CHAPTER I

Introduction and Background of the Study

Introduction

Statement of the Problem

Hypotheses

Significance of the Study

Conceptual Framework

Research Paradigm

Scope and Delimitations

Definition of Terms
CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature

Related Literatures

Related Studies
CHAPTER III

Methodology

Research Design

Research Local

Respondents of the Study

Sampling Technique

Instruments of the Study

Data Gathering Procedure

 CHAPTER 1

Introduction and Background of the Study Introduction

Waste (also known as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage, junk, litter, and ort) is
unwanted or useless materials. In Biology, waste is any of the many unwanted substances
or toxins, that are expelled from living organisms, metabolic waste ; such as urea and
sweat.Waste Management is collection, transport, processing, recycling of the disposal of
waste materials.This term usually relates to materials produce by human activity and is
generally undertaken to reduce effect on health, the environment and aesthetics Only 34
percents recycled four times a year or less. The study further discovered that for those
who had children aged 5-4 years old, most information about solid waste management
among children and their parents.Of relevance on this issue, most of participants Solid
waste management systems cover all actions that seek to reduce the negative impacts on
health, environment and economy.

Due to improper solid waste disposal and collection systems dwellers are facing
serious negative environmental impacts in developing countrues.[1].In Pakistan,
according to the Ministry of the Environment, about 54,850 tons of solid waste is being
generated on daily basis in urban areas,less than 60 percent of this generated solid waste
is being collected properly. According to the same department there is no city in Pakistan
having proper waste collection and disposal system for municipal and hazardous wastes.

Solid waste is defined as generation of undesirable substances which is left after

they are use once. Solid state derived from the activities of and discarded by society. It
can be classified into three groups: [1] any materials if they are recycled or accumulated,
stored, or treated before recycling, being used in a manner constituting disposal burned
for energy recovery, reclaimed, and accumulated speculatively, and a discarded
mamaterial that is abandoned, recycle, and inherently waste-like. Actually, waste can be
considered as nothing but useful material at wrong place. There is no material in this
world, which is not useful in one-way or the other. Also there is no material, which is
created out of nothing. It is man’s ignorance that he considers certain things as waste and
other thing as useful. Just as type of wastes must change. People must realize that the
solution lies in using waste as resource rather than to be destroyed.

Only due to hazardous to human health, some of these undesirable substances

cannot be directly reused. In relating to change in habits, behaviour and participation,
what people think about waste is a significantly important aspect of solid waste
management. Studies revealed that 89 percents of participants considered recycling as an
acceptable method for disposing of their waste and 57 percent’s agreed with the idea of
waste collection being charged per bin or per bag to encourage recycling agreed that
people had duty to recycle (80%)whilst 60% suggested to avoid buying any goods with
too much packaging. Reports on solid waste management recommended that recycling
habit needs to be established in relation to sustainability solid waste.

The amount of solid waste generated went up from 17,000 tons per day in 2002 to
19,100 tons in 2005, an average of 0.8 kilogram per capita per day. Currently, over
23,000 ton of waste is produced each day in Malaysia. However, this amount is expected
to rise to 30,000 ton by the year 2020. In the state of Selangor alone, waste generated in
1997 was over 3000t/day and the amount of waste is expected to rise up to 5700t/day in
the year 2017.

The amount of waste generated continues to increase due to growing population

and increasing development. Modern lifestyle has led to more acute waste problems,
convenience products generally require more packaging, careless habits associated with
greater affluence lead to greater quantities of waste, as demonstrated by discarded
wrappers from the inevitable fast food outlet, and the modern day waste contains a higher
proportion of non-degradable materials such as plastics. The waste consists of 45% food
waste, 24% plastic, 7% paper and 6% iron. Approximately 95-97% of waste collected is
taken to landfill for disposals. The remaining waste is sent to small incineration plants,
diverted to recyclers/re-processors or is dumped illegally. However, an alarming 19% of
waste ends up in drains, which then causes flash floods and drainage blockage. Today
only 5 % of the waste is being recycled, but the government aims to have 22% of the
waste recycled by 2020.

Actually, waste can be considered as nothing but useful material at wrong place.
There is no material in this world, which is not useful in one-way or the other. Also there
is no material, which is created out of nothing. It is man’s ignorance that he considers
certain things as waste and other thing as useful. Just as types of wastes are changing, so
must the attitude of people towards waste must change. People must realize that the
solution lies in using waste as a resource rather than to be destroyed. Only due to
hazardous to human health, some of these undesirable substances cannot be directly
reused.
Most of the waste collected comprises combustible and noncombustible wastes.
The combustible waste consists of materials such as paper, cardboard, furniture parts,
textiles, rubber, leather, wood, plastic and garden trimmings. Non-combustible waste
consists of items such as glass, discarded tins, aluminum cans and food waste.
Characteristics of solid waste can be divided into two: physical and chemical
characteristics. The physical characteristics of solid wastes vary widely based on socio-
economic, cultural and climatic conditions. The physical qualities of solid waste like bulk
density, its moisture content etc., are very important to be considered for the selection of
disposal, recycling and other processing methods.
Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to determine the Effect of Solid Waste Management of

Students in Talavera Senior High School. If sought answer the following:
 1. What are the demographic profile of respondents which regard to

1.1 Age

1.2 Gender

1.3 Year Level

2. How concerned are you about environmental pollution?

3. How concerned are you about the health impact of waste?

4.How concerned are you about Sustainable Development?

5.How can we avoid waste?

Hypotheses

The community has some problem in terms of solid waste management,specially

in garbage recycling.Therefore,the students of TSHS would be encourage in exercising in
solid waste management then it would be a big help to the school of Talavera Senior
High School in preventing floods,numerous counts of solid waste that is needed to be
dispose and it could also help in preventing Global warming.

Significance of the Study

serves as reference for students and for the community for the protection of our
environment and the health of population and also to conserve our planet’s natural
beauty.

The researcher will provide brief description on the various significance of the
study given the problems of solid waste management.

To students.This study will serve as their reference to protect our environment

and the health of population.

To Community.This study will serve as their reference to conserve our

planet’s natural beauty.

To Barangay.The propose study will help them to conduct a powerful

program concern with solid waste management.

To future researchers. The proposed study will benefits and help the future
researcher as their guide. The study can also open in development of this study.

Conceptual Framework

Management of Solid waste is one of the greater challenges for all over the
world.It is not only because Solid Waste Management(SWM) impact on the environment
or health,but poor implementation of SWM hinders the nation’s progress towards
Sustainable Development(SD).Accordingly there is a need for more strategies for SWM
within development processes.It is important to improve SWM for Sustainable
Development through environmental conservation.The conceptual issues of this study wil
include the SWM practices to mitigate its impact on environmental and socio economic
development,the perception of the people abou SWM, and assess the impact of solid
waste management on the environment and sustainable development.Furthermore,the
study focuses on SWM not only as a government responsibility.It should be also done by
every individual,since the waste is produce from households.These issues therefore serve
as part of the conceptual framework for the study of Solid Waste Management in
Talavera Senior High School.

Development

 Economic Growth
 Population Growth Solid Waste
Generation
 Solid Waste Management

Environmental Conservation

Economic Social Environmental

Development Development Development

Sustainable Development

Figure 1.Conceptual Framework

Research Paradigm

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Data Gathering Procedure

The Effect of
Survey Questionnaire Solid Waste
Management
Repondents profile

in terms of:

 Age
 Gender
 Year Level

Figure 2.The researchers using IPO format

Scope and Delimitations

This study limits its coverage on the students of TSHS only. It’s main purpose is
to identify the common problems that they encounter and to propose possible solution
regarding to this problems.

This study considers every aspect of student’s personal information that has an
effect on solid waste management such as environmental impact. Each of the respondents
are given same questionnaires to answer. And this study focuses on the students of TSHS
of the present school year, 2019-2020.

Definition of Terms

The terms below operationally used in this study for clearer understanding :
 Solid Waste. means any garbage, refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant,
water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded
materials including solid, liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous material, resulting from
industrial, commercial, mining and agricultural operations, and from community
activities.

Management. refers to a “program”. This implies that, for management to be

effective, there needs to be some type of defined approach or system in place. This
system becomes the plan and management is guiding others in following that plan.

Metabolic Waste. or excretes are substances left over from metabolic processes (such
as cellular

respiration), which cannot be used by the organism (they are surplus or toxic), and must
therefore be excreted. This includes nitrogen compounds, water, CO2, phosphates,
sulfates, etc.

Dwellers. a person who lives in a particular type of place

Hazardous Waste. is waste that has substantial or potential threats to public health or
the environment. Characteristic hazardous wastes are materials that are known or tested
to exhibit one or more of the following hazardous traits

Speculatively. pertaining to, of the nature of, or characterized by speculation,

contemplation, conjecture, or abstract reasoning

Per Capita. means the average per person and is often used in place of per person in
statistical observances. The phrase is used with economic data or reporting but is also
applied to almost any other occurrence of population description.

Non-Degradable. incapable of being chemically degraded

Non-Combustible Waste. not flammable

Combustible Waste. waste material which is salvageable, retained or collected for

scrap or reprocessing and may include all combustible fibers, hay, straw, hair, feathers,
down, wood shavings, turnings, all types of paper products, soiled cloth trimmings and
cuttings, rubber trimmings and buffing, metal fines, and any mixture of the above items,
or any other salvageable combustible waste material
 CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literatures

This chapter presents the literature and studies significant to the effect of solid waste
management of students in TSHS. The literature studies in this research helped a lot to
the researchers which served as the basis of this research.
LEGAL BASES

Solid waste shall refer to all discarded household, commercial waste, non-
hazardous institutional and industrial waste, street sweepings, construction debris,
agricultural waste, and other non-hazardous/non-toxic solid waste.

Solid waste management shall refer to the discipline associated with the control of
generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid
wastes in a manner that is in accord with the best principles of public health, economics,
engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and other environmental considerations, and that is
also responsive to public attitudes. Ecological solid waste management shall refer to the
systematic administration of activities which provide for segregation at source,
segregated transportation, storage, transfer, processing, treatment, and disposal of solid
waste and all other waste management activities which do not harm the environment.

Article 4 Recycling Program Section 26 of R.A 9003 Inventory of Existing Markets

for Recyclable Materials. The DTI shall within six (6) months from the effectively of this
Act and in cooperation with the Department, the DILG and other concerned agencies and
sectors, publish a study of existing markets for processing and purchasing recyclable
materials and the potential steps necessary to expand these markets. Such study shall
include, but not be limited to, an inventory of existing markets for recyclable materials,
product standards for recyclable and recycled materials, and a proposal, developed in
conjunction with the appropriate agencies, to stimulate the demand for the production of
products containing post-consumer and recovered materials.

Disposal shall refer to the discharge, deposit, dumping, spilling, leaking or placing
of any solid waste into or in a land.

Section 25 of R.A 9003. Guidelines for Transfer Stations. Transfer stations shall be
designed and operated for efficient waste handling capacity and in compliance with
environmental standards and guidelines set pursuant to this Act and other regulations:
Provided, That no waste shall be stored in such station beyond twenty-four (24) hours.
The siting of the transfer station shall consider the land use plan, proximity to collection
area, and accessibility of haul routes to disposal facility. The design shall give primary
consideration to size and space sufficiency in order to accommodate the waste for storage
and vehicles for loading and unloading of wastes.

RELATED LITERATURES
Solid waste management

In technical note, the term ‘solid waste’ is used to include all non-liquid wastes
generated by human activity and a range of solid waste material resulting from the
disaster, such as general domestic garbage such as food waste, ash and packaging
materials; human faces disposed of in garbage; emergency waste such as plastic water
bottles and packaging from other emergency supplies; rubble resulting from the disaster;
mud and slurry deposited by the natural disaster; and Allen trees and rocks obstructing
transport and communications. Other specialist wastes, such as medical waste from
hospitals and toxic waste from industry, will also need to be dealt with urgently, but they
are not covered by this technical note (World Health Organization, 2011).

The Municipal Council enacted an ordinance establishing solid waste management

also known as “Perk ash Fashura Ordinance Na Isadanga.”The ordinance prohibits
dumping of garbage anywhere other than those recognized and established garbage
facilities; dumping of unclean and unsegregated waste at the redemption center/facility;
discharging of human feces along the creeks and rivers; throwing of wastes in creeks,
rivers, public places such as roads, sidewalks and establishments; and burning of garbage
particularly non-biodegradable wastes. It also requires residents to practice segregation of
wastes at source. Reusable solid wastes such as bottles, plastics, cellophanes and papers
shall be brought to the barangay material recovery facility duly segregated or directly to
the agent-buyers. Non-recyclable materials and special solid wastes will be brought to the
material recovery facility, while hazardous wastes or chemicals will be disposed in
coordination with concerned government agencies according to prescribed methods. The
local government is responsible for collecting reusable, recyclable and non-biodegradable
waste materials from the material recovery facilities; and transporting them to the
recycling centers and or to the municipal material recovery facility. Collection of
segregated solid wastes is scheduled per barangay (Saley, 2012).

3R’s (Reduce Reuse Recycle)

The Environmental Protection Agency has determined a three tiered approach for
managing solid waste. Each of these should be practiced to reduce the amount material
headed for final disposal. They are in order of importance: REDUCE, the best way to
manage solid waste. Don't create waste in the first place! Buy only what you need. Use
all that you buy. Avoid heavily packaged products. Avoid disposable items like paper
plates and plastic silverware. Buy the largest size package for those items that you use are
often. REUSE, the better way to manage solid waste. Reuse items use them over and over
until they are completely worn out. RECYCLE, the good way to manage solid waste.
Recycle means taking something old and making it into something new. In Seminole
County, all residents who live in a single family home can recycle right in front of their
house. Those residents who live in apartments or condominiums can drop off their
recyclables at several different locations. Old newspapers, #1 and #2 plastic bottles,
green, clear and brown glass bottles and jars, aluminum and steel cans can all be recycled
at the curb. Simply rinse out containers and remove lids. That's it; it's very simple and
very worthwhile. Not only does it keep items out of the landfill, recycling conserves
natural resources (Seminole County Government, 2012).

Australia may be a large country, but we live in a throw-away society that is rapidly
filling it with our waste. Our insatiable desire to constantly upgrade disposable
technology and consume over-packaged products has continued unabated for decades. At
the same time however, there has been a trend away from both burning waste in
incinerators and burying it in landfills. Waste management policies now seek to minimize
waste disposal by reducing its generation and by reusing and recycling. This book reveals
the extent of our growing waste problem and examines the waste and recycling practices
of households, and includes many tips on how to reduce, reuse and recycle. Topics
include green waste, plastics, glass, paper, metal and electronic waste (Healey, 2010).

DISPOSAL

There are many stringent regulations governing the treatment and disposal of waste
in the UK, both onshore and offshore, and in most other countries as well. Facilities
involved in waste transfer and treatment require licenses, and all personnel who work at
such facilities require the proper kind of training that goes with the handling of waste that
can often be dangerous if not handled properly. Waste management facilities also need to
be able to respond quickly to emergency situations. By their very nature there is rarely
any warning that an emergency is about to occur. For that reason emergency response
teams need to be on standby every hour of every day, and every day of every year. Waste
management disposal and treatment can originate from both domestic and industrial
sources (Rose, 2009).

RELATED STUDIES

Foreign studies

A detailed investigation was made regarding the methods of practices associated with
sources, quantity generated, collection, transportation, storage, treatment and disposal of
Municipal solid waste in Mysore City. The data concerning to SWM in Mysore was
obtained through questionnaire, individual field visit, interacting with people and
authentic record of municipal corporation. Photographic evidences were also made about
generation, storage, collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of MSW. This
study reveals that the present system of MSWM in Mysore City is not satisfactory based
on Municipal Solid Waste Management & Handling Rules 2000 (Chandra, et al., 2009).

Another case study across North America conducted by Holistic Environmental

Consulting (WEC, 2007), yard and food waste make up over a quarter of all the ordinary
garbage we throw away. That's 25% by weight. In the U.S., that 25% is almost equally
divided between yard waste (32.6 million tons, or 12.8% of all MSW) and food scraps
(31.7 million tons, or 12.5%). And then there's all the other organic stuff that could be
composted: all the clothing, towels, and bedding made of organic fibers, plus wood, old
furniture and sawdust. Then there's paper, which at 83 million tons accounts for another
30% of municipal solid waste. As of 2006, the latest year for which figures are available,
over 64% of the yard waste we throw away was recovered and composted, as was 54.5%
of the paper and cardboard. Only 2.6% of food waste reached a compost heap.

Local studies

The experiences and practices of household waste management of people in a barangay

(village) in Manila, Philippines are documented. The data were gathered through an
interview with household members using open-ended questions. Interviews were also
conducted with garbage collectors as well as scavengers. Results showed that the
households generated an average of 3.2 kg of solid waste per day, or 0.50 kg/capita/day.
The types of wastes commonly generated are food/kitchen wastes, papers, PET bottles,
metals, and cans, boxes/cartons, glass bottles, cellophane/plastics, and yard/garden
wastes. The respondents segregate their wastes into PET bottles, glass bottles, and other
waste (mixed wastes). No respondents perform composting. It is worth noting, however,
that burning of waste is not done by the respondents. The households rely on garbage
collection by the government. Collection is done twice daily, except Sundays, and
household members bring their garbage when the garbage truck arrives. However, there
are those who dump their garbage in non-designated pick-up points, usually in a corner of
the street. The dumped garbage becomes a breeding ground for disease-causing
organisms. Some household respondents said that it is possible that the dumping in
certain areas caused the dengue fever suffered by some of their family members. Mothers
and household helpers are responsible for household waste management. Scavengers
generally look for recyclable items in the dumped garbage. All of them said that it is their
only source of income, which is generally not enough for their meals. Most of the
respondents said that garbage collection and disposal is the responsibility of the
government. The results of the study showed that RA 9003, also known as the Ecological
Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, is not fully implemented in Metro Manila
(Bernardo, 2008).

This study highlights the results of the study that was conducted to analyze the solid
waste management practices of the waste generators, and the extent of their compliance
with the Republic Act 9003, otherwise known as the Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000. The study was conducted in Bacolod City, Philippines in 2007.
The findings of this study served as basis in developing a handbook on solid waste
management (Ballados, 2010).

The Motiong town government in Samar has vowed to intensify the implementation
of its Solid Waste Management Program after barangay chairmen here took at one-day
seminar-workshop on the program. The activity was held at the Legislative Building here
last Wednesday, August 29.Motiong Mayor Francisco M. Langi Sr. said 30 barangay
chairmen of his municipality attended said seminar-workshop sponsored by the town
government conducted Municipal Planning and Development Officer, Engr.
NicasioPermejo. Langi said all the barangay chairmen were educated on the provisions of
the Solid Waste Management Act of 2003 so that they would be acquainted with and help
implement the law in their respective barangays and propagate environmental
preservation. He said the town government will strictly implement the “no segregation,
no collection policy” in all of Motiong’s barangays and urged the barangay officials to
put up a Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) where they can segregate bio-degradable and
non-biodegradable waste materials. Such materials can be turned into a livelihood as,
according to Langi, “there is money in junk” (Abrematea, 2012).
 CHAPTER 3

Research Methodology

This chapter presents research design, research local, respondents of the study,
sampling technique, data gathering procedure and method of data analysis.

Research Design

This study used the mixed method.Our general procedure of describing had the
chief purpose of effect of solid waste management that might have affected by their
environment and also to their physical health.

Along with the things that we see in students of TSHS, many students are
struggling in many different ways when it comes about solid waste management. Some of
them were exposed to pollution, sick, and some of health issues that they may encounter
to their everyday life.

Respondents of the Study

The proponent of the selected the Grade 11 Humss student in TSHS to be the
respondents of the study. The proponent had came up with 381 students as respondents
10 representatives from Humss 11-A, 10 representatives from HUMSS 11-B, 10
representatives from Humss 11-C, 10 representatives from Humss 11-D, 10
representatives from Humss 11-E, 10 representatives from Humss 11-F and 10
representatives from Humss 11-G.

Sampling Technique

Stratified Random Sampling will utilized to this sudy to target the number of
respondents.

Research Locale

Our study will be conducted at Talavera Senior High School. It is not a big
school but it has a small population to accommodate.

Figure 3. The geographical map of TNHS-SHS where the study was conducted.
 During the school year 2016-2017, the Talavera Senior High school was given
birth. At first, it is just a department under its mother school which is the TNHS. But
during the school year 2017-2018, it started to stand on its own with its first principal
designated by the Schools Division of Nueva Ecija in the person of School Principal II
Donato B. Chico with his Assistant School Principal, Virginia Fernandez.

At school year 2018-2019 Ms. Racquel C. Diaz is designated School Principal II

with the support of her Assistant School Principal II, Mr. Ericson l. Nepomuceno .

At present, Mr. Pepito P. Marzan is the newly designated School Principal II with
the support of his Assistant School Principal II, Mr. Ericson l. Nepomuceno along with
the competent faculty and staffs of TSHS.

TSHS is among one of the stand-alone senior high school in Nueva Ecija that offers
various strand both academic and technical vocational such as the ABM, GAS, HUMMS,
STEM, and TVL (He-Cookery, ICT, Agriculture, SMAW, CSS).

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers will be using the following procedure in gathering data from the
respondents in conducting the study entitled “The Effect of Solid Waste Management of
Students in Talavera Senior High School.

The researchers will ask for permission of the school principal II of Talavera
Senior High School, Sir.Pepito P. Marzan, and the research adviser Mr.Christian Anthony
P. Agluba, to allow the researchersto conduct the study inside the school.Upon approval,
the researchers will start gathering data through requesting for the participation of the
repondents.

Instrument of the Study

The questionnaire will be the major instrument used in this study so that we
are secure respondence to certain questions. The questionnaire that was used in
this study was designed to obtain information on the solid waste management
effects when they don't pay attention to it .

Open-minded questions will be use to give the respondents the opportunity to

give their responses and suggestions.The questionnaire will prepare by the
researcher was develop by reading reference materials and related about the
effects of solid waste management.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher prepare the instrument use through readings of the

questionnaire checklist of other studies just to obtain some ideas. The researcher
use letter of request in able to conduct their study.