Chapter 2 Force and Motion STUDENTS MODULE

JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
2. FORCE AND MOTION

2.1 ANALYSING LINEAR MOTION
Distance and displacement
1. Types of physical quantity:
(i) Scalar quantity: ………………………………………………………………….
(ii) Vector quantity: …………………………………………………………………
2. The difference between distance and displacement:
(i) Distance: …………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Displacement: ……………………………………………………………………
3. Distance always longer than displacement.
4. Example: The following diagram shows the location of Johor Bahru and Desaru.
You can travel by car using existing road via Kota Tinggi, or travel by a
small plane along straight path.
Calculate how far it is from Johor Bahru to Desaru if you traveled by:
a. The car
b. The plane
Kota Tinggi
41 km 53 km
Solution: Johor Bahru

60 km Desaru
Hands-on Activity 2.2 pg 10 of the practical book.

Idea of distance and displacement, speed and velocity.
Speed and velocity
1. Speed is ..…………………………………………………………………………………
2. Velocity is: ..……………………………………………………………………………...
3. Average of speed: ………………………………………………………………………
4. Average of velocity: ……………………………………………………………………...
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5. Example:
An aeroplane flies from A to B, which is located 300 km east of A. Upon reaching B, the
aeroplane then flies to C, which is located 400 km north. The total time of flight is 4
hours. Calculate
i. The speed of the aeroplane
ii. The velocity of the aeroplane
Solution:
Acceleration and deceleration

1. Study the phenomenon below;
0 m s-1 20 m s-1 40 m s-1
Observation: ………………………………………………………………………………
2. Acceleration is, ……………………………………………………………………….
Then, a = Or, a v – u
t
3. Example of acceleration;
t=2s t=2s
A B C
0 m s-1 20 m s-1 40 m s-1
20
20 – 0
2
= 10 m s-2
Calculate the acceleration of car;

i) from A to B
ii) From B to C
4. Deceleration happens ...…………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Example of deceleration;
A lorry is moving at 30 m s-1, when suddenly the driver steps on the brakes and it stop 5
seconds later. Calculate the deceleration of lorry.
Analysing of motion
1. Linear motion can be studied in the laboratory using a ticker timer and a ticker tape.
Refer text book photo picture 2.4 page 26.
(i) Determination of time:
. . . . . . . .
(ii) Determination of displacement as the length of ticker tape over a period of time.
.
x
. . . . . . .
y
(iii) Determine the type of motion;

. . . . . . . .
………………………………………………………………………………………..
. . . . . . . .
...……….……………………………………………………………………………..
. . . . . . . .
21
.……………………………………………………………………………………..
(iv) Determination of velocity
. . . . . . . .
displacement = ……………………… time = ………………………………..
Velocity, v =
(v) Determine the acceleration

Length/cm
v
8
7
6
5
4 u
3
2
1
ticks
The equation of 0motion
1. The important symbols : ………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. The list of important formula;
3. Example 1 : A car traveling with a velocity of 10 m s-1 accelerates uniformly at a rate of 3

m s-2 for 20 s. Calculate the displacement of the car while it is accelerating.
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Example 2 : A van that is traveling with velocity 16 m s-1 decelerates until it comes to rest.
If the distance traveled is 8 m, calculate the deceleration of the van.
Execise 2.1
Length / cm
1. Figure 2.1 shows a tape chart
consisting of 5-tick strip. Describe 16
the motion represented by AB and BC.
In each case, determine the ; 12
(a) displacement 8
4
(b) average velocity
Figure 2.1
0
A B C Time/s
(c) acceleration
2. A car moving with constant velocity of 40 ms-1 . The driver saw and obtacle in front and
he immediately stepped on the brake pedal and managed to stop the car in 8 s. The
distance of the obstacle from the car when the driver spotted it was 180 m. How far is the
obstacles from the car has sttoped.
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2.2 ANALYSING MOTION GRAPHS
0m 100m 200m 300m 400m 500m displacement

0s 10s 20s 30s 40s 50s time
The data of the motion of the car can be presented………………………………….

The displacement-time Graph
a) displacement (m) Graph analysis:
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
time (s) ……………...………………………………………………
b) displacement (m) Graph analysis:
……..…………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
time (s) ……….…………………………………………………………
c) displacement (m) Graph analysis:
…….……………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
time (s) ..…………………………………………………………………
d) Displacement (m) Graph analysis:
…………………………….………………………………………
……………………………………………..………………………
time (s) ………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
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e) displacement (m) Graph analysis:
…………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………..
time (s)
…………………………………………………………..
f) displacement (m) Graph analysis:
A B …………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………
O C time (s)
The velocity-time Graph
a) v/ m s-1 Graph analysis:
………………………………………………………
…..
………………………………………………………
…..
…………………………………………………………
-1
b) …v/ m s Graph analysis:
t t /s ………………………………………..……………
…..
………………………………………………………
…
…………………………………………………………
c) v (m s-1) Graph analysis:

…………………………………..………………….
………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………
t1 t2 t (s)
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d) v (m s-1) Graph analysis:

...…………………………………..………………..
………………………………………………
……..
………………………………………………………
t (s) ………………………………………………………
.……………………………………………………...
e) v (m s-1) Graph analysis:

………..…………………………..………………..
……….……………………………………
………..
………………………………………………………
t (s) ………………………………………………………
Examples ………………………………………………………
1. s/m Calculate:-
(i) Velocity over OP, QR and RS
(ii) Displacement
P
Q
Solution :
O R
0 2 4 6 8 t/s
2. v/m s-1
Calculate:-
(i) acceleration,a over OP, PQ and QR
10
(ii) Displacement
5 P Q
Solution :
R
0 2 4 6 8 10 t/s
26
Excercise 2.2
1. (a) s/m (b) s/m (c) s/m
10
t/s 0 2 4 t/s t/s

-5 -10
Figure 2.21
Describe and interpret the motion of a body which is represented by the displacement
time graphs in Figure 2.21
2. Describe and interpret the motion of body which is represented by the velocity-time
graphs shown in figure 2.22. In each case, find the distance covered by the body and its
displacement
(a) v/m s-1 (b) v/m s-1
10
t/s 0 2 4 t/s
-5 -10
Figure 2.22
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2.3 UNDERSTANDING INERTIA

Idea of inertia
1. ………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………
Hand-on activity 2.5 in page 18 of the practical book to gain an idea of inertia
4. Meaning of inertia :
…………..………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Mass and inertia
1. Refer to figure 2.14 of the text book, the child and an adult are given a push to swing.
(i) which one of them will be more difficult to be moved ……………………...
(ii) which one of them will be more difficult to stop? …………………………….
2. The relationship between mass and inertia : ……………………………….………………
……………………………………………..
3. The larger mass ………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Effects of inertia
1. Positive effect : …………………………………………………………………………
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) ………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Negative effect : ………………………………………………………………………….
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………
………..
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) ………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv) ………………………………………………………………………………………
Execise 2.3
1. What is inertia? Does 2 kg rock have twice the inertia of 1 kg rock?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2.
Figure 2,3
A wooden dowel is fitted in a hole through a wooden block as shown in figure 2.31.
Explain what happen when we
(a) strike the top of the dowel with a hammer,
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) hit the end of the dowel on the floor.
………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
2.4 ANALYSING MOMENTUM

Idea of momentum
1. When an object ic moving, …...…………………………………………………………
2. The amount of momentum ...……………………………………………………………
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3. Momentum is defined…………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Conservation of momentum
mg
mb vb vg = 0
(mb + mg)
Starting position before vb&g
she catches the ball
Receiving a massive ball
vb vg
mb
Starting position mg
before she throws
the ball
Throwing a massive ball
The principle of conservation of momentum : …………………………………………………

……………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1. Elastic collision .…………………………………………………………………………..
u1
m1 u2 v2
m2 m1
m2
30
Before collision after collision
2. Inelastic collision :………………………………………………………………………...

u1
v
m1 u2 = 0
m2
m1 + m2
Before collision after collision
3. explosion : …….....…………………………………………………………………...
(m1 + m2), u = 0 v1 v2
m2
Before explosion after explosion
Example 1 :
Car A Car B
Car A of mass 100 kg traveling at 30 m s-1 collides with Car B of mass 90 kg traveling at 20
m s-1 in front of it. Car A and B move separately after collision. If Car A is still moving at 25 m
s-1 after collision, determine the velocity of Car B after collision.
Solution :
Example 2 :
31
Car A of mass 100 kg traveling at 30 m s-1 collides with Car B of mass 90 kg traveling at 20
-1
m s in front of it. Car A is pulled by Car B after collision. Determine the common velocity of
Car A and B after collision.
Solution :
Example 3 :
A bullet of mass 2 g is shot from a gun of mass 1 kg with a velocity of 150 m s-1 . Calculate the
velocity of the recoil of the gun after firing.
Solution :
Exercise 2.4
1. An arrow of mass 150 g is shot into a wooden block of mass 450 g lying at rest on a
smooth surface. At the moment of impact, the arrow is travelling horizontally at 15 ms-1.
Calculate the common velocity after the impact.
2. A riffle of mass 5.0 kg fires a bullet of mass 50 g with a velocity of 80 m s-1 .Calculate the
recoil velocity. Explain why the recoil velocity of a riflle is much less than the velocity of
the bullet.
2.5 UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECT OF A FORCE
32
Idea of force
1. What will happen when force act to an object?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Idea of balanced forces
1. An object is said to be in balance when it is:
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Stationary object
……………………………… explanation :
Stationary object ………………………………………………

………………………………………………
……….……………………………………..
…………………………………………
3. An object moving with uniform velocity
…………………………….. explanation :
…..……………. …………… ……………………………………………..
……………………………
………………..
……………………………………………..
……………………………… ………..…………………………………….
……………………………………
……….. ……………………………
………………..
Idea of unbalanced forces
1. A body is said to be in unbalanced..……………………………………………………
2. ……………………….. Explanation;
……………………………………
…………
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………………………………………………
………………………………………………
……… …….. ………………………………………………
Relationship between forces, mass and acceleration (F = ma)
Experiment 2.2 page 29.
Aim : To investigate the relationship between acceleration and force applied on a constant mass.
Experiment 2.3 page 31

Aim: To investigate the relationship between mass and acceleration of an object under
constant force.
1. Refer to the result of experiment 2.2 and 2.3,
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. 1 newton (F = 1 N) is defined as the force required to produce an acceleration of 1 m s-2
(a=1 m s-2) when its acting on an object of mass 1 kg ( m = 1 kg)
So, …………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Example 1 : Calculate F, when a = 3 m s-2 dan m = 1000 kg
Example 2 :
m = 25 kg
F = 200 N
Calculate the acceleration, a of an object.
Exercise 2.5
34
1. A trolley of mass 30 kg is pulled along the ground by horizontal force of 50 N. The

opposing frictional force is 20 N. Calculate the acceleration of the trolley.
2. A 1000 kg car is travelling at 72 km h-1 when the brakes are applied. It comes to a stop in
a distance of 40 m. What is the average braking force of the car?
2.6 ANALYSING IMPULSE AND IMPULSIVE FORCE

Impulse and impulsive force
1. Impulse is ……………………………………………………………………………….
2. Impulsive force is ………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Formula of impulse and impulsive force:
Refer, F = ma
Example 1; v u
wall
If ; u = 10 m s-1 , v = - 10 m s-1 , m = 5 kg and t = 1 s
Impulse, Ft = and impulsive force, F =
35
Example 2; v u
Wall with a soft surface

If ; u = 10 m s-1 , v = - 10 m s-1 , m = 5 kg and t = 2 s
Impulse, Ft = and impulsive force, F =
4. The relationship between time of collision and impulsive force.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Exercise 2.6
1. A force of 20 N is applied for 0.8 s when a football player throws a ball from the sideline.
What is the impulse given to the ball?
2. A stuntman in a movie jumps from a tall building an falls toward the ground. A large
canvas bag filled with air used to break his fall. How is the impulsive force reduced?
2.7 BEING AWARE OF THE NEED FOR SAFETY FEATURES IN VEHICLES
36
Safety features in vehicles Reinforced passenger compartment
Crash resistant door Head rest

pillars
Windscreen
Crumple zones
Anti-lock brake
system (ABS)
Traction control bumpers

Air bags
Importance of safety features in vehicles
Safety features Importance
Increases the time interval of collision so the impulsive force

Padded dashboard
produced during an impact is thereby reduced
Rubber bumper Absorb impact in minor accidents, thus prevents damage to the car.
Shatter-proof windscreen Prevents the windscreen from shattering
Acts as a cushion for the head and body in an accident and thus
Air bag
prevents injuries to the driver and passengers.
Prevents the passengers from being thrown out of the car. Slows
Safety seat belt down the forward movement of the passengers when the car stops
abruptly.
Prevents the collapse of the front and back of the car into the
Side bar in doors passenger compartment. Also gives good protection from a side-on
collision.
Exercise 2.7
1. By using physics concepts, explain the midifications to the bus that help to improve that
safety of passengers and will be more comfortable.
37
2.8 UNDERSTANDING GRAVITY

Carry out hands-on activity 2.8 on page 35 of the practical book.
Acceleration due to gravity.
1. An object will fall to the surface of the earth because………………………………...
2. The force of gravity also known ………………………………………………………...
3. When an object falls under the force of gravity only, ………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. The acceleration of objects falling freely ………………………………………………
5. The magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity depends ………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Gravitational field
1. The region around the earth is ………………………………………………………….
2. The object in gravitational field …………………………………………………………
3. The gravitational field strength is defined ……………………………………………..
4. The gravitational field strength, g can be calculate as;
5. At the surface of the earth, …………….…………………………………………………

……………………………..
6. This means …………………………………………………………………………………
…………..
38
7. Example 1. Can you estimate the gravitational force act to your body?
mass = 60 kg, g = 9.8 N kg-1, F = ?
Example 2,
A satellite of mass 600 kg in orbit experiences a gravitational force of 4800 N. Calculate
the gravitational field strength.
Example 3,
A stone is released from rest and falls into a well. After 1.2 s, it hits the bottom of the
well.
(a) What is the velocity of the stone when it hits the bottom?
(b) Calculate the depth of the well.
Weight
1. The weight of an object is defined ……………………………………………………..
2. For an object of mass m, the weight can be calculate as :
Example : The mass of a helicopter is 600 kg. What is the weight of the helicopter
when it land on the peak of a mountain where the gravitational field is
9.78 N kg-1?
39
Exercise 2.8
1. Sketch the following graphs for an object that falling freely.
(a) Displacement-time graph,
(b) Velocity-time graph
(c) Acceleration-time graph
2. The following data was obtained from an experiment to measure the acceleration due to
gravity.
Mass of steel bob = 200 g, distance covered = 3.0 m, time of fall = 0.79 s.
Calculate the acceleration due to gravity of steel bob.
Give the explanation why your answer different with the constant of gravitational
acceleration, g = 9.8 m s-2.
2.9 IDEA OF EQUILIBRIUM FORCES

An object is in equilibrium when :
1. ………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………
stationary object
40
An object moving with uniform velocity
Addition of Force
1. Addition of force is defined as ...……………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Examples : the forces are acting in one direction
F1 = 10 N
F2 = 5 N
Resultant force, F
Example : the forces are acting in opposite directions

F1 = 10 N
F2 = 5 N
Resultant force, F
Example : the forces are acting in different directions
F2 = 5 N
500
41
F1 = 10 N
Parallelogram method:
1. Draw to scale.
2. Draw the line parallel with F1 to the edge of F2, and the line parallel with F2 to the
edge of F1
3. Connect the diagonal of the parallelogram starting from the initial point.
4. Measure the length of the diagonal from the initial point as the value of the
resultant force.
F2
F1
Triangle method
1. Draw to scale.
2. Displace one of the forces to the edge of another force.
3. Complete the triangle and measure the resultant force from the initial
point.
Example 1: During Sport Day two teams in tug of war competition pull with forces of
6000 N and 5300 N respectively. What is the value of the resultant force?
Are the two team in equilibrium?
Example 2: A boat in a river is pulled horizontally by two workmen. Workmen A
42
pulls with a force of 200 N while workmen while workmen B pulls with a
force of 300 N. The ropes used make an angle 250 with each other. Draw a
parallelogram and label the resultant force using scale of 1 cm : 50 N.
Determine the magnitude of resultant force.
Resolution of a force
1. Resolution of a force is …………………………………………………………………
Refer to trigonometric formula:
Example : The figure below shows Ali mopping the floor with a force 50 N
at an angle of 600 to the floor.
F = 50 N
43
Example of resolution and combination of forces

F=?
200 N
400
Problem solving
1. When a system is in equilibrium, ……………………………………………………….
2. If all forces acting at one point are resolved into horizontal and vertical
components, ……………………………………………………………………………
3. Example 1; Show on a figure;
a) the direction of tension force, T of string
b) the resultant force act to lamp
700 700 c) calculate the magnitude of tension force, T
a)T b) T’ T
mlamp = 1.5 kg
Wlamp = 14.7 N
Exercise 2.9
1. Two force with magnitude 18 N and 6 N act along a straight line. With the aid of
diagrams, determine the maximun possible value and the minimum possible value of the
resultant force.
44
2. A football is kicked simultaneously by two players with force 220 N and 200 N
respectively, as shown in Figure 2.9. Calculate the magnitude of the resultant force.
220 N
900
200 N
2.10 UNDERSTANDING WORK, ENERGY AND EFFICIENCY

Work
1. Work is done, ……………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. WORK is the product.…………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. The formulae of work;
4. Example 1;
Force, F
Example 2;
45
80 N
600
s= 5m
Example 3;
Example 4;
F = 600 N
S = 0.8 m
Energy
1. Energy is .................................................................................................................
2. Energy cannot be ....................................................................................................
46
3. Exist in various forms such as …………………...……………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Example of the energy transformation;
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…
5. ………………………………………………………………………………………………
Example : …………………………………………………………………………………
……………
Work done and the change in kinetic energy
Force, F
1. Kinetic energy is …………………………………………………………………………

2. Refer to the figure above,
Through, v2 = u2 +2as
u=0
and, as = ½ v2
3. Example 1; A small car of mass 100 kg is moving along a flat road. The
resultant force on the car is 200 N.
a) What is its kinetic energy of the car after moving through 10 m?
b) What is its velocity after moving through 10 m?
47
Work done and gravitational potential energy
h = 1.5 m
1. Gravitational potential energy is………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………
…2. Refer to the figure above;
3. Example; If m = 10 kg
Principle of conservation of energy

Carry out hands-on activity 2.10 on page 38 of the practical book.
To show the principle of conservation of energy.
1. Energy cannot be ………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Example : a thrown ball upwards will achieve a maximum height before changing its
direction and falls
3. Example in calculation : A coconut falls from a tree from a height of 20 m. What is the
velocity of coconut just before hitting the earth?
48
Power
1. Power is …………………………………………………………………………………
2. A weightlifter lifts 180 kg of weights from the floor to a height of 2 m above his head in a
time of 0.8 s. What is the power generated by the weightlifter during this time?
g = 9.8 ms-2)
Efficiency
1. Defined……..…………………………………………………………………………….
2. Formulae of efficiency :
3. Analogy of efficiency;
Device/
mechine
Energy transformation
4. Example; An electric motor in a toy crane can lift a 0.12 kg weight through a height of
0.4 m in 5 s. During this time, the batteries supply 0.8 J of energy to the motor. Calculate
(a) The useful of output of the motor.
(b) The efficiency of the motor
49
Carry out hands-on activity 2.11 on page 39 of the practical book to measure the power.
Exercise 2.10
1. What is the work done by a man when he pushes a box with a force of 90 N through a
distance of 10 m? State the amount of energy transferred from the man to the force.
2. A sales assistant at a shop transfers 50 tins of milk powder from the floor to the top shelf.
Each tin has a mass of 3.0 kg and the height of thee top shelf is 1.5 m.
(a) Calculate the total work done by the sales assistant.
(b) What is his power if he completes this work in 250 s?
2.11 APPRECIATING THE IMPORTANCE OF MAXIMISING THE EFFICIENCY OF

DEVICES
50
1. During the process of transformation the input energy to the useful output energy,………
……………………………………………………………………………..
2. .……………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………
Example of wasting the energy;
………..…………………
Input enegy output
from the petrol energy
…………………… ……………. ……………… …………………….

..………………….. …………….. ………………….. …………………….
..………………….. ……………. …………………. …………………….
4. The world we are living in face acute shortage of energy.
5. It is very important that a device makes ……………………………………………
……………………
Ways of increasing the efficiency of devices
1. Heat engines ……………………..………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Electrical devices. ...……………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Operation of electrical devices

1. The electrical devices increase the efficiency………………………………….……
2. Proper management ….....………………………………………………………………
3. …………..………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2.12 UNDERSTANDING ELASTICITY
Carry out Hands-on activity 2.12 page 40 of the practical book.
1. Elasticity is ……………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Forces between atoms …………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Forces between atoms in equilibrium condition
Force of attraction
Force of repulsion Force of repulsion
Explanation :
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Forces between atoms in compression
compressive force
compressive force
Force of repulsion Force of repulsion
52
Explanation ;
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Forces between atoms in tension
force of attraction
stretching force stretching force

Explanation ;
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Carry out Experiment 2.4 on page 41 of the practical book
To investigate the relationship between force and extension of a spring
Hooke’s Law
1. Hooke’s Law states ………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Elastic limit of a spring is defined……………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. The spring is said to have a permanent extension,...…………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. The elastic limit is not exceeded,…………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Graf F against x
F/ N
P
Q
E
53
0 R x (cm)
6. Spring Constant, k
F/N
0.8
0 8 x/cm
Example 1; A spring has an original length of 15 cm. With a load of mass 200 g
attached, the length of the spring is extend to 20 cm.
a. Calculate the spring constant.
b. What is the length of the spring when the load is in increased
by 150 g? [assume that g = 10 N kg-1]
Example 2; The graph shows the relationship between the

Graph F against x of stretching force, F and the spring extension, x.
F (N) spring P and spring Q (a) Calculate the spring constant of P and Q.
(b) Using the graph, determine the
8
stretching force acts to spring P and
P
spring Q, when their extension are 0.5 cm
7
6
5 Q
4
3
2
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 x (cm)

54
Elastic potential energy

1. Elastic potential energy ………………………………………………………………..
spring with the original length
F compression
x spring compressed x
F x = compression x
x F spring extended
x = extension F, extension
Other situation where the spring extended
and compressed
Relationship between work and elastic potential energy
F/N
Graph F against x
F
x
x / cm
Example ;
5 kg
15 cm
8 cm
Factors that effect elasticity

Hands-on activity 2.13 on page 42 the practical book to investigate the factors that affect
elasticity.
Type of material different same same same

Diameter of spring wire same different same same
Diameter of spring same same different same
55
Length of spring same Same same different

Summarise the four factors that affect elasticity
Factor Change in factor Effect on elasticity
Shorter spring Less elastic
Length
Longer spring More elastic
Smaller diameter Less elastic
Diameter of spring
Larger diameter More elastic
Smaller diameter More elastic
Diameter of spring wire
Larger diameter Less elastic
Type of material the elasticity changes with the type of materials
Exercise 2.12
1. A 6 N force on a spring produces an extension of 2 cm. What is the extension when the
force is increased to 18 N? State any assumption you made in calculating your answer.
2. If a 20 N force extends a spring from 5 cm to 9 cm,

(a) what is the force constant of the spring?
(b) Calculate the elastic potential energy stored in the spring.
Reinforcement Chapter 2
Part A : Objective Questions
1. When a coconut is falling to the B. Momentum

ground, which of the following C. Acceleration
quantities is constant? D. Kinetic energy
A. Velocity
56
2. In an inelastic collision, which of the

following quantities remains
constant before and after the 0 2 4 6 Time / s
collision? Calculate the momentum of the
trolley from t = 2s to t = 4s.
A. Total acceleration
B. Total velocity A. 1.5 kg m s-1
C. Total momentum B. 3.0 kg m s-1
D. Total kinetic energy C. 4.0 kg m s-1
3. Calculate the weight of a stone with D. 6.0 kg m s-1
mass 60 g on the surface of the E. 7.5 kg m s-1
moon.
(The gravitational acceleration of the
7. This figure shows an aircraft flying
moon is 1/6 that of the Earth.) Lift
in the air.
A. 0.1 N
B. 0.2 N Thrust Air friction
C. 0.4 N
D. 0.6 N
E. 0.8 N Weight
The aircraft above accelerates if
4. The momentum of a particle is
dependent on
A. Lift > Weight
A. mass and acceleration B. Thrust > Lift
B. weight and force C. Lift > Air friction
C. mass and velocity D. Thrust > Air friction
5. Which of the following diagrams 8. m = 0.3 kg
shows a body moving at constant
velocity? 5m
A. 2N 2N
What is the momentum of the stone
B. 12 N 7N just before it hits the ground?
C. 12 N 14 N A. 0.15 kg m s-1
B. 0.3 kg m s-1
D. 20 N 17 N C. 1.5 kg m s-1
D. 3.0 kg m s-1
E. 15.0 kg m s-1
6. The graph below shows the motion
of a trolley with mass 1.5 kg.
Solution :
Velocity / ms-1
57
Calculate the time needed for the

iron ball to land.
9. A big ship will keep moving for some
(Gravitational acceleration of the
distance when its engine is turned off.
moon is 1/6 that of the Earth and
This situation happens because the ship
g = 9.8 N kg-2)
has
A 0.6 s
A. great inertia
B 1.4 s
B. great acceleration
C 1.7 s
C. great momentum
D 3.5 s
D. great kinetic energy
E 12.0 s
10. An iron ball is dropped at a height of
10 m from the surface of the moon.
Part B : Structure Questions
1.
(i) Car A (ii) Car B

Diagram 1.1
Diagram 1.1(i) and (ii) show two methods used by the mechanic to move a breakdown
car. A constant force, F = 500 N is used to push and pull the car in method A and B.
(a) (i) Which method is easier to move the car?
………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) State a reason for your answer in (a)(i).
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
(b) The frictional force acting between the car and track surface in both methods is
200 N. Calculate, the
(i) horizontal resultant force in method A.
(ii) horizontal resultant force in method B.
58
(iii) acceleration of the car in method B.
(c) Suggest a method to move Car B so that the acceleration produced is equal to that
of method A.
……………………………………………………………………………..………..
………………………………………………………………………………………
2. ceiling
Tin
P
(i)
Q
water
Diagram 2.1
M N
(ii)
 R
hand
a) Diagram 2.1(i) shows tin P that is empty and tin Q that is filled with water. A
student find difficult to pushed tin Q. Write the inference about the observation.
………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Diagram 2.1(ii) shows a tin being released from the different positions M and N.
The hand of a student at position R needs greater force to stop the motion of the
tin falling from position M. Explain this observation.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
c) Based on the observation (i) and (ii), state two factors that affect the magnitude of
the momentum of the object.
………………………………………………………………………………………
d) If water flows out from a hole at the bottom of the tin Q, how would the inertia of
Tin Q depends on time ?
……………………………………………………………………………………
3. 2 ms-1
P iron ball ( 2 kg )
S T
59
3.0 m smooth surface

1.0 m 2.0 m
Q R
Diagram 3 Rough surface
The figure shows a iron ball that is rolled through PQRST. The rough surface of QR has
frictional force of 4 N.
a) Calculate
(i) the kinetic energy of the iron ball at P.
(ii) the potential energy of the iron ball at P.
(iii) the total of energy of the iron ball at P.
b)
c) (i) Calculate the total of energy of the iron ball when it reaches at Q ?
(ii) Calculate the work done against friction along QR.
d) Calculate the total kinetic energy of the iron ball at S.
e) Calculate the speed of the ball at position T.
Part C : Essay Questions
1.
60
(i) (ii)
Diagram 1.1
Diagram 1.1(i) shows the condition of a car moving at high velocity when it suddenly
crashes into a wall.
Diagram 1.1(ii) shows a tennis ball hit with racquet by a player.
a) (i) What is the meaning of momentum?
(ii) Based on the observations of Diagram (i) and (ii), compare the
characteristics of car when it crashes into the wall and the tennis ball when
it is hit with a racquet. Hence, relate these characteristics to clarify a
physics concept, and name this concept.
b) Explain why a tennis player uses a taut racquet when playing.
c) In launching a rocket, a few technical problems have to be overcome before the

rocket can move upright to the sky. By using appropriate physics concepts,
describe the design of a rocket and the launch techniques that can launch the
rocket upright.
Answer
a) (i) momentum is product of mass and velocity
(ii) - The shape of car changed but the shape of wall remained.
- The shape of ball remained but the shape of the racquet string was
changed. (The racquet string is elastic but the wall is harder)
- The time taken of collision between the ball and racquet string more
than
the time taken when the car hit the wall.
- The impulsive force will decrease when the time of collision increased.
- The concept is the impulsive force.
b) - To decrease the time of collision between the ball and the racquet string.
- Impulsive force will be increased.
- The force act to the ball will be increased.
- The velocity of ball will be increased.
c) - Make a gradually narrower at the front shape (tapering)

: To decrease air friction
- Made by the high strength and high rigidity of materials
: To decrease the probability to become dented (kemik).
- Made by the low density of material.
: To reduce the mass/weight
- The structure is fractional engine
: The mass will be decreased and the velocity will increase.
61
- Made by the high of heat capacity of materials

: It will be high heat resistance.
2.
Properties
Engine thrust Resistance force
Brand Reaction time / s Mass / kg
force / N /N
A 0.3 1.5 10.0 4.0
B 0.5 1.8 12.5 2.4
C 0.2 0.9 6.5 2.2
D 0.6 2.5 16.0 6.5
In a radio-controlled car racing competition, 4 mini-cars branded A, B, C and D took part.
The information of the 4 cars is given in the table above. Details of the above information
are given as below;
Reaction time - Duration between the moment the radio-controlled is switched on and
the moment the car starts moving.
Resistance - Average value of opposing forces includes the friction between
wheels and track, and air resistance.
(a) What is the meaning of acceleration?
(b) Draw a graph of velocity against time that shows a car moving initially with
constant acceleration, then moving with constant velocity and followed by
constant deceleration until it stops.
(c) Explain the suitability of the properties in the above table in constructing a radio-
controlled car racing purpose. Hence, determine which brand of car will win the
50-metre race.
(c) If Car B in the above table is moved up the plane at the angle of 30o to the
horizon,
(i) Show that the car is able to move up the plane.
(ii) Determine the acceleration of the car.
62

Chapter 2 Force and Motion STUDENTS MODULE

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Chapter 2 Force and Motion STUDENTS MODULE

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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

2. FORCE AND MOTION

Solution: Johor Bahru

Hands-on Activity 2.2 pg 10 of the practical book.

4. Average of velocity: ……………………………………………………………………...

Acceleration and deceleration

0 m s-1 20 m s-1 40 m s-1

0 m s-1 20 m s-1 40 m s-1

Calculate the acceleration of car;

4. Deceleration happens ...…………………………………………………………………

(iii) Determine the type of motion;

(v) Determine the acceleration

3. Example 1 : A car traveling with a velocity of 10 m s-1 accelerates uniformly at a rate of 3

2.2 ANALYSING MOTION GRAPHS

0m 100m 200m 300m 400m 500m displacement

The data of the motion of the car can be presented………………………………….

a) displacement (m) Graph analysis:

time (s) ……………...………………………………………………

b) displacement (m) Graph analysis:

time (s) ……….…………………………………………………………

c) displacement (m) Graph analysis:

time (s) ..…………………………………………………………………

d) Displacement (m) Graph analysis:

time (s) ………………………………………………………………………

e) displacement (m) Graph analysis:

f) displacement (m) Graph analysis:

c) v (m s-1) Graph analysis:

d) v (m s-1) Graph analysis:

e) v (m s-1) Graph analysis:

t/s 0 2 4 t/s t/s

(a) v/m s-1 (b) v/m s-1

2.3 UNDERSTANDING INERTIA

(a) strike the top of the dowel with a hammer,

2.4 ANALYSING MOMENTUM

Receiving a massive ball

The principle of conservation of momentum : …………………………………………………

Before collision after collision

2. Inelastic collision :………………………………………………………………………...

Before collision after collision

Before explosion after explosion

2.5 UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECT OF A FORCE

Stationary object ………………………………………………

Experiment 2.3 page 31

Calculate the acceleration, a of an object.

1. A trolley of mass 30 kg is pulled along the ground by horizontal force of 50 N. The

2.6 ANALYSING IMPULSE AND IMPULSIVE FORCE

Wall with a soft surface

4. The relationship between time of collision and impulsive force.

2.7 BEING AWARE OF THE NEED FOR SAFETY FEATURES IN VEHICLES

Safety features in vehicles Reinforced passenger compartment

Crash resistant door Head rest

Traction control bumpers

Importance of safety features in vehicles

Safety features Importance

Increases the time interval of collision so the impulsive force

Shatter-proof windscreen Prevents the windscreen from shattering

2.8 UNDERSTANDING GRAVITY

5. At the surface of the earth, …………….…………………………………………………

2.9 IDEA OF EQUILIBRIUM FORCES

An object moving with uniform velocity

Example : the forces are acting in opposite directions

Example : the forces are acting in different directions

Example 2: A boat in a river is pulled horizontally by two workmen. Workmen A