m x 0.3048 ft/m = 0.9144 ft

Volume of the room = L x W x H

= 6.096 ft x 4.8768 ft x 0.9144 ft

Volume = 11.89 cu.ft

C1 = Volume x 6

= 11.89 cu.ft x 6 = 71.34 cu.ft

C2 = N x 400 Btu/hr

= 36 x 400 Btu/hr = 14,400 Btu/hr

Where: N = number of students that will usually occupy the room

Each person produces about 400 Btu/hr of heat for normal room related activity.

Estimated Cooling Capacity Needed = C1 + C2 (Btu/hr)

= 71.34 cu.ft + 14,400 Btu/hr

Estimated Cooling Capacity Needed= 14,471.34 cu.ft-Btu/hr

 Chapter V

Conclusion

A central air conditioning system consists of two main components: an indoor air

handler and an outdoor compressor. The air handler contains an evaporator coil and a

fan to force air over the pipes, while the outdoor unit contains the compressor, a

condenser coil and an exhaust fan.

The two halves of a central air system function as a one-way heat pump. Coolant

flows through pipes to the evaporator coil, where it absorbs heat from the air passing

through the air handler and becomes a gas. The low-pressure coolant gas flows to the

compressor, where it is pressurized and its temperature increases. The pressurized gas

reaches the condenser coil, where it releases its heat into the outside atmosphere and

cools rapidly. The chilled coolant flows back inside to absorb more heat.

In addition to cooling the air, a central air system also serves as a whole-house

dehumidifier. As air cools, the amount of water vapor it can hold decreases. This excess

moisture condenses onto the chilled surface of the evaporator coil, where it flows into a

collector pan and then out through a drain.

A central air conditioner can only transmit heat in one direction. A heat pump, on

the other hand, is reversible. In the winter, the system absorbs heat from the outdoor air

or ground and releases that heat indoors.

 Glossary

Air Conditioning Is the process of removing heat and moisture from the

interior of an occupied space to improve the comfort of

occupants. Air conditioning can be used in both

domestic and commercial environments.

Central Air Conditioning Is a system in which air is cooled at a central location

and distributed to and from rooms by one or more fans

and ductwork. The work of the air conditioner

compressor is what makes the whole process of air

conditioning possible.

Cooling Air A process of lowering air temperature by dissipating

heat. It provides increased air flow and reduced

temperatures with the use of cooling fins, fans or finned

coils that move the heat out of a casing such as a

computer case.

Condenser A device or unit used to condense a gaseous

substance into a liquid state through cooling.

Condenser Coil A condenser coil is one of many types of heat

exchangers.

Compressor Is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of

a gas by reducing its volume.

Cooling capacity Is the measure of a cooling system's ability to remove

heat.

Cooling System A system which cools something such as a building or

engine.

Evaporator coil Is a vital part of any heating or cooling system. It is

usually found in an air conditioner, because it is

particularly good at absorbing heat when air is passed

through it.

Exhaust Fan Fan which is used to control the interior environment

by venting out unwanted odors, particulates, smoke,

moisture, and other contaminants which may be

present in the air. Exhaust fans can also be integrated

into a heating and cooling system.

Heat Is energy in transfer to or from a thermodynamic

system, by mechanisms other than thermodynamic

work or transfer of matter.

Humidity Is an important thing to understand because it affects

both weather and climate as well as global climate

change.

Moisture The presence of a liquid, especially water, often in

trace amounts.
Pipe Is a method used to pass information from one program

process to another.

Pump Is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or

sometimes slurries, by mechanical action.

Relative Humidity Is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor to the

equilibrium vapor pressure of water at a given

temperature. Relative humidity depends on

temperature and the pressure of the system of interest.

Rule of Thumb Refers to a principle with broad application that is not

intended to be strictly accurate or reliable for every

situation.

Split Air Conditioner Consists of an outdoor unit and an indoor unit.

Temperature Expresses hot and cold, as measured with a

thermometer. In physics, hotness is a body's ability to

impart energy as heat to another body that is colder.

Thermal Expansion Valve Is a component in refrigeration and air conditioning

systems that controls the amount of refrigerant

released into the evaporator thereby keeping

superheat.

Tonnage Is a measure of the cargo-carrying capacity of a ship.

 Reference

http://bmcnoldy.rsmas.miami.edu/Humidity.html

https://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-central-air-conditioning.htm

https://www.thespruce.com/what-are-central-air-conditioners-1152645

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning

https://allthingshvac.com/best-central-air-conditioner

https://www.interiorconcepts.com/office-design-ideas/call-center-layouts/

https://www.thewbba.com/call-center-floor-plan-design/

http://www.airconmaster.sg/centralized-aircon-systems/

https://www.toptenreviews.com/best-central-air-conditioning-units