Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
April 2010
This research was made possible with funding from the Cornell University Linking Economic
Development and Child Care Project, which is supported by the WK Kellogg Foundation and the
Peppercorn Foundation. Professor Mildred Warner directs the project. Additional issue briefs and
case studies can be found at: http://economicdevelopmentandchildcare.org.
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The American Association of Pediatrics (2009) has
recommended the reduction of environmental barriers to
an active lifestyle through the construction of safe
recreational facilities, parks, playgrounds, bicycle paths,
sidewalks, and crosswalks. Such opportunities move
children away from the passive entertainment of
computers and television and into an interactive setting
that engages both body and mind (Garcia 2004).
East Lansing, Michigan, is a city that offers many
recreational opportunities for adults and children through
its more than 20 community parks. Along the Northern
Tier Trail, which connects eight of the community’s parks
and numerous neighborhoods, families enjoy hiking,
jogging, biking, rollerblading and bird watching. The city
also manages an outdoor family aquatic center and an
This issue brief explores ways that planners can indoor family fitness center equipped with state‐of‐the‐
support and promote parks, open space and recreation to art exercise equipment. The Governor’s Council on
meet the public health, social interaction, and childhood Physical Fitness and the Michigan Department of
development needs of families. Parks and open spaces Community Health have recognized East Lansing as an
are an integral part of a community’s infrastructure and innovative community that “makes it easier for their
essential to the creation of family‐friendly neighborhoods. citizens to live more active lifestyles.”
Key Points #1: Promote Health Key Point #2: Promote Social Ties
Parks and recreational programs support public Parks and open space function as gathering places
health efforts by providing opportunities for physical for families to form social ties that produce stronger, safer
activity, which helps increase fitness and reduce obesity. neighborhoods that benefit all residents.
During the past 20 years, obesity has risen Parks and open spaces nurture the formation of
dramatically in the United States. In 2008, one‐third of neighborhood ties through frequent, informal interaction
American adults were obese and another third were among neighbors. When ties are strong, people tend to
overweight, according to data from the National Health help and protect each other. Researchers from the
and Nutrition Examination Survey (Flegal et al. 2010). The University of Illinois found that residents who live near
same series of surveys found that, since the late 1970s, outdoor greenery tend to be more familiar with their
the rate of obesity has more than doubled for children neighbors, leading to increased socialization and greater
aged two to five years and tripled for those aged six to 19 feelings of community and safety than residents who
years (CDC 2010). The trend’s negative implications are lacked nearby green spaces. They also learned that the
clear: obesity increases the risks for heart disease, high conspicuous presence of people contributes to safety and
blood pressure, high cholesterol, and Type 2 diabetes. discourages criminal activity (University of Illinois 2003).
Research has also found that the built Unfortunately, many American families,
environment plays an important role in helping control particularly those in low‐income and minority
the weight problem in American families. A 2006 study neighborhoods, lack access to parks and open space near
found that greater access to parks was associated with their homes. South Central Los Angeles has the highest
more physical activity and less sedentary behavior among share of children and second‐highest poverty rate, but the
youth (Epstein et al. 2006). Other research has also found lowest access to parks. This neighborhood received only
that enhanced access to places for physical activity can about half as much per‐child funding for parks as the
lead to a 25.6 percent increase in the number of people affluent West Los Angeles neighborhood between 1998
exercising three or more days per week (CDC 2001). and 2000 (Wolch et al. 2008).
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For safety as well as health reasons, planners provides a chance to initiate activity, develop problem‐
must work to address lack of access to parks and other solving skills, use imagination and negotiate with peers.
areas where all family members can be physically active In younger children, parks may also foster a
and alert to trouble in the neighborhoods. The American lifelong sense of appreciation for nature and connections
Academy of Pediatrics (2009) has recommended that to their local ecosystem. Older children find in parks and
local governments create more parks and green space in green spaces the opportunity for interdisciplinary study
low‐income neighborhoods to reduce unequal access. in areas such as science and conservation (Goltsman et
Such investment can establish a stronger sense of al. 2009). Parks provide excellent locations for arts
belonging, community responsibility, and alertness that education activities that allow for the early cultural
boosts the safety of the neighborhood for families. expression of children (Rivel, 2002).
The diverse community of Fort Myers, Florida Many communities provide programs in their
documented a 28 percent drop in juvenile arrests after parks to attract children and their families. For example,
the city began the STARS (Success through Academics Michigan, East Lansing’s ‘Play in the Park Program’ offers
and Recreational Support) Program in 1990. Participants’ adults and children an opportunity to pack a picnic meal
grades also showed significant improvement. The city and enjoy free activities such as puppet shows and
even built a new recreation center in the heart of a low‐ storytelling during the summer. Miramar, Florida has
income community to support STARS (Witt and taken its programming a step further by anchoring a new,
Crompton 1996). high‐density town center project with an Arts and
Another approach is through community Cultural Center for the exploration of art, music, dance
gardens. A 2003 study conducted by the University of and theater.
Missouri–St. Louis found that neighborhoods with
community gardens were found to be more stable than
other neighborhoods (as cited by Sherer and Steiner
2009). The gardens increase a sense of community
ownership and stewardship, provide a focus for activities,
expose inner‐city youth to nature, connect people from
diverse cultures, reduce crime by cleaning up vacant lots
and build community leaders (Sherer and Steiner 2009).
Nashville, Tennessee currently supports ten community
gardens. The Metropolitan Area Board of Parks and
Recreation has formed a coalition of local organizations
called Grow Nashville to provide information and
resources to area residents who are interested in starting
their own community garden.
Key Point #3: Promote Child Development
Parks and open space have direct, positive
impacts on childhood development through
opportunities for experiential learning and play, and
socializing with peers.
!
City parks provide the open spaces that are
essential to childhood development. Children’s play
promotes their cognitive, social and emotional well‐being Photos credits: George Homsy ‐ page 1 middle
(Ginsburg 2007). According to the Natural Learning and right as well as page 2. Page 1 left by
Initiative, natural settings offer children a multi‐sensory Apple Inc. Page 3 by City of Miramar, Florida.
experience that stimulates informal play, experiential Editing and layout by George Homsy
learning, imagination and creativity. Outdoor play
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Toolkit
Parks and recreation master plan
As with every other aspect of a community, parks and recreation would be well served by a master plan of their own or
a detailed chapter within a comprehensive plan. This would include, among other things, an inventory of existing facilities, their
uses and their programs as well as a map of park locations in relation to residential areas. Analysis should include examining
underserved neighborhoods and underutilized facilities with appropriate plans for change to match community needs.
Recommendations for zoning and subdivision regulations should provide for parks and ongoing upgrades and maintenance.
Park Financing
Over the last decade, voters have overwhelmingly approved park financing initiatives. Since 1998, more than 750
measures have gone before voters across the country with a success rate of 80 percent or nearly $30 billion in new park
and conservation funding (Blaha 2005). Communities have supported parks with impact fees, real estate taxes, tax
increment financing (TIF), co‐location with schools and corporate or philanthropic sponsorships. The Trust of Public Land
has documented the successful strategies on its website http://www.tpl.org.
Promoting Health
• Assess current parks and open space for bike and pedestrian accessibility to residential areas
• Develop brochures to advertise walkable and bikeable daytime outings throughout your community
• Co‐locate fitness and exercise trails with existing parks, athletic fields or school playgrounds
• Develop & maintain athletics complexes, including basketball courts, swimming pools and baseball fields
• Administer sports programming for all ages, including youth sports and community adult leagues
• Require large, new residential development to provide open space and playgrounds
Promote Social Ties
• Support community gardens on vacant lots
• Create a teen council of local students to describe their needs for the community
• Plan parks for family members of different ages and for those with special needs and disabilities
• Use park and recreational facilities as focal points for after school teen programs
• Translate parks and recreation information into other languages spoken in your community
Promote Child Development
• Offer high‐quality infant care, toddler care, pre‐K or Mother’s day play groups
• Explore new types of parks, such as dog, wetland, pocket or waterspray parks in existing neighborhoods
• Integrate children’s environmental programming into park facilities
• Consider art in alternative venues and offer public art that children can touch and play around safely
• Develop a summer concert, film, theater or dance series in the park
• Organize a summer fine arts camp for youth
Additional Resources
• American Community Gardening Association ‐ www.communitygarden.org
• APA Parks Forum ‐ www.planning.org/cityparks
• Nashville, Tennessee Community Gardens/GROW Nashville ‐ www.nashville.org/community_gardens
• Natural Learning Initiative ‐ www.naturalearning.org
• Park, Recreation, Open Space & Greenways Plan, 2009‐2013, East Lansing, Michigan ‐ www.cityofeastlansing.com
• Public Art – Project for Public Spaces ‐ www.pps.org/info/pub_art
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References
American Academy of Pediatrics. 2009. Committee on Environmental Health, “The Built Environment: Designing
Communities to Promote Physical Activity in Children.” Pediatrics. Vol. 123, No. 6: 1591‐1598.
Benedict, Mark and Edward T. McMahon. 2003. “How Cities Use Parks for Green Infrastructure.” City Parks Forum
Briefing Paper. Chicago: American Planning Association. www.planning.org/cityparks/briefingpapers/index.htm
Blaha, Kathy. 2005. “How Cities Use Parks for Smart Growth.” City Parks Forum Briefing Paper. Chicago: American
Planning Association. www.planning.org/cityparks/briefingpapers/index.htm
CDC (U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2010. “Obesity and Overweight for Professionals: Childhood
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overwght_child_03.htm
CDC (U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2001 “Increasing Physical Activity: A Report on Recommendations
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Epstein, Leonard H., Samina Raja, Samuel S. Gold, Rocco A. Paluch, Youngju Pak and James N. Roemmich. 2006.
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Flegal, Katherine M. et al. 2010. “Prevalence and Trends in Obesity Among US Adults, 1999‐2008.” Journal of the
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Analysis.” Los Angeles: University of Southern California, Sustainable Cities Program, GIS Research Laboratory.
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