FULLHANDCALCULATIONANALYSISANDDESIGNOFMULTISTORYBUILDING

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FULL HAND CALCULATION, ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTI STORY

BUILDING
Thesis · May 2016

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.34741.78561
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Al-Mansour University College
Civil Engineering Department
FULL HAND CALCULATION, ANALYSIS

AND DESIGN OF MULTI STORY
BUILDING
A Final Year Project Submitted to the Department Of Civil

Engineering at Al-Mansour University College in Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree Of BS.C in Civil
Engineering.
By
1.Saif AldeenSaad
2. Khalid Muhsen
3.Jaafar Salah
Supervised by
Dr. Ola Adel Qasim
A.D 2016 A.H 1437
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this project is to analyze and design a multi-story building
(3D-dimensional reinforce concrete frame), the design of reinforced concrete slabs,
beams, columns, footings and Staircase were made by hand calculations according to
ACI code and compare the results by using STAAD.PRO. In order to design, it is
important to first obtain the plan of the particular building that is, positioning of the
particular rooms (Drawing room, bed room, kitchen toilet etc.) such that they serve
their respective purpose and also suiting to the requirement and comfort of the
inhabitants
An office building were used with reinforced concrete frame consists of three
floors where the maximum area of floor =(21.9*40.9) m2. Each floor consists of twelve
offices. We used AutoCAD programs to complete the architectural design, STAAD
Pro v8iSSS to design and analyze the structure of building. Finally, we arranged the
results as architectural and structural maps for this building.
STAAD PRO has a very interactive user interface which allows the user to draw
the frame and input the load values dimensions and materials properties. Then
according to the specified criteria assigned it analysis the structure and design the
members with reinforcement details for reinforced concrete frames.
The design process of structural planning and design requires not only imagination
and conceptual thinking but also sound knowledge of science of structural engineering
besides the knowledge of practical aspects, such as recent design codes, bye laws, backed
up by ample experience, intuition and judgment. The purpose of standards is to ensure and
enhance the safety, keeping careful balance between economy and safety.
For designing of columns and beams, it is necessary to know the moments they are
subjected to. Designing of slabs depends upon whether it is a one-way or a two way slab,
the end conditions and the loading. From the slabs, the loads are transferred to the beam.
Thereafter, the loads (mainly shear) from the beams are taken by the columns. Finally, the
sections must be checked for all the four components with regard to strength and
serviceability. Analysis of multi-storey building frames involves lot of complications and
Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building I

Abstract
tedious calculations by conventional methods by hand. To carry out such analysis is a time
consuming task.
This project is deal with many computer programs to help us to complete the work.
An excel programs were designed to calculate the moments in slabs using method two
with interpolations to factors and loads in beams with moments and design section and
reinforcement. This program is more effective for analysis the two way slab; by inter a
few numbers of variables that related with type of slab and the dimension of beam and
Columns and the expected applied load. Then the program calculated the combination
load that will be applied on the frame; and then check the thickness of slab with the
limitation of shear. Then the program divided the slab to several frame in the two
directions vertical and horizontal; and calculate the details moment for each part of span;
and then calculate the required area of steel for each moment.
This study is divided into seventh chapters:
 The first chapter presents the introduction about Multi-story Buildings and slabs,
beams, columns, footing etc..
 The second chapter contains types of load on structure.
 The third chapter presents the design calculations of slab and drawing of Building.
 The forth chapter presents the design calculations of floor beam.
 The fifth chapter presents the design calculations of columns and footing.
 The sixth chapter presents the design calculations of Staircase.
 The seventh chapters present the conclusions and recommendations of this study.
Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building II

Supervisor Certification
I certify that this project entitled (FULL HAND CALCULATION,

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTI STORY BUILDING) was prepared
under my supervision in Al-Mansour University College as partial fulfillment
of requirement for the degree of B.Sc in Civil Engineering.
Signature:
Supervisor Name: Dr. Ola Adel Qasim
Date: / /2016
Committee Certification
We certify that we have read this project entitled (FULL HAND

CALCULATION, ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTI STORY
BUILDING) and, we as the examming committee examined the students in
its content and they did all the change we required and in our opinion it meets
the standard of project for the degree of B.Sc in Civil Engineering.
Signature: Signature:
Name: Name:
Date: / /2016 Date: / /2016
(Chairman) (Member)
Signature:
Name: Dr.
Date: / /2016
(Supervisor)
List of Contents
PAGE
SUBJECT
NO.
Acknowledgment.
Abstract. I
List of Contents. III
List of Symbols V
List of Tables. VI
List of Figures. VII
Chapter One:- Introduction.
1-1 Introduction 1
1-2 Reinforced Concrete 2
1-3 Structural Elements 2
1-4 Design Philosophy 3
1-5 Design Bases 3
1-6 Multi-Storey Buildings 4
1-7 Concrete Frame Structures 5
1-8 Reinforced Concrete (RC) 5
1-9 Beam -And-Column Construction 6
1-10 One-Way And Two-Way Reinforced Concrete Slabs. 6
1-11 Beams 8
1-12 Columns. 10
1-13 Footing. 11
1-14 Staircases 12
1-15 Types of Stairs 13
Chapter Two:- Types of Loads.
2-1 Introduction. 15
2-2 Types of Load. 16
2-3 Loads on architectural and civil engineering structure. 16
2-4 Imposed Loads. 17
2-5 Dead Loads. 18
2-6 Live Loads. 18
2-7 Other Loads. 19
2-8 Load Combinations. 19
2-9 Load on supporting beams. 19
2-10 Moment Distribution. 21
2-11 Importance of Hand Calculations. 21
2-12 The Major Qualifying Project. 22
Chapter Three:- Design of Slabs.
3-1 introduction. 23
3-2 Prosperities and Descriptions of Slabs. 26
3-3 Design of Slab in First Floor. 30
3-4 Design of slab in Ground floor. 31
Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building III
Chapter Four: - Design of Beams.
4-2 Loading on Beams (calculation of moments in Y-Direction). 39
4-3Beams Design of Ground Floor and First Floor. 40
4-4 Ground Floor Loading on beam. 42
4-5 First Floor Loading on beam. 43
4-6 Solving Moments by Moment Distribution Method. 45
4-7 Design of beams ABCD & A1B1C1D1 for flexural and shear using hand 47
calculation.
4-8 Loading on Beams (Calculation of moments in X-Direction). 57
4-9 STAAB PRO consists of the following. 59
4-10 Analysis And Design of Beams in Ground And First Floor Using Staad.Pro 2008 61
Analysis.
4-11 Comparison Between Hand Calculation and Staad.Pro 2008 Results of Beams. 63
Chapter Five: - Design of Columns and Footing.
5-1 Column B-B1. 64
5-2 Column B1-B2. 67
5-3 Analysis and design of columns in ground and first floor using staad program 70
analysis.
5-4 Comparison between hand calculation and staad.pro 2006 results of columns. 71
5-5 Design of Footing. 71
Chapter Six:- Design of Stair.
6-2 Calculation of thickness. 81
6-3 Calculation of loading. 81
6-4 Calculation of shear and moment. 81
6-5 Design for reinforcement. 82
Chapter Seven:- Conclusions and Recommendation.
7-1 Conclusions. 83
7-2 Recommendation 84
References.
Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building IV

List of Symbols
Symbol Definition
As Area of steel reinforcement (mm2).
d Effective depth length (mm)
Ab Area of bar (mm2).
f'c Concrete compressive strength (MPa).
fy Yielding strength (MPa).
φ Bar diameter.
ρ Ratio of tension steel.
S Spacing between bars (mm).
Mu Factored moment due to factored load (kN.m).
Wu Factored Load (kN/m2).
Lb Long Span (mm).
La Short Span (mm).
Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building V

List of Tables
Table PAGE
Subject
No. NO.
(3-1) Coefficients of Method II. 25
(3-2) Minimum uniformly distributed live load. 26
(3-3) Geometry and descriptions of slabs, beam and column. 26
(3-4) Concrete and steel Prosperities of slabs, beam and column. 27
(3-5) Loads Types and Calculations first floor. 30
(3-6) Dimensions f slab (F1). 30
(3-7) Loads Types and Calculations ground floor. 31
(3-8) Interpolation Program for Solving Coefficients of Method II 32
(3-9) Represents Moments and reinforcement of Slab (F1 to 18). 32
(3-10) Represents Moments and reinforcement of Slab (G1 to G17). 33
(3-11) Summery of Moments calculated for all slabs. 33
(3-12) Summery of reinforcement detailed calculated for all slabs. 34
(4-1) Details of moment distribution method for frame A-B-C-D. 46
(4-2) Details of Reinforcement of beams for the two floors 62
(4-3) Comparison between the reinforcement obtained from hand calculation and 63
staad.pro 2008 analysis.
(5-1) Reinforcement details of column. 70
(5-2) Shows a comparison between the reinforcement obtained from hand 71
calculation and staad.pro 2008 analysis.
(5-3) Column Load of Exterior Strip (First floor and Ground floor). 74
(5-4) Footing load of hand calculation and staad pro. 80
Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi-story building VI

List of Figures
Figure PAGE
Subject
No. NO.
Chapter One:- Introduction.
(1-1) Multi story Frame Building 2
(1-2) Typical Reinforced concrete frame building. 3
(1-3) Beam column connection. 6
(1-4) Slabs structural element. 8
(1-5) Beam structural element. 10
(1-6) Column structural element. 11
(1-7) Type of footing 12
(1-8) Type of Stairs 12
(1-9) Stairs main technical terms 13
Chapter Two:- Types of Loads.
(2-1) Multi story Frame Building. 15
(2-2) Components of Multi story Frame Building. 17
(2-3) Method of transferring load from the slabs to the beams 20
(3-1) Building with Dimension of Slabs (Top view). 23
(3-2) Office Building (front view). 24
(3-3) Building (3-D view). 25
(3-4) Ground Floor. 27
(3-5) First Floor. 28
(3-6) Ground Floor (Positions and dimensions of beams and columns). 29
(3-7) 3-D for First Floor and ground Floor. 30
(3-8) Building in Staad Pro. 30
(3-9) Reinforcement details of ground floor. 37
(3-9) Reinforcement details of first floor. 38
(4-1) Beam Section. 39
(4-2) Load distribution of two way slabs. 40
(4-3) Transforming Load from Slab to Beams 41
(4-4) Load Distribution of slabs on Beams. 42
(4-5) Load Distribution on Beams. 44
(4-7) Moment Coefficient. 46
(4-8) Moment distribution. 47
(4-9) Shear and Moment Diagram of First Floor (AB). 48
(4-10) Shear and Moment Diagram of First Floor (BC). 49
(4-11) Shear and Moment Diagram of First Floor (CD). 50
(4-12) Shear and Moment Diagram of Ground Floor (AB). 53
(4-13) Shear and Moment Diagram of Ground Floor (BC). 54
(4-14) Shear and Moment Diagram of Ground Floor (CD). 55
Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building VII
(4-16) Transforming Load from Slab to Beams. 57
(4-17) Load Distribution on Beams. 58
(4-18) Moment Diagram From STAAD PRO Program. 60
(4-19) Beam Number (Ground floor. 61
(4-20) (Beam Number (First floor). 61
(5-1) Column Chosen for design. 64
(5-2) Transfer of Load to column Chosen for design. 65
(5-3) shows details of reinforcement for column. 69
(5-4) shows name of column in Ground Floor. 69
(5-5) shows name of column in First Floor. 70
(5-6) strip in x and y directions. 72
(5-7) net factored soil pressure. 72
(5-8) sequence of load transfer between elements of a structure and the chosen 74
strip.
(5-9) shows the axial load for exterior strip 75
(5-10) represents shear force diagram for exterior strip footing. 77
(5-11) Details of reinforcement for exterior strip footing. 79
(5-12) Column Load of Exterior Strip and all columns (First floor and Ground 80
floor).
Chapter Six:- Design of Stair.
(6-1) Stairs details. 81
(6-2) Reinforcement details. 82
Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building VIII
Chapter
One
Chapter one Introduction
Chapter One
Introduction
1-1 Introduction:
There is growing responsiveness of multi-storey reinforced concrete structures, to
accommodate growing population. Generally such structures have prismatic sections
which are common in developing countries, which resist applied loads without any
appreciable deformation of one part relative to another. It is the need to accomplish some
function, one of them is to receive loads (usually known as service loads) at certain points
& transmit them safely to other points, that prompts the designer to give life to a structure
furthermore since it is the need for a safe, serviceable, feasible and aesthetically pleasing
fulfillment of a structure. The ultimate aim of structural analysis is to design all the
structural elements of a structural system in such a way that they perform their functions
satisfactorily and at the same time assist design to become efficient, elegant and
economical which helps to choose the right type of sections consistent with economy
along with safety of the structure.
Many structures are built of reinforced concrete: bridges, viaducts, buildings,
retaining walls, tunnels, tanks, conduits, and others .This deals primarily with fundamental
principles in the design and investigation of reinforced concrete members subjected to
axial force, bending moment, shear, torsion, or combinations of these. Thus these
principles are basically applicable to the design of any type of structure, so long as
information is known about the variation of axial force, shear moment, etc., along the
length of each member. Although analysis and design may be treated separately, they are
inseparable in practice, especially in the case of reinforced.
The multistory building is statically indeterminate structure and there are several
methods to analysis this structures such as method three and moment distribution…..etc.
To analyze and design the multistory building we must analyze and design the
elements that combined it, such slabs, beams, columns and footing. Large amounts of
Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building 1

concrete are used in the construction industry in Iraq and most countries due to its
availability. Concrete is arguably the mast I important building material, playing a role in
all structures. It has the virtue of versatility, i.e. its ability to be molded to take different
shapes n the structural work. It is also very durable and fire resistant with good control and
correct construction procedures are followed.
1-2 Reinforced concrete:
Reinforced concrete is simply concrete in which steel bars with desirable magnitude
are introduced in the casting stage; the resulting composite material can resist the stresses
developed by the external loads. The revolutionary engineering concept of reinforcing the
weak tensile zone of the concrete with steel bars was developed in the mid-19lh century.
The early 20'h century witnessed significant improvement in the development and use of
reinforced concrete mainly due to the production of a good quality concrete with improved
strength and the improved quality of steel with surface characteristics suitable to develop a
good bond with the steel and concrete.
Fig. (1-1) Multi story Frame Building.

1-3 Structural elements:
Each building structure consists of the following elements:-
1. Slabs: horizontal plate elements carrying the loads.
2. Beams: horizontal members carrying the load from slabs.
3. Columns: vertical members carrying mainly axial loads (interior columns) but
sometimes they carry axial loads and moments in the case of exterior beams.
4. Walls: vertical plate elements resisting vertical, lateral or in-plane loads.

5. Bases and foundations: directly supported by the soil, they help to distribute the loads,
transferred by the elements above, and on a larger area thus reducing the stresses applied
to the soil.
Fig. (1-2) Typical Reinforced concrete frame building.

1-4 Design philosophy:
The main objective of reinforced concrete structural design is to comply with the
following essential requirements.
1. Structures designed should satisfy the criteria of the desirable ultimate strength in
flexural, shear, compression, tension and torsion development under a given loading
conditions and their combinations.
2. The structure designed should satisfy the criterion for serviceability, which limits the
deflections and keeps the cracks width with acceptable limits.
3. The structure should also have adequate durability, impermeability, resistance to acids,
corrosion, frost, fire etc.
4. The building should have adequate stability against overturning, sliding, buckling and
vibration under the action of loads.
A satisfactory structural design should ensure the three basic criteria of strength,
serviceability and stability. A good designer should also take into account economy and
aesthetics.
1-5 Design Bases:
The single most important characteristic of any structural member is its actual
strength, which must be large enough to resist, with some margin to spare, all foreseeable
loads that may act on it during the life of the structure, without failure or other distress. It

is logical, therefore, to proportion members, i.e., to select concrete dimensions and
reinforcement, so that member strengths are adequate to resist forces resulting from certain
hypothetical overload stages, significantly above loads expected actually to occur in
service. This design concept is known as strength design. For reinforced concrete
structures at loads close to and at failure, one or both of the materials, concrete and steel,
are invariably in their nonlinear inelastic range. That is, concrete in a structural member
reaches its maximum strength and subsequent fracture at stresses and strains far beyond
the initial elastic range in which stresses and strains are fairly proportional. Similarly, steel
close to and at failure of the member is usually stressed beyond its elastic domain into
and even beyond the yield region. Consequently, the nominal strength of a member
must be calculated based on this inelastic behavior of the materials. A member designed
by the strength method must also perform in a satisfactory way under normal service
loading. For example, beam deflections must be limited to acceptable values, and
the number and width of flexural cracks at service loads must be controlled. Serviceability
limit conditions are an important part of the total design, although attention is focused
initially on strength.
1-6 Multi-Storey Buildings:
The tallness of a building is relative and cannot be defined in absolute terms either in
relation to height or the number of stories. But, from a structural engineer's point of view
the tall building or multi-storied building can be defined as one that, by virtue of its height,
is affected by lateral forces due to wind or earthquake or both to an extent that they play
an important role in the structural design. Tall structures have fascinated mankind from the
beginning of civilization. The Egyptian Pyramids, one among the seven wonders of world,
constructed in 2600 B.C. are among such ancient tall structures Such structures were
constructed for defense and to show pride of the population in their civilization. The
growth in modern multi-storied building construction, which began in late nineteenth
century, is intended largely for commercial and residential purposes. The development of
the high-rise building has followed the growth of the city closely. The process of
urbanization, that started with the age of industrialization, is still in progress in developing

countries. Industrialization causes migration of people to urban centers where job
opportunities are significant. The land available for buildings to accommodate this
migration is becoming scarce, resulting in rapid increase in the cost of land.
1-7 Concrete Frame Structures:
Concrete frame structures are a very common - or perhaps the most common- type of
modern building. As the name suggests, this type of building consists of a frame or
skeleton of concrete. Horizontal members of this frame are called beams, and vertical
members are called columns. Humans walk on flat planes of concrete called slabs. Of
these, the column is the most important, as it is the primary load-carrying element of the
building ,lf you damage a beam in a building, it will usually affect only one floor, but
damage to a column could bring down the entire building .When we say concrete in the
building trade, we actually mean reinforced concrete. Its full name is reinforced cement
concrete, or RCC. RCC is concrete that contains steel bars, called reinforcement
1-8 Reinforced concrete (RC):
Is a composite material in which concrete's relatively low tensile strenght and
ductility are counteracted by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength
and/or ductility. The reinforcement is usually, though not necessarily, steel reinforcing
bars (rebar) and is usually embedded passively in the concrete before the concrete sets.
Reinforcing schemes are generally designed to resist tensile stresses in particular regions
of the concrete that might cause unacceptable cracking and/or structural failure. Modern
reinforced concrete can contain varied reinforcing materials made of steel, polymers or
alternate composite material in conjunction with rebar or not. Reinforced concrete may
also be permanently stressed (in compression), so as to improve the behavior of the final
structure under working loads.
In the United States, the most common methods of doing this are known as pre-tensioning
and post-tensioning.
For a strong, ductile and durable construction the reinforcement needs to have the
following properties at least:
• High relative strength, High toleration of tensile strain

• Good bond to the concrete, irrespective of pH, moisture, and similar factors
• Thermal compatibility, not causing unacceptable stresses in response to changing
temperatures, Durability in the concrete environment.
1-9 Beam -and-Column Construction:
This is often called as "skeleton construction". The floor slabs, partitions, exterior
walls etc. are all supported by a framework of steel beams and columns. This type of
skeleton structure can be erected easily leading to very tall buildings. In such a beam and
column construction, the frame usually consists of columns with beams and girders framed
into them from both directions at each floor level. Generally columns used in the
framework are hot-rolled I-sections or concrete encased steel columns. Where the loading
requirements exceed the capacity of available section. The selection of beam sections
depends upon the span, loading and limitations on overall depth from headroom
considerations. Simple beams with precast floors or composite metal deck floors are likely
to be the most economical for smaller spans. For larger spans, plate-girders or plated-
beams are used.
Fig. (1-3) Beam column connection.

1-10 One-way and two-way reinforced concrete slabs:
These are much heavier than most of the newer light weight floor systems and they take
more time to construct, the floor system is adopted for heavy loads. One way slabs are
used when the longitudinal span is two or more times the short span. In one-way slabs, the
short span direction is the direction in which loads get transferred from slab to the beams.

Hence the main reinforcing bars are provided along this direction. However, temperature,
shrinkage and distribution steel is provided along the longer direction.
The two-way concrete slab is used when aspect ratio of the slab supported along all four
edges i.e. longitudinal span/transverse span is less than 2. The main reinforcement runs in
both directions.
All permanent constructions of the structure form the dead loads. The dead load comprises
of the weights of walls, partitions floor finishes, false ceilings, false floors and the other
permanent constructions in the buildings. The dead loads may be calculated from the
dimensions of various members and their unit weights. The unit weights of plain concrete
and reinforced concrete made with sand and gravel or crushed natural stone aggregate may
be taken as 24 KN/m3.
In reinforced concrete construction slabs are used to provide flat, useful surfaces .a
reinforced concrete slab is a broad, flat plate, usually horizontal with top and bottom
surfaces parallel or nearly so. It may be supported by reinforced concrete beams, by
masonry or reinforced concrete walls, by structural steel members, directly by columns, or
continuously by the ground.
Concrete slabs may in some cases be carried directly by columns without the use of beams
or girders .such slabs are described as flat plates and are commonly used where spans are
not large and loads not particularly heavy.
Flat plates can be constructed in less time and with minimum labor costs.
In many cities the maximum height of buildings is restricted, and then the thin flat plate
permits the construction of the maximum number of stories in a given height.
Flat plates also provide for the most flexibility in the layout of columns, partitions and
small openings, etc
Another advantage of flat plate slabs that should not be over looked in fire resistance.
And the slabs are classified to one-way slab or two-way slab according to the method of
transfer of moments in the both directions depends on the ratio of long span/short span
If the ratio more than two or equal to two, load transfer predominantly by bending in the
short direction and the panel acts as one-way slab.

And if the ratio is less than two, then the load is transferred by bending in both orthogonal
directions, and the panel is two-way slab.
We have several methods to design the slabs like direct design method, method three, etc .
Fig. (1-4) slabs structural element.

1-11 Beams:
A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by
resisting bending. The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a result of
the external loads, own weight, span and external reactions to these loads is called a
bending moment.
Beams generally carry vertical gravitational forces but can also be used to carry
horizontal loads (i.e., loads due to an earthquake or wind). The loads carried by a beam are
transferred to columns, walls, or girders, which then transfer the force to adjacent
structural compression members. In light frame construction the joists rest on the beam.

Beams are characterized by their profile (the shape of their cross-section), their length, and
their material. In contemporary construction, beams are typically made of steel, reinforced
concrete, or wood. One of the most common types of steel beam is the I-beam or wide-
flange beam (also known as a "universal beam" or, for stouter sections, a "universal
column"). This is commonly used in steel-frame buildings and bridges. Other common
beam profiles are the C-channel, the hollow structural section beam, the pipe, and the
angle.
Structural member of reinforced concrete placed horizontally to carry loads over
openings. Because both bending and shear in such beams induce tensile stresses, steel
reinforcing tremendously increases beam strength. Usually, beams are designed under the
assumption that tensile stresses have cracked the concrete and the steel reinforcing is
carrying all the tension. See also stress and strain sections can be singly or doubly
reinforced (sections with only tensile reinforcement or sections with both tensile and
compressive reinforcement). In practice most beams are designed with only tensile
reinforcement (singly reinforced). However, in certain situations it might be necessary to
design beams with both tensile and compression reinforcement (doubly reinforced). For
example, when beam cross section is limited because of architectural or other
considerations, it may happen that the concrete cannot develop the compression force
required to resist the given bending moment. In some cases if a beam is designed with
only tensile reinforcement, the section may become over reinforced, which is neither
desirable nor acceptable by most codes of practice, in these situations the section must also
be designed as doubly reinforced. There are situations in which compressive
reinforcement is used for reasons other than strength.
It has been found that inclusion of some compression reinforcement will reduce the
long-term deflections of beams.
In addition, in some cases, steel will be placed in the compression zone for minimum-
moment loading or as stirrup-support bars continuous throughout the beam span. It is often
desirable to account for the presence of such reinforcement in flexural design. In practice
T, L, and U sections rarely need compression steel for strength reason, and often if this

steel is present it is ignored in design. However, the Beam Strength applet is capable of
evaluating the strength of T, L, U section with both tensile and compression steel.
The program performs the design of a non-prestressed T or inverted-T concrete beam
when subjected to a combination of bending, torsion and shear loading, based on the latest
ACI torsion design criteria and the Ultimate Strength Design Method.
Per ACI, the contribution of concrete to torsional strength (Tc) is disregarded. Thus,
Vc is unaffected by the presence of torsion. Design for torsion is based on a thin-walled
tube, space truss analogy. The interaction of bending with shear and torsion in a concrete
beam is accounted for by adding the torsion longitudinal steel to that required by flexure.
Fig. (1-5) beam structural element.

1-12 Columns:
Columns are defined as members that carry loads chiefly in compression. Usually
columns carry bending moments as well, about one or both axes of the cross-section, and
the bending action may produce tensile forces over apart of cross-section. Even in each
case, columns are generally refer to as compression members, because the compression
forces dominate their behavior.
There are three types of reinforced concrete compression members are in use:
1-members reinforced with longitudinal bars and lateral ties.
2-members reinforced with longitudinal bars and continuous spiral.
3-composite compression members reinforced longitudinally with structural steel shapes,
pipe, or tubing, with or without additional longitudinal bars, and various types of lateral
reinforcement.
The ACI-code gives the limitations of the area of longitudinal reinforcement, for
noncomposite compression members shall be not less than 0.01 Ag or more than 0.08 Ag.

Minimum number of longitudinal bars in compression members shall be 4 for bars within
rectangular or circular ties, 3 for bars within triangular ties, and 6 for bars enclosed by
spirals. The slenderness ratio have great effective in describe the type of columns (short or
long) where, when (KL/r ≤ Cc) then the column defined as short column, otherwise the
column defined as long column, Where:
Cc=√2πϵ/fy
But the effect of slenderness neglected in the following cases:
1-In sway frame when KL/r<22. 2-In non-sway frame when KL/r ≤ 34-12 M1/M2 .
Fig. (1-6) Column structural element.

1-13 Foundation:
A foundation is a lower portion of building structure that transfers its gravity loads
to the earth. Foundations are generally broken into two categories: shallow
foundations and deep foundations. A tall building must have a strong foundation if it is to
stand for a long time. To make a foundation, we normally dig a trench in the ground,
digging deeper and deeper until we come to subsoil, which is more solid than the topsoil
that is used to grow plants and crops. When the trench is deep enough, we fill it with any
strong, hard material we can find. Sometimes we pour in concrete into the trench, which
we strengthen even more by first putting long thin round pieces of steel into the trench.
When the concrete dries, the steel acts like the bones in our body to tie the foundation
together. We call this reinforced concrete. Once the foundation has been packed down
tightly, or dried hard, we can begin to build the building superstructure.

Fig. (1-7) Type of footing.

1-14 Staircases:
Staircases provide means of movement from one floor to another in a structure.
Staircases consist of a number of steps with landings at suitable intervals to provide
comfort and safety for the users. Some common types of stairs are shown in Fig. (1-8).
These include straight-flight stairs, quarter-turn stairs, half-turn stairs, branching stairs,
and geometrical stairs.
Fig. (1-8) (a); (b) Straight flight stairs; (c) Quarter-turn stairs; (d) Half-turn stairs; (e) Branching
stairs; (f) Open-well (half turn); (g) Open-well with quarter turn landing; (h); (i); (j) Geometrical
stairs Technical Terms
The definitions of some technical terms, which are used in connection with design of
stairs, Fig. (1-9) shows main technical terms associated with stairs design:
a. Tread or Going: horizontal upper portion of a step.
b. Riser: vertical portion of a step.
c. Rise: vertical distance between two consecutive treads.
d. Flight: a series of steps provided between two landings.
e. Landing: a horizontal slab provided between two flights.
f. Waist: the least thickness of a stair slab.
g. Winder: radiating or angular tapering steps.
h. Soffit: the bottom surface of a stair slab.
i. Nosing: the intersection of the tread and the riser.
j. Headroom: the vertical distance from a line connecting the nosing's of all treads and the
soffit above.
Fig. (1-9) Stairs main technical terms

1-15 Types of Stairs:
For purpose of design, stairs are classified into two types; transversely and
longitudinally supported.
a- Transversely supported (transverse to the direction of movement):
Transversely supported stairs include:
§ Simply supported steps supported by two walls or beams or a combination of both.
§ Steps cantilevering from a wall or a beam.
§ Stairs cantilevering from a central spine beam.
b- Longitudinally supported (in the direction of movement):
These stairs span between supports at the top and bottom of a flight and unsupported at the
sides. Longitudinally supported stairs may be supported in any of the following manners:
a. Beams or walls at the outside edges of the landings.
b. Internal beams at the ends of the flight in addition to beams or walls at the outside edges
of the landings.

c. Landings which are supported by beams or walls running in the longitudinal direction.
d. Combination of (a) or (b), and (c).
e. Stairs with quarter landings associated with open-well stairs.
 Effective Span:
The effective span is taken as the horizontal distance between centerlines of supporting
elements.
 Loading:
a. Dead Load:
The dead load, which can be calculated on horizontal plan, includes:
§ Own weight of the steps.
§ Own weight of the slab. For flight load calculations, this load is to be increased by
dividing it by cosα to get it on horizontal projection, where α is the angle of slope of the
flight.
§ Surface finishes on the flight and on the landings. For flight load calculations, the part of
load acting on slope is to be increased by dividing it by cos α to get it on horizontal
projection.
b. Live Load:
Live load is always given on horizontal projection.
 Design for Shear and Flexure:
The stairs slab is designed for maximum shear and flexure. Main reinforcement runs
in the longitudinal direction, while shrinkage reinforcement runs in the transverse
direction. Special attention has to be paid to reinforcement detail at opening joints.

Chapter
Two
Chapter Two Load Type
Chapter Two
Types of Loads
2-1 Introduction:
Structural loads or actions are forces, deformations, or accelerations applied to
a structure or its components. Loads cause stresses, deformations, and displacements in
structures. Assessment of their effects is carried out by the methods of structural
analysis. Excess load or overloading may cause structural failure, and hence such
possibility should be either considered in the design or strictly controlled. Mechanical
structures, such as aircraft, satellites, rockets, space stations, ships and submarines, have
their own particular structural loads and actions. Engineers often evaluate structural
loads based upon published regulations, contracts, or specifications. Accepted technical
standards are used for acceptance testing and inspection.
The loads are broadly classified as vertical loads, horizontal loads and longitudinal
loads. The vertical loads consist of dead load, live load and impact load. The horizontal
loads comprises of wind load and earthquake load. The longitudinal loads i.e. tractive
and braking forces are considered in special case of design of bridges, gantry girders etc.
Fig. (2-1) Multi story Frame Building.

2-2 Types of Load:
Dead loads are static forces that are relatively constant for an extended time. They
can be in tension or compression. The term can refer to a laboratory test method or to the
normal usage of a material or structure.
Live loads are usually unstable or moving loads. These dynamic loads may involve
considerations such as impact, momentum, vibration, slosh dynamics of fluids, etc.
An impact load is one whose time of application on a material is less than one-third
of the natural period of vibration of that material.
Cyclic loads on a structure can lead to fatigue damage, cumulative damage, or
failure. These loads can be repeated loadings on a structure or can be due to vibration.
2-3 Loads on architectural and civil engineering structure:
Building codes require that structures be designed and built to safely resist all
actions that they are likely to face during their service life, while remaining fit for use.
Minimum loads or actions are specified in these building codes for types of structures,
geographic locations, usage and materials of construction. Structural loads are split into
categories by their originating cause. In terms of the actual load on a structure, there is
no difference between dead or live loading, but the split occurs for use in safety
calculations or ease of analysis on complex models.
To meet the requirement that design strength be higher than maximum
loads, building codes prescribe that, for structural design, loads are increased by load
factors. These load factors are, roughly, a ratio of the theoretical design strength to the
maximum load expected in service. They are developed to help achieve the desired level
of reliability of a structure based on probabilistic studies that take into account the load's
originating cause, recurrence, distribution, and static or dynamic nature.

Fig. (2-2) Components of Multi story Frame Building.

2-4 Imposed Loads:
Imposed load is produced by the intended use or occupancy of building including
the weight of movable partitions distributed and concentrated loads, load due to impact
and vibration and dust load, imposed do not include due to wind, seismic activity, snow,
and loads imposed due to temperature changes to which the structure will be subjected
to creep and shrinkage of the structure, the differential settlements to which the structure
may undergo. Live loads, or imposed loads, are temporary, of short duration, or
a moving load. These dynamic loads may involve considerations such
as impact, momentum, vibration, slosh dynamics of fluids and material fatigue. Live
loads, sometimes also referred to as probabilistic loads, include all the forces that are
variable within the object's normal operation cycle not including construction or
environmental loads. Roof and floor live loads are produced during maintenance by

workers, equipment and materials, and during the life of the structure by movable
objects, such as planters and people. Bridge live loads are produced by vehicles
traveling over the deck of the bridge.
2-5 Dead Loads:
Dead loads are permanent or stationary loads which are transferred to structure
throughout the life span. Dead load is primarily due to self weight of structural
members, permanent partition walls, fixed permanent equipments and weight of
different materials. The dead load includes loads that are relatively constant over time,
including the weight of the structure itself, and immovable fixtures such as
walls, plasterboard or carpet. The roof is also a dead load. Dead loads are also known as
permanent or static loads.
2-6 Live Loads:
Live loads are either movable or moving loads with out any acceleration or impact.
There are assumed to be produced by the intended use or occupancy of the building
including weights of movable partitions or furniture etc. The floor slabs have to be
designed to carry either uniformly distributed loads or concentrated loads whichever
produce greater stresses in the part under consideration. Since it is unlikely that any one
particular time all floors will not be simultaneously carrying maximum loading, the code
permits some reduction in imposed loads in designing columns, load bearing walls, piers
supports and foundations. Live loads include any temporary or transient forces that act
on a building or structural element. Typically, they include people, furniture, vehicles,
and almost everything else that can be moved throughout a building.
Live loads can be prescribed to any structural element (floors, columns, beams,
even roofs) and will ultimately be factored into a calculation of gravity loads, which
we'll explain below We measure uniform live loads as KN/m2. The acceptable live load
will vary considerably based on the occupancy and expected use of a structure or
structural element For example, the live load for a school, and colleges 4-5 KN/m2
Stadiums 5 KN/m2 and houses 2 KN/m2.

2-7 Other Loads:
Engineers must also be aware of other actions that may affect a structure, such as:
 Foundation settlement or displacement
 Fire
 Corrosion
 Explosion
 Creep or shrinkage
 Impact from vehicles or machinery vibration
 Construction loads
2-8 Load Combinations:

A load combination results when more than one load type acts on the
structure. Building codes usually specify a variety of load combinations together
with load factors (weightings) for each load type in order to ensure the safety of the
structure under different maximum expected loading scenarios. For example, in
designing a staircase, a dead load factor may be 1.2 times the weight of the structure,
and a live load factor may be 1.6 times the maximum expected live load. These two
"factored loads" are combined (added) to determine the "required strength" of the
staircase. The reason for the disparity between factors for dead load and live load, and
thus the reason the loads are initially categorized as dead or live is because while it is
not unreasonable to expect a large number of people ascending the staircase at once, it is
less likely that the structure will experience much change in its permanent load.
2-9 Load on supporting beams:
The loads on supporting beam s for two way panels may be assumed as the load wit
tributary areas of the panel bounded by the intersections of (45)° lines from the comer
with the median of the panel parallel to the long side. The bending moments may be
determined approximately by using an equivalent uniform load per unit length of the
beam as follows:

𝑤.𝑆
For short beam:
3
𝑤.𝑆 3−𝑚2 𝑆
For long beam: ( ) Where 𝑚 =
3 2 𝐿
Fig. (2-3) Method of transferring load from the slabs to the beams.
2-10 Moment Distribution:
In the moment distribution method, every joint of the structure to be analyzed is
fixed so as to develop the fixed-end moments. Then each fixed joint is sequentially
released and the fixed-end moments (which by the time of release are not in equilibrium)
are distributed to adjacent members until equilibrium is achieved. The moment
distribution method in mathematical terms can be demonstrated as the process of solving
a set of simultaneous equations by means of iteration. Moment distribution is a great
method for quickly computing end moments on continuous beams. Over the years,
several variations of the method have been presented. These methods take advantage of
various observations made about the process. While this method can be applied to a
variety of indeterminate structures. The moment distribution method begins by
determining the relative flexural stiffness, in the plane of loading, of all the elements
rigidly connected to each joint. Rotational stiffness of a member is proportional to
material and geometric stiffness:
Relative Rotational Stiffness = EI/L
 E is the modulus of elasticity of the material,
 I is the moment of inertia about the axis of bending in the plane of the frame, and
 L is the length of the member.
The distribution factors are computed joint by joint for the ends of each member
connected to the joint. After computing the fixed end moments (FEM) for each span,
you will observe that there is an unbalanced moment at each joint. In other words, the
sum of moments at the joint does not equal zero, a necessary requirement for
equilibrium. To rectify this problem, a joint is "released" and the unbalanced moment
(i.e. the difference of the FEMs) is divided among the members attached to joint in
proportion to their contributions to the joint rotational stiffness using the distribution
factors. Once the distributed moments are added to each preexisting FEM at the joint,
the resulting FEMs are "balanced". In other words, the sum of the moments at the joint
equal zero and equilibrium is satisfied at that joint (for now!). The addition of moment
to each element attached to the joint induces a moment on the opposite end of each
member. This is called "carry over" (CO). The carry over moment is added to the
preexisting FEM at that joint. The CO moment tends to unbalance the joints adjacent to
newly balanced joint. These joints are, in turn released, balanced and send back CO
moments to unbalance the adjacent joint. Joints are successively released and balanced
until the CO moments get small enough to ignore. This means that this is an iterative
process that looks for convergence.
2-11 Importance of Hand Calculations:
The students have been asked to perform hand calculations. Computer analysis and
design programs offer great benefits to the design engineer. However, the computer
programs can be easily misused without proper precautions in analysis and design
procedures. If the design of any structure is based on the results obtained from erroneous

computer analysis, it can lead to structural failures, costly disputes and poor performing
structures. Performing the following procedures can eliminate many of the errors.
1. Model the structure as closely to the real structure as possible.
2. Recognize the important structural reactions
3. Check the input and understand the material behavior and boundary conditions
4. Perform simple equilibrium and compatibility checks using hand calculations.
5. Know and understand the limitations of the software.
A series of hand design calculations were performed on a typical slab panel, a randomly
selected set of three beams and columns, one critical footing supporting the highest
column load in the structure, and a typical combined footing. The purpose of the hand
design calculation was to verify manually, the analysis from the finite element software
package, STAAD and the Indian code driven RC Design Suite programs.
2-12 The Major Qualifying Project:
1. To use Autocad to sketch the floor plan and the details of the frame and foundations
of the structure and also the details of beam etc.
2. To use Microsoft EXCEL to facilitate the computation of the service loads on the
structure.
3. To use STAAD package for the analysis of Multi story building.
4. To familiarize with ACI Code and other codes.
5. To use Reinforced concrete design Suite for the design of slabs, beams, column and
footings.

Chapter
Three
Chapter Three Design of Slabs
Chapter Three
Design of Slabs
3-1 Introduction:
The building is official building with dimensions shown in the figure and consist with
columns and beams and slabs with thickness of 200 mm and analyze depend on ACI-Code.
The building consists of two story ground floor and first floor.
Fig. (3-1) Building with Dimension of Slabs (Top view).
Full Hand Calculation, analysis and design of Multi Story Building 23

Fig. (3-2) Office Building (front view).

Fig. (3-3) Building (3-D view).
Table (3-1) Coefficients of Method II.

Long
Short Direction
Slab Direction
Position
Case Modular Ratio (m)
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 All
-ve con 0.033 0.04 0.048 0.055 0.063 0.083 0.033
1 -ve dis --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
m=
+ve 0.025 0.03 0.036 0.041 0.047 0.062 0.025
-ve con 0.041 0.048 0.055 0.062 0.069 0.085 0.041
2 -ve dis 0.021 0.024 0.027 0.031 0.035 0.042 0.021
+ve 0.031 0.036 0.041 0.047 0.052 0.064 0.031
-ve con 0.049 0.057 0.064 0.071 0.078 0.09 0.049
3 -ve dis 0.025 0.028 0.032 0.036 0.039 0.045 0.025
+ve 0.037 0.043 0.048 0.054 0.059 0.068 0.037
4 -ve con 0.058 0.066 0.074 0.082 0.09 0.098 0.058

-ve dis 0.029 0.033 0.037 0.041 0.045 0.049 0.029
+ve 0.044 0.05 0.065 0.062 0.068 0.074 0.044
-ve con --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
5 -ve dis 0.033 0.038 0.043 0.047 0.053 0.055 0.033
+ve 0.05 0.057 0.064 0.072 0.08 0.083 0.05
Table (3-2): Minimum uniformly distributed live load.
3-2 Prosperities and Descriptions of Slabs:

Table (3-3) Geometry and descriptions of slabs, beam and column.
Calculation of Thickness of slab For two-way slab:
h=>90 mm
t = (a + b)*2/180
t = (7700+8050)*2/180 =175mm; use slab
thickness=200mm.
Depth of beam From table (9.5 a0 ACI-318)
=L/21= 8050 /21
= 383 mm
Use 600 mm
Width of beam (b) =300 mm for beams.
column 400*400, 500*500, 300*300, 300*600 and
300*500 mm

Table (3-4) Concrete and steel Prosperities of slabs, beam and column.
Density of concrete 24 kN/m3
Compressive strength (f'c) 25 MPa
Yield stress (fy) 400 MPa
Fig. (3-4) Ground Floor.

$
Fig. (3-5) First Floor.

Fig. (3-6) Ground Floor (Positions and dimensions of beams and columns).

Fig. (3-7) 3-D for First Floor and ground Floor.
Fig. (3-8) Building in Staad Pro.

3-3 Design of Slab in First Floor:
Table (3-5) Loads Types and Calculations first floor.
All slabs are two-way slabs
Live load calculation (L.L) Assumed service live load = 2 kN/m2
Dead load calculation (D.L) Weight of gypsum plastering = 0.02 * 13.5 = 0.27kN/m2
Weight of earth filling = 18 * 0.15 = 2.7kN/m2
Weight of roof tiles = 0.03 * 24 =0. 72 kN/m2
Weight of slab = 24 * t = 24 * 0.2 = 4.8kN/m2
Total service dead load = 0.27+2.7+0.72+4.8
= 8.49kN/m2
Wu = 1.2 * WD + 1.6 * WL
Wu =1.2 * 8.49 + 1.6 * 2=13.4 kN/m2
WuL=1.6 * 2=3.2 kN/m2
WuD=1.2 * 8.49 = 10.188 kN/m2
Table (3-6) Dimensions f slab (F1).

La mm Lb/La= / = < 2 (Two-
Lb mm way slab)
m= La / Lb = / =()
Case ( )
∅= 0.9 fc' = 25 MPa fy = 400 MPa

3-4 Design of slab in Ground floor.
Table (3-7) Loads Types and Calculations ground floor.
All slabs are two-way slabs
Live load calculation (L.L) WL = 3 kN/m2
Dead load calculation (D.L) and Weight of gypsum plastering = 0.02 * 13.5 = 0.27
Superimposed dead load (SDL) kN/m2
Weight of slab = 24 * t = 24 * 200 = 4.8 kN/m2
Weight of tiles with mortar = ( 0.02 * 0.03 ) * 23 =
1.15 kN/m2
Wd = 6.22 kN/m2
Wu = 6.22 * 1.2 + 3 * 1.6 = 12.264 kN/m2
WuL=3*1.6=4.8 kN/m2
WuD=6.22 * 1.2= 7.464 kN/m2
Example for calculations:
Slab 1
La = 7.8
Lb = 8.08
m = 0.965
∅= 0.9
d short = t- cover – db/2 (cover =20 mm , db = 12mm)
=200-20-12/2=174mm
d long = d short – db = 174 – 12 = 162mm
Short direction
𝑚
R= =42.2077*1000000/0.9*1000*174*174*25= 0.06196
∅∗𝑏∗𝑑 2 ∗𝑓𝑐 ′
1−√1−2.36∗𝑅
ω= = 0.0644073
1.18
ρ=ω*fc'/fy=0.0644073*25/400=0.00402546
As = ρ*b*d =0.00402546*1000*175=700.4298 mm2
As min= 0.0018 * b * t As > As min

=0.0018*1000*200=360 mm2
Number of bars = As req / Asbar=700.4298/113.04=6
As pro= n * Asbar=6*113.04=700.4298 mm2
S req = Asbar * 1000 / Aspro=113.04*1000/700.4298=161.3866
Smin=40 mm and Smax= minimum of [3*t], (600mm) or 500 mm; use 500mm

Table (3-8) Interpolation Program for Solving Coefficients of Method II.
3-3-1 Design of Slab (F1):

Table (3-9) Represents Moments and reinforcement of Slab (F1).

3-4-1 Design of Slab (G1):
Table (3-10) Represents Moments and reinforcement of Slab (G1).
Table (3-11) Summery of Moments calculated for all slabs.

Case First Floor Ground Floor
Short Long Direction Short Long Direction
Mu kN.m/m Mu kN.m/m Mu kN.m/m Mu kN.m/m
Middle Column Middle Column Middle Column Middle Column
-ve 42.20766 28.13844 39.94754 26.6317 Slab -ve 45.12999 30.08666 21.63811 14.42541
Slab F1 -ve 21.22894 14.15263 20.3814 13.5876 G1 -ve 22.565 15.04333 21.63811 14.42541
+ve 31.85956 21.23971 30.16447 20.10965 +ve 34.22056 22.81371 32.83024 21.88682
-ve 35.18944 23.45962 32.57393 21.71595 Slab -ve 32.02545 21.3503 29.81243 19.87496
Slab F2 -ve 35.18944 23.45962 16.68421 11.1228 G2 -ve 16.21822 10.81215 15.26978 10.17986
+ve 26.49729 17.66486 24.62907 16.41938 +ve 24.12183 16.08122 22.54111 15.02741
-ve 27.38576 18.25717 18.48182 12.32121 Slab -ve 24.98684 16.6579 16.915 11.27667
Slab F3 -ve 27.38576 18.25717 9.466296 6.310864 G3 -ve 24.98684 16.6579 8.66378 5.775853
+ve 20.70445 13.80297 13.97406 9.316037 +ve 18.88299 12.58866 12.78939 8.52626
-ve 31.85408 21.23605 24.66257 16.44171 Slab -ve 29.03452 19.35635 22.57177 15.04785
Slab F4 -ve 31.85408 21.23605 12.63205 8.421364 G4 -ve 29.03452 19.35635 11.56115 7.707433
+ve 23.7841 15.85607 18.64731 12.43154 +ve 21.68271 14.45514 17.06646 11.37764
-ve 34.55231 23.03487 30.49307 20.32872 Slab -ve 31.45938 20.97292 27.90799 18.60533
Slab F5 -ve 34.55231 23.03487 15.6184 10.41227 G5 -ve 31.45938 20.97292 14.29434 9.529557
+ve 25.95519 17.30346 23.05574 15.37049 +ve 23.63787 15.75858 21.10116 14.06744
-ve 28.96927 19.31285 19.50266 13.00177 Slab -ve 26.44928 17.63285 17.8493 11.89953
Slab F6 -ve 14.63291 9.755271 9.950338 6.633558 G6 -ve 13.36492 8.909944 9.106787 6.071191
+ve 22.0001 14.66673 14.7265 9.817666 +ve 20.08923 13.39282 13.47804 8.985363
-ve 26.82702 17.88468 18.80184 12.53456 Slab -ve 24.26656 16.17771 17.20789 11.47193
Slab F7 -ve 26.82702 17.88468 9.630212 6.420141 G7 -ve 24.26656 16.17771 8.8138 5.875866
+ve 20.17759 13.45172 14.21603 9.477351 +ve 18.22173 12.14782 13.01085 8.673898
-ve 23.30428 15.53619 15.13319 10.08879 Slab -ve 13.86134 9.240895 13.61451 9.076341
Slab F8 -ve 0 0 0 0 G8 -ve 0 0 0 0
+ve 17.43205 11.62137 11.46454 7.643025 +ve 10.49033 6.993555 10.31402 6.876016
Slab F9 -ve 18.48182 12.32121 14.87561 9.917072 Slab -ve 17.69024 11.79349 13.85026 9.233504

-ve 0 0 0 0 G9 -ve 0 0 0 0
+ve 13.97406 9.316037 11.2694 7.512933 +ve 13.26768 8.845121 10.49262 6.995079
Slab -ve 19.32887 12.88591 15.13319 10.08879 Slab -ve 20.57962 13.71974 13.85026 9.233504
F10 -ve 0 0 0 0 G10 -ve 0 0 0 0
+ve 14.49665 9.664434 11.46454 7.643025 +ve 15.41922 10.27948 10.49262 6.995079
Slab -ve 22.48588 14.99059 15.13319 10.08879 Slab -ve 16.67865 11.1191 14.93513 9.956753
F11 -ve 0 0 0 0 G11 -ve 8.396924 5.597949 14.93513 9.956753
+ve 16.84748 11.23166 11.46454 7.643025 +ve 12.53779 8.358525 11.29242 7.528277
Slab -ve 18.22358 12.14905 16.31855 10.87904 Slab -ve 22.38425 14.92284 43.27622 28.85081
F12 -ve 9.174721 6.116481 16.31855 10.87904 G12 -ve 22.38425 14.92284 21.63811 14.42541
+ve 13.69915 9.132766 12.33842 8.225612 +ve 33.94945 22.63297 32.83024 21.88682
Slab -ve 41.57806 27.7187 39.94754 26.6317 Slab -ve 31.72116 21.14744 29.81243 19.87496
F13 -ve 20.99284 13.99523 20.3814 13.5876 G13 -ve 31.72116 21.14744 15.26978 10.17986
+ve 31.38736 20.9249 30.16447 20.10965 +ve 23.90448 15.93632 22.54111 15.02741
Slab -ve 34.65945 23.1063 32.57393 21.71595 Slab -ve 24.8568 16.5712 16.915 11.27667
F14 -ve 34.65945 23.1063 16.68421 11.1228 G14 -ve 24.8568 16.5712 8.66378 5.775853
+ve 26.11873 17.41248 24.62907 16.41938 +ve 18.77152 12.51435 12.78939 8.52626
Slab -ve 27.15925 18.10617 18.48182 12.32121 Slab -ve 28.83406 19.22271 22.57177 15.04785
F15 -ve 27.15925 18.10617 9.466296 6.310864 G15 -ve 28.83406 19.22271 11.56115 7.707433
+ve 20.51031 13.67354 13.97406 9.316037 +ve 21.53952 14.35968 17.06646 11.37764
Slab -ve 31.50492 21.00328 24.66257 16.44171 Slab -ve 31.18377 20.78918 27.90799 18.60533
F16 -ve 31.50492 21.00328 12.63205 8.421364 G16 -ve 31.18377 20.78918 14.29434 9.529557
+ve 23.5347 15.6898 18.64731 12.43154 +ve 23.44101 15.62734 21.10116 14.06744
Slab -ve 34.07229 22.71486 30.49307 20.32872 Slab -ve 42.0346 28.02307 39.94754 26.6317
F17 -ve 34.07229 22.71486 15.6184 10.41227 G17 -ve 21.16405 14.10936 20.3814 13.5876
+ve 25.61232 17.07488 23.05574 15.37049 +ve 31.72976 21.15318 30.16447 20.10965
Slab -ve 28.78135 19.18757 19.50266 13.00177
F18 -ve 14.55237 9.701579 9.950338 6.633558
+ve 21.86587 14.57724 14.7265 9.817666
Table (3-12) Summery of reinforcement detailed calculated for all slabs.
No.of Spacing Spacin No.of Spacing Spacing
Slabs Direction Direction
Bars mm g mm Bars mm c/c mm
M con 6φ12 161.3866 150 M con 6 φ12 158.1555 150
Slab F1 Short M dis 3 φ12 314 300 Long M dis 3 φ12 314 300
M+ 5 φ12 215.9392 200 M+ 5 φ12 211.7531 200
M con 5 φ12 194.8882 200 M con 5 φ12 195.569 200
Slab F2 Short M con 5 φ12 194.8882 200 Long M dis 3 φ12 314 300
M+ 4 φ12 260.948 250 M+ 4 φ12 260.9136 250
M con 4 φ12 252.2731 250 M con 3 φ12 314 300
M+ 3 φ12 314 300 M+ 3 φ12 314 300
M con 5 φ12 215.9775 200 M con 4 φ12 260.5498 250
M+ 3 φ12 291.448 300 M+ 3 φ12 314 300
M con 5 φ12 198.6024 200 M con 5 φ12 209.3954 200
M+ 4 φ12 266.5324 250 M+ 4 φ12 279.191 300
M con 4 φ12 238.1305 250 M con 3 φ12 314 300
M+ 3 φ12 314 300 M+ 3 φ12 314 300
M con 4 φ12 257.6615 250 M con 3 φ12 314 300
M+ 3 φ12 314 300 M+ 3 φ12 314 300
M con 3 φ12 297.5805 300 M con 3 φ12 314 300
M+ 3 φ12 314 300 M+ 3 φ12 314 300
M con 3 φ12 314 300 M con 3 φ12 314 300
M+ 3 φ12 314 300 M+ 3 φ12 314 300
Slab M con 3 φ12 314 300 M con 3 φ12 314 300
Short Long
F10 M dis 3 φ12 314 300 M dis 3 φ12 314 300

M+ 3 φ12 314 300 M+ 3 φ12 314 300
M con 3 φ12 314 300 M con 3 φ12 314 300
Slab
Short M dis 3 φ12 314 300 Long M dis 3 φ12 314 300
F11
M+ 3 φ12 314 300 M+ 3 φ12 314 300
M con 3 φ12 314 300 M con 3 φ12 314 300
Slab
Short M dis 3 φ12 314 300 Long M con 3 φ12 314 300
F12
M+ 3 φ12 314 300 M+ 3 φ12 314 300
M con 6 φ12 163.9309 150 M con 6 φ12 158.1555 150
Slab
F13
M+ 5 φ12 219.2856 200 M+ 5 φ12 211.7531 200
M con 5 φ12 197.9683 200 M con 5 φ12 195.569 200
Slab
Short M con 5 φ12 197.9683 200 Long M dis 3 φ12 314 300
F14
M+ 4 φ12 264.8233 250 M+ 4 φ12 260.9136 250
M con 4 φ12 254.4308 250 M con 3 φ12 314 300
Slab
F15
M+ 3 φ12 314 300 M+ 3 φ12 314 300
M con 5 φ12 218.4431 200 M con 4 φ12 260.5498
Slab
F16
M+ 3 φ12 294.6043 300 M+ 3 φ12 314 300
M con 5 φ12 201.4924 200 M con 5 φ12 209.3954
Slab
F17
M+ 4 φ12 270.1865 250 M+ 4 φ12 279.191
M con 4 φ12 239.7276 250 M con 3 φ12 308.4608 300
Slab
F18
M+ 3 φ12 314 300 M+ 3 φ12 314 300
M con 3 φ12 314 300 M dis 3 φ12 297.9345 300
Slab G1 Short M dis 3 φ12 314 300 Long M dis 3 φ12 297.9345 300
M+ 3 φ12 314 300 M+ 5 φ12 193.987 200
M con 5 φ12 214.787 200 M con 5 φ12 214.3364 200
Slab G2 Short M con 3 φ12 314 300 Long M dis 3 φ12 314 300
M+ 3 φ12 287.2777 300 M+ 3 φ12 285.7229 300
M con 4 φ12 277.1106 250 M con 3 φ12 314 300
Slab G3 Short M con 4 φ12 277.1106 250 Long M dis 3 φ12 314 300
M+ 3 φ12 314 300 M+ 3 φ12 314 300
M con 4 φ12 237.5808 250 M con 4 φ12 285.3254 300
M+ 3 φ12 314 300 M+ 3 φ12 314 300
M con 5 φ12 218.7688 200 M con 4 φ12 229.4407 200
M+ 3 φ12 293.2906 300 M+ 3 φ12 305.6911 300
M con 4 φ12 261.4333 250 M con 3 φ12 314 300
Slab G6 Short M dis 3 φ12 314 300 Long M dis 3 φ12 314 300
M+ 3 φ12 314 300 M+ 3 φ12 314 300
M con 4 φ12 285.5261 300 M con 3 φ12 314 300
M+ 3 φ12 314 300 M+ 3 φ12 314 300
M con 3 φ12 314 300 M con 3 φ12 314 300
M+ 3 φ12 314 300 M+ 3 φ12 314 300
M con 3 φ12 314 300 M con 3 φ12 314 300
M+ 3 φ12 314 300 M+ 3 φ12 314 300
M con 3 φ12 314 300 M con 3 φ12 314 300
Slab
G10
M+ 3 φ12 314 300 M+ 3 φ12 314 300
M con 3 φ12 314 300 M con 3 φ12 314 300
Slab
Short M dis 3 φ12 314 300 Long M con 3 φ12 314 300
G11
M+ 3 φ12 314 300 M+ 3 φ12 314 300
M dis 3 φ12 314 300 M con 7 φ12 145.4357 150
Slab
Short M dis 3 φ12 314 300 Long M dis 3 φ12 297.9345 300
G12
M+ 5 φ12 202.2451 200 M+ 5 φ12 193.987 200
M con 5 φ12 216.9097 200 M con 5 φ12 214.3364 200
Slab
G13
M+ 3 φ12 289.948 300 M+ 3 φ12 285.7229 300

M con 4 φ12 278.594 250 M con 3 φ12 314 300
Slab
G14
M+ 3 φ12 314 300 M+ 3 φ12 314 300
M con 4 φ12 239.2775 250 M con 4 φ12 285.3254 300
Slab
G15
M+ 3 φ12 314 300 M+ 3 φ12 314 300
M con 5 φ12 220.7596 250 M con 4 φ12 229.4407 200
Slab
G16
M+ 3 φ12 295.8074 300 M+ 3 φ12 305.6911 300
M con 6 φ12 162.0784 150 M con 6 φ12 158.1555 150
Slab
G17
M+ 5 φ12 216.8491 200 M+ 5 φ12 211.7531 200

Fig. (3-9) Reinforcement details of ground floor.

Fig. (3-10) Reinforcement details of first floor.

Chapter
Four
Chapter Four Design of Beams
Chapter Four
Design of Beams
4-1Introduction:
From previous chapter we can obtain factored uniform load on first floor =13.4
kN/m2 . Factored uniform load on ground floor = 12.254 kN/m2
4-2 Loading on Beams (calculation of moments in Y-Direction):
Loads transfer from slabs to beam to the column finally to foundation. There is a
different between one way slab loading and two way slabs loading.
Fig. (4-1) Beam Section.

Fig. (4-2) Load distribution of two way slabs.

For short beam One way slab: 𝑤. 𝑠
𝑤.𝑆
For short beam Two way slab:
3
𝑤.𝑆 3−𝑚2 𝑆
For long beam Two way slab: ( 2 ) Where 𝑚 =
3 𝐿
4-3Beams Design of Ground Floor and First Floor:

Fig. (4-3) Transforming Load from Slab to Beams.
Beam = 0.3*0.6*24*1.2 =5.184 kN/m

Wall = 0.25*(4.65-0.6)*19*1.2 =23.085 kN/m
Wu (Ground)=12.3 kN/m2
Wu (First)= 13.4 kN/m2

Fig. (4-4): Load distribution of slabs on beam.

4-4 Ground Floor Loading on beam:
4-4-1 Beam C1D1:
Slab 1
La = 6.4
Lb = 7.75
m = 0.82580645
Slab 2
La = 5.5
Lb = 7.75
m = 0.70967742
6.4 2 5.5 2
12.3∗6.4 3−( ) 12.3∗5.5 3−( )
7.75 7.75
Total load = ∗ + ∗ +5.184+23.085 = 86.82 kN/m.
3 2 3 2
4-4-2 Beam B1C1:

Slab 3
La = 5.55
Lb = 6.4
m = 0.867188
Slab 4
La = 5.5
Lb = 5.55

m = 0.990991
12.3∗5.55 12.3∗5.5
Total load = + +5.184= 50.69 kN/m.
3 3
4-4-3 Beam A1B1:

Slab 5
La = 6.4
Lb = 7.7
m = 0.831169
Slab 6
La = 5.5
Lb = 7.7
m = 0.714286
6.4 2 5.5 2
12.3∗6.4 3−( ) 12.3∗5.5 3−( )
7.7 7.7
Total load = ∗ + ∗ +5.184+23.085 = 86.63 kN/m.
3 2 3 2
4-5 First Floor Loading on beam:

4-5-1 Beam CD:
Slab 1
La = 6.4
Lb = 7.75
m = 0.82580645
Slab 2
La = 5.5
Lb = 7.75
m = 0.70967742
6.4 2 5.5 2
13.4∗6.4 3−( ) 13.4∗5.5 3−( )
7.75 7.75
Total load = ∗ + ∗ +5.184= 68.98 kN/m.
3 2 3 2
4-5-2 Beam BC:

Slab 3
La = 5.55
Lb = 6.4
m = 0.867188
Slab 4
La = 5.5
Lb = 5.55
m = 0.990991
13.4∗5.55 13.4∗5.5
Total load = + +5.184 =54.68 kN/m.
3 3
4-5-3 Beam AB:

Slab 5
La = 6.4

Lb = 7.7
m = 0.831169
Slab 6
La = 5.5
Lb = 7.7
m = 0.714286
6.4 2 5.5 2
13.4∗6.4 3−( ) 13.4∗5.5 3−( )
7.7 7.7
Total load = ∗ + ∗ +5.184=68.77 kN/m.
3 2 3 2
68.98 kN/m 54.68 kN/m 68.77 kN/m
86.82 kN/m 50.69 kN/m 86.63 kN/m
Fig. (4-5) Load Distribution on Beams.

4-6 Solving Moments by Moment Distribution Method:
4-6-1 Calculation of moment of inertia (I):
(40)4
I for column 1 (40*40) = =213333.33 𝑐𝑚4
12
30∗(60)3
I for column 2 (30*60) = = 540000 𝑐𝑚4
12
30∗(50)3
I for column 3 (30*50) = = 312500 𝑐𝑚4
12
(30)4
I for column 4 (30*30) = = 67500 𝑐𝑚4
12
30∗(60)3
I for beam (30*60) = = 540000 𝑐𝑚4
12
𝟒𝑬𝑰
The stiffness of each member (K) =
𝑳
 For columns
540000
KAA1=KA1A2=KDD1=KD1D2= = 1161.3 K rel.=1.73
465
312500
KBB1=KB1B2=KCC1=KC1C2 = = 672 K rel.=1
465
 For beams
540000
KAB=KBA=KA1B1=KB1A1= =675 K rel.=1.01
800
540000
KBC=KCB=KB1C1=KC1B1 = = 923 K rel.=1.376
585
540000
KCD=KDC=KC1D1=KD1C1 = =670.8 K rel.=1
805
4-6-2 Calculation of F.E.M:

𝟔𝟖.𝟕𝟕∗(8)2
F.E.M (AB)=-(BA)= = 366.7733 kN.m
12
𝟓𝟒.𝟔𝟖 ∗(5.85)2
F.E.M (BC)=-(CB) = = 155.9405 kN.m
12
𝟔𝟖.𝟗𝟖 ∗(8.05)2
F.E.M (CD)=-(DC) = = 372.5064 kN.m
12
𝟖𝟔.𝟔𝟑 ∗(8)2
F.E.M (A1B1)=-(B1A1) = = 462.0267 kN.m
12
𝟓𝟎.𝟔𝟗∗(5.85)2
F.E.M (B1C1)=-(C1B1)= = 144.5615 kN.m
12

𝟖𝟔.𝟖𝟐∗(8.05)2
F.E.M (C1D1)=-(D1C1) = = 468.8461kN.m
12
𝟒𝑬𝑰
The stiffness of each member (K) = for Fixed End
𝑳
𝟑𝑬𝑰
The stiffness of each member (K) = For Hinge or Roller (Free End)
𝑳
DF=K/ΣK
K=4EI/L K=4EI/L K=4EI/L
DF=KBA/(KBA DF=KBC/(KB DF=KCB/(KCB DF=KCD/(KCB

+KBC) A+KBC) +KCD) +KCD)
Fig. (4-7) Moment Coefficient.

The negative moment of beam ABCD at the ends are taken from Table ( ). We can
use the following equations to calculate V1, V2, location of max positive moment where
shear equal zero at (x) from left end and 𝑀+ :-
Table (4-1) Details of moment distribution method for frame A-B-C-D.

290.9 kN.m 214.9 kN.m 339.4 kN.m 285.8 kN.m
344.9 kN.m 211.6 kN.m
17.57 kN.m
167.49 kN.m 164.89 kN.m

204.8 kN.m
421 kN.m 424.2 kN.m 417.7 kN.m 414.37 kN.m
201.89 kN.m
21.98 kN.m
187.85 kN.m 184.99 kN.m
Fig. (4-8) Moment distribution.

4-7 Design of beams ABCD & A1B1C1D1 for flexural and shear using hand
calculation:
𝑀2−𝑀1 𝑊∗𝐿
V1= +
𝐿 2
V2= W*L-V1
𝑉1∗𝐿
X=
𝑉1+𝑉2
+
𝑋2
𝑀 = −𝑀1 − 𝑊 ∗ + 𝑉1 ∗ 𝑋
2
(M1=moment at left end, M2= moment at right end)
4-7-1 Design of beam ABCD (First Floor):
The neg. moments at the ends taken from Table (4-1):
68.77 kN/m 285.8 kN.m
4-7-1-1 For AB -339.4kN.m
VAB=248.97 kN
VBA VAB
VBA=263.36 kN 7.45 m
X=3.83 m
𝑀+ =164.89 kN.m

𝑀− =-339.4 kN.m
Fig. (4-9) Shear and Moment Diagram of First Floor (AB).
4-7-1-2 For BC
VBC=145.67 kN 54.68 kN/m 211.6 kN.m

-214.8kN.m
VCB=146.87 kN
X=2.69 m VCB VBC
5.35 m
𝑀 − = 17.56 and 214.8 kN.m

Fig. (4-10) Shear and Moment Diagram of First Floor (BC).
4-7-1-3 For CD
VCD= 265.88 kN
VDC= 251.48 kN
68.98 kN/m 344.9 kN.m
X= 3.65 m -290.9kN.m
𝑀 + =167.49 kN.m
VDC VCD
𝑀 − = 344.9 kN.m 7.5 m

Fig. (4-11) Shear and Moment Diagram of First Floor (CD).
We must design every beam according its pos. & neg. moments and shear, but for easily
we will choose the max. 𝑀 + & max. 𝑀− and max. Shear for the continuous beam:
Max.𝑴+ =167.49 kN.m
Max. 𝑴− = 344.9 kN.m
Max. shear = 265.88 kN
The dimension of beam which will be used is 300 mm width and 600 mm depth
 For For 𝑴+ = 167.49 kN.m

We must check the beam is rectangular or T-section. From ACI-code:
"b" is the smallest of :
1- Span/4= 8050/4 = 2012.5 mm

2- 16hf+bf= 16*200+300= 3500 mm
3- (8050+5850)/2+300= 7250 mm
Use b = 2012.5 mm
d= 600-40-10 =550 mm
Let∅ =0.9 → Mnf=0.85∅ fc' *b*hf(d-hf/2) = 3464 kN.m≫ 167.49 kN.m, then use
rectangle section.
𝑀𝑢
𝑅𝑢 = = 0.012228
∅∗𝑏∗𝑓𝑐 ′ ∗𝑑 2
1−√1−2.36∗𝑅
𝜔= = 0.012317
1,18
𝑓𝑐 ′
𝜌=𝜔∗ = 0.00077
𝑓𝑦
As= 0.00077* 2012.5 * 550 = 852.1014 mm2
Asmin= 𝜌min *b*d= 1.4/400 *300*550 = 578 mm2

Use 3 ∅ 22 (total area = 1139 mm2 > 852.1014 mm2 o.k
Check spacing between longitudinal bars:
300−2∗40−2∗10−3∗22
S= = 67 mm> 25mm o.k, then use one layer (ACI-code 2005)
3−1
 For 𝑴− = 344.9 kN.m
344.9∗106
Ru= = 0.168913
0.9∗25∗300∗5502
𝜔 =0.190274 <𝜔 max. =0.364*𝛽1=0.3094 o.k.
𝜌 =0.011892 [𝜌 min.=1.4/400=0.0035 <𝜌<𝜌 max.]
As= 0.011892*300*550 = 1962.199 𝑚𝑚2

Use 2∅22 + 3∅25 total area= 2232 𝑚𝑚2
300−2∗40−2∗10−2∗22−3∗25
S= =20.25mm < 25 mm use two layers
5−1
 Design of shear
Vu = V-W*d = 265.88 – 68.98 * 0.55 = 227.941kN
Vn = Vu/Ø = 227.941/ 0.75 = 303.9213 kN
Vc = 0.17*√𝑓𝑐′ *bw *d = 0.17 * √25 * 300 *550 *10−3 = 140.25 kN

Vn = 303.9213>Vc ; need shear reinforcement
Vud ≤ ØVu = Ø(Vc+Vs)
227.941= 0.75 (140.25 + Vs) → Vs = 163.6 kN< 4Vc = 561 kN o.k.
Av = 2* 𝜋/4 *102 =157 mm2
𝑑 550
=
= 275𝑚𝑚
2 2
600𝑚𝑚
S max. = min. 3𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 3∗157.08∗400
= = 628𝑚𝑚 use Smax. =275mm
𝑏𝑤 300
16 𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦
= 670𝑚𝑚
{ √𝑓𝑐′∗𝑏𝑤 }
𝐴𝑣∗𝑓𝑦∗𝑑 (157.08∗400∗550)
S@d= = = 211.2323 mm< S max. o.k.
𝑉𝑠 163.6∗1000
Use Ø10 @ 200 mm
4-7-2 Design of beam A1B1C1D1 (Ground Floor):

The neg. moments at the ends taken from Table (4-1) :
4-7-2-1 For A1B1:
VAB=322.25 kN
VBA=323.14 kN -417.7 N.m 86.63 kN/m2 414.37 kN.m
X= 3.73 m
𝑀 + = 184.99 kN.m VBA VAB
7.45 m
M-=- 417.7kN.m

Fig. (4-12) Shear and Moment Diagram of Ground Floor (AB).
4-7-2-2 For B1C1:

-204.8 50.69 kN/m2 201.89 kN.m
VBC=135.05 KN
kN.m
VCB= 136.14 KN
VCB VBC
X= 2.69 m 5.35 m
𝑀 − = 21.98, 204.8KN.m

Fig. (4-13) Shear and Moment Diagram of Ground Floor (BC).
4-7-2-3 For C1D1

VCD=326 kN
-421 kN.m 86.82 kN/m2 424.2 kN.m
VDC=325.15 kN
VDC VCD
X= 3.75 m 7.5 m
𝑀 + = 187.85 kN.m
𝑀 − = 424.2 kN.m
Fig. (4-14) Shear and Moment Diagram of Ground Floor (CD).
We will choose the max.𝑀 + &𝑀− and shear :
Max. 𝑀+ =187.85 kN.m
Max. 𝑀− =424.2 kN.m
Max. shear=326 kN
 For 𝑴+ = 187.85kN.m check the section is rectangle or T-sec.
b=2012.5mm , d=550mm

Let Ø=0.9 → Muf= 3464 kN.m > 187.85 kN.m rectangle section
Ru= 0.013716
ω =0.013829
𝜌 =0.000864 ∴ As = 956.5419 𝑚𝑚2
Use 3 Ø 22 mm total area = 1140 𝑚𝑚2

300−2∗40−2∗10−3∗22
S= =67 mm > 25mm o.k use one layer
3−1
 For 𝑴− = 424.2 kN.m
Ru= 0.20775 ω =0.242424<ω max.=0.3094 o.k.
𝜌 =0.015152 As= 2500 mm2
Use 2Ø22 + 3 Ø25 total area = 2883 mm2

300−2∗40−2∗10−2∗22−3∗26
S= = 19.5 mm < 25mm not o.k. Use two layers
5−1
 Design of shear
Vu = 326 -0.55(86.82) =278.25 kN Vu=278.25/0.75=370.99 kN
Vn =370.99 kN > Vc=140.25 kN; then need shear reinforcement.
Vs =230.75 kN < 4Vc= 561 kN o.k.
S @d= 149.7 mm
= 149.7 mm ≈ 150 mm < S max. =275mm o.k.
Use Ø10@150

4-8 Loading on Beams (Calculation of moments in X-Direction):

4-8-1Beams Design of Ground Floor and First Floor:
Fig. (4-16) Transforming Load from Slab to Beams.
4-8-2 First Floor Loading on beam:

13.4∗5.15 13.4∗5.55
Total load = + +5.184 = 52.97733 kN/m.
3 3
5.55 2
13.4∗7.15 13.4∗5.55 3−( )
7.15
Total load = + ∗ +5.184 = 66.83739 kN/m.
3 3 2

5.55 2
13.4∗6.4 13.4∗5.55 3−( )
6.4
Total load = + ∗ +5.184 = 61.63445 kN/m.
3 3 2
13.4∗5.5 13.4∗5.5
Total load = + +5.184 = 54.31733 kN/m.
3 3
5.55 2
13.4∗7.4 13.4∗5.55 3−( )
7.4
Total load = + ∗ +5.184 = 68.45015 kN/m.
3 3 2
5.55 2
13.4∗7.5 13.4∗5.55 3−( )
7.5
Total load = + ∗ +5.184 = 69.0815 kN/m.
3 3 2
4-8-3 Ground Floor Loading on beam:

12.3∗5.15 12.3∗5.55
Total load = + +5.184+23.085 = 73.989 kN/m.
3 3
5.55 2
12.3∗7.15 12.3∗5.55 3−( )
7.15
Total load = + ∗ +5.184++23.085 = 84.86129 kN/m.
3 3 2
5.55 2
12.3∗6.4 12.3∗5.55 3−( )
6.4
Total load = + ∗ +5.184+23.085 = 80.08546 kN/m.
3 3 2
12.3∗5.5 12.3∗5.5
Total load = + +5.184++23.085 = 73.369 kN/m.
3 3
5.55 2
12.3∗7.4 12.3∗5.55 3−( )
7.4
Total load = + ∗ +5.184+23.085 = 86.34166 kN/m.
3 3 2
12.3∗7.5
Total load = +5.184+23.085 = 59.019 kN/m.
3
69.08 kN/m 68.45 kN/m 54.33 kN/m 61.63 kN/m 66.83 kN/m 52.97 kN/m
59.01 kN/m 86.34 kN/m 73.369 kN/m 80.08kN/m 84.86kN/m 73.989 kN/m
Fig. (4-17) Load Distribution on Beams.

4-8-4 Staad Pro Analysis and Design:
Analysis and design of multi-story building using very popular designing software
STAAD Pro. We have chosen STAAD Pro because of its following advantaged:
1-Easy to use interface
2- Conformation with the ACI code
3- Versatile nature of solving any type of problem
4- Accuracy of the solution
STAAD Pro features a state-of the-art user interface, visualization tools, powerful
analysis and design engines with advanced finite element and dynamic analysis
capabilities. From model generation, analysis and design to visualization and result
verification, Staad pro is the professional's choice for steel, concrete, timber, aluminum
and cold-formed steel design of low and high-rise building, culverts, petrochemical
plants, tunnels, bridges, piles and much more.
4-9 STAAB PRO consists of the following:
The STAAD Pro graphical user interface:- Its use generate the model, which can then
be analyzes using the STTAD engine. After analysis and design is completed, the GUI can
also be use to view the result graphically.
The STAAD analysis and design engine:- Its general-purpose calculation engine for
structure analysis and integrated steel, concrete, timber and aluminum design.
To start with we have solved some sample problem using STAAD Pro and checked
the accuracy of the result with manual calculation. The results were satisfaction and were
accurate in the initial phase of our project we have done conclusions regarding loadings on
buildings and also considered seismic a wind load.
Structure analysis comprises the set of physical laws mathematics required to study
and predicts the behavior of structure analysis can be viewed more abstractly as a method to
drive the engineering design process or prove the soundness of the design with out a
dependence on directly testing. To perform an accurate analysis structure engineer most
determine such information as structural loads, geometry, supports condition and materials

properties the result of such an analysis typical include support reactions, stresses and
displacement the design of the building is depended up on STAAD ProV8i.
Fig. (4-18) Moment Diagram From STAAD PRO Program.

To perform an accurate design of the structure we take the resultant of analysis
from Staad pro V8i:
Wu = 1.2 * WD + 1.6 * WL
Wu =1.2 * 8.49 + 1.6 * 2=13.4 kN/m2 WuL=1.6 * 2=3.2 kN/m2
WuD=1.2 * 8.49 = 10.188 kN/m2 Wu = 6.22 * 1.2 + 3 * 1.6 = 12.264 kN/m2
WuL=3*1.6=4.8 kN/m2 WuD=6.22 * 1.2= 7.464 kN/m2
Beam = 0.3*0.6*24*1.2 =5.184 kN/m2

Wall = 0.25*(4.65-0.6)*19*1.2 =23.085 kN/m2
Wu (Ground)=12.3 kN/m2 Wu (First)= 13.4 kN/m2

4-10 Analysis And Design of Beams in Ground And First Floor Using Staad.Pro 2008
Analysis.
Fig. (4-19) Beam Number (Ground floor).
Fig. (4-20) Beam Number (First floor).

The details and reinforcement of beams in ground and first floor obtained from
Staad.pro 2008 results are shown in Table (4-2).
Table (4-2) Details of Reinforcement of beams for the two floors.
Ground Floor First Floor
Reinf. @
Reinf. @ supports Shear reinf. Shear reinf.
supports
Reinf. @ mid span(mm)

Beam designation no.
Beam designation no.

Reinf. @ mid span
Diameter & spacing
Diameter & spacing

No. of stirrups
No. of stirrups
(mm)
Right
Right
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
Left
Left
300 4 Ø20 4 Ø25 5 Ø20 14 Ø10@271 400 4 Ø16 4 Ø20 3 Ø20 14 Ø10@272
301 2 Ø16 3 Ø20 3 Ø20 10 Ø10@272 401 2 Ø16 3 Ø16 3 Ø16 10 Ø10@272
302 4 Ø20 2 Ø32 4 Ø25 15 Ø10@263 402 4 Ø16 3 Ø20 4 Ø20 14 Ø10@272
303 5 Ø16 4 Ø25 3 Ø25 14 Ø10@272 403 4 Ø16 4 Ø20 4 Ø16 14 Ø10@272
304 5 Ø20 3 Ø32 3 Ø32 404 3 Ø25 3 Ø32 5 Ø20 14 Ø10@221
305 5 Ø20 3 Ø32 405 3 Ø25 3 Ø32 5 Ø20 R=17 RØ10@221
L=17
LØ10@272
306 5 Ø16 4 Ø25 3 Ø25 14 Ø10 @272 406 4 Ø16 4 Ø20 4 Ø16 14 Ø10@272
307 4 Ø25 407 5 Ø20 3Ø32 4 Ø25 R=18 RØ10@208
L=17
LØ10@227
308 4 Ø20 4 Ø20 10 Ø10@300 408 2 Ø16 4 Ø20 4 Ø20 10 Ø10@272
309 4 Ø25 409 2 Ø32 4 Ø25 3 Ø32 R=17 RØ10@218
L=11
LØ10@200
310 3 Ø20 3 Ø25 4 Ø25 14 Ø10@271 410 3Ø16 4 Ø16 2 Ø25 14 Ø10@272
311 3 Ø25 3 Ø32 411 4 Ø20 4 Ø25 3 Ø32 R=17 RØ10@271
L=11
LØ10@241
312 3 Ø25 3 Ø32 412 4 Ø20 4 Ø25 3 Ø32 R=14 RØ10@271
L=15
LØ10@241
313 3 Ø20 3 Ø25 4 Ø25 14 Ø10@271 413 2 Ø20 3 Ø20 4 Ø20 14 Ø10@271
314 4 Ø25 414 3 Ø25 3 Ø32 4 Ø25 R=17 RØ10@224
L=16
LØ10@241
315 2 Ø16 4 Ø20 4 Ø20 10 Ø10@272 415 2 Ø16 4 Ø20 4 Ø20 10 Ø10@272
316 4 Ø25 416 3 Ø25 3 Ø32 4 Ø25 R=17 RØ10@219
L=16
LØ10@237
317 3 Ø16 3 Ø20 3 Ø20 10 Ø10@272 417 2Ø16 3 Ø16 3 Ø16 10 Ø10@272
318 3 Ø16 4 Ø20 3 Ø25 10 Ø10@272 418 3 Ø16 3 Ø20 4 Ø20 10 Ø10@272
319 3 Ø16 4 Ø20 3 Ø25 10 Ø10@272 419 3 Ø16 3 Ø20 5 Ø16 10 Ø10@272
320 3 Ø16 3 Ø20 3 Ø20 420 2 Ø16 3 Ø16 3 Ø16 10 Ø10@272
321 4 Ø25 421 3 Ø25 3 Ø32 4 Ø25 R=16 RØ10@234
L=15
LØ10@252
322 2 Ø16 4 Ø20 4 Ø20 10 Ø10@272 422 2 Ø16 4 Ø20 4 Ø20 10 Ø10@272
323 4 Ø25 423 3 Ø25 4 Ø25 3 Ø32 R=16 RØ10@243
L=17
LØ10@228
324 3Ø16 3 Ø25 3 Ø20 12 Ø10@271 424 3 Ø16 4 Ø16 3 Ø16 12 Ø10@272
325 3 Ø20 4Ø25 3 Ø25 15 Ø10@314 425 4 Ø16 3 Ø25 4 Ø20 12 Ø10@272
326 3 Ø20 4 Ø25 3 Ø25 R=15 RØ10@213 426 4 Ø16 3 Ø24 4 Ø20 12 Ø10@272
L=12
LØ10@260
327 3 Ø16 3 Ø25 3 Ø20 12 Ø10@272 427 3 Ø16 4 Ø16 3 Ø16 12 Ø10@272

328 4 Ø25 428 5 Ø20 4 Ø25 3 Ø32 R=16 RØ10@263
L=17
LØ10@217
329 2 Ø16 4 Ø20 4 Ø20 10 Ø10@272 429 2 Ø16 4 Ø20 4 Ø20 10 Ø10@272
330 4 Ø25 430 5 Ø20 3 Ø32 4 Ø25 R=18 RØ10@212
L=16
LØ10@232
331 3 Ø20 3 Ø25 3 Ø25 13 Ø10@271 431 3 Ø16 3 Ø20 3 Ø20 13 Ø10@272
332 3 Ø25 3 Ø32 3 Ø32 20 Ø10@170 432 4 Ø20 2 Ø32 4 Ø25 13 Ø10@271
333 3 Ø25 3 Ø32 3 Ø32 20 Ø10@171 433 4 Ø20 2 Ø32 4 Ø25 13 Ø10@271
334 3 Ø20 3 Ø25 3 Ø25 13 Ø10@271 434 3 Ø16 3 Ø20 3 Ø20 13 Ø10@272
335 4 Ø20 4 Ø25 4 Ø25 15 Ø10@263 435 3 Ø25 4 Ø25 4 Ø25 R=17 RØ10@227
L=15
LØ10@250
336 2 Ø16 4 Ø20 3 Ø20 10 Ø10@272 436 2 Ø16 4 Ø20 4 Ø20 10 Ø10@272
337 4 Ø25 437 3 Ø25 4 Ø25 3 Ø32 R=16 RØ10@243
L=17
LØ10@224
338 3 Ø16 3 Ø16 3 Ø20 14 Ø10@182 438 2 Ø16 2 Ø16 3 Ø16 10 Ø10@272
339 3 Ø16 3 Ø20 4 Ø20 10 Ø10@272 439 3 Ø16 3 Ø16 3 Ø20 10 Ø10@272
340 3 Ø16 3 Ø20 4 Ø20 10 Ø10@272 440 3 Ø16 3 Ø16 3 Ø20 10 Ø10@272
341 3 Ø16 3 Ø16 3 Ø20 14 Ø10@182 441 2 Ø16 2 Ø16 3 Ø16 10 Ø10@272
342 4 Ø20 5 Ø10@182 442 4 Ø16 4 Ø20 3 Ø16 14 Ø10@272
343 2 Ø25 3 Ø32 443 4 Ø16 4 Ø16 10 Ø10@272
344 2Ø16 4 Ø20 4 Ø20 10 Ø10@272 444 3Ø20 3 Ø16 4 Ø20 14 Ø10@271
345 4 Ø25 3 Ø32
346 4 Ø20 3 Ø20 15 Ø10@182
347 2 Ø16
348 2 Ø16
349 4 Ø16 18 Ø10@272
4-11 Comparison Between Hand Calculation and Staad.Pro 2008 Results of Beams:
The difference in the analysis between hand calculation and staad.pro is shown in
table (4-3) below.
Table (4-3) Comparison between the reinforcement obtained from hand calculation and staad.pro
2008 analysis.
Cal. Beam Reinf. @ Reinf. @ supports Shear reinf.
type designation mid span
name (mm) Right (mm) Left(mm) No. of Diameter &
stirrups spacing (mm)
Hand AB 3Ø22 2 Ø22 + 2 Ø22 + 12 Ø10 @200
3 Ø25 3 Ø25
Staad 421 3 Ø25 3 Ø32 4 Ø25 15 Ø10 @260

Chapter
Five
Chapter Five Design of Columns and Footings
Chapter Five
Design of Columns and Footings
5-1 Column B-B1: (assume non side sway for the building)
Fig. (5-1) Column Chosen for design.

Fig. (5-2) Transfer of Load to column Chosen for design.
Pu(Top)=(1/4 slab )+(1/4 slab )+ (1/4 slab )+ (1/4 slab )+(1/2 beam)+ (1/2 beam)+ (1/2
beam)+ (1/2 beam)+column self weight.
Pu(Top)=(8*6.7/4)*13.4 kN/m2 +(8*5.8/4)*13.4 kN/m2 +(5.85*5.8/4)*13.4

kN/m2 +(6.7*5.8/4)*13.4 kN/m2 +5.184 kN/m*6.7/2+5.184 kN/m*8/2+5.184
kN/m*5.8/2+5.184 kN/m*5.85/2+24 kN/m3*0.5*0.3*4.05=661.73 kN
Pu(Top)=(1/4 slab )+(1/4 slab )+ (1/4 slab )+ (1/4 slab )+(1/2 beam)+ (1/2 beam)+ (1/2
beam)+ (1/2 beam)+column self weight+(1/2 wall)+ (1/2 wall)+ (1/2 wall)+Weight of
Tope column.
Pu(Bot) = (8*6.7/4)*12.3 kN/m2 +(8*5.8/4)* 12.3 kN/m2 +(5.85*5.8/4)* 12.3

kN/m2 +(6.7*5.8/4)* 12.3 kN/m2 +5.184 kN/m*6.7/2+5.184 kN/m*8/2+5.184
kN/m*5.8/2+5.184 kN/m*5.85/2+24 kN/m3*0.5*0.3*4.05+(23.05*8/2)+ (23.05*5.8/2)+
(23.05*6.7/2)+661.73=1512.23 kN
Fig. (4-1) Tributary area of column B-B1 (Shaded area).
 Y-direction
I
∑ (E ∗ ) col
L
φ= I
∑ (E ∗ L) beam
I beam = 0.35 Ig , I col = 0.7 Ig

(30)3
Ig 50 ∗
12
( ) col. = = 2903.23 cm3
l 465
(60)3 (60)3
Ig 30 ∗ 30 ∗
12 12
( ) beam = + = 1598.08 cm3
l 800 585
0.7 ∗ 2903.23
φy top = = 3.63
0.35 ∗ 1598.08
2 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 2903.23
φy bot = = 7.3
0.35 ∗ 1598.08
Ky = 0.93
y-y
KL 0.93 ∗ 4.05
( )y = = 25.11
r 0.3 ∗ 0.5
34 – 12 (M1 / M2) = 34–12 (-127.9 / 129) =45.897 > 25.11
Then neglect slenderness (short column) 500
x-x
 X-direction
(50)3
Ig 30∗
( l ) col = 12
= 672.04 cm3
465
Ig (60)3 1 1 300
( l ) beam = (30 ∗ 12
) ∗ (580 + 770) = 1632.33 cm3
0.7∗672.04
φx top = 30(60)3
= 1.44
0.35∗( 12 )
580
2∗0.7∗672.04
φx bot = = 1.65
0.35∗1632.33
Kx =0.83
KL 0.83∗4.05
( )x = = 22.41
r 0.3∗0.5
34 – 12 (M1 / M2) = 34 – 12 ( -4.255 / 5.5 )= 43.286> 22.41

 Short column
Pu = 661.73 kN
Mux = 5.5 kN.m
Muy = 129 kN.m
pu 661.73
Pn = = = 945.28 kN
∅ 0.7
Muy 127
Mny = = = 181.42 kN.m
∅ 0.7
Mux 5.5
Mnx = = =7.85 kN.m
∅ 0.7
Mny 181.42
= = 23.11 > b / h = 30/50 = 0.6
Mnx 7.85

b 1−B 3 1 − 0.65
∴ Mnyo = Mny + Mnx ∗ ( ) = 181.4 + 7.85 ∗ ( )
h B 5 0.65
= 183.936 kN.m
 Design for reinforcement:
Pn = 945.28 kN Mnyo = 183.936 kN.m
e = Mn / Pn = 183.936 / 945.28 = 0.19 m
assume Ø16 mm bars and Ø10 mm ties :-
16
h−2d′ 500−2(40+10+ )
2
γ= = = 0.77 e / h=0.19/0.5=0.38
h 500
Pn 945.28 ∗103
Kn = = = 0.252
fc′ ∗Ag 25∗500∗300
Rn = Kn * e/h = 0.252* 0.38 = 0.09576

 From graphs:
For γ = 0.8 → ρg = 0.01
For γ = 0.7 → ρg = 0.011; for γ = 0.77 → ρg = 0.0103
As = 0.0103 * 500 *300 = 1545 mm2
1.5 dp = 24𝑚𝑚
Use Ø16 mm @ S = max.{ } = 40mm
40𝑚𝑚
Spacing between ties :-
16dp = 256mm
S = min { 48d tie = 480mm }
least dimention = 300mm
use tie Ø10 mm @256mm
5-2 Column B1-B2:
 Y-direction
2 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 2903.23
φy top = = 7.27
0.35 ∗ 1598.08
φy bot = 1 (assumed fixed base)
Ky = 0.85
kl 0.85 ∗ 4.05
( )y = = 22.95
r 0.3 ∗ 0.5

34 – 12 (-44.4 / 86.74) = 40.1424 > kl/r =22.95 short column
 X-direction
2 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 672.04
φx top = = 1.65
0.35 ∗ 1632.33
φy bot = 1 (assumed fixed base)
Kx = 0.8
kl 0.8 ∗ 4.05
( )x = = 21.6
r 0.3 ∗ 0.5
34 – 12 (0.373/4.72) = 33.05 > kl/r =21.6 ∴ short column
Pu= 1512.23 kN
Mux = 4.72 kN.m
Muy = 86.74 kN.m
Pn = 1512.23 / 0.7 = 2160.32 kN
Mnx = 4.72 / 0.7 = 6.74 kN.m
Mny = 86.74 / 0.7 = 123.91 kN.m
Mny 123.91 b 3
= = 18.38 > = = 0.6
Mnx 6.74 h 5
1−0.65
Mnyo = 123.91 + 6.74 ∗ 0.6 ( )= 126.087 kN.m
0.65
 Design for reinforcement:

Pn = 2160.32 kN, Mnyo = 126.087 kN.m
e = 126.087 / 2160.32 = 0.05836 m
assume Ø16 mm bars and Ø10 mm ties :-
16
500−2(40+10+ )
2
γ= = 0.77
500
e / h =0.05836 /0.5= 0.1167

Pn 2160.32 ∗103
Kn = = = 0.576
fc′ ∗Ag 25∗500∗300
Rn = Kn * e/h = 0.576* 0.1167 = 0.0672

ρg = 0.01 (from graphs)
As = 0.01 * 500 * 300 =1500 mm2

use 8 Ø16mm @ 40mm
 for ties :
use Ø10mm @ 250mm
Figure (5-3) shows details of reinforcement for column.
Figure (5-4) shows name of column in Ground Floor.

Figure (5-5) shows name of column in First Floor.

5-3 Analysis and design of columns in ground and first floor using staad program
analysis.
The details and reinforcement of columns in ground and first floor obtained from
staad pro analysis is shown in Table (5-1).
Table(5-1) Reinforcement details of column.
Ground Floor(G) First Floor(F)
No Dimensions Reinforcement No Dimensions Reinforcement
(cm) (cm)
1 50*50 8 Ø20 1 50*50 12 Ø20
2 30*60 4 Ø 25 2 30*60 12 Ø20
3 30*60 4 Ø 25 3 30*60 12 Ø20
4 30*60 4 Ø 25 4 30*60 4 Ø 32
5 30*60 4 Ø 25 5 30*60 4 Ø 32
6 30*60 4 Ø 25 6 30*60 12 Ø20
7 30*30 4 Ø 20 7 30*30 8 Ø 16
8 50*50 8 Ø 20 8 50*50 4 Ø 32
9 30*50 8 Ø 16 9 30*50 8 Ø 16
10 30*50 8 Ø 16 10 30*50 8 Ø 16
11 30*50 8 Ø 16 11 30*50 8 Ø 16
12 30*50 8 Ø 16 12 30*50 8 Ø 16
13 30*50 8 Ø 16 13 30*50 8 Ø 16
14 40*40 8 Ø 16 14 40*40 8 Ø 16
15 50*50 8 Ø 20 15 50*50 4 Ø 32
16 30*50 8 Ø 16 16 30*50 8 Ø 16
17 30*50 8 Ø 16 17 30*50 8 Ø 16
18 30*50 8 Ø 16 18 30*50 8 Ø 16
19 30*50 8 Ø 16 19 30*50 8 Ø 16

20 30*50 8 Ø 16 20 30*50 8 Ø 16
21 40*40 8 Ø 16 21 40*40 8 Ø 16
22 50*50 8 Ø 20 22 50*50 12 Ø 20
23 30*60 4 Ø 25 23 30*60 12 Ø 20
24 30*60 4 Ø 25 24 30*60 12 Ø 20
25 30*60 4 Ø 25 25 30*60 4 Ø 32
26 30*60 4 Ø 25 26 30*60 4Ø 32
27 30*60 4 Ø 25 27 30*60 12 Ø 20
28 30*30 4 Ø 20 28 30*30 8 Ø 16
5-4 Comparison between hand calculation and staad.pro 2008 results of columns.
The difference in the analysis between hand calculation and staad.pro 2008 is
shown in table (5-2) below.
Table (5-2) shows a comparison between the reinforcement obtained from hand calculation and
staad.pro 2008 analysis.
No. Column Column Reinforcement
designation dimensions (cm)
1 B-B1 30 * 50 8 Ø16mm/m
2 C11 F 30 * 50 8 Ø16mm/m
5-5 Design of Footing

5-5-1 Design of exterior strip footing.
The structural design of raft foundations can be carried out by two methods; the
conventional rigid method and the approximate flexible method. In this section, only the
rigid method will be covered. Design of raft footings is detailed in the following steps.
 Select a trial footing depth:
According to ACI Code 15.7, depth of footing above reinforcement is not to be less
than 15 cm for footings on soil. Noting that 7.5 cm of clear concrete cover is required if
concrete is cast against soil, a practical minimum depth is taken as 25 cm.
 Determine the allowable pressure q on the soil below the raft:
Determine the allowable soil pressure below the raft at its corner points and check
whether the pressure values are less than the net allowable soil pressure using the
following equation

Figure (5-6) strip in x and y directions.
Ix, Iy=LB3 /12 = moment of inertia about the x-axis and y-axis
Mx= P ey = moment of the column loads about the x-axis
My= P ex = moment of the column loads about the y-axis
ex and ey are the load eccentricities in the directions of x and y. These load eccentricities
can be determined using X, Y coordinates
where Xg and Yg are coordinates of center of gravity of raft measured with respect to X
and Y coordinates, X R and Y R are coordinates of resultant of loads, c.g is center of
gravity, and c.l. is center of loads.
 Compute the net factored soil pressure under the raft.
Figure (5-7) net factored soil pressure.

 Check footing depth for punching shear around columns.
 Divide the raft into individual strips between column lines in x and y directions.
 Draw S.F.D and B.M.D for each individual strip

For example for the vertical strip in the y-direction, whichb width is equal to B1 , the
total soil reaction is equal to , where q min is the average pressure value
at one edge of the strip, and q max is the average pressure value at the other edge of the
strip. The total column load on this strip P1+P2+P3. The sum of the column loads on the
strip will not be equal to the total soil reaction due to presence of shear stresses between
every neighboring strip. Therefore, the soil reaction and the column loads need to be
modified on an average load basis. The average load is the sum of the total column loads
and total soil reaction divided by 2.0. Modified minimum soil pressure qmin, m at one
edge of the strip is given by:
The column load modification factor CF that is to be multiplied by each column
load is given as
If the loads and the spans are symmetrical, the soil pressure under the strip is taken
uniform by considering the average of the soil pressure at two ends of the strip.
At this time, the shear and moment diagrams for this strip, using modified loads can be
drawn. This process is to be repeated for all strips in the x and y directions.
 Check footing depth for beam shear for each of the individual strips.
 Determine the required amount of reinforcement for each of the strips.
 Check bearing strength under the columns.
 Check reinforcing bars for anchorage lengths.

 Prepare neat design drawings showing footing dimensions and provided
reinforcement.
Fig (5-8) sequence of load transfer between elements of a structure and the chosen strip.
Table (5-3) Column Load of Exterior Strip (First floor and Ground floor).
Column kN
First floor
C1 F =(8*7.8/4)*13.4+5.184 *7.8/2+5.184 *8/2+24 *0.5*0.5*4.05 274.2936
C2 F =(8*7.8/4)*13.4+(8*7.7/4)*13.4+5.184 *7.8/2+5.184 *8/2+5.184
493.808
*7.7/2+24 *0.6*0.3*4.05
C3 F =(8*7.7/4)*13.4+(8*5.8/4)*13.4+5.184 *7.7/2+5.184 *8/2+5.184
435.024
*5.8/2+24 *0.6*0.3*4.05
C4 F =(8*5.8/4)*13.4+(8*6.7/4)*13.4+5.184 *5.8/2+5.184 *8/2+5.184
405.632
*6.7/2+24 *0.6*0.3*4.05
C5 F =(8*6.7/4)*13.4+(8*7.45/4)*13.4+5.184 *6.7/2+5.184 *8/2+5.184
454.1288
*7.45/2+24 *0.6*0.3*4.05
C6 F =(8*7.45/4)*13.4+(8*5.45/4)*13.4+5.184 *7.45/2+5.184 *8/2+5.184
417.3888
*5.45/2+24 *0.6*0.3*4.05
C7 F =(8*7.8/4)*13.4+5.184 *7.8/2+5.184 *8/2+24 *0.3*0.3*4.05 258.7416
Ground floor
C1 G =(8*7.8/4)*12.3+5.184 *7.8/2+5.184 *8/2+24
713.5222
*0.5*0.5*4.05+23.05*7.8/2+23.05*8/2+C1F
C2 G =(8*7.8/4)*12.3+(8*7.7/4)*12.3+5.184 *7.8/2+5.184 *8/2+5.184
1224.3535
*7.7/2+24 *0.6*0.3*4.05+23.05 *7.8/2+23.05 *8/2+23.05 *7.7/2+C2F
C3 G =(8*7.7/4)*12.3+(8*5.8/4)*12.3+5.184 *7.7/2+5.184 *8/2+5.184
1088.1355
*5.8/2+23.05 *7.7/2+23.05 *8/2+23.05 *5.8/2+24 *0.6*0.3*4.05+C3F
C4 G =(8*5.8/4)*12.3+(8*6.7/4)*12.3+5.184 *5.8/2+5.184 *8/2+5.184
*6.7/2+23.05 *5.8/2+23.05 *8/2+23.05 *6.7/2+24 1020.0265
*0.6*0.3*4.05+C4F
C5 G =(8*6.7/4)*12.3+(8*7.45/4)*12.3+5.184 *6.7/2+5.184 *8/2+5.184
*7.45/2+23.05 *6.7/2+23.05 *8/2+23.05 *7.45/2+24 1132.4064
*0.6*0.3*4.05+C5F
C6 G =(8*7.45/4)* 12.3+(8*5.45/4)* 12.3+5.184 *7.45/2+5.184 *8/2+5.184
*5.45/2+23.05*7.45/2+23.05 *8/2+23.05 *5.45/2+24 1047.2701
*0.6*0.3*4.05+C6F
C7 G =(8*7.8/4)*12.3+5.184 *7.8/2+5.184 *8/2+23.05 *7.8/2+23.05
682.4182
*8/2+24 *0.3*0.3*4.05+C7F
Assume allowable bearing capacity of soil = 60 kN/ m2 , 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 30 MPa.
The axial load for exterior strip footing is shown below Fig. (5-1) (from hand
calculation).
Figure (5-9) shows the axial load for exterior strip

Find the resultant force:
R= ∑p = 6908.132 kN

∑M @ left edge = 0
R * X =713.52 * 0.5 + 1224.35 * 8.3 + 1088.13 * 16 +1020.02 * 21.8 +1132.4 * 28.5 +
1047.27 * 35.95 + 682.41 * 41.4
→X= 21.4732294 m
e = X − L/2 = 21.4732294 – 41.9/2 = 0.52323 m
M = R * e = 6908.132 * 0.52323 = 3614.54 KN.m
R M.c L3
qmax = ± , c = L/2 = 20.95, I=B . = 6130.005*B m4
min A I 12
6908.132 3614.54∗20.95
60 = +
𝐵∗41.9 6130.005∗𝐵
→ B = 2.95375 m qmin=50.83 qmax=59.075

kN/ m2 kN/ m2
Use footing width = 3 m
qmax = 59.075 kN/ m2 , qmin = 50.83959 kN/ m2
Use approximate q = 54.9573 kN/ m2 as uniform pressure.
The uniform uplift pressure per meter length:

qu =54.9573 kN/m2
qu *Wide= qu *3 =164.8719 kN/m
Total column load on the strip =6908.1324 kN
Total Soil Reaction (Wu*wide*L) =6908.13261 kN
Average load =6908.132505 kN
Column modification factor =1.000000015
Soil pressure modification factor =0.999999985
Modified soil pressure =164.8718975 kN/m

Figure (5-10) shear force diagram for exterior strip footing (hand calculation and Staad Pro).
5-5-2 Design of shear:
Maximum shear = 748.7007 kN
Beam shear @ the critical section for one-way shear @ distance d from face of
columns:
Vu = 748.7007– 164.8718975*d
√𝑓𝑐 ′ √30
ØVc = 0.85* * b * d = 0.85 * *3 * d * 103 = 2327.8208 d
6 6
Vu = ØVc → 748.7007– 164.8718975*d = 2327.8208 d

748.7007= 2492.69 d
d = 0.300358 m Use d = 400 mm
 Punching shear:
Check punching shear for max. Column load (where P= 1898.92 kN)
bo = (0.3 + 0.4) * 2 + (0.5 + 0.4) * 2 = 3.2 m
√𝑓𝑐 ′ √30
ØVc = 0.85* * bo * d = ØVc = 0.85* * 3.2 * 0.4 *103 = 1986.405 kN
3 3
Vu = Pcol. –Psoil = 1898.92 -54.9573*(0.3+0.4)*(0.5+0.4) = 1864.2969 kN

Vu < ØVc ……… 1864.2969 kN <1986.405 kN ∴O.K
Use d = 500 mm
5-5-3 Design for flexural reinforcement.
We can use the ACI-code coefficients for beams to calculate the max. positive and
1
negative moments in the strip and we can considered this coefficients equal to for
10
positive and negative moments to easy calculation and practical purposes:

164.87 ∗5.452
Max. M = = 489.70511 kN.m
10
𝑀𝑢 489.70511∗106
Ru = = = 0.037785
∅∗𝑏∗𝑓𝑐 ′ ∗𝑑 2 0.9∗3000∗30∗4002
1−√1−2.36∗𝑅
𝜔= = 0.038669 < 𝜔 max. = 0.3094 o.k
1.18
𝑓𝑐 ′
𝜌=𝜔∗ = 0.03866 ∗ 30/400=0.002899 <𝜌min=1.4/fy=1.4/400=0.0035 ..use𝜌 min.
𝑓𝑦
As = 0.0035 * 3000 * 400 = 4200 mm2

Use 12 Ø25mm (As = 5887.5 mm2 ) o.k
Design for short direction under max. load P = 1898.92 kN
Width of beam = a+d = 300 + 400 = 700 mm
Upward factored load on this beam = 1898.92 / 3 = 632.9733 kN/m
632.9733 ∗l2 632.9733∗((3−0.6)/2)2
Moment @ face of col.= = = 455.74077 kN.m
2 2
d short = d long – d bar = 400 – 25 = 375 mm

455.74077 ∗106
Ru = = 0.17147
0.9∗700∗30∗3752
1−√1−2.36∗𝑅
𝜔= = 0.193582< 𝜔 max. = 0.3094 o.k
1.18
𝑓𝑐 ′
𝜌=𝜔∗ = 0.19358 ∗ 30/400=0.0145 >𝜌min=1.4/fy=1.4/400=0.0035.
𝑓𝑦
As = 0.0145 * 700 * 375 = 3806.25 mm2
Use 8 Ø25mm (As = 3925 mm2 ) o.k
Use thickness of footing = d + 1.5 diameter of bar + cover

= 400 + 1.5 * 25 + 75 = 512.5 m Use footing thickness=520mm
Figure (5-11) Details of reinforcement for exterior strip footing.

The axial load for exterior strip footing is shown below Fig. (5-1) (according to
Staad.pro calculation).

Table (5-12) Column Load of Exterior Strip and all columns (First floor and Ground floor).
Comparison between hand calculation and Staad pro results for footing load.
Table (5-4) Footing load of hand calculation and staad pro.
Support Load kN Load kN
Name From hand calculation From Staad Pro
C1 G 713.5222 619.287
C2 G 1224.3535 1229.435
C3 G 1088.1355 1032.949
C4 G 1020.0265 938.594
C5 G 1132.4064 1113.535
C6 G 1047.2701 950.788
C7 G 682.4182 409.296

Chapter
Six
Chapter Six Stairs Analysis
Chapter Six
Design of Stairs
6-1 Introduction:
This type of stairs is designed as one-way slab supported at the top and bottom of
the flight, while the steps themselves are treated as nonstructural elements.
6-2 Calculation of thickness:
Minimum stair thickness required to satisfy deflection requirements is given by:
Min thickness of stair = L/20 = 4.19/20 = 0.209 m (use 25cm)
Fig. (6-1) Stairs details.

6-3 Calculation of loading:
Weight of stair=weight of slab +weight of steps
=24*0.25*1.5*1/cos36+24*(0.3*0.22*1.5/2)*11/3.3=15.02 kN/m
Assume additional dead load = 6 kN/m
Total dead load = 21.02 kN/m
Assume live load= 10kN/m
Wu=1.2*21.02+1.6*10=41.28 kN/m
6-4 Calculation of shear and moment:
41.28 ∗ 3.32
Mu = = 56.15 kN. m
8

Chapter Six Stairs Analysis
Check for shear
Vu=[41.28*3.3/2]-[41.28*0.21*cos36]=61.09 kN
Vu 1 Vu
= ∗ √fc ∗ bw ∗ d = 262.5 kN > o. k
∅ 6 ∅
6-5 Design for reinforcement:

56.15 ∗ 106
Ru = = 0.0377
0.9 ∗ 25 ∗ 1500 ∗ 2102
1 − √1 − 2.36𝑅𝑢
𝜔= = 0.0385
1.18
𝑓𝑐 25
𝜌 = 𝜔 ∗ = 0.0385 ∗ = 0.00024 < 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.002
𝑓𝑦 400
As min = 0.002*b*t=0.002*1500*250=750 mm2
Use ∅ 12 @ 200 𝑚𝑚 (𝐴𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 791 mm2)
Also use ∅ 12 @ 200 𝑚𝑚 for other direction (temperature and shrinkage)
Fig. (6-2) Reinforcement details.

Chapter
Seven
Chapter Seven Conclusions and Recommendations
Chapter Seven
Conclusions & Recommendations
7-1 Conclusions:
In the present study building of two story is designed and analysis with its (Slabs,
Beams, Columns and Footings and staircase) using software like (Auto CAD, MD solid,
Excel, and Staad Pro). The loads are calculated namely the dead loads which depend on
the unit weight of the materials used (concrete, brick) and the live loads using the code.
The safety of reinforced concrete building will depend upon the initial architectural and
structural configuration of the total building, the quality of the structural analysis, design
and reinforcement detailing of the building frame to achieve stability of elements and
their ductile performance. Proper quality of construction and stability of the infill walls
and partitions are additional safety requirements of the structure as a whole.
 The advantages of using computer program is faster to analysis the structural
element and time consuming.
 In this project we design and analysis of Multi story building using the equations
to design and analysis and solving. So that this project take along time for solving
the equation of design. But to save time by using a computer software programs,
which takes the inputs of design and carried out the calculations easily and quickly
so that we saved time and ensure that the design was correct.
From compare the results between hands calculate and the program we find that:
 The programs very fast so that the results show according a minute while the hand
calculating take a long time.
 The degree of agreement of the results with the program is good.
 Accuracy of the results depends upon the inputs accuracy.
 It's very easy for user while the hand calculate should be have more information
for slab design and be more accrue in calculate .

Chapter Seven Conclusions and Recommendations
7-2 Recommendations:
1- Design and analysis of different type of Multi story building (concrete and steel).
2- Design and analysis of multi story building with other codes not just ACI codes.
3- Design and analysis of multi story building with different type like, Agricultural,
Commercial, Residential, Educational, Government, Industrial, Military, Parking
structures and storage, Religious, Transport, Infrastructure and Power stations/plants.

References
1. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI318-14) and
Commentary (ACI 318R-14), American Concrete Institute, P.O. Box 9094,
Farmington Hills, Michigan.
2. Arthur H. Nilson, David Darwin, Charls W. Dolan, "Design of concrete
structures",13th edition.
3. Arthur H. Nilson, George Winter, "Design of concrete
structures",10th edition.
4. D. Fanella, I. Alsamsam, “The Design of Concrete Floor Systems”, PCA
Professional Development Series, 2005.
5. AUTO-CAD, Autodesk, 2013, http://www.autodesk.com.
6. STAAD.Pro V8iSSS, Copyright attribution: ©2012, Bentley Systems,
http://www. Bentley.com.
7. McGregor, J.G. “Reinforced Concrete Mechanics and Design”, Prentice Hall,
New Jersey, 1997.
Full hand calculation, design and analysis of multi-story building

Appendix
APPENDIX A
A-1
Moments and reinforcement details calculations of chapter 3 are are represented
here for first floor and ground floor.
A-2 Design of Slab (F2):

Table (A-1) Represents Moments and reinforcement of Slab (F2).
Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building A1

Appendix



Appendix
A -5 Design of Slab (F5):



Appendix



Appendix



Appendix



Appendix



Appendix


Table (A1-5) Represents Moments and reinforcement of Slab (F16).

Appendix



Appendix
A-19 Design of Slab (G2):

Table (A-18) Represents Moments and reinforcement of Slab (G2).

Appendix


Appendix


Appendix


Appendix


Appendix


Appendix


Appendix


‫خالصة البحث‬
‫الهدف الرئيسي من هذا المشروع هو تحليل وتصميم مبنى متعدد الطوابق‪ ،‬حيث تم التصميم والتحليل لمختلف‬
‫التراكيب االنشائية الخرسانية المسلحة ( من بالطات‪ ,‬العتبات‪ ,‬واألعمدة واالسس والدرج) بواسطة اوال الحسابات‬
‫اليدوية اعتمادا ووفقا لمدونة (‪ )ACI Code‬وثانيا مقارنة النتائج باستخدام برنامج (‪ .)STAAD PRO‬من أجل‬
‫التصميم‪ ،‬فمن المهم الحصول شكل ومخطط للبناية المراد تصميمها وتحليلها‪ ،‬وتحديد مواقع الغرف مثل (غرفة‬
‫المعيشة وغرفة النوم والمطبخ والحمامات الخ) بحيث أنها تخدم كل منهما الغرض الخاص بها وتناسب أيضا متطلبات‬
‫الراحة للسكان‪.‬‬
‫في هذا المشروع تم تصميم وتحليل مبنى خرساني مسلح (مكتبي) يتكون من طابقين حيث ان المساحة الكلية‬
‫للطابق (‪21.9*40.9‬م‪ .)2‬يتكون كل طابق من اثني عشر مكتب‪ .‬تم استخدام برامج األوتوكاد الستكمال التصميم‬
‫المعماري‪،‬و (‪ )STAAD Pro v8i‬لتحليل وتصميم هيكل المبنى‪ .‬في النهاية تم اعداد لنتائج وخرائط الهيكلية لهذا‬
‫المبنى‪.‬‬
‫برنامج (‪ )STAAD PRO‬يحتوي على واجهة مستخدم تفاعلية جدا التي تسمح للمستخدم لرسم المنشأ وإدخال‬
‫االحمال واالبعاد وخصائص المادة‪ .‬ثم وفقا لمعايير محددة يتم تحليل وتصميم التراكيب االنشائية للمنشأ حيث يحلل‬
‫ويصمم ويعطي تفاصيل التسليح للمقاطع الخرسانية المسلحة‪.‬‬
‫عملية التصميم والتخطيط الهيكلي تتطلب ليس فقط الخيال والتفكير النظري ولكن أيضا المعرفة السليمة للعلم‬
‫(علم الهندسة اإلنشائية) إلى جانب معرفة الجوانب العملية‪ ،‬مثل متابعة المدونات الحديثة (الكودات) ورموز التصميم‬
‫األخيرة‪ ،‬والقوانين‪ ،‬والتي تكون مدعومة بخبرة وافرة‪ ،‬والحدس والحكم‪ .‬والغرض من المعايير هو ضمان وتعزيز‬
‫السالمة‪ ،‬والحفاظ على التوازن الدقيق بين االقتصاد والسالمة‪.‬‬
‫لتصميم األعمدة والعتبات‪ ,‬من الضروري معرفة العزوم التي يتعرضون لها‪ .‬يعتمد تصميم البالطات الخرسانية‬
‫المسلحة على ما إذا كانت ذات اتجاه واحد أو اتجاهين‪ ،‬ونوع المساند ونوع االحمال‪ .‬انتقال االحمال يكون كالتالي تنتقل‬
‫االحمال من البالطات إلى العتبات‪ ,‬بعد ذلك‪ ،‬يتم تنقل االحمال من العتبات بشكل قوى قص الى االعمدة وأخيرا‪ ،‬تنتقل‬
‫االحمال من االعمدة الى االسس‪ .‬في النهاية ال بد من التحقق من جميع المقاطع لجميع القوى األربعة (القوى العامودية‪,‬‬
‫قوى القص‪ ,‬العزوم واللي) فيما يتعلق بالمقاومة وقابليتهة التشغيلية‪ .‬تحليل المنشاءات المتعددة الطوابق ينطوي على‬
‫الكثير من التعقيدات والحسابات المملة بالطرق التقليدية عن طريق اليد‪ .‬ان تنفيذ هكذا نوع من التحليل يستغرق وقتا‬
‫طويال‪.‬‬
‫في هذا المشروع تم التعامل مع العديد من برامج الكمبيوتر لمساعدتنا إلتمام العمل‪ .‬حيث استخدم برنامج اكسل‬
‫وصمم لحساب العزوم وكمية حديد التسليح للبالطات باستخدام طريقة المعامالت (‪ )Method II‬مع برنامج لحساب‬
‫الفرق بين المعامالت وبرنامج لحساب االحمال على العتبات وطريقة حسابات توزيع العزوم‪ .‬حيث ان تصميم برنامج‬
‫على االكسل اثبت فعاليته بزيادة سرعة الحل لتحليل البالطات ذات االتجاهين بواسطة ادخال معلومات ومتغيرات التي‬
‫لها عالقة بنوع البالطة وابعادها والعتبات واالحمال‪ .‬تقسم حسابات البالطات الى قسمين واحدة عمودية واخرى افقية‬
‫(باتجاه االبعاد الطويلة واالبعاد القصيرة) ثم تحسب العزوم لكل اتجاه وبعد ذلك يتم حساب المساحة المطلوبة لحديد‬
‫التسليح والمسافة بين قضبان التسليح ‪.‬‬
‫تنقسم هذه الدراسة إلى سبعة فصول‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬يتضمن الفصل األول مقدمة عن المباني المتعددة األدوار واهم تراكيب المنشأ‪ ,‬البالطات‪ ،‬العتبات‪ ،‬واألعمدة‪،‬‬
‫واالسس الخ‪..‬‬
‫‪ ‬يتضمن الفصل الثاني أنواع االحمال على المنشأ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬يتضمن الفصل الثالث الحسابات التصميمة للبالطات ورسم البناية‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬يتضمن الفصل الرابع الحسابات التصميمة للعتبات‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬يتضمن الفصل الخامس الحسابات التصميمة لألعمدة واالسس‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬يتضمن الفصل السادس الحسابات التصميمة للدرج‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬يتضمن الفصل السابع االستنتاجات والتوصيات لهذه الدراسة‪.‬‬
‫كلية المنصور الجامعة‬
‫قسم الهندسة المدنية‬
‫تحليل وتصميم مبنى متعدد الطوابق بواسطة الحسابات‬

‫اليدوية‬
‫مشروع مقدم لقسم الهندسة المدنية في كلية المنصور الجامعة كجزء من متطلبات نيل شهادة‬
‫بكلوريوس هندسة في الهندسة المدنية‪.‬‬
‫اعداد‬
‫‪ .1‬سيف الدين سعد‬
‫‪ .2‬خالد محسن‬
‫‪ .3‬جعفر صالح‬
‫اشراف‬
‫د‪ .‬عال عادل قاسم‬
‫‪View publication stats‬‬

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FULL HAND CALCULATION, ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTI STORY

Thesis · May 2016

Ola Adel Qasim

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FULL HAND CALCULATION, ANALYSIS

A Final Year Project Submitted to the Department Of Civil

Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building I

Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building II

I certify that this project entitled (FULL HAND CALCULATION,

Supervisor Name: Dr. Ola Adel Qasim

We certify that we have read this project entitled (FULL HAND

Date: / /2016 Date: / /2016

Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building IV

Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building V

Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi-story building VI

Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building 1

Fig. (1-1) Multi story Frame Building.

Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building 2

Fig. (1-2) Typical Reinforced concrete frame building.

Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building 3

Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building 4

Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building 5

Fig. (1-3) Beam column connection.

Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building 6

Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building 7

Fig. (1-4) slabs structural element.

Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building 8

Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building 9

Fig. (1-5) beam structural element.

Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building 10

Fig. (1-6) Column structural element.

Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building 11

Fig. (1-7) Type of footing.

Fig. (1-9) Stairs main technical terms

Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building 13

Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building 14

Fig. (2-1) Multi story Frame Building.

Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building 15

Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building 16

Fig. (2-2) Components of Multi story Frame Building.

Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building 17

Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building 18

2-8 Load Combinations:

Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building 19

Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building 21

Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building 22

Fig. (3-1) Building with Dimension of Slabs (Top view).

Full Hand Calculation, analysis and design of Multi Story Building 23

Fig. (3-2) Office Building (front view).

Full Hand Calculation, analysis and design of Multi Story Building 24

Fig. (3-3) Building (3-D view).

Table (3-1) Coefficients of Method II.

Full Hand Calculation, analysis and design of Multi Story Building 25

Table (3-2): Minimum uniformly distributed live load.

3-2 Prosperities and Descriptions of Slabs:

Full Hand Calculation, analysis and design of Multi Story Building 26

Fig. (3-4) Ground Floor.

Full Hand Calculation, analysis and design of Multi Story Building 27

Fig. (3-5) First Floor.

Full Hand Calculation, analysis and design of Multi Story Building 28

Full Hand Calculation, analysis and design of Multi Story Building 29

Fig. (3-7) 3-D for First Floor and ground Floor.

Fig. (3-8) Building in Staad Pro.

As = ρbd =0.004025461000175=700.4298 mm2

Beam = 0.30.624*1.2 =5.184 kN/m

Asmin= 𝜌min bd= 1.4/400 300550 = 578 mm2

As= 0.011892300550 = 1962.199 𝑚𝑚2

Vc = 0.17√𝑓𝑐′ bw d = 0.17 √25 * 300 550 10−3 = 140.25 kN