Spanish Grammar - 9781440085901

CLASSIIC REPRIINT SIERIIES
SPANISH GRAMMAR

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SPANIS

CHARL

GRAMMAR

BY

PHILIP WAGNER

silY of Miebig-llin

S H EDITION

it. H' it.1I:P.OR, ').UOL

n FOR TilE AUTHOR W At! R. Ac ES l'



COU'i'l.ICnT• 1(109

TIY' HARUS PHILlI' \V ... C:-fE~

C()PVIlIG 117. 1910

Ih' HARL'E:S rUH,IP 'VAGN£1l

AN:.' ARIlOR rRESS J'RINTUlS



PREFACE

Tl e present grammar represents the third stage of an exper ment which the author has been carrying On in his classe , in the attempt to provide the maximum 01 material for 0 al work, without sacrificing that drill In the elements of Gr rnmar which, in his opinion, must form the basis of all la guagc study pursued under the artificial conditions of th class room. The first stage was the use, for three scaso s, of a pamphlet of conversation material, the second, the 11 c in a class of beginners, of the advance sheets of a large hare of this book.

Iu certain important respects, the result of this experiment resents a radical departure from the types of gramrna r ow most in vogue, Detached sentences have been used 'n a few exercises for drill- work; but elsewhere they have cell discarded because of their failure to provide the impo ant clement 0 f interest. In their place, connected dialo e and description have been introduced, based on a caref Ily selected vocabulary of every-day words, and illustratin the facts of form and syntax which make up the first p rt of each lesson. The sort of foot-note which tells the st idcnt to "use the subjunctive" or to "omit the article" w ithout telling him why. has bee 11 disca rued as wel1. The nglish to Spanish exercise has been banished from the c rrent 1esson because of the difficll1ty of doing satis-

. facto composition work with new material. Every fourth lesson has been made a composition lesson, containing only farnili r material in new combinations, and preceded by a s)'nop is of the review on which it is based.

Tl c grammatical facts about a given part of speech will be fa nd somewhat more scattered than is usual, the arrange nent having been determined largely by the desire to pr sent as soon as possible the facts of the verb and the



iv

SP,\NISU en ::\fMAR

personal pronoun, and occasion lIy by the exigencies of the connected exercise. Certain rna tcr often given a prominent place w ill be fou nd relegated to he la tcr lessons. A case in point is the use of the intima e pronouns and the other forms related to them, althcug the forms themselves are given early in the paradigms. Model verbs are not used, and the student is made to buik up the regular verbs from stem and endings. So far as possible, he is made to do this also with irregular verbs, whose regular forms are omitted from the general secti n devoted to verbs. This section ·has been reduced to it lowest terms) and should not prove at all terrifying to t e beginner. The reference list of irregular verbs con tains only such as might be. encountered in the average non-t chnical text.

A \vord as to how the lesso s may be used will not be out of place here. though in th s regard every teacher will work out his own salvation. W iether the lessons are found to be too long or not, will depe d on the character of each class, and the length oi the re itatiou period, They may be conveniently divided before r after the vocabulary. In either case the sen tence s used t illustrate rules may properly be considered to form a art of the first half-lesson. As to the oral exercise, the au her's practice is as follows. The first part is read aloud s ntence by sentence by the teacher, and translated, with b oks closed, by members or the class. It is then translate orally by the teacher ann re-translated into Spanish by til class. Next, the questions in th e 1 ast part of the excrci se < re asked by' the teacher and answered by the class, and fin Ily, each pupil is made to ask a question bearing on the lesson. Whether ::.11 or a part of this program is carried ut, depends upon the other work assigned for the hour. he questions are not at al1 exha ustive, and rcprescu t on Iy pa rt 0 f \V ha t the ingenious teacher call do with the materia. On completing the book, the method here employed rna be used with any text the class may be using as a reader.



PREFACE

In the composition 1 ssons, the synopsis has been found a great help in controlli 19 the review, and a full hour may be devoted to it if desire . The teacher who feels that these lessons do not provide ufficient composition material, may pass from them to any good composition book.

It is hoped that us rs of this grammar will communica te freely with the a thor about desirable changes and necessary corrections. It is desired to' improve the book in every possible way i any future edition.

The author's sincere t thank s are due to his colleagues, Professor j arnes P. Bir and Mr. Herbert A. Kenyon, for valuable suggestions an for reading the proof, and to Sr. D. Augusto Valenzuel of Bogota and Sr. D. GUIllermo Fernandez of Mexico ity for revising the Spanish exer-

A~N Axeon, SEPT., I

C. P. \V.

ciscs.

HE SECOND EDITION

In this second cditi n all errors that have come to my notice have becn correct d, but IlO change of plan has seemed necessary, and the pagination corresponds to that of the first edition. It gives me gr at pleasure to have this opportunity of thanking those teachers who, having seen the first edition, have favored me with c rrcctions and suggestions. Among them my especial gratit Ide is due to Dr. Carlos Bransby of the University of Califo nia.

C. P. \V.





1. Cendcr and number of nouns, Definite and indefinite articles. Possessive Case

CONTENTS

PRONU NcrATm::-.::

ESSENTI.'\LS or Git 'DlhR

9

LF.SSONS

Q

11. The ve b, Infinitives. Stem and Endings. Present ndicative. Non-inflection of Spanish noun. Indilrect object. Word-order .

lIL "subjec .prononns. Tener, tener que and deber.

Exp cssion of purpose. Word-order

IV. Synops s of review. Composition

V. Adject yes, gender, number. agreement, posurcn and substantive usc. Ser. Numerals I-IO. Age. \Vo d-order

11

16

20

2l

VI.

Past p rticiple. Haber.

part'cipl<:. Ester,

utn

Perfect tense.

Comparison of

Present ser and

25

VB. Pas se s i ve a dj ect i yes and p rona un s. S peci .11 use

of esculine plural of nouns and pronouns 29

YIn. Synops s of review. Composition

IX, Noun f material, Personal object. Agreement of dj ectives, Demonstrative adj ectivcs and pros Duns. Prepositional forms of personal pro-

nou is. lr. Idiomatic 34

.33

X. Object forms of personal pronouns. Position.

DOl ble pronoun object construction, . Pader,

que er, dccir, hacer. Gusta« • 39

XI. Imperf ct and past definite. Irregular imperfects.

Ort ographical irregularities. The pllJperfcct. 44



LESSONS XU.

XrH.

SPAN1SH GRAMMAR

VIII

opsis of review, Cornposmon

f'AGE

.;9

c:xi v e pronouns and verbs. Qut and cltdl. Ver. 49

XlV. I regular past de-finites. Infinitives after preposi-

/ tions, Numerals U-39. Teller idiomatic, Time

of d~y 54

xv. [o'li ture and conditional. Future and conditional
perf eets. Comparison. Usc: of the articles 57
XVI. Sj" apsis of review, Composition 61
XVU. T e subj unct ive in sub] ect and object clauses, Se--
qucnce of tenses. Dependent infiniti ves . 6z
XVJlI. Ra ical- chnnging verbs. Adjectives Ihat lose the
filml letter 66 XIX. Co structions with two object pronouns. Neuter

gender. Dar. Ambar. Omission of articles 70 ~

XX. Composition 74

XX]. Su [unctive in main clauses and as imperative, fr-

regu lar present su bj u nc ti ves. Incept j ve vc: r bs,

Greeting and leave-taking 7S

xxn. Im er Iect subjunctives. Conditions contrary to

f:I.I:1. Qltisiera, Sa1i, and uenir, Days, months,

79

XXIII.

junctive in adjective and adverb ctauses, Inefinite negative words, Use of infinitive, The

eather 83

XXIV. S apsis of review. Composition 87

XX V. Fu ure subj unctive. Endings of imperative, More orthographical changes. Conacer and saber. Cardinal points. Distance. Cualql4iera, Agra-

88

XXVI. Su junctive in object clauses. Pedi« nnd (0 1»"'0 r.

U'JO. Demonstratives as correlatives, Definite rticles used for demonstratives and personal pronouns. Adverbs in -menle

93



CONTENTS IX

l.;tSSONS PACE

XXVII. Cardinal numerals. Relative pronouns Causative

construction. Object pronouns mpersonally

used. Haber idiomatic. 97

XXVIII. Synopsis of review. Composition 102

XXIX. Clauses depending on prepositions. Verbs with subjunctive or infinitive. Possessiv e adjectives (long forms). Indirect object to xpress possession. Parecer, hacer [alto, and ~onu. Tot 103

XXX. Compound tenses of the subjunctive Compari-

son. Cuyo. Voler, J08

XXXI. Irregular use of tenses. The perfect of the past definite. Personal objective. Nunc and jam-tir.

Sf and no. Definite article. Tree • 1I2

~

XXXII. Synopsis of review. Composition

1J7

XXXIII. Racer in time expressions. air. Oi,. nd uer with an object and an infinitive.. Todo. Impersonal

verb with indirect object • • lIS

XXXIV. Position of adjectives. Grande and s uto, Otro,

Cad«. Sino. Aen, Do". idiomatic . 122

XXXV. More about personal pronouns. Rec procal construction. Adverbial clauses involvi g two sub-

S unctives, Impersonal verbs. A nd , 127

XXXVI. Synopsis of review. Composition 131

XXXVII. The passive and its substitutes. Est r with the - past participle. Deior. Acordarse ee and re-

corder. Idioms. 133 .,..

XXXVIJ1. El cuerpo }wmollO r38

XXXIX, Omission of indefinite article. Verbs i \ -uir, ConduiT. Ma:yoT and menor. Jouen and viejo.

Correlatives 140

XL.

Review and composition

Use of the imperative mode. rives. Prometer, Voiuer tl rel« .

143

XLI.

Irreg lar i111 peralugo Coer and

• 144



x

SPANISH CRAM MAR

LESSONS PACE

XLI£. Spanish money. Price. Suffixes -eTG, -ala, -ito,

-iuo, -uelo. Traducir, N! and lampo o. Shop-

ping 147

XLIII. Idiomatic. Dimensions. Prepositions ISO

XLIV. Ordin a l numerals. Noun construction Definite

a rticle. Suffixes 0 f nationality. C abe T. Mad rj 1 153

THE VERD. P .ARADIGMS AND List or IRREGULAR VI:: S 157

SUl'I'LELltO\'TARY EX(RcIS~S 177

EXGLISII-SPANISn VOCADUlJIR.Y 189

[K'IJEX 205



SPANI H GRA~1MAR

PR

1.

The Alpha bet.

The signs of the Spanish alphabet f. g, h, t, i. (It)J I, 11, m, 11, ii • 'HI), x, y, e.

l, )1, and rr are considered letters of the found in the dictionaries after c, I, JI,

are : a, b, c, ch, d, e OJ PJ q, r, rr, S, t, u, u, The combinations ch, alphabet. They are to b and r respectively.

k and w do not ~rope I)' belong to the Spanish alphabet. They are used in a few foreign words only. k has the sound of English

k and w that of English or ttl.

~'hlte or silent letters arc common in English, Spanish letters are almost invariably pro ounced. There are two important exceptieris.

h is always mute, and 'I is mute if it follow e 01' i: that is to say, it j

2. The Vowels. ate graded according t and weak (i, u) vowel actcristic sound.

a has the sound of E glish a in "lather,' e has the sound of Er glish a in "fate,"

i h3S the sound of English i ill "machine." o has the sound of E glish 0 in "no,"

14 has the sound of E glish 00 in "moon,"

ust be ignored in pronunciation.

q or g and at the same time precedes mute in the combinations gilt, gni, que,

qui.

he vowels are a, e, i, 0, u. They their resonance into strong (a, e, 0) Each vowel has its distinct, char-

Note. Jt is tert3in that the vowels soruetimes assurne flatter, cr more open sounds than those give above ; but as Illia is th~ reSl1lt of purdy natural causes, such as unae ented po~jt;nn in the word, or pl'oximllY 01 other . sounds 'hat intcderc wi h the f\\Jl vowel sound, and since the EngHsh spc::.klng !';tLlnent has a natural tendency to flalt~n the Spanish vowels, it lIeemJ

advisable to igTlt're these di~ti ctions here. .


:2

It... .....

trim: al ~ 1:1. OJ J aUI

is, ie, io, lJ.iII t 'OCt UO~

(c) \Vlxn iiL dipht n m::i"thu VO\~el is sire sed

di plllllong 5tands in It placed DJI 1 h e strong s;St 0 i two weak '10''''

(tl) A triph thong tw f'1::J1 1wo wt:tk '\'0 Possible t riphthongs

(c:) The 1c:tfl!r y i S lnl!li , s fuund n a (0 p11t110ng as the Ja..'i lcr er f hay, day, buey.

3.

or

4. The Con!iona. diseuss:ed. since t hey

b. v. 1~hf" £~2'li Ii to~thrr and V;Olf:nL 1

Sp3a ish b. the pr~S5 e

sulting- sound is mu our v and w. Thil:!i charac-tt r a ftu rn or • a d w Span i!h y is rna de i th sa e way.as pin.s I b, n is it1cnti~aJ with it in un II b t it i~ nc~ r r uen re re

eensenants.

e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou

I I I

-. fot-aottmhoooh.Df1

I I

eh Th s ound . j denl ital with · hee e.II

d 5 sim· ar to the ago i1lst II

11

q t l( S

5 ~ plea e,'

t ! sim J ..

C'~in t the Ip

y has I yesl' and s

z ,aSi tl

ngll..! h SO un d, but is made b u pp-c: r tee Lli i nste ad of a cootaet gi ... es Spanish d th in "these. It

3 yery roughly alpin ted ~'Dach.r.

3

P lting ill t the ound

II is

• II ·lt~ j1

In ml.>On.

'r:" l' h · ~ {~ · It

I::.n! IS ru m omon,

corubi n.1tions q ue t qui, wh n t has

s made forward neat the t h It is ue tip.

ga tion of Span i sh r.

f :!Ii lu "sl ste r • II nevtr thal 0 sin

li'!ih tt bnt, 1ik~ Spa 11 is.h d, 15 made in s~ end of againlL the: pala (

e ~n$Oll:lnt valLie of Engl sh Y m 5 i dell L jet) 1 wit h Spanish i-

f Engli sh . mute th in jj thing-

sonanls di lief from t be oth eac h has two qu ite d [ ffenm

c e for a. e, u, .. ton soua nt j 11.;1$ c he sam.;:

{'i'l1I i h qu ( "glish ) , c efore e t i ha the sound 0 f S panlsh % (E gl sh tb

the sound of I!:n tli sh £,;n f the 50lmd of Span j:!lib j (

e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boow..:.

-.~ob.DI1

I I

..

,heslI: chief table

a s Ita btu, gro ps may not be groups I' 61. It and

(J RU' f".abJ) la-I>

• rable-) IQ·b,6 t J s-

b~ A sin te (On

IiII U-
k ca 1Ii:" e
th i.a F'l 1:0'Ii 1:'-' a
Ill! Kli ,J
j.1 jtll
pit. :ill)' blE" "'l'iUn be 0 '01 t_ g~ 'I'~) ere,

a word n $,)' llaIt- second is I or r,

thi 50 TU I f"C' the

cis lKgi $ingle mil-tho,

(Stp· syl1a-

...

nants,

k~"ru~

di.pb-


I I

-.~ob.DI1

I I

t. .. n;1lhd n loI.Q\\.'d ~ j l'h~ tak

P TJON 5
e. c:gul· rl)l d ided ~ccordiug
to 1h
d
Cre-SI and Acee t, ll'nple r ules f OT
ug the 51 ess.ed syl ish wor<lj art
now rrsal1~' fe low ill t 1t ~ ystc:n, prot-
valls n oks '51U cl pre ich ti me these-
rules 6KI:lI b the
r lI:II ularly 1'ji!R'!i:!i~
lult).
,,,,,, QI U~". JUG, fr'o/lt:Nd, ete,
nt, ell ct" dl f:qu&
U ltd.
011 form to these
S,I ~:!iHd ~t...iI11~ lut

thii.1 coulilimli a of two wf{Lk in J c. A Ir~pb~

8. accen

is ihe only

1 il dtp cl1cl'Ig I 1111:1 r ."lIy iff('n: l syll

Ih.lt ;.11, toO 1110w ake a diplnhtmg les, Wl'ItTI used 'r,I'o'y:el (o",,'e'f thek in the ease 01 tri r-'htMUG').

e. It i!o fte ~ ;&.;I.sed 10 dilfi 11£\1 i k two ~ rd:!li whle ue l!ipclle:d

.o.ml p On!)UrI rll~ !liJtlr:, bUll wb' h hOlovC" it dIn ren fIIC"I in" or

use,

6

III )"Our d tbr rs C', this ( i.)

)'11 bie

d

o( the cap tals in lish.

c]c: atlO1

mol k ;1'1: d f !,lC, c. In an xlensi'r qu tat nl

of quot ti n mark el) at the belli ,ni, g 0 C , line,

d. t use of susp!DSion poin ts te indi .3 te an

Th pro uncia-

tic , ,'So ba do, th sp eelr 01

The pan!!ih f S ::. Q ish-

e ·ca ,,~a" iomcwhat Ir this sta \da d)

the E (I sh 0 f London til t1 that [ tw

I!!acb ) er, 1~he peculi rhies 01 A erl n nish

d 1y ,nC1lt, ired 1,y n)"one bo ha S :3. to e ra ble e ise of the C::Il'ti'i n,

e zm [I FDlJ'Dllm Boou

I I II

Any i ndiv ual cia ion. will b .n JC590ns...

'Hllleli',SD ~ im .tnn; .,,,,,,

ali,. ;jjIftiTm; Q""o~,'

rregul.

7

i.sh ords

to'Ss t r Lhe

hll!!t'l'J. in the fa il ia r he ,5. ~\I IC ~lg. S m:h

, ere.

a, !,.. I, o~ .., el, n. nlj p;l.ll~ illd ~ Iesa, J.

riu P'=:rulrro~

(IJ, I,. U~ tij h;a'l r, hull.;J, no

101. 10. e, ni. il II 0, for era, f

11:51.. t if Sou In

arl. "P"L"j os, fi.,~J d j i u': • ff ~..:11 I chino, aebc, ;:;Icl,l'J~ so, r 110. II:n~ 0, pil lito. e 1 • m.llli"iln • ii&:l)ii., "rna.

e zm n FDfZ(I!Im Boow.:. r I I

8

bra1O~ ilbr r, I r .jJl1r]0I4 plomo. pro

rclfl1do. ili::.. \."i.ljil. darropa, C''''OI do, • r IIi doso. ~Ii", l1ii.ll~ M i:1U I n, mr:m!it I"IIU.

xist;rl kM. i r;;. '~nj eM' i

e zm n FDlJ'Dllm OOU

I I I II

SE

13. niil: me! cf, lngs, b Seme noun gi v e or the i.r me ni ng.

NIP'tIC. r .t.~ "M

Q1.1,. ,It 1I.1.'1I'd I:I.It 't1w 1'I"b.1c:' l" , 11:'1'\(: h 1Il)ull, II ;I rl: mailcuh~ ~~ftj. ...

4, M OI~ noum- t rnd' ill 0. :ITt FII! mi:nin + f -, "1'1,arult a d dW1 •

If- Tht f~M31.e bei

f. Na-nl of It:

nameS of fna C' be inz

It 11 mllM~ IttO hI(: r ltiitJ~ SQ11 f.& mut"lrllcllb, b .,."JiO, -e'h ild { ft,jQ:r~ 1~l''lLle lIIar.dJ"(il, Cdc

b.

14. thei r plural by ad the followi g rule III. Noun

t. A:!Ii.f don :0 this leu!:, m 11 e"ha:.r.

138+ Span i!ih noun5, incl d' ther maseuli ne or fernin i lue 10 thelr gender, ill t

BO'"w- ""... h.ll'C ~lu4rll:!i!S flConl!;n '0' tIM: ~iI-~"" -ROun i.. CIl:A4i:,. .. n 01 \... 1,.1II1ift. nt:IlIIn~ oHa:IP, ,llot-t

I a in. ID ill"r:- milkuLim::. Mo:5it I e most inl!lO,tllj:'U ex~.ption' .& '1.11

b~i"I' art mlxulint, and. t11

l inp alt' a hltn. li1cc; the co t tb.al 1 hlty end i" ~.

"" .. ,.,1011 iIIGII~ s.is~.r

A i;d. da IIgtu er

",,,,,('"lI. II., girJ

~i~, cbdd ({ell".3L-t) . ,st"ii!l'r"4I, lady

:II1,utlrD, l~iKhef (wOLn n)

ins

s. J n gcn~ ral, SpAn iill n Or ~ I to the s.ingular ::U:

farm n ng ro

""owd (or 4i:p'tuhong) add ; MFlllltndl ".t~,

IC'OnlOn;l.llt (inc1~i ng )") l"

"""1 J:fIDR.;r~ -

hlltl, :!Iil..andl bcfon- ~~ nOUn, Ctl ing in o t befOle iI ddiu-I ~J. (Se:1t 5.)

. ~ i itlID'UI, ~ius...

e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boow.:.

-.

I II

15. D din te A rtide. T I ish ~ ha rhe i lIe wi ns: fonns ~

Mil. lr,I!j nco. Sinplar ~l. Pl r& 101.

r- en nil'l~. in,gub.t M_ PJo al rllU.

hili dlt "iw arfiut= .a1 w .I pr~ tililly eU wi. h it. in u bt='1.I I .t~j:I!(II Itl IIItII .. .:rtro~ 1.a.J d fU

N "t. The OLIn GlIUII, "'w:at I" I" ;:uld

ellat 11 with s~"sHd !:II or 1I.IIi.

i:n'5ilC Id [Ib~ r il'lll'llC: Idj 1 hus :

of ~~ re ,void ttL<! SOUI'Id.

b. "'ith i* with it

'0

$J'ANlSlI

16. Ind "a an ~ hkc t

j ~

w;th it

un.j f

:!Iiit"oll d.~ 1'01 The I1'repolition

artie] , E noun nd a s;n ular

174 Pes u;ve Case. special form cr the poise j

the PI' politi d~ to ~xpr $1

e lt1 JI t U~..t the chi ld's t


I I I

CiW' he pi umls of tru: f oUg.,_,; Ir r.tGUM. rn(:d~ ... d ~j .... -a: IhC" rUto~

la.J.~~ f., !!ii!" .. ecituiOD t,.. IMor,

O:pJl"~j M.,j 'hilt f"c ) :In., K.i

10-"1 f_, fI "" no lot. fI:tt~ f, 1

t".1~J.aQ, m., IiU~ng~foom. offi« tliIl' , L 'Vol

T .P"DiI'II d'~ .,Tllli, .111.0 E"'g!i.d .. : £1 all

. bros de O'ii m~1t mi. 3. Lin. YO C"I de III

~ 1::11 mil bilC:JliA- s,. De liII dl:&.! &. In c:~"S;.

~f. 7. I de'.lii;JlO1.Cho iii la c:1;"~ Las

C1."l del Iuc:d¢r. ]0. Los pt=f.tQ ditl n;:~

TrQIU at" Q roll" 11110 SPdni5A: I. T.he

Iu=' dini r.QI;mJ!Q the ;sitling.:looDl_ J. A b

IIn'5 '1;:5 cor. S. Thll: Icnth:mcn':5 bliJliJlc:il.

. The- e j Id rents ft'Llhe-f. 8. A P iden't"s

liar: of L~ ~ndlCfI'LoI':n. I (I. The

LESSO II.

b e Verbt I nfinitivcl the ish verb has more {Q ",$ tha

It: n3[ of the vc rb, ilt! d lh form

011 nd in the voca buhl:ries. is t11 in finiti

d in -ar, -er, or -ir.

hdwr, to 1PI::i1k; co ... ,.,..... tnt:

V f:1 ilr~ .fiI:Jouped j JIiQ th.r« On

"h ree i ru; itive t'lldi"~,"- Verbs of t e firit 1 fer w' etl :..n {CI ~ m rr..,m we-hi i. 11'1':

I-lj,td ("';r vt1'bs) conjuli1! iOfL.$. Vt:t of the

-.aptianl .are .x.n.j ul!PtiNJ .alike in I bu1 f

t 9. Str:m and Endjnls.. he s

ound euu ina; oft ,he i nfin.i1 ve endi

,.""". 'Mit

is stern, which wI!: .s:lIa call th ste 0 f th in ive, art a rlded the "endings," ... llieh ex ress disr cion e rscn. umber t tense, and rna

e zm n FDlJ'Dllm I!oou

I II

-.~ob.lII1

I II I

12

20+ R gular is O'lC. all f w tive ~ i~ e., n of propriate e di nC5 verb may :3. ve ular" endi

21. prt: sc:"t t e

I~ z:- 3·

Appl),'11 JlGbl,., 1 llip ~lIbhu. you spoea'k "libr., ht ala.

"~il1c'!

IiICIIl.>hlmi5P.l,,, Ipc:iII1c

bQ6.j6i.J, yon p~k ludli/a:rz.. tht)' IPl:a'k

""'e. cklj

d\.c ~'m fit ul~b "II:

tM! IIIIIM hl .' kiHCIIli

22. prcs.cnt

UAM:UAM

c:g .... Iar rh

In the in ni. adding IP. . An irreg, Jar have ·~i r ~Il~

· be derived nl.1y l.n!' mad the in6niti

·VII!:. Thr

-0 -0
""'=5 -c,
-iii: -c
&lJmo, ·inun
~'I' ·t ..
·en -en
:Jt'gl!l " r 1M:
'Ihf
s, ""~ live
, 0t.I Li It'e
~ (h~y live:
.. ,feU, !III!! 1!Iu ~
Irr."' ..... ,,-= :&n'IC:.
IIiIIII: l11l,i.jolll(:L (III ;:II
da:.lL
.III dHiI. I~ dillllltd 01: ,j 'rTlCllit n lulb lll'C'Hllt ;:1I4;c:.14 II: "ttn:u. 1.1 I 1:10 '" tuCiM !:III'MlI:lIIoII 'PI nil.

ndica tiv~. t only simpl

forms CI f the tatemcn~ in

e zm n FlllJ'Dllm I!oow..:.

I I

-.~ob.lII1

I I

pruc't rime Engb by'

pr t (En

presen I xpressed in iliar), .4~ 0 /~ .. QII!!$/' a nd he p rug ressiv l!' m !peo ins: ~j tc.) .

.s.~illk. w a il.1c.

,,(i \"II!: case, objcc ive (d as SiU jcct, d

;) P csitio

I

fJ

11 N Dun. ~ he Spani!;h .'IIt (8"U5~ thl!' ind lrect

veru, is "Ior ~~

,.1 Ii :roo /IrIl iI".a-

lib r!.if On _ J"

tt e, r. iI'lt ill' "1IJZ1ip.

J "buJl J II" t:i~1L

un used .a.s ;11· p" posi ~.on "

k fOf" "Z"e')·_ to ~b-ry-

a.. lit'e. IL'h I' rmal ord er
ofth simpl s : subject (if expressed] ,
,"crbt object
,n.un l6or('I'(II. " bnyLI1S
tUl ive SCtU:CI " !i made
C~ in-
of suhjcc iU d verb.
'ks
U no su l i c:x:prcs order he Same as in
the il "mati sc:n cnce, t e i nHect ion
of th VOICC low hat the I:l1 n e is interr ga tve,
J1 ., .. A rt. I hcy bu ... g tL bat for e zm n FDlJ'Dllm I!oow.:.

I I I

rhe verb $ubject,

e. '"lat illt!'.

renee rn: y be made n fore t he verb.

"tJ

live !CDI. Ll be-

NID'I.~ J 110 r:ftJl:lllh. !len. lICe

.-..ell' ..,f t'lil ,,1,IiII,ilin ~ '4~"

Sp;iI'1i" , :IIe,IIU:i .... e ,...110111 ,pI. 0 iJl, kI me ~k.IJ~,

\!'.IUI. lu(j4JJ. f
ap.,.,rtdn, to katll, M .. ~IG, :M
WtdT, to dawn~ to c; J".tlj.p)f j -d)
bE ,t". to rink . firt.rdd,_ :U
(G1!IIljlIt' J .sin;:,
c".",t,.. to c-&t. (II~t tier
t6m"m"j 00 bay.
u~"'''~ , run.. hit"", ~elt
trUf'Q.' tl'l' \0 eo i"'~ It e J~I.s~d ~ uKh.
into. M-II'I, bad!
~J"c,ibir, o writc"~ 1I"~l"k9j m h, •
I' ,"',f-dig" e 11udy. nO'~ riOt n
I~mor, t $mo'ke. P~t"4 liul
IIdlllJ:r. s-:peak. to ul :~ },el.
kGlwf"j ,10 find. ""-lb(.lu I
IIftU1t',. brif'l&, to I"
C"arl")') , (Qu •• wirh..
ro:t.t.ta' .... to take. .til, In, Qr1
"011",111", o 'Woric. fflf'"$, fo..-.
t.~:r, 10 ;'11.
:NOUNS. 6~ er,
df.:rf,1I10i. -8: pupil- "t~, hl.lr.
,.(I.N:, Jo r~ "rid. e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boo

I I II

rendes bi u- ~ ~ No N U C'ilI1UilS m 1.

(QI). ADne ndo ~lJraldo bie It. tu bi ~n.. J u au ? Juan no ria pot"o ~ " Vi., ibh., 1M mueh ~hadl"s t ralb .. j;m su:uJ.ini I. 6: traba]

(,,)_ EJ ma~sl

I!:be. f~ml pr::r d;:'l'ffO "=D I. tOft el dint O.!i dt' ]~ till;.J1lb

mluO!!. del ·mlt:

n. Apn.nden ill s ~"pl'<::lId~" mill I ilr.tiOL 'I ~5( nbc c:

(c). i,Vi'tt ~I SI. ,Se;nOT i Baj., c] N'o. 'i~iI'.Io i. P'1In.\iII n No. :IIi~ .! COJ»C"S eNo fnm e lhlla 'e l.L1c'4i!l e iCon.f)tj) i Ng eom

.l_ CCm.'Ptib ~ T:::5ludii ~ r..snn3iil ~ A,.Pf¢nd.

, Los ni:rics oIp r mJ~.n :a'blil dll:n'.'LGiado "1 e:.s.t,. del m.)UI ro,

\rh·!C' a \ I. El m.,,:Uro bl!lj demuiado. "a d d'i~ro i. r;broa P;;!'f;;ll 1G:Ii Lo!!li di'sdpultlfl. ian t"1I 10! l ibto

c-nde!i bi en 1 anto mal? COr""!! Jllan l Eit\.'ldiol ibimos? No hos ~ Lillo a~ tambien~

~dor. Col'r.lt el desp:adle. da- Compn, I. Llc:,·,3, let iI. JM limo!. ~ di"n lu I~ 'en., pt10 l3.I

jrlltl"G fl'll eI c.om III r J

1 ctin:e:.ro .i 111 cb ~

a ri-tnd.a~

'sd:pukt5 A..gres; p& .:I c:1 o un somb .. ere ~c n el _ fU'fO? tid

o lBIB FlllJ'Dllm I!oou -.~ob.lII1

I I I

1 I.
nOun::=; Subje(;t. 'n e pe •
!!Icm UTe-renf (Cord ing as l t
u!.e t. Tlll!' d as 511 b jeet
0111 £:tou
.. I yo I
j III JGI,I,
1::10 UiUed
Q you.
P.; /- he, ,.ht, j,tJ
...
111)
.,3 s, f. we
.0( s../ . )' .... 1
IK
Q 10\1
rJ
~ ,lu:, Sl II, trUSU

i n8 to the: jJ-all b,r al'ld ph.:! rill

11:'" pf " or fir If :II &'Uts, I he snbj

th r C-fb in t.5o:11 I) II nun.tJe-r.

e In n DIJ'DIIm I!oou

I I

n of Subje t Ptono una. S inc

en ing makes ses, the person

of the subject r sub jeet non n is cHen ;1 ( d.

m .J' be ex pre dl howeve r, \ hen it i.s nQt per eetl

w at the !-ubj is and abo bril1g 011 t ernph '§,i~

tr Ust td .J tU~ed" J c:ener:ally cxpr

\'II" ere f~rt is 0 ,.~bigLl;ty - J f I hey stand as 5U ru r I!' til" 11 one ,hey a re nun oul y e xprcss b

Al'rt'lidtil. IE dl:ll"l "..5". T 1'Il ·oi.J' J: IJbuJidi.t.

E I tlllltD: ~"' tU Ex..pn::!5ed. Eor- eeet ut.l

/tJltJl. :J' M O,.ig ,,4id. ,~,~biin. (N CI dt t" ...

lH"qTm,,,,. )

UJ '~d IidbM_ U.f

.IIi n drila "y (!,Jt:

Conj !.13m te or lor the ClOnts de CIiJili ~;:I«' ,. ati dr. I T ~1l6~iQ .;N U'tl~iQ yt.'!

29. The iT eg p r 5!i~S own enl p J~ uli1r.

11 NCUL_' I. , ,,:11:1 '''j r l\3 .... C' I. 1ft ses, yCl~ h.a

3. ,iul'"t 'he- hll. he han

'7

IU

t:h~nll bill nd fnt:. wheu

I r.:unm~i.cill ~''kV re-frinC" to 1 hi nls, a

T'u~, "to ha-v /' ..K& pes 1jc§:!Iion. T t ll!i q ite I r-

,,~, lADS, ".-<: hilY 'tttl(s. yo... h&'I,.~

1i.r.,,.II. the)' h,l'l,il~ I YGU ba

30-· £J1g11 s. !~ ust" all · I) IIghL*'

a~ Obligati n nd CO'HpU on are C'JCP ressed 1Ll pil n ,it-

br some fo"n r, "IT, rollo d by que, and ;Ii I , n lIiili e.

TCH:.Q 4~"" ,,'" It.r ok.,,,., I t eat .now,

J Ti.t1l.t qu,' "",til .. , Does It Imve to shtdy?

Ti;.tu ql{e f b4; r. 'the, I .II! 10 work,

I)' ,.. yerb i ' l.u$On Ilj ~iLCing bc E dj , .wbject.'p 110lol:n (I r pronoun:!. yc) II IEl)'", YD ~o .Daja,.;t~ CQ nj U: i

r tic... in'lld • I flcpth"t:ly ;afld in UrQ

-.~ob.DI1

I I

18 Sf"
b. r moral t13r
olLgh ro .k:ilIrn iI. 1il.1I~
"Lld~ the ~UOII.
3L P be II!:liC('Jr-c sed
by para an
GI ,.tljiJ 1.1 .flit) fit J"a d.r. Tbf: !:hi. d ItLl it=1Ii W (ill 0 der
to) lear n.
32. rn II!: rogative tence cent ins
an 'llt~J"rog l ve werd, sentence.
/PO,. l. I-diG' ._"
ID~h. f
,alii ~"
32A~ not eJC.pre sed
• Spani!3ih •
In
T~II'jI- fl r 3~ [ha""c-
Maria u , ~ lrmcJ. ne] books. ~~"~Tt to C 11:1 l1~s~r. '0 W 11.1 ~~ilGT, tG

ITIZN:r, 10 * (in-

tr"nliti.~

lit .. i6'fllI'~ to n. :!ii-prjf •

" .. tr~ to La 1'1I~~ qt/.t'. to h IIL!'TlP:tIitJ4r, '0 " ish, end.

.... \INS.

ID I)j.ira~ rill, t ~ e d. Nfio... l~~r. ~trciri", CoX E.f~ntJ Sp rt.fD.i{J~ m, S I m!S1it

jAf'II~ m., nidi.

hul~ JOHPh

"1t14~r.qj ~o •

'kbo.ud.

81.

)
ad-
rift
live
(inl--= r"O&:- (d). u~tC'd ~ T lT~nemOl l115CtdC's. he

UI

19<1 !.I~ prrro.. milJO"? U!it' anos? Tu.t

19

dpulos J' mil~s.h·o tien di!.1: .

0). ? Df

e:nl r;\r? s.co t'fttrilr por ue df'1

11:'" lid desp c-ho.. j H e>l'ill o-s~. i

mustro? No. 5(:;01. ;EI ribo 11 qui·

La tartiiill ~ E~.ribg JOI. li:OI.f nde 'i, ?

~ Vin: ilqUl? Viu II: 11 E d Cl,1I,.I e

Si: puo n lelSi deS-N 1 n ckb~ csl

"j r~rmil1lof 1010 carta d'f5P

(t"). O .. e t~lt~a rl .t. Ou~ 1t'.tII- iI. ~.IJ!.l::nil 101 m -= ~1 ro ~ qlJi~.n en 01- Up;ilifiOI ell). esuo?

t D6nde e$ . be lu ~Iabr ~ ibe las :a.bf~S

'Ii bribe i 81 ~~ 6 <:"sp~1II1o r J!.s.c j e ~sp:.. I .c

c rille-? E ribt ru p~ lab S-U:sl d-Vi) y e b~ all irni

WI' ill rill ivo verbo ~n i III lSi ~ S ILnti ''0 S. j fica. • nOI n: ,.

:!Iiipifi.:a If rb. ...

(d}. Quj d-c:~a d ·or'

Donde de: s.u -s.ei'\or

CO'll qu i~'I"II d~ II. b~b A <l~~u. e&n"b J os.e ? Por- <tuf :no e udi.:.1 POl" qui nO. e d i;a a No de be- lr:.ba ar aute

Ti en e q_ue t t.iil j.iil:r d

Qui aprendem ? Que 1~ U nde QiLlIio II: nsrii. .$p:ID03

Euadi iU'tIOI;, Ib 6 001 !

Out: !iiJrtific:a .. .iIi!Uli~ (!"I l~UJ.:!!ii ~

Quf &-jg11i lia bliJ.e dllV '11:" IC flol ?

OIN lel'lt.,~ ,. tI estro ?

H~bl.. inrl~ c di.$c ip ~

Jbblil ",sted e pal10l ~

e zm n FlllJ'Dllm I!oou

I I I I

-. fot-aottmhoooh.lII1

I I I

Nil! II. -11111!: fiJp'lI!I.

C~III.I I I'Ia..

/to t ICl.:e-hl, ..... (bJ od,,1i

N U;:q-( II' Cfti.d1Pr.

ml thl! IdsQruI. 7'he

& Iet.ler lO a lrie~- It.

OWII:I If lor Mary. Thf"

'1. T~ LCi:l:c:h~r"'S I findl

"",hh the mol'l~)"~ 1'hc-

001'1 John smokt ~ Ii ~td, "iq.) are w .sillt_) in or dll!'r to II e ~i1b Enl1.i OouJ'ht to ..orne i

-IIIU .. "II,. pi ... ) b.Q,·e a &. Do l'OU ... i~'h (",

,. It to down to t:h~ s,;n i

mr I • Id ( t; ·;111l1li1,. pl.K,) wdu:· the

l on ort,] me:.on l '-1 'Vh

o whig )'OD b:ri1lJ"ins rhlC. .111111. ... "1

., e i l 5. Tbt boys Pld 8i ".au

26, tJ re do th~y C (tw.) li"c?

.) tOO mae"h ~"28. here

II .. iIInd. 'vnb"l 29· ngt

zm n FDlJ'Dllm I!oou I

-.~ob.lII1

II

w Ii vLn& in Sp.iin

o JL lId,,- to-d~1+ 3'. .ne: bllUy. 32. I

s to-- d 1.)'.

30. \V".1 re eom.iuC III bf'l:lu we

0\1 (ill IjlUl, 'hI._) .~n2 well. bn I (hf1 :rtf' la.lf booJc5... JJ.- John hOI! not

Ag:l"ce mtnt of djectives. An adjc:di1t'C: v riu

for gender and rnbt::r ~ and m U:50t :a.gl'"l:f in g d er

ber wdh th e nau j t mad ifte"

P1u ra 1 of Deseri ti ve Adj~c:ti 'It.... Dese ripti ,"' ad· Iorrn their plu:ra l in the: 5am~ l\~.ay as ncun5. See

Gendu of One . ect; yes en d in

C' 0 10 a to form th

pti. v e A d.je<: t.i"es~ MO!t des rip· i" the nlas.culine singu.!-a.r) and fcmi:ni nc si ngu 1 ar.

b.fllll 0, 6 lIP"'; ",alllllj 11*1.

whkh do not ~d In It hI: tbe mOl:11:1U ~jnC', do net d np

I the femini n~~ 'tMlr r iiIIin die 1;rnC'.

n impor~an t ~x.ccpt 1'1 is dlil.t ilB .il.djC'C:1i" tigni ryjl nil~ .Ii y if it ~d5 in iii c:OI'l, .ntt adds CI to 12-"11: m:a Sl::ldin..: to Qtm f~ Ii. ine,

Position oi De ri pti we Adj ~ti ves. Desert ti vI!:

es regula. rly lorl r he no 11Il they mod i f'l.

!II- 'ro~ "'olher:' '''nol r,~:DiM all ,uJJectiyu of qUIPti pre--

• f: r nOUn.

"I (II libTo f'.I1oAol. I.not n II'" Spllni.!h book.. m C .rill Ul/.,o.l, mlo),"bo i.

e zm n FDlJ'Dllm I!oow..:.

Ii ~"l::S of C'flual val e odi ~f rhe !:Ii. noun,

t"Qnl'lt=l;;t('d ,,·jth IE eh ~bltr y the "j 1.111':-d begilll'l i'~1 with 0 Ai),

ilC'.-mllll.fa. a b,r~ diOm~

ectives .rr: of I.I.n in HnEfid\ tot I" e~n~f.1 adj uti

iilu:t that ;, f "i:'Ofu,«t

2'2

(OI'lU'.:s. near the otbtr p be fCC1lgnil

37_

J".on 'Y If),f ~,.tIf)lq JI

1"1 do .not work.. " 1'j1. E.".,.io. T "'Iioll~lit)' lr1.ay be :!.

They t hen ta"~ tb we .... er I (I It r 'tl1t p r, d't"'H.~'. .t;lll.ft'r. r, dis b£ltvUft • ht \' rb :5. used,

Enali.s.b i:5. hatd.

r:id" "l1li rs ,lIjl"J. Wt are \',; ili.!l1: t

JIG1J tinl.t ... I£:kllll pupil.!..

li& y ISH ;;01, T

1III:!Ii It'IIIIfl ell. \Vt" 6i,,. .,1 illl.lh.

38.

CT_ The present in icatty jn is as follows;

,.

:IIi.

J.

often

irreg-

I. 16 10 ~ ~ I.

2..ftI LI. •

, )'O'Lt:U~ J. 10 ~ ty.a. I you OIl e

e zm n FDlJ'Dllm I!oow.:.

I I I

I I i5 , is

, il' T it

:g,-.gli.sh •. t i~/I impen na I i.J, It); iI' Ul ut a prgnO j but tbe S T\ rd da

in replyi,", fhf Q.,.,.ni ibi II I,

u:! .. ~ loll .~ Yo MIl U,slt.fll u N".,sttt,fJ, EllfJ.f '!:ID'n IEl .. ~,t-d- e

N umerii[, The ca uno (f n. un~' ~

• •

ho. nuev ,dIU. T Y

d st iilnd be ore their no In

N . The 1m!

40 Idiomati L] e ,d mat le use

,e I . '" tDl (I Il~.s ·,rtf ttl-I,d r '1'1)1 rtUS h:li C' you. t) (11 Dcho oi . ] am t'ig l t.l.)

41 Wcrd-or er, In an i te I j ~ct;\:'e re uTa rly corn i f 1 he sub eel be a I "'l'td .. ~l IU &.' Is tbll!' I p"i,ad~J; I .di,st IJtltlh~J!

l'UfO SIlO" iftituh h! 51 wordl; lon use : taSy 1c:.? hDw

23

i~ Spa.nisb b)' UI~ Lbc i milerho it. it [110 TIll:

oy .)to """d

O:DI.o.!l ,.1151.1(1 triCI.5

""" "u.Q~

~ eim;.g. se is. ttd, ~ xcepting

in Spanish by

( l.un"IIll_v,

s menee, ill predth verb and the

S; It=Un:l! thl!: guagC's.: an eh m~J~

: II .p U .Iir].. iii! d'ili:Jem 'I!iI.'t'hll:f; PQn ish c:hildral:: da": b:!l d!CJml:: tI teres i a

dar: ~!If: her hi1nd ~ .h0l'll

friend.

UCUUOt". to e 'rcl4"l to 1

aiiii' ,In ...... cailllfJfJ, ~h t.laJ~ t f., c t 'r',",,6Ii&~~ rom~:3r. L'II.j.,~ Loui.5..

lMt:j~ tI.I ,.tekJ. ru Ie .

• , "e"tCII"Grillll ell;, tt.cn, .... ~"illlj tof1IIlIl'. y("ry. ,rulldtl Ift(l

mort"Ow.

III," IlJq;riIG.

fOSS SJIo/E ~ otJ:N, d, 4"""'" (I ... boln.. whol

ptfftlUOI. (b).


I I

-. fot-aottmhoooh.Df1

I I

((").

iii: Qu'!!: clase de ~ Sor- ptruOI06 ,i Estl i4'n Ja l .. t Oue 'C:llpi1UlIJ C' tlJ ,t Es TIC t] 1:& I C\il tu ~Iill c; Son roici"'!1 r:.!!i

~ Tril el libro l. Cun t Cl.lh Itil:li .it:I"I~f'I. m ,f eu", tOIl anos t f n iii Ti!: '! 1M mill I ~ .21 tJ,l'1.(h:= lill ~Out d1lc U¢ ilm~t"jcano 6 mll!'fkano t • inllel

l. 550)1 V

42. Past Partid galjon nn s tem of the; i ad

SON

1 -td?

Itro ~e'I",ifl .; I1IMc-ric-&:I'tG ~ \'JctlaehOii ~

erh of. the !.1d;ng d and

rsr c.onj '1- o to 'he tbi.r-d con-

ute-It,

43+ ir gular y rb lJ(JlJtr~

/1 i!ii chi~Hy u s an 'U iii .. Y in the rOJluation

l1M tenses of ot er Vii: r 5.

4 poun tens and! e: pa of tbi tens

I. 2. J.

seeen p:i rtic ples Jul '''HIIiD ~in;: Itn.itn

4 of til

:I, 3·

6 .... AI' SiH

D CAnV",

I. /i..m.Q.J~ wc= h:illlKj ere,

IIgbtis

/Ill"

lbi rd p(:r I.~ h~ ~hicb is i .~ "ttJ'tft are

he re i!l a r,;:b e, etc.

Io~. Thl!'!r~ ar milJl1t ere,

he pI!!! r leet t:TI:H: is a com-

p esent indic: ri\"e of haber, b to be ian c'-e-d. The use 3 in to tha of the EngliMi t.l instead f a s:implr p3Jit

b en t:ilri.ngl I a rf:,)

I. hlNlliiU .tMrl do hoIdis C'~".

.J. il(JJj ~o .... d

~~ e be- ",~Pl rn~ fron~ il!; PI r1i·

not 'b«r.II

nt Pa ici J Ve-rbs of rhe first con]u-

rm the r p r S nt p.1rl.idpl I.J}' add inc: the In e Me of tl e infiniti ve, V ubi of the

cOI,j"C t tol S add - iend The: present

hilngc l Lin

ndo ti II.B j v~ ~ living j .rirlUlo,

,.. The p(" sc.,t i IU I ied lin: now'S ~

'. L".I'OJ/'4 1lJJ. "It'

~. ,.:'tji~ .:], ,..stein

pn5t p~ liCl:J,l' tI CI f rsllIJr aft r:ulQ,.

e zm n FDlJ'Dllm I!oou I

27

47. Compa ri n of ser and es , h mean "to be," are not used l U~ e

eSf: 1'I!:rb ~ ~hou:gh ge blY4

fl. To u prl:ss.;! ondillon Of <ll"Il,li.

1 : .t:.slO.)l (1IiI1~i:l'd(ll. I am t~l"¢d. 1i.1 Qlj,jlll ""d. uU ". The 'Io'Iiiltc1' I J C dim" t'sli. ~IIf , How .. re YOCl!.

lIi. To tiKprnt pol ~ whtrt~· 01

o ltmpORry:

E' la1l1b-fl' e ,'6 L!'I l'urh. Thll:;rr:I J5 J

iii nul "to est. "n lIJ ClI,sil. Th~ roo n ,D6Jttl~ tstd " m enr« r \V hC1t i l c. Wi. h dole pn t pl.niclpl~ U:! II!: pElr01 ew dt It do. 1 1m eatina· U Jred f",fld ""t:rib. Hdo. Y Oil fIIr, w i'ti

8. SO",. il l,1kd;

•. To upuss. ill dh;gn Or q_u.ati ,

L t1'It ;

.to jmJ;.t.JtfG es ho ;1.. The tnch\':C' is J Ji~ ,dC1'J 14 lut.; ", J 10 the JC5:1ion e b. \Vilh Q prl'Lli \e ftClIn Q'r _p ren 1.1

1.Q.l t";'r/rt.t "(»I: UII+tOI. 'Th-e :Iltntl Mdd.,id ,.s U:PM; rl dad. :Uldriti i.& IOllii,q. u *""d I \V"ha III rIC' )'OU ~

t. To t:s,frl!ss I!uhi.,., materLaI

cl .liOfllll'!I'''J''1DI ~ t d ~f1jtJ. 'l'~ h;;u f :II! .a"".

E! s"'l'tt~rfro ~ $ d· NSud. The hat el

L4 CflTtd es dt z:. It III. The letter s

d. In imp.ertonaJ ~"~f~"iDn'l: ~ E~ Irml" N", ..i ."'"/:1"" 11(11. 1'1 it 1. C"

No~~.q. C\SCIo ,~ where the : U in tht ~xpre

ere tn tCICIk 1I.P«' the- rl.llCi li,·C'n a

No tt b. SOI'r'IC. j tt'tius hUe" d iff ft

Y ::lire. Ll!ied \'f'lh.& or I .. I(Jr. The e

bl]tllO, w be m.!llo, to be ba II ~(jN4tuJf)~ foO be ti ('some. Ir~·s.e, to be ;jill d .... 1 ~nun

or seel-

riol1...

RE.N. l~.~ I,habet" Ify. a:r,ibG~ ~ 'It -to up- t;a,irs.

h.rUn. til!'.., ::.d 111'.. 1DUr:t..

quit~.

"ibl.i.""n:. Jibr~ t $ll.:ldJ'~

t13li,tUt. tnt. t.

ltD u.s IDI d6', ,ti. t .. ~ddd) f, ~i'y_ ,((11':1110, ki then. d"jo1 ~

("11111'''10', CU."

eliot iJ'd'r~ m., d~l lllll", .. dv'I.II :all. dut!)"" IIIIj break r !_ ~"',,""*o. III~ fIJ, . tk. /rrfl,.-(IIf Id.

1t"D, -4, cOIId,.

((I) - )..J .rb, .Ii; dOnd~ nl

... sled U';a • and.o EstG)' p"

h.. bajad Juan OIlilvi. ~ S

ton Lui ..! Its f"I rep.san

diando 't el!lili. :!iCfl.biendo

chocolate 1~:!i t 1Iia.l ali

U)~ Eii tar I' )'a 1 Iu~

madre? ~'ar ib3. Hoi. lin

i:lllf:no ;a Jua ~ Ng. u1

uti malo. -Ii H 'I q:UI uH

(~}. • E.t r 1»'11."0 ~

.L D6t1d eBti Man ; OIL~ nil pn~nl e I:' n hi ~ Pi!"a .... i,.:n till P piillriI,ndo ~ Dilnd 11:.'1' el CUi! 0 de J \Jill ~ QUHfi est' &fr lba It J ua.n . ~ Por l no 113 b ~ d-o 1 "-lIn t.ociil'li •.

COmo -e:!!Itl d nl ji ,EI , ?or

e.til;i enf fInO ~ mOlid re q e ~biT I tU flO d~ J U:RIU ~

e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boo

I I I I

d-

m, },OUt

1 hi.'I

h.t!t

,on". its tfH,f. rlt.lr

(1"1&../. )'au r

1 ili~r 11O'Jf

Th.ere i!= iI. pen,an'll prodftermillf ssi ve agt"CC5

) in numbu mQdi1il:'d,


I I I

51.

JO

I f It ~'SlC"Ilii1jle djccri

it ;s. txp:n:ss d. befO:rc flc-I 'nOun

!If.rt Ittr 1.1:0, 111; Itt

QSft:SS ive 0 f j4 her" its 4·

I ,

Y that useed person, TIt~ So mel imes, he following

erson, S~. rir.~' It.$h

~ which ta qu i r~ also hI: possessl to avoid d ubt as to '11 substitute

I~ ~ Ia fll

'11 ~a Id ttl: dr rlln- 6

19 cq ~ It .,SlrrJ

'~CG de lUi Itdts

I'l. \y CO 1!oO Ii I'd the-

ft.,. fI, ffl ees dl' ,llfl.f~ I'tt

his hC'r

f ll'lc-i

~)'OU h

nC.

51I'1"r.:u ........ tl mfi!l', ''1 ~1 t~YD Ie t

" .Ir1JC~ ItJ ~l lI",t ~I ,.o~

fi 'ZIQ:f".1 tro, ,., ,MjyG, 111

111U'oSinJ

hu· .. i~s~ IDS hr.Jtll's. IN J1tJ'tU:, I

'" tJ"l!f'.1IT I,

I .f t'tll!",s '0"1

I~J l.'1IU tr s, Ia '1:'11 t".c I & 1.& • .S'~J;OJ. I

52. 01 'the ssess ve

pronoun is lued to take the pl ~c ad] eet ive odi. fy ing it. The e is correspon d to each p ss.essi

pronoun r«s ;n gen

scssed.

~Vi rlJl'" y I", 'I'j,)'llll~ m bouse and y i!J 1":=11# fiN Itlm ~, rtd Ii "'II" d f"G /01 oS'" I nlJ 'tQJJf. III". I hI.

110(101.-:" ,.fi,n i I !:a:rs::e. b\\t your! f1=:!Ii

possessive

a. pCl:5i!~S'S1 ft' pronoun 'ttl e ])Olsf:S5-i \PC e th;ng pos-

zm n FDlJ'Dllm I!oou

II I I I

amlri-
gl,ity is a rtions,
,1 d, Il, let d his
"~ 'tI, d,
e I de ,"tt~ II! e. t.rn Ittl
~ d" flst~d~ t-c: yourS
,., J~ tllG"~~ 1htin
l'1 4f! ,lItu~
,.1 dl' ~""tfk t"OU",
in t he 53.

54~ Sp ell I iilrity of the plnral, fern ale bein . nouns,

mil ~n (II

sister (my b

'IU 1I~,jj III~ l,ijOJ ID.r ,slo, oS Itt.t J~"

his. wH~.

rlla~ = J ttVtl''''''.s

dl..,liD~ m:a SdM"'/Q ~ u'wo, &13'. h S Udn .. ,laj 'E ~ iJ"'D~ .Q~ -

., r DnDUn) • H7i~jjtt. ~!J~

USSOM

31

Ihird

If, .a. pea i'Sb tb:·ll JlamoC5 C f ale bei s, i f sed in

e t ndc rstcod t ind \dc the: e end ing

his is 3t$O true of tl-e plnra al pro-

,.. hlrtl14i11oC1' y

3ft Siilf:U.).

)I' II da. = YOUI" uncle :n.nd allfl

~i.;Q .)I .tV Itij'a = Ii I!Ind d u

, U 01l1li Y kJ es a :;; lC lnu;b

t"l ~1i,..sfl"lI" hi , = • M

heer. ,a,uJ ife: oolmi ttt a:wJ

= M1 (~ and sh~).

IS Pro ~t" .lIt t"f,J fUdd

eetive Of

o lBI B FDfZ(I!Im I!oow..:. _. fot-aottmhoooh.Df1

I i I I I

(d. Ui p.adr~ 'I )'0. Tu Uir d

111. U!~W 'I f] Y d man 0 de cl. Ulttd,s; y c-Itos 'I los'p f~ de

Lill m1a 1 r.a (uy.a. ).Ii pad n:

D 'P1.d~ Y el de ella, ilmiJ:

d de: 1IS1C:d. N~!itfQ:!Ii hij Cd J

su~d. 'I 10!.ll :nl"llC'ltrlD5. l;1II.I de

mil pritnos.. Los y \0:

ria. t'5p ;I de mi p.1drc y m\ pad n·tt Ttl. t;o C;5 I hftftWlO dll:: h.l. p ... d n= • de U1 UII ,\a n iul"Ibiin t U lio. L'IIis;

bi;c d,=- u tios (i. ~~ de los tlA It ~llill). n 1:io ItS el piidfC' de L W, E' $On ] .uti!iil r l'IJ lInman U!.!ed

p:ldft'. '1. hf'rmaf".1:3 de III

1111.111 ,ptil1l:U IOd 11$ rm ill n.iII:I

Lint fOl tla!li. Vuenro fma,lg.

, II: I prime:> de Mafia y ario\!!"1

~ ~JliI ~ &:amtJit;D ~J f.I im~ de ~ poor tvn!lii;ui('ntll: !!I.IJ p imo de Lc:s hijos '1 I.! 111:).(1$ is padrtl son m' ~d tnna"OI :, rni.l 'herman ·:lil '&00 p.rinlQI ~ue al!OS" USl-tdllf:!i ~ 1 illS her rqne tienen el mllmO dl -tLtoa seu I'! mi smo.

primos. &On ml, hunl Ill. tkkd)' ed 1011 b Ifcci6n

l1UesU'QI,

,nOI Os. teuen

ic-n es ta HiiI d~ M I ela]


Elli VO'!idueno..

ADJr::c'rl v

NOUNS-to r.Jt orr. '0 U:r.:

V.£RDs,.......u.

UtSC1i:L1.A

Rtm..d,. thri:r COffe

Ttf"!1 i dnll) Ma k., h:s!5O'fl' kLt~he:n oil ilo ~ ~r)' pr girls iI~ C 5PJni of Y Wb.Q!I.C '!Ii re, LtnJ.I:!Ii

and. ni«ti

r.cs'SOx V ll1

?

33

.qlli';"\c5 ~ quli., u I libro q~ S miD 6 til ,I li'bru ,l.tll::d 111; 11'1 fllOJ. 6 ro dt eliil (, de

es iienen ~ ?

1.1 .nlelil.? a?

~

•

(a) ~ri

T.hr "jnL. nd'iJlI pO

C) S#lntil~. w wilh

J. ),Iiiilny small roo and. her-

re in :bil eI

e zm n FDfZ(I!Im I!oou

I r I I

J4

at ill ","'cr)' :!iic:k, J 3, M)" 1;111

.P3:r' rel.ui'li'C'.1 in the- tit,. oi

)'e11 W co a re .. I rf".ad:!, ul ing

and 'hA= dl ;at~ i, .hOt. ,6, l;;tln

D'~r. 11. Being l.nd UIIiU too Ij

i:r:.g hn d. y a1u~r 'SO·mOrrow, !8.

not ilh 10 e ,- 19 Thil!,. l:!.i;U'.c' h.:;III;] t1iI 1'0 u :30. I It.Ii t he teaeher and yG!l are dtl:

Am-t:ri:ll. Did )'01;1 hll)" tM hil!

nO tJ, the au.So d. :U. Hlo\vlI! you nO.

I."~ ,.. 5ois~ cons utnl Jy my moth"" and

:216. Y ur (~ I.) tout i!i on. l:he lab!!!,

21. t:T f r i td i.:!i t.I the libtilty. :29. \V

20, h~ hOIl ~;s ine. OU U. '1Q LLrS, hi'S..

wh'; 1 hl"e J!. We ha'll'lI! Iran.ed :ell lc:sso

man IR tb ;f.I ours? 3:2', UC· .... are

LESSON IX.

Sp

n of Ma terial I etc, he p osi t ~ de fcllowr::d n~tea,! f by a nou n used as an .ad Engl~! 1. II "s(ll:PJI b I'Q d~ tnfQ.j~~ a IIiIU :hat. n ~fTJi~ l ~"d 4 • !lime d!"~!.!i_

. In ge ral, pa:r'li.sh '"' oppo~d. to the l"Ioihc r CltU':! d rec:tly. like iln adjecti. ... e. ly j oi I' by ill ~pD!oiti01'l, d~ ~ pa'~t, .til !hoe· :l'ito.-c, t 'iIIf' no. II S\1m~r df'tll.

,1 dt.' 6 t"/lo~ Lhc- !5ortring-[(Uiln1 S~t:i 'at Seyjlh~ 5t ree t.

ify Fer

as

Un as ~'Persona lit 0 b ject, . «:t 0 a verb de!lotc.lii a p~:r al, or pers n.i~ a t ion.l 1 he prepoait i his co istrue ion., w hi ell may he (all

it_

e zm n FDfZ(I!Im Boo

i I I

OUr 1I~l1hC' se 1;, the f p:n.i:t.S, U ?

lis C!xp ressed WI of ma.t tiv of maier

I10Uq to oun.s Ire

hell a no\l n u It, .il living higl n ii i used bef

lit personal

-.~ob.lII1

II

jective or pe 5i nee W na tu EI , drt I H~ otll,ra l11., .t1:II lII"!:t

57.

lish to ay~ t

a rni l ted in en Ii

68. Agre: n\Orlin e rwo lhe plu ::.I~ an III", , #i~ )I .. Mil :)I LII,sd

b.

genderstll"i: an goo

59.

cUe eli~ aquel

J5

It"tUY to r ember, indi reet 0 j ct only. cealls h is so the dOl'. ng fen )f", y

'"til .. -dtfi

• dtltmri·

:. dOl, i1.¢f1I!U, o. i ndirect 111 i et, Th~ b 1 tIIkq Ilis

:Eng~ noun

rive thar in

O~ nouM Q difrltl"tflt ~I.

r outler .and y II'lOrb.tr

+

e zm n DIJ'DIIm I!oou I I II

-.~ob.lII1

I I

DC'monstra ti" n f otrn~ thlC' de Inti !ltc' t R p:ro.ru:n.tn

C)ln.~ r; th' e adle~1 i~ I "0 in "~iLt ,

1:'1::..... • 1bll: !!Iu'lI:ncd ,,,..11011 c.

~ltt'~ Is s, z,. M dcmoni'Lr.a1i'WC' pr

demo ati ve adj ee~j\l'e~ ut ~1 IN:

!III no... ~ wifh ",hi~:h l:h~)' a ree El.um.'iler

Y tnf9." t, ,..br-Q:)I' I ti l 'u. S Ij"r~ u , • ..,~ii6~ lIP' "rnml~~

t :nOUn it

hQ,

lO, or UM'd

iu .. dj~~ti VII::!Ii. t= '" and l1li4.11111, e,.; hilt hoi!. ",OJlIIC; 1'11::1 ti y '0 poin.l oue W ilt ddn:tkt.l-

U~IIIQud i lira I .a lib;!. ,sed onI, I Co the: pen rcmotr: ito

6. PrepOfiii\i Dnal

Th£ rms 0 i t I.~ p~t!

p«po i ion .a rCO the s wtth 1 c c~-eption 0 f t

wh ie a ve the spec:ial

illtinsui5hN rom r lbll:" wrinc- ilr:~

'IMming lO tru: aIu the pia( or

def.

] PtonO ns. as object f a rmt (~~ 6),

ill. lVhb mt"' .and II

\he!. I;. II forms ,lII'lIItlflilD

.N IX. Jl
ru
nu • .u.
ete, ,. 1C'k:.
;l.
J.
lS 'It ....
in!initi..-e C'ln5 "to b~ all
LitlT.l also
t . I am
b.r"o.. 1 1- 2.

S.

RIl~

Il.. I "to b~ I I/D, D~,t

tl .

s of pta a ltu i and en docs

EnG'llsh . diom, Note th 101·

lish ifJ'om).

,.~~/lt'~ f niCht4 eve .. i.ng. 'dr~ m.) pt.ir.

'(lI"r~ t p;ass~ s.pc:nd.

'tN~dar~ .-.emai", .11.11 •

. q;'o~ t i .(.shor l period 0 ).

. S1K'JI, h ilt"+

t" • .:,rwtl ,.~ to ans'Wu. RIl:O, it family n=Je. .Itd(l. :Ii I ~

S""lta~ e'A"iUr: .•

..5~ ~onj. ir .

.J:I1.rdl,l' ~ likablej IjIIL,ktlo 1.1$00

o pe SOftJ).

Ii", PI"( • wilhout~ 191o, ;ut .j :tlone..

l(j~~~ f. I!I hnnaol'l. "rljl, m lui!. dre:u.t.lt.t""~ .-.Q • 5Omt, teftl in. wNilZ". umm~r. ~/'CItD~ o~.


I

( ,. • Dc- Qu~n el "~j) pluma ~

hb I) de l«t rill ~ £Sill: I,bro .q;ul!llos som'breros? Aq l &. hla s :ph.una (b: "ham

H co d I 1i1 mla. c ciI.$.3. "Son h

sU)'os (de ust I:dJ . quillos son de

( ). de Ll.llli1. no It

i:Sa no n r que d.r tn a.A.

J"_IJ ViI II:Jtoi- ill'! j unlr:l:5, A

ud, i!l:to to~.a N. Lui!>a 11 .. mill i I... b rl1'lol;l L~il WICil i. M.i h tibTQ5 S j l11.an no ui 1"!'lO, Luiu t if

( )~

mua chi1eh

p,iCi ton elM...

( ).

~'!itl h:jo

D6n~ " Pof que

01,j~" ow '1\ "" u ill!n 11 nl,a LUlu ~

P-or que US,pOndco IS ~

no.,d~ K.iI Lu;'!.:II .i IU A Qd;ln :II t:a dla 1 D6ncl~ b dej ado zji1J:j ~i T rent ell que i r lin su ,,, tQrd 'WO)''' I.. dud

c-hD. ~ ito en 5Ombrero C'«(:'!ii to UR traj e 3jU hc-rrnosos y tao. EJ III e!ll mi . Su. padtf: Y 11.1

VII. $imp' + il .Pilld.~ Ella n

D6ndc i'I eompnoo u:U Qu! nC"ee ita usted. eom('.lfil Q\IIicn ._., (on ,.uted ~ Iii li

Ouie" el C.rmc~ L6:pe.E 1 an ~ He yivi CI rnlal Son lim 1ic.ot!Slut -padre&. P.uill. U.I. ru nQ.:hu en c

V.a IJ,! ted " a!a. .abora'

zm n FDfZ(I!Im Boo

I I Til I

es fa 1'1. IDe q~n es rl ustC"d. .( De SOn d. Juan

~jO:!ii. Ella Su he, nlO1no ilqut No rapottdf a 1J r.c-a t ;;ul't b ll!!1l "I S lin I. Tknc "LlC

IS cOloIS- que f d.t S:U~IUII:$ la litnd:L dt I .luMp. ellf· Es una mu'~n ru tly lim~ il5.1.r un raU}

39

Pronouns. The

in 1ucl1 w.a,.

snd prepo=;i ional

L :t

It .tli:. O~. tie. fO t be!!), ~/~. bs)~ ~o ll..Iem.

:IIi Jfi. 1.00 /., lO , ,rk.

~.

h'!I ~ 1<M.l.

• 10" hi I. it JILl: r it

• , ..... t Gill

. r: f

3-

e zm n FDfZ(I!Im I!oow.:.

I T I I

ntinutl to h"'" the strell Dt i~ I!IOW rcq,,; r,rn 0,. p~:iiC

tfflIrl". I wi:50h 10 '$lIC':Jh toO 0-141, ciiIIlJi"l l "'~m. be: CI.!t1l: u r itO in&t!.it"'oI't OT a :pm" I ~ IH.IJtiJiilll,,. (tlf""'''''. rtlll"" "",. ~ ~ u, rOHOu.n "loll), ,ro!tltde tM au i ti;r

, OIl

10

~ duto hbhtr- l

,.frO- "r.hldf'~ f r wh'h tu 'Spf0!l

,.JllJy Nbk:ttd~ ~ I IIO~ Ita Wd.ud(ll 'I' f am:lp

ouble Pronoun Objeu

ha t the re ts a chance for n i prc'l'10L1ns 0 I ~ he thi rd p nO peak 10 him, U II to hu I t,

rex!. For cJn mess it is usto , he tm"rC'!ipO'JIdi.ng preposi iona ding upon 'hif pr~po~it ~ n d. " CI' II us,td. [spuk to )'ou.

II IG d "IDs. 1 Il!'l::ai:' to U-.,t,n.

, ill' iii ,.JlII. l.l'm lookinl fOf er •

..:II, irnil.u C~S1.n.n:ejOd j!l t-mpl0 fd i

1:.1$ II ee ... tnlt i I. duircdl. Tbc- 0 j«t

or the es, to tXpTIC'-50 ~m,pha!5.il.

M ,10" In'. ",~(Io 'I'IIIi£II ,,. hdJ8 d ifII' f'd.

he do 1!i~.Ik to ~'\QU.

No bl 'CD" eli 1.I.IIUIPlnU, ,frtl Ir6 US b .rnn d u.s Lookin 0 \I~ but I ht! .. ott: ..ol !~kLI'II for

bJ_ !I P rrpO~tionaJ for m III f Ibf" P QlMI"I ma

greater JI' 'hUll~ ""ore; 1hc- r=sul iii r obj er fa m, If i ~L!' dizo. I frll1OlI:f. double const:rt..c:lian It ~ . +

n If" alene, It i.l C01l5[:(l1d11 cm;pha.si.&..

T'u: use of II in. 1hc:l'ie conl.t MIlO :!II. wi h the lite of d "'i'Vith tbe IIM'I"O 1 (I j!!d_ (

ome Irre gular Verbs..

forms these i tregull r verbs Ire

all of ~ le endings ITt! so.

ro-

01 II) FDfZ(I!Im I!oow..:. -.~ob.DI1

I i I I I I I

5$0"' X

( lCil1\. de.

4 to w i.shl I -~bl! W Ii liS" /1 (1St Part. ueri

NQlt wi 1Ii~lt'c!ls J.Q",ir

the En!: i !Iwi [Ll, in th Sf of fu ri 1-

Will ., 0 with mc~

lhc- per bj I: t rI,pl"l~:!iC'nt' C a peno ,

}ffl;, 1 I vt the e:irl lIt hoer.

tt:U ... " II 0 laY.'"

~c IK~Al' dUfll 6 w~ tI«Il

d~L1t

d.

do.- 4 _.,."t~ ... _ l. P

,m~ .. _ tl.

rusE , 1ItDI('"A'f '!,II Mall q bt"j;

haUlt

68.

Eng ish lito

with n obi eet, mus

gustar. ~ 10 please ,~ with t e

e object of the E ish ve b nish se fence .

.I tn. ] 1i ~kis boo (Thill


I I

etc.

art.,

ill th-

II

ac ndo.

the

-.~ob.DI1

I I

ND ,..If I: (ThOk hal50 d ILt' &IUI",

(ll.lff~"" -CIII~ ,

or pto. n )G.-8blt, kind, B"trl~jj", Bu nr~ lipT j 10 pl.l t'ltltu~ m .. «110 ~O'rPtpk'". ~at C"tI'"'"'4 pourC'r. n"tllfJU'ntt'~ .P

,",",MU ~ "~~I"I. d~'t'*lfi,,.. ,,. j c:J

tJQlld" wh.tre eultl'"illll', 1-0 !lib tS" ... r-, to t:IC

~/G;r1~r, n'I-, f .. ow IIP,U(II, pleu,uR

J}f ~ TIll'" IU'CE, IdI:Dt' '1'"

c.)- !1i 1'1.1 p.du tc ~~Tibt- unll ..:=111"

Wi m;lu] ~ d t El I'ld«: CI c L. kmon. Hlil q cudi.:lndo (es·

{(lui.:: reo) com oqukrc. I.c:.50 lor u!!I.h:dn. EI 11:1 ml"=lil re d ic 101 nl!l'i05 ros 'h biios, perf) no

(tt). ! Hi! I elm, l.eo he 11411\1 rtdro s.i:ru:~

q'''f'UiIlI.!: .I(ufl6.,.,t .. iJ.f. I don't Ii a:u: :M1t_)

M(I~'r.t' Do FOU liM I:" Miry r

VOCADULA nY~

J-:w (.dj- J"Jal,.'jiud, f.. .3,"' II'ta,fnJ/koCl, !.plcnd d t~J~ ad-ljl.j rnor-t4 ~ID~do, ~Uem,

'1IlI"'~ m"'"-. "brtad. PId~D~ .t"e1f r,

p'~j"Cllj fut~r, ,ritrJ"D~ iIIdY', I 6. 411111P~ U1.ill.t. tt1.an. q ... , who (rcl4lti "'lMjI what ~ how' lUG "'-'f1ld"1It"1 t-o f SdinoC"Alf., a r amil

'''''Mar, to lfeefjllTrid~j :UCltk, ill

5:,'jll''''''~ to ~,if_

I I 00" d, • . . r \Vill 101,1 ~QIi ,II ~ Me,. You .. :rill! ..... r J :kind to

EX Ene I SE X, II"I.t 11, Rt;i, Me h::Ji TI!: hll'bllL NUI::ur~ .mila n ~

e!.h., madt"fO M I!'n'5eiifL. Os (It!) qt.l.ill!'N: mvcho.. til!! hI. idilO'~ (jI LIIr: b. .q u ~te.. )'bfl.l 'UI loP. f:l'1l c:aU para ilpundffhl. A r l.a

1. iln dol a ). Et ~n f'S b.:Icnc 1\11:\1

c.,~, Niftos, $U Ulul re (

~ mUl:n.l:ii tCl.!ii.I:!I_ LIII5 hoi

C~ ,t 1iI.5 fJin:l; que' b!l quill!!l"c b:!l . Yii .i cuI irar (.i USU:~!5). o '1':1.1. C,U3 rJd m.:KS rre, E1 Pi. f l~lla:rtos.

ousted is. J'Il .. I?" ro di« que nO puc:dt if con n :51 \'ilitillt~. Pedro f;'!. su

, TiJ,rnbirn F'"d re h: quiC:1"f:


I I

pu.a f or , ito, u 110 ~ a

d.

-.~ob.DI1

II I

x

ul titnd.a ill ~ bacer?

43

usted

UKro co:np nlt nle gl.l t ll)' an1ablc-

r). CuiUldo J ... da eorti:l II ~ a It ulpDlui fefos.? rnlH:be

~ Rico... Los. d~p if;1lt.u

urtldo muy COmplif=

hot' C'I::ImpT" madele m f:). lQu~ Ouien. 'loLl le A qui CII qt.ri r A q'III i~1I Ila Qu": h: di~ J Por qu~ no A Qtliin es r o LiI! r~nda e OLlt- da5.e d Quief(' 'IIstc= Qukr-t lI!1t Que- ~nldiill ~ C tie Ie 'icC" ~ No purdc- ... t C6Mo dl!:dm

pradQ. ~~. :!lu!da '1 I r.Qof:a ~

h4ict:t mi traif'? yC". 'It! "d" ~

Q pJ.ra!.t !!I.bQW me th~t

e 1 I n DIJ'DIIm I!oou I I

-.

in

r Jan CCHJ,

:ill J

1:

J

·1. -i:lll.l ·b

\I',1o'id "~I't ~I

~r., 101 vn:bi t.rft.i~1I

iil.lit Definite. icil. t, 'II! t ~t express a

l'A~ D('I~1'h':
F" UT NI. ZD "KII' Ja }II,.
flfCi'U .....
-t!: .l
--3.'i Co .i$le
-0 .i6
UJu.r. r"!' r Illl'.t!i' .'T~ ",u'Dtid rt$l~ "t}1 t 't'f,ontJ~

ul~!hId. ,"u,,,'td.

r~s/tln.d.

w f d. t I: the !It"u· fal Ii 0 If ( l.ng., r, 2', l, .nd pha t e $l Sf f llii i~ all f

f"IIl 1-;,,1 tIl ,iltls ~ .,.,. ,~i

..... rill!~w (ill

3d i 1'1 1". Oil rc I.l.rh. " SL dri. .Ii r1t P p1u.

e zm FDlJ'Dllm I!oou

I I

-.~ob.lII1

I I

LI!S$ON Xl

me, nc::d~ wt n t rathrt tht implI!! ffeet IS Ie ICkgro nd ~ d the qUlli1 in and It. nd tio

The !it d 6m~e lells what O~ eo

n~":fQ '~f p- \V hel'!l the"

"'a Elvira ilfTi .... ed, r'he".... ,11"'. S9r.l In'",' JQJ lfl virn in I

til ',. Ifl P ,.,. bQ 112 d~ &~~) manti.as CO

d~ IIII'HII!'''''' V,,,rJ ejat IN.,.... of thrir rau:

9"1' III 1~lu 100s (1j.,. the ~r c~ \wC"N: v.sibl

mp deet .ill nd P~9t De f.F.ni II: xprt.QC'I5i .;, de rU1 itt oint f paft time ~ an ac-t + ill "look pta.«" .t

inr and

Iny

trf«u_ Only t hr e ~ I. .. u: t1"n!gular in r er fccts ~ n: fOf111 ed

m Q f trh~ in finitive. below.

ULA'Il

.3t I'Oi If. tt

o lBIB FDlJ'Dllm I!oou -.~ob.DI1

I I I I I I

46 SPAl'lSH
72. Past renive estar. P c
cre~sive action i :iul time not only b
the ~j nrple ilfl f t (see he imper
c f estar nSl!ri the pre Compaje 4j
AI e.)
C.lklN lwh
&ti~O.5 r
11. Pu.t rust i-y be: II:
imop.etfe-et of the used,"
iti'Vt,
ACOlrH!PJlI,I,db
73.
i~h \' ~fbs whie
c.hiln~t's 0 f spel J
j u~i!lI;cn the u
ha s, in the infi i i
or ·gar I ch:lng
ttvdy wh~IJ 111
learned, only t
by th;s rul!,
C i;.,s".-,o,.) 1111
74. The
Is formrd by 11 e I
of the verb to
the English pi p f
lid/a tOm id _
HGbfo""s c
VOCAD
!LK,QoH.I".:lIiid:fj to • ~r;:cotn~
p:1ny.
Qr.III"~/IP'~ iI(1't'e
a ,-6j prOD" tonlC
(ilJU'.III C", SCat.
D"~, ~.''=!I'day. ton"le
~dfl~ M" coIT.ee.
,,,,'0 d,~ pt'tP.,
cu&.~JQ' whf'n ~
-. oh.DI1
I I I,

47

u1tt in J.b-

i a and r, Pedre S".iIe2 Il;':W:O. Desd Stl~ dende

)I en c-I '1;11:1" ~no arios iiIImilos, OS 'I hablib~nnos mudlos. riitOS

mOl

" pM" lin 'YC IU Salu amol i

~"i iii. ICt.l:ilIndo. en-

, iKG=W\-p.<l:ft;I~.

OS ~'CiiII df-l eerea df" ];l St1! flt,t tOf'l-.6 ItOmiilm~ 1

I de m.WChOlI p3SOI.biln dc-

~ I:: ellol lu,b!6


I I II

1,;11 ~~ c-ntro en el lOa fi

CRd nu.

(

r loa C,,31lc: de- SeYillia.? de CiiII r 11'1;:1e:. i

~ I l. c:

Ii i

'I:

..! i ui~n t'nl Cando Ie

6 iba ned:i I

I hil uUII.ft.t

T "J ;.,d.o cauSe!! e Will' .hu.sban whl:'1'"e

, .:hi!. 11ft!:: no be-

nniuc-. J. C4i.


I I

49

L

indow ~t I e Cf«CM ml:.t her,

. lo. It tOmmll!nc1 IrkS ;jInd fit. 'filA.)

LESS

Verbs.. dJe:t ive verb is Q

back upon th sub] ec 0 f t he se rneani g in per it. may ject of a 11 xlve ve b may to the n tu of the v~rb. r~~xLv~ snbjr:rt.

flscH in lb.: II 'is_

• hats.

e whose b. Any used in ireet or is object

nunt'bcr


I I

-.~ob.DI1

I I

76. Ref.le Ae_'(~ ve proneu self. et .). hi serves or l hi irlninir e, din: the rc rlar pe

;I,

a, lifion, t O~ f'lll.~ form t and KC ~fOl'lOUI

Co

'No_ 01 ~ilj) is ld Pl='r

.0« '-'

"" eL

siti01l .w.c.cord tu .1j;'~(II(' Arlit II, CDm H tr,Jt liD T'NJ cjlldfl.l,f

78. Kind
bf:~
0"_ 5i11lpl
maui. Sum
tU,ll
r mUll n \,mS. 1 n En: lish \'\'C' have 11 l'enon and nu lbcr (mysel f~ Spanis 1 t1 ere is bu lone rcfilCxi \-"tj se,

pc: u,c uta r j;lnd p ural! mascu line t obj~~t. Fa the other per

pro n OURS ~ used,

r, tI(I'.&j tstl\:'~'. to 0 .. r I

I,) 2, 01.)'0 tselve.s. lO )'ours.

UIU.) S. ~ ~~ C -e11'l~1w:s,. :rcuu to d. msel ~:!I~ lei ymlf

ronO'L,n i~ uud ::loll ohj f( I l",Ii ;0 sJ i!ll Il,ed for h..: Illi rd pl:ncn

ail er t'M: pre uieu t"n~ ""h~

I 10 4'G.I¢,tI'I f,O I c-ottU,.o). ]"'

!5, Ihl:: jar fl'r'l:po:5l~;gnal form!: of lIlt. pc

(S e ell ., ItIb'~I"D ~ If HJI.

Obje~L 7h

I nUn .t., erb IUtd relleJC j 'el,. widwUlt c-ball fit the U~, ~'Plu ziw:n abll:l It in n-

i.~ Or in ransiti w.: verb a-

, .. reh ; n.u:r dUJI'~~, Co to ay.

t ; Iltlm ,oS tQ. 1.Jt' Ull~d. n;i1.mItJ_

: JH'U", se, !o Ii ud I'JIIC Kl f, Il3.!'1K'1l l<:I 'b<::.

~fluj '''to I, e., .a will'S us.td r~nf" QC 11I.11:~,' not U';j!, !ilared I"(:fiu i"",cl

G/rt;V j. com'ip,r:t, t C'ak:h cold.


-.~ob.lII1

I I

rTl~ i" th! s, ind e., C(lll

in tbe im.f'C1' ttl

51

Passive

wi1h il 'll'nb the SI u bj let. gu.arell ill re

in S'paln.

nterm ti. 'Yes. qlll "" rlcrtl' ,\ ility intc r ro

8 t 1 0 Ii 1 •.

is. llu:' lan-

erson plu- 5 in Eng-

some! I i mrs

efini te A rtic: Ie with N a 5 of of CO"I'~ tf ! t he de-fin it arti 1~ ma

zm n FDlJ'Dllm I!oou

I I

aunt i \Vitl! ay net lJf

used. U s.."t~ a riCSJ but the rtic le Is gen ra 11 y 0 ill e i f

1 be noun i 5 verned by .a pre

lE.j;~ II ~ Is t; lIIIia 1Jk.1' ~ E~rOfi.

Some op ilpbi J IliImilO!i ar I: ah'!l'il :I.a-c: mp.an ie h, he

arti~h:·. 1: w~n h n gin' n~d by I pr(:p.o.s.iti D.. ruone; t .. e

it ,"wil j I C tl,.t'id.~ ,n~'Q.d..s U Idos.

Moi:JSU

83. Th rreguL r Verb Present P3 r t viend J P ast P

InfinL

"'tillOI wt :11«", ete. 't'f'il

1.'"t""

1

.... .I

'CIt

N(Jt~. 0 bui:k 01) the $1

wiG ...

I. Tht .:1st r;::F,l"Iice i r flU 4If.

83 A. s Prono

tl se t!oubh: r bj eet C'

the- use of a 50 IpcLA D U So lllQ'l1

ber 3 net gcn C 1lI:!:J expres

mon 1)' l1$ed . len a pen.ona 1 renee or cia . . ill 19 13' Ii," "ulo

u Obje '1:4 n ex te ~sion of

struc tio taLned n

un obj f of rhe san If nu 1- noun bjee], Tbis is e bject s al1d nut i a

'I

t"GlUfJj CiI. ft. easen.

"",.-,. ,/!IIi ,oil HI;Q d \ pr 'I "Mea.1 e of.

IIsitler- 'oI"~O~:h coll~.

Ch,Jt'~ C le,

t"duu~' ~ '" .u l t~dill'(l .i II~'" C:wh, Cu .


I I

hOVII 1 g?

p.'ri_, .. ;atiVII: ]i1nd •

.If' ffCrG 11JC"IUIf, ,(IV. "f«: ly~ "",. J"',. ttt'",UID adY.1 0 to\l st.

'G¥"'oNI.".l, -s, Po U~S~

,I'iJl~j'tdl adj... p r,n al. rt~6Ii,a, rc:~blil;, ,'tid.. i., Mol ~th. SGIW!JlE'iCI, S.lnliil,£o

1i)'lJmtIU~~ adv"t I,.

S~d&lI."irmt~ .sou h Affl rin. 'iC1Il'O~ hme.

I.04D~ -s, ~...._ ...a.Jj al hol

and p.r<:In.)

J,f)dlJ Ii ... liItldo, I"~ w ole: n~ e ... erybody

mjtJ,. tel I r nd

u:: SO~ XU1

'Ilia; ado mudlu. t JOI p:r~neipale,

iI vilto le .tlsta rn;i.$ ~ p;ttril) A todo e~ In bemcs vi.:.jat 5i pOd


53

;I l'

nat • III

_. foraDltom1.noh.DI1 I I ·-·r----

:Ii~ h 111. ~tl S. I 50? I.Id - Arm:["ill; ~ ten 1 COlIna<!.

Il"ua~

n d Dfasi ~

5·1

84. In-e:gula paSl .lefi.nites of ha er, sc:r estar,

deeir t hacn. and ir. (See ...

The- P.lIt dc(jn' CI f ser ,lod lr ar It ,ali f.:co_

dt'liIllltt ~ i\~ ,bi$ tf p- h.l"tC- 11:1'.: :.1 n £l'oiru in on. CI

i~c.n .of 1 hlC' p .. l.t d Iln.il is inn e::lllCl di tl ~~t ft rn thO-I

iufil,iti-w. !:P. The; s c-50S ill the: fi .u .,nd t!! ir ~.s.ou .s.1nl'Cll.. n

tbe- !ilfln itl!5kiMI of on I he -tnd nr.

85. I ~ F. niti.v So • th a Preposi ion.

u.s.C'lJ .1 her ;3 p it ont ma h~ vc in Sp3n ii

the. E "glisl! pres :u t i6 c.

df"~~lIr I d~ eo rl~T ul n;,

si", t~ htdiur, w hoo I ,t ud)'i g.

CI ul" ~ dt l.ndll "", befDr e ~Ui"R' ull.

Q. Tb(- infrnitl. e :rill I ~r 161. I nnl.l§;laf..: by OJ.!: in. II

rarl idplc-.

al vrr/G Oft sec:ne er.

--"r.c- Ill,Imt ~ IInli 1I::';~lIIptlo,., Clr SIt 11M I • .. t

e zm n DIJ'DIIm I!oou

I II

-.

I I I

tV

55

~i lhtr of the abl')Vt to .. , 'I~ w"i.tl~ Ci3!i1l! nO m 1 b t~rtN'~. "'::n! fnt

n, s de ell~n:I!f" I11l1i1'1~ ter

I'~t"~ • ., ••• , ••••••••

tnlf'J r(f' - - - - •• - - - • - _. ~ q~jpct • - ..... - - - , ••• ~ dt,..t y ,s"I',.,., •••••• di,=, i,tf ... + •• <+ •• +

di.u)I d" , . , ... , ....

Ili~~ Y ft'ln;rr •• ~ _ ••• ~ ~ t"filllt " .. ~'n'~

It. 'tn~ nUmt=r1IIh. !['cm ,6 r 150 iUC] di r,j.sn~.

dil(-tsi ~. ete, Thost irOO'l .2'1 t II I:" riUe:t1 wjlll~'n • ete

These f ton'll 30 to 39 tCf1i r ·jlla' !ltt)j ete,

Time of I 1.1.11»"011 uf J "d IUI1J1 ~I'~' I ul 1~M'd t~~ F.. !a HIlI,j!I, SOli. I So hs tll"I:I""(iI Y I Ii. I' Wl t j.,.rQ ;)II "".rIG! r IIUI , S~ ltrf .ritle y wi It 'lMh,'I'I,

" iIIIS odo "." .. .0.1 diu.. At

Idiomatic. I or mental l: rase. Condi ion i te ncr - lth • ncuu,

Tt' IrD ..ru~.,. 1;1 T~ ttMQ.l~lr;'f.IH' ttilio i?~.t Ii fl

child h !iI honli~r, 1

e. The adv~:r d in Sp.I~i:iI~

.. ~ Nl!I,'flQ pit

87

Cardinal

_ ......... • .... 1 ......

sletp..}

t htl'VlI!' Iste.l Liteull • The

1.i1 b~

II
... I + ... 1'1
.... '1. r 13 .. _ .............. , • - +.3.4
1_ -"1'-" I" • r ••• I. .... :l
15. i~ .... .......
U; s to" ... .. ~ r- r'l .-21
• I ..... + 17 Ito .•. "I'r .. "I' •• r. , ... 22
18 . ... ~
1(1 .......... r" r _. 'I • I .. ·,·30
•• r _. + 20 "1' ••••••• ... ·lr
:Ii ~ •. -.1~ y. hat til e iii it Nhillr im. ttl' \\'b

"OUo ?

, It "hrC'e ·dQ~1c.

C)'IJr.

'INa:!. Q .art" pol t r,,,,C!'. t)l' n'I.L1I1 ttl p;jJ.Sf St~'Cn.

11l'l,i 11:' g. eis r. .

lBI B FDfZ(I!Im I!oou -.~ob.DI1

I II i I I I

il.3 df: 10 maM-"i7~ dol kJ ~(I~hf Tee o'c-Iock in. lM; morn~ .) tin 1 he' e~"in.gj ilt n ghl ~ • M.

U"G d.t' , .. '~rdt'. Four oic1oC" Q.f((rnOl3n.

SflAl'rlLStl

rhe t.lX 0 r t'he: plural "..rb fl rsl. and 'l~ of h: j nilU~ y exl'mc 5$1t$ minutes lif er th Jesses. ""nul r:s I' t II!r t 'hal f y b~ t:'ILprtlHd or CiI iUed-

used Instead of a po of the borly or 3rticl , doubt 41$ to the .,'u:!:c .... " ~b,i6 1o, Dir.)l.

,,~ (sa: 549).

f. prer,. h.r ,,-tint G r. b,. pr~p_. btl ore.

rtes,

0, ,5Ih u t.

, (u)un) qu., flu.

If ,~to ha"e bf ~.nU::.s.t; ,,1 t~ opnp .. ilfler.

.. hndpt_

• time..

ilwJl)' I t 13 C:O Jllong. ~D 11('1 II!IIp.

In essiv ad] othit

IItCr,;l , to' .....,dt , -e,

M"'''' f) ad ",.iltllf 0... In

O;fJ1 )'~.

/¥~r IIC~" pritG ".3M ,tl.e-r ~ do ,.,.I6j l""!- •

nQ ntfd ID~;j • sI~~ tIlli' ,.sl'da

r'ld tklc wi I h .n kou r~ rljc1 10 .,"]:gr'N WiUl hom hour '-UI"" M-f an: tb~ :hill f. Ind fort lhc. ne:<t 'hour.

a ni !ill\. l he dcfinil-e ti Yt:' before names j provi.drd its ,1 51£!

rri ~',,= (:sn '3). fij .. h;:M.

, 1f'1ol.

lTi.e.

{.. uni: ¥c r~t,..

£X£RC[ :£ X. V.

UI ml:iia:n&. :iiI .abrir 10d!1 oj os. enia uche sl'l-ffio toU'Ii .. cYlnUllnTI~ mi ~ mi rele r..,1 'lit e n)l'::iI 1a:!l ot"ho Il'Lt=nO! tnitndo q lit: -r~ ill r en I nni... nid21 ;I l:u. och~ .no , n'l,rt' dnarunarme, y me- fui :s in c mer. Al pa.sar df'Jl.lltt' did I, un amige ~ U::.mo mil! t!lllt:li ue queri:ll en'rar.

0,. l'tSpondi.) qu~ fer- i& J1lu<::!l prill ¥ q,ue nO pOditli. A IC tOl'"rtf' Ut'8."f .iii 1:1 cl::l$,C' i. IliII~ echo tint(! y -tnc:1D11 ll'r! 1:iII adi'k.

d tl'l,,= :LI 'hov~ ~, t:ICr.t,pb :11011 It sue:h tnl~, c'h:lI"«U So !bcl"e: .same way. m:lki"c I'IU.IOJ

It the- 'SUbjfd r: tlrI(j&~ I il,II:rcement r~1LiR'_ subieet,

e zm n FDfZ(I!Im I!oow..:.

1 ;1

xv ~

• iii D6nrJ(' aba C .. rlm f::1.1~ - 1I:I'5?

"Qu~ hOl'1iII r eu3.ud'o Ca:r ~

· (luiS tOJl'16 tIN de j r se .i J;

· Que ito.!! I n.bfl. , 'onla~ ?

· i tthi a hlill f, ~,POf qil,je n

POf Cll~ " CI 0- d~sa)'lmil e ~

. Par que. n UliliOo f: . ntra r t:n

o~ dijo IOi ill .,nigo

\ I lItp:t eros i Ja c] ... se, . q Ii ., ... et"iL

S, leval1t6- • til: d !UUIl:' 0 t~

A quJl hot c JII:T .. n!Q u ~~ -:rta

A que hor e IlaiflO i u:z,tC' W

Qui hou

LESS

o~ The

Ea!;h r the

ITTn;rI l. ~JiiII

--1C1a

-fn

..JiilImos -J II hi

-':11\

I II-H ~ Ll'lIlU&n1 .IN'" li'kc filiI: l •• t!!.:an l.U htn I. AL hi h:~tIII oI!I' IIIIIIV) tjl .... ble at ,'III trLdil\.l.

l i tional, in regular verbs, t: S lI!I!f'll of the in !lnt t VI! teThe r urre and condl-

n ittve : ir e., e i.nfin;t ivr. cnr i or med tben ~

ws:

cent Id'f CI III' ~t.

, t".ia, I at uld write.

t~. ~ t .ri6 ritt.t~ V -u YIOIIW Wl'. C:. etc.

9 U1iC 0

in the n iLthIQ irl L !I l.iHCiIS· i1 l'tsiQ

fill.

inss the5t' te n SC~.

UTes and

the n~o!il ir lar,

v iug i rreglJ 1a iti s in ,lar

arl1 1M i ment cried 543,)

ha; i,.;

ld 5«

endn~ ~!; lar in JI~ fut re and

drapp~ • 0111 lu

,.~ J ~y~~ 011:11 I,Mt",·,

e isdiniti·1t IC'IIId·

h~ to 0 r • W'O l<1l(:l's"

lId ltd -.

J af rh verbs If 53 -SM. S -539+

uml lens s, f cond iona I 0 f aln dlffic IUy. Th bni u id~ 10 l.u:dllrra

rlact, These t d r spectivel ron! he r ... tu a m.l il d a ast part i le. 0 er 1.10 special 1 ter:)1 1:1 n:!Ob, t i \~ 0 r ~h E.nc:li h. e win are go.nt al udy+ They !.I'ould nCJ 'h ft S

Camp d. flqllQiTty, hut. i. !4 n be lore ~"'I: IIj

I QJ, II"~ ,Uta Q

e f ~u;al d ree nd t .. u .... O. i, Ii/' af JQhn s '& joo

b_"

I.

-.~ob.DI1

I I

Lt:.SSO:rrt y

D. I JI.tq1If!li • Colnp.o.'f~glt of \J equal q:rc:r. ii Up!

, 1". ,r mer e ,n or It"J.I;Q.J:I "kss," iI:I'C:for.e lh~ ad' CClift and 1f.ue~

B er i!. htJ" es ~j'l of'Hct)do qut 1~' J MtJ"ht e.g,... h,.illl qN,t .lIi..rG. n.m~ lud6n .s tj~t'uq.li Idn·' tllIt I

I I t'L the ether.

r, S~'nlo ) ","Ii.!, 01" ,I

1'I1l .... t .. "iell: pi cHodlCll

U U lola dat:UI,..

"!:ILe: 31. 4·tn·· 1If\~, .. IIol'lpr.rI;l1 i~,= i~ JIIIQ~r;:d ~ dlr-

~. IPloi-DKI'JI • ~ .. mIM~.M'" c iroMll~ I II!! I'IIKt b~lIIo. Hot;4I:1f" in

N(:II~ I. Tholl 'II,.. lII(jcct~c: IIU, t~kc t e p"'~ ~ L"'1r I'~

m.n. di ... , iIIlK fIIofs IIII~U.Mt I'I'L .note· !,lot!! ~~ plJlpIIl,..

95,

olnpilny tit I s, C:.I: C"C pt in dire is.

,J t.~rl9r Su =. Mr~ Sua...-ez.

S ,,"Of' S~ r" 1 I r6m" ,"."'Ii rts,~d arl' )"I'JU, ~f r.

E.ItO':M1DN_ PII iI tid DiII'lid it Spani h nues ! hal

I i"b equi Viii 1 t. Tb~1 ire uSlI:d lo .. ~ t ~ Chti.shll"l M

.arlC" nevre ae m~.an"c:d 'by .:hl!:" I r I i It.

96. Om ls , en of lnd c:fin i A rt elf, The;"

rick i ~ not , lied wi th .a pred care OL1n dcnoL in

fess;on, ljXltiou, rauk an nati ~atity.

AI i'll'll if"," ~ j: II """'!IlI"~.. M.... r ri IJd is n Am~fidn. Do"" CfJTJ{J~ .I mOll !n. Chart i:!li ii!I eaeher,

I Nil) es Jr.l't tnMir~" A roe :rou n-or a ~O" ?

e. [r du~ dicate nOdU is 111"it d bj'l n adjective. 1 h

st bl: LII:i.~d.

£1 Sf'1 L', rs lUI ""'~~iII' J"U1 Ir.f r. Ldpt2. il I'.ry

ous doctor.

97. t P8 rt k ip le CJa H5. A cl it use in~ r

:I present r I it iplc may cxp .:-. ~ condit ion.

T -'M r!:' .dG .,.0 diHtt'O, nm1""lfI ! f J b:3d m

;ultl buy .. he st.

Sittldo mM~· 0, J INliuljat'lG- ., ,'"d dIG y jQ,Itt1 If tou e ;It

f'W wf'mld >,tI \ "·ork dill)' and ni,a: l

. • Supl::ri;;d-illfc d~t 1.1 IflGj &1$) tut"fJ~ .tl 1II,d& &0' (0 ~ the 5 Ita 1'II11I!'1I'g.-, I.ra. ~ be

n is I Oft ind ,,'Sit r.K~nl9, ~ t ary I:! {lrC'ltic r 't.hill n Q''''.a. TInt k!o:tOf1. .!Ii 1

n t.

:p r ~1!I:!I~d by ~ ~ .3I4j«ti,,~ .

1Ii,.-. Sta-. :p~ Doll


II I

-. III I

60

milliil[lIIt1~ all d:.)' .111 nigbt. rnorning1.

fUfnconS.

I!lIi nl. ni.i:ht~

v

.A If !;IIIISO. A lphoniO. " "'(II f • ~ kii~ d~ldl" •• ~ h~JI~~ from - -

Dit'~IJ+ J ames_ "iadl1. -11. ~:r""';;lIlt. tit1f'ltlo, i Jln;;IIIU::~ c::.: frllflfUn'.o, -IJ, '.mOil .... Fi:tilfJlltl~'j ill r amiJy h:,"kf", l.. milk. ~/d.jto. p"h),liciaf\. .unliDdld. m.. noon.

to-tit} ~I d.ioj ,~dlJ I ..

:R.U 11a Ino: l"Iing. •

,tH' 14- ntoHnttQ.; • U: ,flP III tord.t'l in. r ft"= ~Q" ,,, nilU'l,t~:III1 i I. i P(II" ,,1 dial ~hl n f'll fed

wier, '!iOIIt.,", wire. ("ntflda, .~, bul1. .6.tIM, oIf,"-

it. m., fcClt-

a 1'r~ Qon klol~ iddt'''i new lpa-pu.

0". pnp.. lor. ill. d n,;I'tj ild't .. .iUl4 10.

.Q~'O • .&d.v.. ICI mlu:h. I:.Up •

xv.

(muie:r) ~d;c;o. Es un famolO. cnfdic.oj [oIII::fO nO of; iI 1 F.u'UIiJ:50 :1 ft uno de los fl. itoS m.i-s

icll d.( 1a d ~~dad_ 0 el (ti.a

cj..:mplo : M :aj~.:I. ft. erillld.a l e

Tom.ad. 'U1'l.'\. Ia~.:t -c., r,lf: (:Q.t'L

(mirando) ;II trli-s Lt'mpo el

C:J. !Ii qUI! k~U . .:J r.i ..:n. 1.1 esn del

i O!.. J i !5. ... mlljcr,. 'i itl ~ pi!!'

no ¢t. rando tnUC:'hO!l (fl ff: 13" Alii

cd ia. Par Ii ta nit dd qUf ido ir :i 'off rle en la c.il'.a.

o~ do?

U1.iIi 6a.JI:I. ?" ftliC'ndti P I&. eil.ld:w:l?

-.: i St e[ 1 11 olkil'1.a ~


-.~ob.DI1

I I

Plirll i III Tend ~ rOf ~ Uo.ld ~tCf.l~f:

E!.f;a~1 ..!St 1\1

i." q

r q.R calle eeud ra que p ho Ii po ~~lj ~

II» ~ f~fm()' i "corl" I£::n

-due.a .. i.a uste-d :If'f bar'"" d.?

ij:::o e V d. por l:a (;a:rdt:?

V ll, 'PC" 1 m:\"~n I.?

XVI.

(' tlJ

THI'll I dOl.:.lor's ffO'ln rhr

\Vill y!:UI! (!halt tf"11 1tJt lie re 11n: re is i II bein :hi$ ,Q"{fkt.: t is a ttmoon, 1111 thi'

I'l~. l;Iid

I WLl.kruit is nliaco

':!II [lq:e is

fore lO-

t. .uucd U:I ? 'I'lJC,. It" SOofIlh ~ti!

-.~ob.DI1

I I I

Subj U neli 'Ie and :rb in t he inti lCJ.ti"llle. i ttm~u. l:"iLh~r ,PCI!5iti I ion, It is 1I!!iil!'tt ill siml"C !lie'

J oil ;$ 'Si1C'k. 'l'h wi nd j s blow in,,;:. bu l H.., John gGrn:!. 0'" ,is h~ 'J

Ar what .hne IS man, Hetit cQ\l!nl ry j .. II :3 hllrr,~ bu ~ t;\cc-tI us. \'1'1 ..... 1: ? =0.. When ct10t ~WI"l ~fcC'r

.. !Oh;'lll W('" be :I bh:· ~Q

e P II!" ~d~nl 0 C ... b., ~ 3.3. ] r -4, lDU Ih III 'W.c: h~"1: made eu cb.u _"ui I ? e vety 11 ~1~)I should

S of h pOOr h~' lh.

onl ~ cu-p 0 { ~lfc:e

., ).""(;Iur iCI f? .11, "1"11:

5 hi f? .J2. M DV I a«f.In~~ . J - "Mol. It yeu nOI !5IKJI 1:'1 ri-t'nd ji nul a r~.,"]~h.u. ver C''''~I~I g.

IhiS !IPJ" ;jII nl'S nam-:: ~ r fi'.ii n;jJ din Ihc: e-o :I way ~ I';. Mr. teaches .~ the Un h·cr,l\t 0 { the: wor i.s.n!} n::1.1 j 'te tilnd. ther h.a It Ii n.\e to 'kiss t'h~j r ci~le it u. L9. Sb.all ",e I. I , .. , w C .ju·ks in his offit.e~ he

HI '[kinll: few 1'1"1 rmn~:!I. ~ ilb I·

do '!'IC" :ri. \Vh.a I ki I'Id of

),ou , ... ~ silCk. ,,-h.n .should )'

10 W:I L~ itl tI rd1: r to :5CC" !b 26. \Vb t w H t mr)thu sal}' ~ ,."'O~~ toak i~-IC ~am ~ :as. M ea U, ver I L~ I 'Jt: in !bol!: mllTniLlg l\·jth mi k. JIC. Did ),011 bt1 .rOll .s 1(( ~? Tben whr h.av~ )' poll'r)'O (f ('m. ~] .13. ] lib .. 11 lh~ nl!ll:!: ,ifif~n l;llce .n R ;co':!! ? He is ,) f'tot:tfrr. .16, YfUJ

98~ Sub juncti ve Mo The ,.Sr 0 r I he S'4Ibj uncI i

J f w;]I l"IrLlgnizitd ill the r

II i be 1'"11::, lei him ItOrI.e 'Vee ] VQLlj 1 '$.bclI,dd IQ 1 d fr-l:: th:ll he eome at

] I' ~u;sh, gn tbl: DtMt ill.T.ld~

10 ~onl .",., al Lhf,;f~ i.s .a. u· 1

~xpre!o w:kho1.u::I kl'1O\llilc-d

idu '. t e 'SiLlbj I,me! i\:'t= has .a r! 1

:t ... d con ud, tIfI~ to ,,"o.rr~

lubj unC'tiv~ • S ir:h c:IIt1.!lot be expreJl these II both sin'llpl( the i Jldiu1 h:¢-

111ct S nish. n'3"ke:l!l II s ~s :I rJi rec.~ II;! l1:li.:5& !Jt'rKIlI!'l I c bLl~.L.

A. 'IIIlC"rb tn t be .mil. l t~1 ..:nl.C'1l or

.sk :Ii d ifeet u~stion.. 1c is mop )" d. i rerlli!: al, n ue'PC'n e n(

1:;1.l1SII:S. whose ml:"AnlnJ, i$ im I i£ib ~ CI r-Iy i ee nKI lOIn wi~h the

lit':. ~.x ['IU!ii~d in the pfil.lc:ipl1l dill... In t e [0 low i e t.ll: 1\u fC's,

be nrb in U dc".p'='1 drm dill 5C" Ic.I i!1 Spa ish

th~ -,ub;1Il.1I 1 ...... ilib. rh

DC! yoU' J;;:~ w a m;a.f.I wl10 ]c i!;; 100 3d tha.t he i!l. Tnr1 will 5.1 ill., 1I1Itil be c

J 00, Pr sent Subjun :1.11 subj Llnc.t \I'e arct in re:;: Ila r he i" nfin tt i ve

PI Sf COltJ, ..e

~es

·e ~etnO;' .~ ..

·,n

tot c.ndiuIP !O ll-ent

f the p C'she- sten of

t :

p,. .r1~H" p,. .tutU" p,. IhNl,

P :llNt"IPJIO,J ,,. 'P"'~js '1 IHIIIt:u

NCIII... Th4:". 'IIIM! ;... thr pt'II!

III t 'n .. ~ .. 1i"lI:. U'Cc: ti!!lIIIt, CDofilI

l':IIL'll(;u.-L'Ilk ~ • '=I( *111 .. JI,t- .. 1HII1

i j!lI~ 1111: ~Io LII '114:

LlC' the- illlLl;c:JIci,. ...

1 .... 1 l1li1 I i:rol'il1o~li'l'lI!

10 I. S JU nc.ti ve in cpc sulJjuncti'\:'t 5 regul2lrl1' u ed noun clause h:ich is the 0 j eel that e~pTcs.s s (a) 50me i ea a-s a. comma d, a request. pt

L, diu III f4,:tIJ qtl, n!)o M j ;tldrt a ~Tohj~i~Q (110ft s:a m~ to 10 the ,

en'C bjc t C Sp uish i1'1

a v b in the f wi.]] g 0 biti or

uses. dcpcn nain el singt mission

e In n FDlJ'Dllm I!oou

I I I I I

S' ..... rr..'lSU

Ijl'l'l~ ~jlttutd 'b,. t 01 Ullt ftI ~ dI C"l ;:n~ c.

desire

ne emot ion such

~ mt hollt' btlrn(J. hll:

71,00 ... ..Jrndi, "Ulillill 'f', (h~ tl. qPf~ ,filii""', QM~(I' Do

. • V II: r'k g.f thi!5 Ifl:ll\tp :fI,re f infil1ili,,~ .L l~re is 110 t:hance at rubj

IJ,,/lt 11 Q I lQ. hr.rllo,.t »tdf)r t' SQ14. bettu.

E~~ l1li " Il.rhl ,:II, jG, tJt l(IIIII

Dr~ A rD"" ...... If",Kjda. Hit

(b)

S bj uncti ¥c in De s.ubj unc i e i!' nkd in a. noun lau!· subj ect f s r used impe rsenal ~'.

B.l t go I,. q.r hi WG"""J' ~ l a td"

:lib:z11 511:'1: JJ r ~tli5 afcunOOf1l,

E"CI:' b)I the in Es t ner t~tl".l

VIC',

" q .. " ,III 0 8"''''f~d~~iIlI.S ~ lUc:h..

:nll!:~l 'I _ Illtpers,ollal ser is dC"pcnderli '~b h.u no expr~d lbj rtr E t , ,.. i,. If~""'. Ii is nee

S qucn.:.e of Ten~ II t he p:r~sen l subj U I ri ver tnt, fCi Lure: or PI!' fKt Irl .ttl~~_ 1 5h111 lrl beT

)

ndeut m:.ill

103. clause i claus!:: i 1..1' d r' ilmple' I 0

~j!,;I4CU\l''' ilill i II'A k.... wltb I till .",

egul::rr Present of most i, regu l.a nd \II er (see SJ5 :.

mil of

ependtnt Innn i.ti s, pendeilt infini1 ive b and iu fj nit lve,

e In FDlJ'Dllm I!oou

II I I

uire a ,. 6ku. rib-i,. rOfll "'r_ Wf:. are t ser b I IlCil. TD

I~I'.

• frequ'I:;lIl h. cd hea

G. ( f IIl::1.r.) Sit die; T~;MO E.s clef iild. Es 'nu U' bi\je pO S plldn 1 d .!ic.

~£StA gil esl. ill r t1ldl~

65

owiug

ltie ..... l:u.I&hl n e leaeniu

'0 ear, be :li:Otl

tUi.sm-6j IQ wed" llq" f'tl!l'mft.tl.fl .IIIQ 1IIN q lJIIUar not jtarlj,fuliJ ,-

'~"'I i,i,. ~ 'Q.sih~,. p ~('U~(). '''.rItHJWt~ ~rQh"bi." ,r!)~'D. a ,s"fQj ,UI rl ,nUo. c"ai ,sfttiG~ dLl' ~"tu4'II', to IJf'4tM H,

XVII.

I'l •

Q lrouble. Ingrm-I"lL

, onl}' .

mi!.rk {in school) , (lZ'i n'c..

PfTPlit, , C, .aBo """. I il.ll le,

nary.

bable,

fofbid:

.. s.cOIl..

Le ht pr b;bido qu~ er bltel'l :5 f.lOlU. ·r II: aer el tj Or dt 1;

t.:l.Sa pc-ro $ C'",i

emre :hiK~ Ctuo?

hi):1 ~

11 tn I.' , t nti an 11_

. el bv , d iki;lrk ria.

nd~ tlli f:lO pntdo

e lin I) FDlJ'Dllm I!oow.:.

I II

ni tr- ;i 11. :n i 411 q:UIlt entre. 'J los U' s ha an poor !!iclO1.:1 if' I • ... iln1a p.iI:r;l. m,;a.n::;h t I mi.ldU

dt 1

caofa, • _P["fd'o!JIR rn: h:illile -=n a$>l

ees I~. 1:I.1~'iII", OJ V d. hill-lila b. p ..... I:"f1

uiuo que d. It mol ~nt~ rG qUC" V 1.1 S Illy I..

Oil': se d

de Allon 01 ;adn~ I!: net rUII: tn.~je dt ~ le h:a pr libido J~

i~:n le ha i he Q:UII:. tra ~ mi:il le i 51.1 piiUJrc qU¢ no- q (Ire ell.l. se iii qnll!! es p ·50 qllile JiI,

• ~!:!nnpi1"ilt !ii!. !i~:ilLll"a h

i III?

II:.? uiado?' u?

de tener bUl:noll

,a iQl.le 5.1,11 hij:l ~nl 1'3 Hf'Ofil SIt msrel 51.;1 I.. ~n.... ; qll· le

dt II.

!iIi. Ian

It?

n. U! Iprlll"lCJ ~ ice a ffl.;]d.tl::

V-d. qg e v Ir.I libro r

~stu diem.os }'I1dtos?

o Yd. q,ut -C'p.lSe mi.s ktciont a or.a.

• qUI!:: Runl nud rt t~ot com r~ 111110 en uta

• qUI!: "'1IjI.n i ta.s:3 d4!! Luiu? su ki,O d Yd. ~

N XVIII.

of

RacH

nish ver tic subst ~ Or a dipl yJ1able tl d~rmi,~ ,

1 und'=t"

Vet"b-s. There i a ia rg + sroll lly irrcsul~rily OU iSf1 01 til Ilion, und r c'C'rl:\in ccnd iti L1:!1 0 r

oug, £0 I' he stern "0 \1Ij,·el , t h

t precede tile en ding) . Q. I "I~~; l''''md~ ~ ~ u n ntatld :


I I

-.~ob.lII1

I I

These VII! bs are

<::1, 1,ging}, he

to L he ch.l ra lh • are not'

i a I-changing (L. e. tI 0 thrlL!r:- cia.!!i5CS han-cc:s. I n the In verbs Illat ar ,

the

da 5, ,:Uld in 'ci It to i, second

IldtJ. II: nlC'.ndam01, ('I

nturn,"

\N.)lvel't'lOS, .... 01."'6. ~o.Ivan.'I.Ot. -mIdi

the

e zm FDlJ'Dllm I!oou I I

i, the

68

Pll:5t:;:... PA'll:frtll"L't. PI1!:S. [fIt.DlC. d-.C'rlll I->aEt. S UIIJ+ .NT"t

IlIOII, 'P \51' DII!'r derm1.

UI~t.r"n.

dornli~ djl it'lL.

611 d"rHJ6is, rr-

'6, Qorm1.mQ I dClrmi~tc-i5

109. Thi.rd Qf til L~ eli] s belong C

third con j ugatioll a~. the s te VOW-I: l e.

stem- \" Ow el is eh it g-td to i i n (0 rms \ host strcs on the ~t ~ID (i. (! the P ese t i udicati ve lid sub j u all of the siflSLI]arj lUI 1 thir person plu :tl). In ad they cb~ '.g~ e to ( I) i n the 1 C!iC~"1.t subj net lve, fi f'S second ruson s p} rill. n C 2 in t 11.O:!$~ f rm!li whose e d ... in~5 beg;" with i

11 r.

ril1'lO!S, .... ~S-I:i • VI·,fJe1I.

s lam liS, vi " ~." 'Vi:ltu ..

~ lima:s. -vd! ;ste1~ 1Ii~,ju

P.ar.u:"., p", tTl'C't,u:. Pi::£s. T ...... Ie. Pi.sI(J, ?ft.,. SUIII:J. vi..rta.~ PAn Du. WUlil \'

C(U'Ij "'C;IItt ,bt= ... 110 rt, 0:1'11 flldQr ;;'Ir. f1u,r cli3$s.

",O(;ibvl~f t··ch:UI£ ing

110, Irregu sub) unci j ves of learned a.t 111 is p 1U:; in e tl sub june li" l'C5 C f r (1 it:. -c (See 5J.7 and 539

bjunctivc: The p dt:r may be ron ven are j l1st I ikf: the p :- vercs 0 the fi r5t

ninK:uno.. 14no~'1 P-

"l 'I t

trero, ast • m:1y an

th .. r. [n thi~ pncj ·..,n 1- r-I /J.rilj<,t'l'" Ji(J I'D" . lilt.. Ii

,malo~ 1 gu n D. jj~ e, tcu.cro. j hi rd! 14 .:tll(] P 1- heir no\..! n r nnoli- er dine fnnn IO!'ie5 jts fl f.UG; Ills: Pin Il'llI"Ulri«Jc40,


I

-.~ob.lII1

II I

L'F.SSO:N X IJ J' I

Mismo (-2. ·05, -ilS- • "sel fit' OULl (1 r pronoun sub eet, or iii.

i e p n,

M i P I't mlS'll'fI' ."'1' rhuJl6, 'I fa, hu

Ell. I • i.J'~~1 ,tlllmTiJlfl_ They thcrn:s.id'IPe

£1 j.J "Gtb~ If ttt.sriid 6.s4 j":tfID.

ill! Illfl. n (I lJt tit" ~ I

d "10"'. C" b'I,d'

tJ ,,;1. d J"C'i j fI .s~,p :r

R~chd ",,-j T d ,,-fir

ll.jJw II .c-llll!~ r i, 'tfflG ,

VOCAD I ill:' dow". ,0. to br-d

Ill:

e, ll;j'l:t'ld (of OJ w:i'kll). " I.oi:n I'lil:lu~

i. , ilIL:i10Il_l:b.

1~ co~dy.

"\1".4 f iiLtit. :rapidly Yo. sJow]y~

o witk ~ (IRm.ilive.

to a "Wilke, ft-ab u:p. o If:njoy CiM:Ilit=If. UJ li~ (R-ch. 11)• umil.

jnte'rc:s.t inr.

t wnie'h. wtl"t. t'hGt prnn.}

he tWI;II~ both. te, Ioh.oW. ljdnirh.r·

.a. V_I .complml,.~ Y.. errdinaril,. rl.N:ly.

et, play. IIP-WC')

xvnr,

piil.d r~ de- C.r-los es u ko.d:ue io. H.,bl.ando

pre- :.prC'ndo iiII] I r). nqIJe 1M muy him d

"habl:a Sieml:llft lln dc-s ac.io que ~rf«"u Ir'I.(:flte

diu.. (EI ~iC:1!: ra ram - U: C13sas e no pu~o rnu:ndtr

t~_) lo, qU'~D i tos dos (i .el J 5 hij 00). A lrun

. InItos a Yi:!oit"flos., It n he {uj eo e 101 I tnt ro. dOl'ld~ o ttll:3 tomtdi., I"!IlIeYili. Me di .. ~tri m ell' ·mo 'J no vol.-t

• ,;-. mc-diln(lcbe- (lOll"l d d~ tl n 1 lr N. ~U -en

r ICl rom .... ~ n mi ~;ad:rc e M!5pien CI.a el It InantA;

anil-nil el m;!omD d liT io ha!ita ~ )1.:;.1 desper-

1t'~dQ Ptlf i:"oml'lllf:ll e, C ;il.1-mO )'0 s rtl~ II primel'"il

ce (!Itt mi 1'21 , .... i rt1ni~ vi (lUll:! I., iii iMli.CI'billn las

).Ie llh~*'tt en s~.c:u;d vesd :rqUJ de

la ptimC':r; Pill rt e de- tS :'L Itt<:i""~ est!! ba'b1ondo ~

ib-w uti h.a.bb.ndD ~

c


I I I

d:t :!:If in? lIi(ilJ ~

rCa Vd. pOr I. 1 iilii.lllll~"

70

" Q ... i c.w de p~rtlO'n ~ J! ntiende I mae hac:1'l 'I! No ha\llOJ. d~nla5iado

C Dcmd~ iu rOn )01 U' ,nn

.tI Lu It' It !ii, C(Ulj~j , .tI Do,'lde Ie up~'f'lu6 I C'O ..! Se ",ol"i-c: en trmproll .1 ¢~ -Ii: Qq,e h i-r:::i.e On entonc

r. c. Me ~ r~ndt Vd_ u;.,d rI. Ouierrn d... q_l,.It h b e m .Pm ro (.01 iu • .::8 que f3 S iii Lit d:tspie la I. Vd.:5i mad i ~e haee V d.. tr.ran ~ Se Al:'uUt Vd. I.ude l-tlll ~ A qllC: ho a, por 10 e un. J. A qltt he • C~ precl Dr::.!.pui.'!:s d b. da:s~. ~

At 1 ~rtanl;a ~ i qui 'h iQuj~rll: V Qde le r

.E S{lCrn l:iIIiJ V ds, se d J!5!,C'ro qu V d. dutr

steu loti niftos ~ , ICft :l'iC"l'n{d:a

rin 0 r ..!y du§n.lt 'btU!O mil m ro If: l::!Iip ... i'1

113. Tw Prono pronoun- ob j rs, one d i commonly ex wi Ll \ regard t tl'l e ver-b. th no~,n~cb j ret ( ee 65). iii Th~ ced cs the dire t, Lbollgh l r ahvays ,!;;Otnf:'5 fi rS11 whe l er d

Ali ,.d~~ l" It) di6. { r=lt

,.. C'~,rl ill d6"~', I

nut"~"d~l tld~ !ihowi, it'

TZlIa ~~ Is i:"o. Sht= de i!

J IIliIb r~ Jr.L ~rT .5fll t6~ ohn

Wh(!u a 'Vet 11a.~ t other irKri ree • bOlh .; forms. whu c posit! 2S that of a i~ '~Ie pr t ob jee t Teg lar Iy pr ~xiv of the thh'd erseu,

r ind i rect, r ROI e ;1 tg. me, ,ght II to 'In to)l ~

Mit.

far t!f'Jf.

t.rod C'fd bitUSel f to ~e.

• r.a~I:"f'or IUIlll'll 01 t

... ·n .. UIi:IIII ~oi;ffIe ell- tilt: .. Hb, I.

e In n FlllJ'Dllm I!oou 1

_. foraDltom1.noh.lII1 ·1·1,.---- -

Substi g with bjecrs 3 the ill .

l , 'olJhl his; s $, din

.i5 «11

'" .IlL h, tIDtIO

hll:r). '11$,ifdr you (te

rh b.u

• ~ad of 'Whom ;tiOl'lAI tQ UJjJt.,md d~~ Jcp hi

ronoun _f~. T\'IIO P ronouu-objects er l n,,; l'IOt 5taml 5id~ bJt 5iide; SO he t h i rd pe rson ~ (01' the Ii n( (wbich e t le or les ~ is !lUbsl it n~-erJ a fo rm ~II:.

h.l-.ed \ ,!u! wit h the fiI!'~X i ... e se.

• a.dQ. J b ~ gi"rn M to him (you, r'lle'f). ,Iff), ~i vi" U~¢'" to t"eru (~ ~O!Ll).

r noun 0 je I: t Con'Stfuc: tion, This.

• ~., expl~ i ed in 66, ;5 used a l:so \\1 ith . ects, fe r the smce of eontrast or ern-

till L She 11 liv-en it tg me,

6 adrl. Th ba't'(: ~OWd it 1(1 use,

I), HHd! d~!'" up ~mbi.gui II' esuscd by I'GI1OUn ,I: •

II rlS,,,d~ • ella) - 1 'hiil.~": riYlCrt it ra- 'kim

,.lltls). [am ::o.tn, to

[ 0 b je:ct Pronoun u !ted a 1 Onc~ The noun (d nf~ If u.s'M~ ere.) ordinarii 'f r object p onQ\ln or the: S31M gender, , h ich it i Rnsit;!"5 or explains, I n at . t . S L'Sfd it !;tnd of 'til e rrg-ular obi eet-

j ct 0 r a.' th is. Uti. ,,~ t:tIDI ItI"I' (1.1, th¢ , t 'II: flrt'pulir "I hnm.

d Yd. bt=y hil'l;C: rccomrm::ndtd me to

TM.J v.' t lntrodl'U= "\.-011 UJ 'her,

• e "trb "' ic'h IO"t't.r1'l1 rhe: ptOfiOUfi. l1u·~

:Ie !l&C:d is n rc.pel1~~.

~ r(II .110 d d . I gill':~ du~m to him~ bUl n01

d. Frx 'hom LI M lao'll: ina: ~ rCif .)'Qu . n t re 'nd iruf ohj e.t.t pfOI'DUn to t~ ptt:!li!i t"'~ II: hi II: it. do r1.I: i.1 i5 -C:"ffeU to 1I'5C: PMd with

I!I Vi- I Ipr it for )lOt!,.

lI'iI' 1Ut ~'o her made it for me.


01, used I'ltclS t k1 1.0

b.

I:nd pr [o.-n; I~ s. lol<l:n i .. n 81

nC,Uc1'" f f ilY ria i toot \yhk

IrreE:ula I nlpl!'l' ee ~ Future Lea rn tl Present n Dc'; ni (Set: 5JO )

N1S.H. cnlt.:U UAR

, _

,!, '1'000, ic:h is bltioc=) ~

.sam.1 :proJJO\trll ar f l,f)~ n nd ttlc r1~utf"r t ref II: r Ul idto'!!1 or

'do fUfTtl, tJ", 11:1 ;:t 't klin'c= i l.

1I~r1t'. Tht= "'~binlI

tllfJ. I ""I nt to Ii ,d oue a.

s.tlCood plff 01 fI, "OUl.'

01 the fi.-!!;I I'a:rt, nd in n

irion of PiU1 01 du q_\u~lti Ii"r.nu,.rra lD ,...stO I :tllbiin •

• f3ti y[:- p-ronQU1Ui {! 'g J utJ OIl d ~na Of ;dcoiil;. Ittr is bllldf InIIUU eonee rni Th::u which ),ou u! me.

of U'lit PO!i!i9li1 ft (II Qnoun of:

:pOiief.Sion Of pro 11)'.

!. n

b drilY, "to ,;::ive.'_' Condit jon::. I of do, ati\'e .:J.nd Subju

tidpl , regula, he Pa {

Denni te and 1 ~fil1i e r]y DLuit ted be for

o lB.B FDlJ'Dllm I!oou -.~ob.DI1

I I I I I

r.I!SSON XIX

73

i4 j;_' 1

t to II rs lj

t, {,,11 wed st com cted

120. I di o.m t c, II cabo,.

S I sed "d iOm.;:llt i a ly in t he pres~n t c an d an inA t ive t to 1h:'5~ribf: an

" l'1 e present Or the p~ $t.

A((Ibo- it' tI~p, I b<l" ~ j UM .u'frv~d • .11 !:s~ finn "It' ~ Jill",. T11c!o' haci jrlst

VOCABUl.ARY,

flHt'1 j tpU'F" ,."'.fih;,., ntld;r~r

and 'I.~,.ddd~

11).-

EXERCISE XIX,

~, -Ii Ou~ QU-N;:" ech- f'l1o~ .c Por qui

len V d. =" ('fI~' ~h.t 1IfI.tU~ .. Qiirl. JO I

lI::3bo de: Ret una :ruulcia !!I'U"), moll

~ Ode hil)r? ( 1m. jJ rhe tn~ttc") [.110 C"I que Dl i io J l.I.nl hIE r m.ilno de

~ y (Jut ,t 1e Que ~c ~nutf1.

~ Oui~n Sf ]0 h dieho ~ Nt te dijo mi h rmn"o. A el plod j n.tont.~J ]1'1 flQt a tit'ne qlJ't H ~ V(:ld"d .J mildre:?

No .knOf; TlO PL~1!3 V d. dc-be

3t r~\"O ~ decl~lO, cet)o i::n 3C"G'U ~&r!. Si

So

l. DIt' qui~n ruv ,Se: b di6 1a ~ i c:?or q\ti~

~ Quirl'l h~ him

e. Lill :l"iiia I ie I

u;.\ • io\."m Que: b.

m~l(:l'iils not(' 5 a1_ul~1 Ii ~ft mm: ho.. A b n.i

su tlJild~? :lm",.i I _ Se 1. di6 no le tt I. muc ID- 10

o lBI B FDlJ'Dllm I!oow.:. _. foraDltom1.noh.DI1

I II I I .-.,.-----

",lser-;u.:\l'I ous-

74

., In.:J,ri lie, 1=41:: re

lu ~. a. :\ d.n A &Li 1. pefO Il:'J I" 110 quietI: d~r~ a .nj he I~.~a..

d.. ..: Oil. c-olor ~ Que I)J pr c: Cull e ~l col

~lifii:1 ? lSe 1M l. A (lUiCl 5'" 14u, l Prrfilll!f '~d. I .;. Q,~i~f~ d. (J;Ll "Se le p f'5en!6 ~Ouifn t Ir ~ 5011 V s. disc "Ha f~t: ·do V

iIU:ul~ m~:ni;l:. laCl':/lo re no Ii

£IISI;:. rna 111: 1;0 uifia de 'ilS: fl rtl q e tL

r eUa i til j M¢ ~ iii chr·d ~ atul :. 10 ]11:' 'prei~1I i mi

WIn U V )f ~n16 {A d.)? ~10$ del Ii iior I:Ol10a d, f1l0!

las. Off' Amari Uu que n Co liiUi d~ 5 Ini. ). di« -5c lou

I ..

nntlln.a ~

A f.I:"'tl C1. l't-h QilI'IIIISI ( , IIIblL..::

ADI ric T J VI:: (.a) I ('b) Hli

I"RO N'j') U'N'- I' pl!'l'S

'la1,l.iCJ. 101:) ~~ loAtl

iIII:!. ( )

n"rll illl S,fM i1 bil.rd \I'J t u_p e ",eM d.c:ill 0 Ibilil;r R LICOi, ill n~u 5.

p-rcU.)' kl5 "I

ree d HI

1Sp(~ of ir

!5 b[uC'~ 2. Ii 01 m::l.n hiil.:!Ii iI ntW$ of llum ithOtJll (f)""r.

e znrn I

12 + Subjun rive in Main pf rson P esen t $111 • u nd ;,'e oftrn III ay b strued ss clau ses de.o wish c ommand

Qu d. It'~an e. t.-h.y},O"d r

QCIIH Kb&PH. ~ tbt1l1 rnme up-

C 4 "0.1 Gho,1t Let 'U3 tat

,...hiiiU ] n,1t"3n, 7. Btlt

3"!Iot ",;k u~ 9, Tb,,=

!5Ih~ can l I..: t ~blt'!ll t."Onl~ [u, 10.-

rhearre 'See _ P). II, It is.

:l51«p m. d~l- 2- 'fhC'ff.a t I:

r .1, Sh 1 n('lf llil ,. Uu::m ~ [I me, ;A'rj) bid: ~, mil: \m~iJ on. 1 S, ] ber.,r a I I) ~nt. 16. Tl'liot is .lIr m

is 1 he; Ii oL.I monfh [I he )'ea:r. I

trouble tl i r tC:.lU:"u~ J IfI· 00 }'

2'0, Of ,ui iht i ~.r:T)' .5oit'lr. btl I

going ie. Il. I is. • not ,prah.bl

'1".1, A r }' u will jn, to 8\\·1:; tllt:m to to I:U~ln, b It to 1'IoC'1". 2'4. fOf ~ ho ~

~S. All L I un!k ,1i1;;md )'ou. :ii'6 7. E"c::r}" O'IU: l;kC'!i to I" h.s stree r t ere is. II' nliln

yon to it.:t4J.. w b.u pa rt of

ing;? They ~il wait lor us. a

llir'hl' hMi ~ I;: timc at en

~:har )'0 Did nte, ). ONljDaril,. I

hi1 rid!' f ITI1 Wi1teh il'l di.: a led a qu ter bt Or

f .. 'lth C'1" l II Ilim to t "' ::1'111: .;I'C'S$ I il\~S<l'li

fiIU"he-f aeber Qo{ FrlC'nc'h ~ H IC i 3'.

.18. No !tood 1, I 'h, lInil he- b.1 hn hi" 101 ¢.. \ Vi t 011 plt'.'!.t' !f!4=itk more sl

15hC'ir:Jlc-d II!: is .!Orf)'

c:On.~ in ri'~ Thii -11:1\ n' tl nor to tarn tlflJe 1;::rt~?

• rr~id lh:l.t sh~ ill U ,il:o. bc!d soon. ~ id nQ lin tkcm y it? For 10". t h .-c: jn the p~c:c: of nr::~'S,

~ h~u.. J w;:U11

"hlt=y n \l"ilYIl"I·

hr.1 f. .ll. u~c 511::111 not (CI r I('t 3,;, T1U! 33, Hi.s

I.:'~ lIs yOut' ro! , :iClOtl 'boy. Sh iii nor in 1itud 10 much.

e fir t cr third l'"Cs:n 1\.5 which n u xpressed

e zm FDlJ'Dllm I!oou

I I I II I

16

lay PfC~ frb.

iIIr /tl4g

~ Iva»

+ Objeet. ro.nOlJlns:p1'" by 9ne~ DU'll:lwiu t ~ 10 wdU .lCt-en.t On

o t. (Gil,! mo~_ Let II

" h~ roI'P. H J1jf,l~.

It". l~d_ f'(jI '''/If',. .

.PJtI,,~lo un ... J)~pri,ncu~. Let ItaS

rm..A Cl10n ..,1 L

Sdyn.,rtm jl~". Le1 til

a noUlI C.lli:[H'"CI!iied~ t'Lt If'" and the: subj 1I:tt. tol VI

me U1p I' ~. up ill o r.c: IE.

ir be r.U::If~Ii"tc! Of in

rati v e, rive, tlli edes) ex

perati. ve~ It i, a esc ribed to the d1 ct d by the present S bph .. raIl wit h us ed

Erd" .now.

prunOUf!i1 are j uinltd to nt'l:l;atLve li!:Ml Lnam:h. t .r:y

Learn t he lr, es~r. tenert hi

.)

oftener ~ hac er III e fi rst per.SQl, p b j unc:t ive 0 f esta i!=o rrns.

gs. For these on 1}_,

e zm n FDlJ'Dllm I!oou I I

/ ..... &. AM y. Irf!S~, f,. p.hr H. sente iTIJ(ilJ.... hllllf,l; S/-ttO, 1jI.. at one-C',

.lt1(J b •

"~"d,,. W l' tHl'iHda4~ .~

0,4t., f 0 n. (OlD ,~rlfl)jd' (0 ~i'ot'=". U If'II'(J.'''~~~ 0 Ii t do",,, (

HAi)Ti/O~ )'GUI'lj;

l;:uJ,SI"ll",j'tG; .JlrtitJOt t ~iIII~ :set~t\t

li(('rll II ).

It'nti' ~ :loe ft (R~~h_ 1 r ).

It "",,. " , to C'lp orU!'SI!' C.si,lIit"t'" lot win,. 1 VII)'fII Th jd~ I (I owil'a~ 5i 1,

XXI

LARY.

BIt .. rto.$ d"u~ OS lo,d~.J. S,.4, ~l" tI~ no,Slt.5. Jfl.flh.

he C" nrc. tbt Of diM ~' rdl.or:-

ftl bI • .tJI1IOI1 i&s t.~Pl 1M br~i!':NjJs hu It:np V rI. cUI ""Oft formal Tep iel d.

do

C flrlDs J is :Ii .... ry • U. Inlll ,c:ru t1.:: ~ ec=ting is common 1 fo 10 cd b, an inq .... beaUb. "sr~ ene oJ l Ie' GUD"" irll ftJ

CD ~ ~Sli. lid,?

C 6 t) st' JidlllJ V «r C. 0' II" Ifl'l!i"IIt' .... trlll'4

C6 ut to' 'fU~ Vd."

[ ;11 farm;!'1 ;It'(';-

~H ow goes it"? ot tbe ,,~plin :-M :J ).; ". BNt:rtU. Ai: .fI. If.if fIi"r:nrd~. ( fter.l ilshiod_ )

d~.

Lit n. 1i J low Cd t) I wI a..,

zm n FDlJ'Dllm I!oow..:.

I I

77

th

Lendl_ 'h othet

-.~ob.lII1

I I

rnetU, VI: l-ln.l lids

d;)y~) Hu

f ol~'IO'h~r II tnljl'l:I.~~

~,. r« ,1 IIJ nf8DbiN· 10 ~llfH

011" 1M t hfl" f thC' ;nllCrrgs~·

Ike corn. 3~, On ";rl:-QrU


I I

f pas 'il" ~hrtl! 8h " door ilbtiild oS 4iuotb r, Q II!: u.wld

d_ jl.g, (S t tlTdJ _ Th~ 'SEll1Il IPht4lS~ rnu S "e tun!!:

011 nina: lh door to a pI! On who has Imoc:ked..

M1. ttl! • hi!!' oer, ''rotnll!: ihUo .:!i Upl"f::!. d I Adi!'-

79

III

i gJi1 "ha:Sl~ h.lC' irn05 d~ 1.m OI.Dli

~ndo .no (!ntC!l

LE SQN XXIL

pot feet S u j linctives.. T e re are l\\

IJ as ~ LSCIJ of 1 e Bin b j u ctive, the Firs and Se

feet- hei end ngs are adtle~ to the:

Tl1e ~ r;lin ! fo the: 5 nd and ~hird lam

IS

r&CT :m .... NO 3 rie:te ~leIII" -lG$a: ·.i61t= ·llI:.Seb ·le'lI!':n

-'nII ""r.JI~ -'B..-,

r6r..m -arahl

-~

0111 tM ~rl1 5111:11' 1"11" an ~ ~ r..rd 1i~1I."~ 01

plllr.L\, .fLd I'J(.I~ 'hi IClIIli

e lin I) FDlJ'Dllm I!oou I

80

Apply I tlf",t.e e.ndl" ('lib,., G,,.t<IIIi,,,

DRILL.

rst am) The oi hCT.I

perfect Subj bi uncrives ar fir t i.s tbc common of th I:: two. T e

imperfect subj,.. c{i.cs ig ;11 a d e c th verb of the n~ Ii clause is; in, rf tl pe r ect or C(I nd ition 1,

N.,. ,,:r-o ,..".sib-It 4" Itl~u (ft$,~) fo' :htm to go ),filf ft.liI •

L, ~j~ qoN:~ It"'", (tftt.rd.fO) Itll in l o.nc:t:.

Mi. ... 4r, II1I"I" ,. .... 6· :r:IMlttd'lIPd,cl q,Nt er d told m~ lD 10 p..

Jf t: Q: IUIGria 4l1li" Y ~Gtni~u (~a'Jl!' hk '0 b.ln ,HI C"iIIl \It 1h 135.

t 27. Irregular mperfect Sp ju oCt v

r sub] unetive Df ny iU'C!'gUlaT ~ rb m 'V its past dc6n; 1 by !iiubs.titt1 ng io thi rd person p]u ll·se or .. ra, 1 i

a praetlca 1 met d fOT derivin s.

"".,"," ".II'IU':r"(IIII: .s If.litT4J,' Jituit",f_ dO"'1",~ a:ll';P'WIiIP'rDft!' d .. nn.lu.: t u

ser; fJU!'''.'' fJl~ 'f 11I'~_ ilqur: hir'el'91J; Ai iot"" hiti"l'Q,

.7; d;fN)M; di.t~, dtrNJ,

DRILL.

CoJ'lj'UlI.!t: the .. til er r tel qtt '"'~ lr, ~oltr, "totl,.

128. Condition Cont"",T)" to di ens eon tt~ry to f ct (i. e., c.ond ta in thinl were rue, so rnrthin els 0 th irnpt r £ eet 5ubju ivt! (eil her e) L!i U

n-

-.~ob.DI1

I I

129.

be ~xp Ei.ther (!'Ilnge if there

o« AI ~ .. , "ria m('"T.l 1"4.

0'111 it. no It It r ~ttNl.s lolD I Ih~ li kll! 1'0 havl:

Vu ia 0$1 d- i111!11:L: .It n ~ , ... idQ. [shQuld 1 ike-

rlhtrn 111 Ont:le. 1r/~ $~IIf""1f eet sero

N C Iri.!';(.ra Ilot Jike- 0 lla'll

0.. h't .. ether pe 10111 1 A , i pcdtf

Vii. ~t fa. hi!' ... ·ith )'"01.

tion (th fFi. f~cJ elusion,

S. f f.JlfJU.lJ

'l:¥C: .sholU bLl~

Ji. I . h,rl-lll

br-other id ~1Ol

.a I.i:o"-l n,..)' &-hlnd r ,..a-b j",.ia • .)'01.1.

NO"! ton I:

MII'knUI rl:T n ;p10.fM.i1l 11M'" el 1ii..tIII riA;: ~ .... v4I! Wo'CI' II: d 11111 td.

ju~tL~ic eome."

8r

UB.

:IItD, 1"'. 11144 1I1"1f

"-01.1.1 k mOre at

I ct, ! h implEff~ t.5 uur;:li~ in

It in the eon Iwion, d,.jd. [I l:hi! mOm:y 1

if I w«C-

~liO'rJal ftCNU,. ~

II I ..m "lch ~1 I. 'bIC:.lllUN I

uea a. is fo low t. I)J b q

f Thi~ \1:s.d \.II I!xpr §Lon may e g Slar1&' cr by Q LtJ9i.1!: ra, an j nfini tive if t len is no d th irn per feet $ bj unc:ti ve

a J!ot,.~ .!ill' -!CiI!9'I(jI J~ III John

i ... of 'tOI,lUI

J IhOl.lld

lIIIe ~Ii ""lI"nllllti /dru f"(nl to lu 'YC" 'Illy brethee ro

Lea. t he concnt," and enir, "to


I I

31.

eSI sa. o, mara j ah ril,

ret~ octubr , nov'e : Ia prhnav at el ve n

nitc A ule,l \ ith .dye: thoug h not in :E

It::..;;p ress LQn, 0 are !It'('OlllPa.U ie

kr ~ jQ,. ,dJ tll,iu 0- /HI IdD~

,~~ if'''''.s, F :\l"~

I'6.riJlfol'l, j" StmlDll nut 'W-Cc-k.

t,lloO ... nul )'t;fllf. • ~lo ... d:l:1.

)"f.a •

rn ,h.,

. bill e Jest

I4Ij Ul r«1 "" en . • ~yUl' da)-.

C the- ¥.e.f1 lall). uth,

(one 01 I. 1'1 uf11"M-r

tLl t. pt: r" iI iO t !-I 1"0 (; u.a d" ue L .. ~bllllj !!ii me] ere o ~ Vd.

lil eh!it'.

ere n eierie q\1 ~ J, t:SIIlT1~1: eo!1h:n

CI h.lbl j" h ~I:ba tar ... 1 C'$u,bif -e

e zm n FDfZ(I!Im I!oow.:.

I I i I

Spanish Grammar - 9781440085901

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Spanish Grammar - 9781440085901

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CLASSIIC REPRIINT SIERIIES