Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Produced By :
II ACCOUNTING B1/R2
YEAR 2017
1
FOREWORD
All praise and gratitude writer prayed to God, as author of a paper can finish this properly
and on time. Here the author raised a paper with the title "Preposition and Tenses", which
according to the author can provide great benefits for us all.
On this occasion, the author does not forget to thank Mrs. Lecturer Lina Marlina, M.Pd
who have given this matter. Thus, the author can conceive of "Preposition and Tenses".
Hopefully this paper can provide information and useful to readers. The attention and the
opportunity that has been given to make this paper the authors thanks.
Author
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD………………………..……………………………..…………..………….. i
TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................................... ii
CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY
1.1 Background ……………………….…………………………….……….…….….1
1.2 Formulation of the problem …………………………..………………...….…..…1
1.3 Purpose..……………………………………………………….…….……...…......1
CHAPTER II
2.1 Preposition………….…………..…………………………..…..................….................2
2.1.1 Types of Prepositions…….……………………………………………………2
2.1.2 Examples of Prepositions………………….………....................................…. 3
2.1.3 List of Prepositions...………..………..…………..…………………………...4
2.6 TENSES……………………………………………………………………………………..10
2.6.1 understanding of Tenses
2.6.2 Types of Tenses
2.7 Simple present tense
2.8 Simple present continuous tense
2.9 Simple present perfect
2.10 Simple present perfect continuous tense
2.11 Simple past tense
2.12 Simple past continuous tense
2.13 Simple past perfect tense
2.14 Simple past perfect continuous tense
2.15 Simple future tense
2.16 Simple future continuous tense
2.17 Simple future perfect tense
2.18 Simple future perfect continuous tense
2.19 Simple past future tense
2.20 Simple past future continuous tense
2.21 Simple past future perfect
2.22 Simple past future perfect continuous tense
3.1 Exercies
BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………….…...…………………...…...1
CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY
1.1Background
In the United Kingdom, a preposition (the future of) the nickname of small words.
Seen glimpses of prepositions is just short words are not important, but in fact has a very
important function. While, Tenses is a verb form in English to show time (present, future, or
past) the occurrence of an action or event.
Tenses is a verb-based method used to indicate the time, and sometimes the continuation or
completeness, of an action or state in relation to the time of speaking.
The concept of tense in English is a method that we use to refer to time - past, present and future.
Many languages use tense to talk about time. Other languages have no concept of tense at all, but
of course they can still talk about time, using different methods
1.3 Purpose
Studying and understanding this paper materials namely about preposition and tenses then
expected we can understand the sense, different types, and how to use it. As for any other
purpose the preparation of this paper was to fulfill the course Structur
1
BAB II
2.1 Preposition
What is a preposition?
A preposition is a word used to link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words within a
sentence. Prepositions are usually short words, and they are normally placed directly in
front of nouns. In some cases, you’ll find prepositions in front of gerund verbs.
There are two very important rules to remember when using prepositions. Because they are
somewhat vague, learning about prepositions and using them correctly in sentences takes
practice. Because 1:1 translation is often impossible when dealing with propositions, even
the most advanced English students have some difficulty at first.
The first rule is that certain propositions must be used to make the relationships between
words in a sentence clear. Most prepositions are interchangeable but only to a certain
extent.
The second rule for using prepositions is that these words must be followed by nouns.
There are more than 100 prepositions in the English language. In addition, there are endless
possibilities for creating prepositional phrases. In the following sections, you will find
examples of prepositions, types of prepositions, a comprehensive list of prepositions, and
some helpful preposition exercises.
As you read the examples and study the list, remember that prepositions usually convey
concepts such as comparison, direction, place, purpose, source possession, and time.
There are three types of prepositions, including time prepositions, place prepositions, and
direction prepositions.
Time prepositions are those such as before, after, during, and until; place
prepositions are those indicating position, such as around, between, and against; and
1
direction prepositions are those indicative of direction, such as across, up, and down. Each
type of preposition is important.
In the following sentences, examples of prepositions have been italicized. As you read,
consider how using different prepositions or even different types of prepositions in place of
the examples might change the relationship between the rest of the words in the sentence.
1
2.1.3 List of Prepositions
While there are only about 150 prepositions in the English language, these words are
among the most important. Without them, the sentences we speak, read, and write would be
difficult to understand. The following list of prepositions is not a complete one, however it
is among the most comprehensive lists of prepositions available anywhere.
Aboard Circa Over
About Concerning Past
Above Considering Per
Absent Despite Plus
Across Down Regarding
After During Round
Against Except Save
Along Excepting Since
Alongside Excluding Than
Amid Failing Through
Among Following To
Amongst For Toward
Anti From Towards
Around Given Under
As In Underneath
At Inside Unlike
Before Into Until
Behind Like Up
Below Minus Upon
Beneath Near Versus
Beside Of Via
Besides Off With
Between On Within
Beyond Onto Without
But Opposite Worth
By Outside
1
2.2 Prepositional Phrases
Remember the following rules for prepositional phrases and you will find that using them
becomes much easier.
Prepositional phrases always consist of two basic parts at minimum: the object and the
preposition.
In formal English, prepositions are almost always followed by objects.
Adjectives can be placed between the prepositions and objects in prepositional phrases.
Prepositional phrases can act as adverbs or adjectives. When they are used as adjectives,
they modify nouns and pronouns in the same way single-word adjectives do.
When prepositional phrases are used as adverbs, they at the same way single-word adverbs
and adverb clauses do, modifying adjectives, verbs, and other adverbs.
Just like bread and cheese are the minimum ingredients for making a cheese sandwich, a
preposition and the object of a preposition are the minimum requirements for forming a
prepositional phrase. The object of a preposition is the name for the noun or pronoun
following the preposition.
Prepositional phrases don’t have to be plain. Just as adding more ingredients to a sandwich
dresses it up, adding more words such as adverbs or adjectives is a good method for spicing
up prepositional phrases. As you read the following examples of prepositional phrases,
you’ll notice that the first sentence in each set contains a basic prepositional phrase, while
the second one contains a more interesting one.
1
2.2.1 Examples of Prepositional Phrases
1
2.3 Preposition of Time
A preposition of time is a preposition that allows you to discuss a specific time period such
as a date on the calendar, one of the days of the week, or the actual time something takes place.
Prepositions of time are the same words as prepositions of place, however they are used in a
different way. You can easily distinguish these prepositions, as they always discuss times rather
than places.
At – This preposition of time is used to discuss clock times, holidays and festivals, and
other very specific time frames including exceptions, such as “at night.”
In – This preposition of time is used to discuss months, seasons, years, centuries, general
times of day, and longer periods of time such as “in the past.”
On – This preposition of time is used to discuss certain days of the week or portions of
days of the week, specific dates, and special days such as “on New Year’s Day.”
Prepositions of time allow you to tell your readers when things are taking place. They are
vital parts of speech to use in stories, as well as when writing simple communications,
reports, and other items.
1
2.4 Preposition of Place
What is a preposition of place?
A preposition of place is a preposition which is used to refer to a place where something or
someone is located. There are only three prepositions of place, however they can be used to
discuss an almost endless number of places.
At – A preposition of place which is used to discuss a certain point
In – A preposition of place which is used to discuss an enclosed space
On – A preposition of time which is used to discuss a surface
Prepositions of place allow you to be very specific when talking about where action takes
place in stories or when discussing important details for communication purposes.
Prepositions of place give you the ability to tell others where something is located. In the
following examples, the prepositions of place have been italicized for ease of identification.
1
2.5 Exercises
Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
1. The bone was _______ the dog.
A. About
B. For
C. After
D. Considering
Answer: B. The bone was for the dog.
2. We are going on vacation _______ August.
A. On
B. At
C. In
D. Since
Answer: C. We are going on vacation in August.
3. Please put the vase ________ the table.
A. In
B. On
C. For
D. Over
Answer: B. Please put the vase on the table.
1
6. There are lots of birds nesting _____________________.
A. Under the eaves
B. There
C. Now
Answer: A. There are lots of birds nesting under the eaves.
7. After school, the children played tag ________________.
A. At the park
B. Roughly
C. And baseball
Answer: A. After school, the children played tag at the park.
10. I gave the children pizza ______________ pancakes for breakfast today.
A. Instead of
B. Because of
C. Any more
Answer: A. I gave the children pizza instead of pancakes for breakfast today.
1
2.6 TENSES
2.6.1 Understanding of Tenses
What is Tenses ?
Tenses is a verb form in English to show time (present, future, or past) the occurrence of an
action or event.
tense (noun): a verb-based method used to indicate the time, and sometimes the continuation
or completeness, of an action or state in relation to the time of speaking.
The concept of tense in English is a method that we use to refer to time - past, present and
future. Many languages use tense to talk about time. Other languages have no concept of
tense at all, but of course they can still talk about time, using different methods.we talk about
time in English with tense:
we can also talk about time without using tense (for example, going to is a
special construction to talk about the future, it is not a tense)
one tense does not always talk about one time (for example, we can use the
present tense, or even the past tense, to talk about the future - see tense and
time for more about this)
We cannot talk of tenses without considering two components of many English tenses: time
and aspect. In simple terms...
Time expresses:
The following table shows how these components work together to create some basic tenses.
Time
1
The progressive aspect produces progressive or "continuous" tenses: past continuous, present
continuous, future continuous.
The perfective aspect produces perfect tenses: past perfect, present perfect, future perfect.
And the two aspects can be combined to produce perfect continuous tenses: past perfect
continuous, present perfect continuous, future perfect continuous.
Tenses is a verb form in English to indicate the time (present, future, or past) of an action or
situation. Tenses divided into 16 tenses, including:
1
Simple present tense is a verb form to express facts, habits, or events that are in the present
moment.
Simple present tense is formed from verb-1 (present tense) or linking verb "be" (is, am, are). What is
verb-1? Verb-1 is an infinitive bare with additional -s or -es for the subject of singular noun (single
noun: Tita, book, car) or third person singular pronoun (singular third person pronoun: she, he, it).
negatif S + aux. verb(do/does) + not + bare infinitive She doesn’t like eating out
(-) S + be(am/is/are) + not
The children aren’t naughty
Present continuous tense is formed with the auxiliary verb "be", in the form of is / am / are -
due to present tense, and present participle (-ing form). Generally present continuous tense
occurs only in the action of dynamic verb, not stative verb . Why so? Because in general only
dynamic verb has a continuous form.
1
Present perfect tense is a verb form used to express an action or situation that has been started
in the past and has been completed at a certain point in time in the past or still continues
today.
Present perfect tense is formed with auxiliary verb "have" or "has", and past participle (verb-
3). Have used for I, you, they, we, while has for he, she, it, and a single third person. While
the past participle can be either irregular or regular verb.
negatif S + have/has + not + been + V1- She has not been driving
(-) ing/present participle
The toddlers haven’t been sleeping
1
Simple past tense is a simple verb form to show that an event occurred in the past. In simple
past tense, the time of the incident (yesterday, last two days, last year) or the period of time
(for two months, for a day, for an hour) can be specified. The simple past tense can also be
used used to form if conditional type2.
Simple past tense is formed from verb-2 (past tense) or linking verb "be" (was, were). What
is verb-2? Verb-2 is a bare infinitive with the addition of -ed, -en, -d, -t, -n, or -ne for regular
verbs or inconsistent forms of irregular verbs.
Past continuous tense is formed with auxiliary verb "be", in the form of was / were - due to
past tense, and present participle (-ing form). Was for singular subject (I, she, he, it, and third
person pronoun) and were for plural subject (you, they, we, third person plural).
Past continuous tense generally occurs only in the action of dynamic verb, not stative verb
because in general only dynamic verb has continuous form.
1
interogatif(?) be(was/were) + S + V1-ing/present Was the team running
participle?
Were the workers queuing
Past perfect tense is formed with auxiliary verb "had", and past participle (verb-3). Had been
used both for singular and plural subject. While past participle can be either irregular or
regular verb.
Past perfect continuous tense is formed with auxiliary verb had and been and present
participle. In general, the past perfect continuous tense only occurs in the action of dynamic
verb, not stative verb because it is generally only dynamic verb which has a continuous form.
1
negatif S + had + not + been + V1-ing/present Lia had not been walking
(-) participle
The labors hadn’t been demostrating
Simple future tense is formed from "will" or "shall" and bare infinitive (verb) or formed from
auxiliary verb "be" (am, is, are), present participle "going", and infinitive. What is infinitive?
Infinitive is a bare infinitive that begins or does not begin with "to".
1
Future continuous tense is formed with auxiliary verbwill and be, and present participle (-ing
form). In general, continuous tense futures generally only occur in the action of dynamic
verb, not stative verb because generally only dynamic verb that has a continuous form.
Past future perfect continuous tense is formed with auxiliary verbs, have, been and present
participle (v1-ing).In general, the past perfect perfect continuous tense only occurs in the
action of dynamic verb, not stative verb because generally only dynamic verb has continuous
form.
positif S + would + have + been + V1- I/you/she/he/it would have been driving
(+) ing/present participle
They/we would have been working
negatif S + would + not + have + been + I/you/she/he/it would not have been driving
(-) V1-ing/present participle
They/we would not have been working
interogatif Would + S + have + been + V1- Would I/you/she/he/it have been driving
(?) ing/present participle
Would they/we have been working
1
2.6.12. Past Future Tense
Past future tense or "future in the past" is a verb form to talk about the future from the
perspective of the past. More specifically, this form is used to declare an action to be
performed, either voluntarily or planned, predicting, and making a future appointment while
in the past. Past future tense is often used in reported speech.
Past future tense is formed from the capital of "would" and bare infinitive (verb form) or
formed from auxiliary verb "be" (was, were), present participle "going", and infinitive.
Future perfect tense is formed with auxiliary verb will and have, and past participle (verb-3).
Have been used both for singular and plural subjects. While the past participle can be either
irregular or regular verb.
Thus the future perfect tense formula for positive, negative, and interrogative sentences is as
follows.
positif S + will + have + V-3/past participle The students will have come
1
(+) Meri will have eaten
negatif S + will + not + have + V-3/past participle The students will haven’t come
(-)
Meri won’t have eaten
interogatif will + S + have + V-3/past participle Will the students have come
(?)
Will Meri have eaten
Past future continuous tense is formed with auxiliary verbwould or should and be, and
present participle (-ing form). In general, future continuous tense generally occurs only in the
action of dynamic verb, not stative verb because generally only dynamic verb has continuous
form.
1
Past future perfect tense is formed with auxiliary verb would or should and have, and past
participle (verb-3). Have been used both for singular and plural subjects. While the past
participle can be either irregular or regular verb.
Past future perfect continuous tense is formed with auxiliary verbs, have, been and present
participle (v1-ing). In general, the past perfect perfect continuous tense only occurs in the
action of dynamic verb, not stative verb because generally only dynamic verb has continuous
form.
positif S + would + have + been + V1- I/you/she/he/it would have been driving
(+) ing/present participle
They/we would have been working
negatif S + would + not + have + been + I/you/she/he/it would not have been driving
(-) V1-ing/present participle
They/we would not have been working
interogatif Would + S + have + been + V1- Would I/you/she/he/it have been driving
(?) ing/present participle
Would they/we have been working
1
2.7 Exercise
Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
The answer is A (The word "yesterday" indicates the incident happened in the past so that
the verb used is went.)
The answer is A (Subjects in the sentence are plural, so that used is do not, not does not.)
The answer is A (The sentence is a simple past tense, so the verb used is a second form verb.
The right answer option is the drank, which is the second form of the drink. While drunk is
the third form of verbal form of drink.)
The answer is B (The sentence is a form of past perfect tense. The third form of come still
come.)
1
Change this sentences to negative and intogative sentences
ANSWERS
1
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
3.1 Conclusion
Prepositions are always followed by nouns (or pronouns). They are connective words
that show the relationship between the nouns following them and one of the basic sentence
element: subject, verb, object, or complement. They usually indicate relationship, such as
position, place, direction, time, manner, agent, possession, and condition, between their
objects and other parts of the sentence. Prepositional phrase usually provide information
asked for by the question words who, what, where, when, why, how, and how long
A tense is a form taken by a verb to show the time of an action.[1] There are three main
tenses:
Tenses is a verb form in English to indicate the time (present, future, or past) of an
action or situation. We can see the difference of each tense with the following table
1
working worked been working
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A.Faidal Rahman Ali (2009), Cara Cepat Belajar 16 Tenses. Jakarta: Buku Kita.
Santi, Inez “EMGLISH FOR TEEN 2”, CV Andi Offiset- Yogyakarta 2009.
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/grammar/prepositions
https://www.scribd.com.id249147456/makalah-tenses-16-big
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1