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Hibiscus rosasinensis, known colloquially as Chinese hibiscus,[2]
Hibiscus rosasinensis
China rose,[2] Hawaiian hibiscus,[2] and shoeblackplant,[3] is a
species of tropical hibiscus, a flowering plant in the Hibisceae tribe
of the family Malvaceae, native to East Asia. It is the most widely
used flower in laboratory experiments to study floral characteristics
in scholars and universities.
Contents
1 Description Hibiscus rosasinensis 'Brilliant'
2 Vegetative characters
3 Floral characters Scientific classification
4 Cultivation Kingdom: Plantae
5 Ecology
6 Nomenclature Family: Malvaceae
7 National symbol
8 Cultural references Genus: Hibiscus
9 Uses Species: H. rosasinensis
10 Genetics
11 Gallery Binomial name
12 See also
Hibiscus rosasinensis
13 Footnotes
14 References L.
15 External links
Synonyms[1]
Hibiscus arnottii Griff. ex
Description Mast.
Hibiscus boryanus DC.
Hibiscus rosasinensis is a bushy, evergreen shrub or small tree
Hibiscus cooperi auct.
growing 2.5–5 m (8–16 ft) tall and 1.5–3 m (5–10 ft) wide, with
glossy leaves and solitary, brilliant red flowers in summer and Hibiscus festalis Salisb.
autumn. The 5petaled flowers are 10 cm (4 in) in diameter, with Hibiscus liliiflorus Griff. ex
prominent orangetipped red anthers.[4] Mast.
Hibiscus rosiflorus Stokes
Vegetative characters Hibiscus storckii Seem.
The root is a branched tap root. The stem is erect, green, cylindrical
and branched. The leaf is simple, with alternate phyllotaxy and is petiolate. The leaf shape is ovate, the tip is
acute and margin is serrated. Venation is unicostate reticulate. Free lateral stipules are present.
Floral characters
The flower is complete (bisexual), actinomorphic, pentamerous,
hypogynous, and solitary. It can bloom all year round. [5]
Another
Cultivation Pollen Pod One
parent parent offspring offspring
It is widely grown as an ornamental plant throughout the tropics and Example: two crosses of 'King
subtropics. As it does not tolerate temperatures below 10 °C (50 °F), Kalakua' and 'Mystic Pink'. The
in temperate regions it is best grown under glass. However, plants in photographs demonstrate that the
containers may be placed outside during the summer months or flowers of the offspring plants have
moved into shelter during the winter months.[4][6] almost no color characteristics of the
parent plants, and few of the
Numerous varieties, cultivars, and hybrids are available, with flower physical characteristics.
colors ranging from white through yellow and orange to scarlet and
shades of pink, with both single and double sets of petals. The
cultivar 'Cooperi' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[7]
Ecology
Despite its size and red hues, which are attractive to nectarivore birds, it is not visited regularly by
hummingbirds when grown in the Neotropics. Generalist and specialist species, like the sapphirespangled
emerald, Amazilia lactea, or longbilled species, like the stripebreasted starthroat, Heliomaster squamosus,
are occasionally seen to visit it, however.[8] In the subtropical and temperate Americas, hummingbirds are
regularly attracted to it.[9]
Nomenclature
Hibiscus rosasinensis was named by Carolus Linnaeus. The Latin
term rosasinensis literally means "rose of China", though it is not
closely related to the true roses.[10] It is often known among the
Chinese as zhū jǐn 朱槿, which literally means "vermilion hibiscus".
It also has many other names in Chinese: fú sāng 扶桑, fó sāng 佛
桑, chì jǐn 赤槿, sāng jǐn 桑槿, rì jí 日及, huā shàng huā 花上花,
zhào diàn hóng 照殿紅, zhuàng yuán hóng 狀元紅, dà hóng huā 大
紅花, and so on. It also has prominent presence in the various parts The stamens of the flower are partly
of the Indian subcontinent. It has several names in different fused into a cylinder that surrounds
languages: the style
द
Marathi जा〠ㄊवं
Bangla Jaba (জবা)
Tamil sembaruthi (ெச〼੭ப婠ᡲ㤰㈠தி)
Hindi गड़ुहल, गड़
ुहर, अड़हुल, जपा,[11] जवा कु
समु[12]
Malayalam cemparatti (െച㤗ᅝരꅱി)
Oriya Mondaro
Sinhala Wada Mala (වද මල) / Sapaththu mala ( සප橔‾㤱‱ මල)
Telugu Mamdaram (మంတዠరం)
Indonesian Kembang Sepatu
Filipino Gumamela
Myanmar KhaungYann (ေခါင်ရမ်
း)
Punjabi Salu
National symbol
Hibiscus rosasinensis is the national flower of Malaysia, called
Bunga Raya in Malay. Introduced into the Malay Peninsula in the
12th century, it was nominated as the national flower in the year
1958 by the Ministry of Agriculture amongst a few other flowers,
namely ylang ylang, jasmine, lotus, rose, magnolia, and medlar. On
28 July 1960, it was declared by the government of Malaysia that
Hibiscus rosasinensis would be the national flower.
The word bunga in Malay means "flower", while raya in Malay
means "celebratory" or "grand". The Hibiscus rosasinensis is A dark pink cultivar
literally known as the "celebratory flower" in Malay. The red of the
petals symbolizes the courage, life, and rapid growth of the Malaysian, and the five petals represent the five
Rukun Negara of Malaysia. The flower can be found imprinted on the notes and coins of the Malaysian
ringgit.
Cultural references
In March 1987 DPR Korea issued a postage stamp depicting Hibiscus rosasinensis.
Uses
The flowers of Hibiscus rosasinensis are edible and are used in
salads in the Pacific Islands. The flower is additionally used in hair
care as a preparation. It is also used to shine shoes in certain parts of
India. It can also be used as a pH indicator. When used, the flower
turns acidic solutions to a dark pink or magenta color and basic
solutions to green. It is also used for the worship of Devi, and the
red variety is especially prominent, having an important part in
tantra. In Indonesia, these flowers are called "kembang sepatu",
which literally means "shoe flower".
Hibiscus rosasinensis is considered to have a number of medical A white cultivar
uses in Chinese herbology.[13] It may have some potential in
cosmetic skin care; for example, an extract from the flowers of Hibiscus rosasinensis has been shown to
function as an antisolar agent by absorbing ultraviolet radiation.[14]
Genetics
Hibiscus rosasinensis is one of many plant species with a genetic characteristic known as polyploidy, in
which there are more than two complete sets of chromosomes,
unlike most other species.[15] A side effect of polyploidy is a
condition where the phenotype of the offspring may be quite
different from the parent, or indeed any ancestor, essentially
allowing possibly random expression of all (or any) of the
characteristics of all the generations that have gone before. Because
of this characteristic, H. rosasinensis has become popular with
hobbyists who cross and recross varieties, creating new named
varieties and holding competitions to exhibit and judge the many
resulting new seedlings and often strikingly unique flowers..
Often the progeny of these crosses are sterile, but some are fertile,
further increasing the complexity of variability and the possibility of
a virtually unlimited number of eventual Hibiscus rosasinensis Pink Hibiscus in South India
varieties. This further attracts the hobbyists, who have created local
and international associations, societies, publications, and manuals to further this hobby, which is practiced
with these tropical plants worldwide, including indoors in cold climates.
Gallery
Cultivars with flowers of many colours are used as ornamental plants:
See also
Hibiscus tea
Hibiscus
Footnotes
1. "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species" (http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew2850448).
Retrieved June 13, 2015.
2. "USDA GRIN Taxonomy" (http://www.arsgrin.gov/cgibin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?19075). Retrieved 2 August
2014.
3. "Hibiscus rosasinensis Chinese Hibiscus, Shoeblackplant, Tropical Hibiscus, Red Hibiscus Hawaiian Plants
and Tropical Flowers" (http://wildlifeofhawaii.com/flowers/870/hibiscusrosasinensischinesehibiscus/).
wildlifeofhawaii.com.
4. RHS AZ encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136.
ISBN 1405332964.
5. "Hibiscus: A Plant That Blooms All Year" (http://www.aces.edu/dept/extcomm/specialty/feb28kgard.html).
aces.edu.
6. Gast, Ross H. "The Cultural Potential of the Hibiscus to Southern California"
(http://www.arboretum.org/index.php/news/the_cultural_potential_of_the_hibiscus_to_southern_california). The
Arboretum arboretum.org. Retrieved March 29, 2009.
7. "RHS Plant Selector Hibiscus rosasinensis 'Cooperi' " (http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?
plantid=5351).
8. Baza Mendonça & dos Anjos (2005)
9. "Hibiscus rosasinensis" (http://tropicalplantbook.com/garden_plants/hibiscus_species/pages/hibiscus_rosa
sinensis.htm). tropicalplantbook.com.
10. Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. p. 224.
ISBN 9781845337315.
11. Hindi sabdsagara. (http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgibin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.4:1:7365.dasahindi)
12. "What does hibiscus mean?" (http://www.definitions.net/definition/hibiscus). definitions.net.
13. Plants for a Future: Hibiscus rosasinensis. (http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?)
14. Nevade Sidram A., Sachin G. Lokapure and N.V. Kalyane. 2011. Study on antisolar activity of ehanolic extract
of flower of Hibiscus rosasinensis Linn. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 4(3): 472473.
(http://www.rjptonline.org/RJPT/RJPT_4_3_2011_Abstract.pdf)
15. "IPCN Chromosome Reports" (http://www.tropicos.org/Name/19600046?projectid=9).
References
BAZA MENDONÇA, LUCIANA & DOS ANJOS, LUIZ (2005): Beijaflores (Aves, Trochilidae) e seus recursos
florais em uma área urbana do Sul do Brasil [Hummingbirds (Aves, Trochilidae) and their flowers in
an urban area of southern Brazil]. [Portuguese with English abstract] Revista Brasileira de Zoologia
22(1): 51–59. doi:10.1590/S010181752005000100007 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1590%2FS0101
81752005000100007) PDF fulltext (http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbzool/v22n1/a07v22n1.pdf)
"Hibiscus rosasinensis" (http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?
search_topic=TSN&search_value=21616). Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
The International Hibiscus Society ([1] (http://www.internationalhibiscussociety.org))
The American Hibiscus Society ([2] (http://americanhibiscus.org)),([3] (http://www.trop
hibiscus.com))
The Australian Hibiscus Society Inc. ([4] (http://www.australianhibiscus.com))
Hibiscusmania (France) ([5] (http://hibiscusmania.free.fr))
Hibiscusfreunde (Germany) ([6] (http://www.hibiscusweb.de))
Hibiscus Forrest (Hungary) ([7] (http://www.hibiscusforrest.com))
Hibiscus rosasinensis (Chinese) (http://baike.baidu.com/view/181048.htm)
External links
American Hibiscus Society
External identifiers for Hibiscus rosasinensis
Encyclopedia 584771 (http://www.eol.org/pages/584771)
of Life
NCBI 183298
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?
mode=Info&id=183298)
Also found in: Wikispecies
(http://americanhibiscus.org/)
Wikimedia Commons has
Lone Star Chapter, American Hibiscus Society
media related to Hibiscus
(http://lonestarahs.org/) rosasinensis.
Space City Chapter, American Hibiscus Society
(http://spacecityahs.org/)
Hibiscus rosasinensis (http://hibiscusrosasinensis.org/)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hibiscus_rosasinensis&oldid=676160588"
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