RATIFICATION PAGE

The complete report of experiment Genetic and Evolution which have title “The Role
of Gene Which Influenced by Sex” created by:
Name : Anshar Mansabadi
Reg. No : 081404164
Group : VI
Have been checked and consulted by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator and this report is
accepted.

Makassar, November , 2010

Assistant Coordinator, Assistant,

(Djumarirmanto S. Pd) (Ariandi)

Nim. 071404075

Known by
Lecturer of Responsibility,

Hartati, S.Si, M.Si

ID: 197404052000032004
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Some sex differences in expression of inherited traits may result from
genetic imprinting. Genetic imprinting refers to different expression of
chromosomes, parts of chromosomes, or single genes, depending on which of the
two sexes they are inherited from. To achieve imprinting, some genetic materials
can be modified during gamete production or early embryonic development in
one of the two sexes, so the traits determined by the imprinted genes are
expressed differently than would be expected under typical mendelian
inheritance. Such methylation, especially if it occurs in the promoter regions of
genes, can nullify the ability of the genes to be transcribed. Certain genes that
can be imprinted will be methylated in the production of sperm, others in the
production of ova, and they can be reactivated by demethylation when they pass
through gametogenesis in the opposite sex. It is still not known why certain
alleles are subject to imprinting while others are not, and why they are more
likely to be imprinted in one sex than the other.
Inherited characteristics that are conditioned by the sex of the individual.
These traits are determined by genes that act differently in the two sexes. The
usual result is that a given trait appears preponderantly in one sex. The reasons
for such inheritance are neither the chromosomal location of the responsible
genes, which may therefore be autosomal as well as X-linked, nor the normal
sex-determining mechanism of the species.
With this practical, we want to observe gene which influenced by sex in top
finger. This gene is influenced by X chromosome. To observe that we compare
top finger between ring finger using a strike line. The dominan gene give fenotip
top finger shorter than ring finger. But if it resesive the top finger longer than
ring finger.
B. Purpose
Try to determine the genotip base on top finger
C. Purpose
1. For practicer, we will know how sex cen influence gene.
2. For environment, it is the good concept which must know by society, so
by this practical we can know this concept and use it in society.
3. For next practical, the report of this practical can use as reference for nextr
practical which related with it.
 CHAPTER II
PRIVIEW OF LITERATURE

Dominant genes showed that influence at man and woman. At in resesive

homozigote, dominan influence can showed with fenotipe. In this part will explain
the genes which that dominance depend on sex of each individu. Some of that
example is blank head, like Telly Savalas and Yul Bryner. The blank head not from
disease or the decereaseing of nutrition from food, but really from the heredity.
Eventhought usually blank head dominantly at man, but sometimes we can see the
balnk head of woman (Suryo, 2008)
Normally the blank head which be showed after the people in 30 ages. When
still child or adult. Firstly the blank head caused gene at sex chromosome, like colour
blind. But at the fact it showed that if thew father has blank head the children will has
blank head too. This reality give evidance that the hipothesys is fals, because if the
gene of blank head at X chromosome so it is imposible if father and his son has same
trait. If the genes at Y chromosome, so that hypothesys also fals, remember that there
are daughter who has blank head too (Suryo, 2008).
Structural genes can be defenited as the sequence of nucletide which arrange
the amino aciud specification (it’s structural) at polypetide. Associated with the
beginnig and the ending, each structural genes is nucletide sequence which known as
control unsure, which include the regulation of transcirption. Interacgtion between
control unsure, polimery enzyme RNA and regulation protein which will be explain
at Chapter 22 until Chapter 25. In this part it’s enough for note the two type of
control unsure which can be found at every where: sequence promotor, which RNA
polumerase must bind if wills copy the genes to mRNA and terminator sequence,
which give code that polymerase must be go on from the sense (Soemarto, 1984).
Structural genes repreentate almost genes at chromosome and if the genes
explained in this chapter, that vocab will base on structural genes. Beside that,
bacteria and ekuaryote has some of genes which the transcrip nof RNA not as
conjugation but as final product as genes expression. Include that the genes which
specification RNA molecule of ribosom (rRna) dan transfer (tRNA), both of the
doing the functionat mRNA translation. Genes of rRNA dan tRNA associated with
control unsure of promotor and termonator, and RNA transcription at the begin will
process deeply before accept the active form with biologis. But, the tRNA transcrip
and rRNA translated tp polypeptide sequence. Genes of tRNA and rRNA called here,
because, like the next chapter, the analyze has formed at our mind of genes structure
(Soemarto, 1984).
At the years after the discovery of Mender and briefing of genetic knowledge,
a professor mathematic of english, G.H. Hardy and a docter form Germany, W.
Weinberg with seperated, has public their analyze about the balance in population,
which than as Hardy-Weinberg law. The law showed with simpply mathematic
formulation, that the frequence of alel in population can be stabilized and still static at
the balance from one genration to other generation. Because that alels in balance
condition, a person can determined the frequence at some alel in that population.
From that frequence, we can determinated tha proportion of individuals with some of
genotipe in the pepulation (Pai, 1992).
We know that the information stored in the form of the nucletide-pair
sewuence ina genes is trabsferred by a process called transcription to an
intermediarry; a single-standared messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, which carriers
that information from the genes in the chromosomes to the ribosomes the cytoplasmic
sites of protein synthesis. Many nuclear genes of higher eukaryotes and some genes
of lower eukaryotes and of cellular organelles conatin noncoading sequeances called
introns or intervening sequences that separate coding sequences called exons of these
genes. The entire sequences of these split genes transcribed into primary transcript
called pre-mes senger RNAs (pre-mRNAs) nor sometimes heterogeneous nuclear
RNAs (mRNAs) (for nuclear transcripts). The noncoding intron sequences of these
pre-mRNAs are subsequently removed by two-step splicing processes carried out on
complex RNA and protein containing structures called spliceosomes (Gardner, 1909).
Direct study of the genetic basis of human traits has depended largely on
refined statistical largely on refined statistical analysis of geneological lines and the
compilation of vital statistics. These methods have been forced upons us by the long
reproductive cycle in man, about thirty years per generation, and in the genetics
sense, by unrestricted evidence confirms the proporsition that the transmission and
functionof human genes corresponds to that of other biparental diploid organisms. Let
us begin with derived from the introduction of new and promising methods (Banner,
1961).
Except genes which related with sex chrosome also known genes which
influenced bys sex. And genes which limited by sex. In this part we will know the
character which caused by gen which influenced by sex “sex influenced genes”
(Hartati, 2010).
Inheritance can be influenced by the sex of the individual carrying the traits.
An example can be seen in male-pattern baldness in humans, where hair is very thin
on top of the head. This is not a sex-linked trait but rather, a sex-influenced trait
(Goldberg, 2007).
Inherited characteristics that are conditioned by the sex of the individual.
These traits are determined by genes that act differently in the two sexes. The usual
result is that a given trait appears preponderantly in one sex. The reasons for such
inheritance are neither the chromosomal location of the responsible genes, which may
therefore be autosomal as well as X-linked, nor the normal sex-determining
mechanism of the species (Anonyma, 2010).
Some traits are carried on the sex chromosomes, X and Y. Most traits carried
are present on only the X-chromosome. The Y-chromosome is smaller, and so, very
few genes are located on this chromosome. Sex traits can be categorized into three
types of inheritance: sex-limited, sex-linked, and sex-influenced. Sex-limited traits
are traits that are visible only within one sex. For instance, barred coloring in
chickens normally is visible only in the roosters.Sex-linked traits would be
considered traits like sickle cell anemia and color blindness. They are said to be
linked because more males (XY) develop these triats than females (XX). This is
because the females have a second X gene to counteract the recessive trait. Thus, the
trait is more likely to be visible in the male. Sex-influenced traits are autosomal traits
that are influenced by sex. If a male has one recessive allele, he will show that trait,
but it will take two recessive for the female to show that same trait. One such gene is
baldness. A lot of sex-limtied traits can determine parental carriers by using a
pedigree. The colored blocks indicate a recessive trait phenotype, and from there,
carriers can be traced back. This is an effective method when determining the
probability of an offspring receiving that trait (Anonymb, 2010).
The first demonstration of sex linkage was the white eye gene in Drosophila,
the fruit fly which has become so important to the study of classical genetics. Normal
fruit fly eye color is a dull brick red. Mutations in this gene cause the eyes to be
white. The white allele is recessive, but it was quickly determined that the inheritance
pattern for this gene was different from those of other genes being studied. In some
kinds of matings, reciprocal crosses produced different results, something which had
never been observed to happen with other genes. Not only that, but in some kinds of
matings, the results for the male offspring would be different from the results for the
female offspring. For instance, if a white-eyed female was mated to a red-eyed male,
all of the female offspring would be red eyed, but all of the male offspring would be
white eyed (Anonymc, 2010).
B. Discussios
This practical about genes which influenced by sex. This cativity done by
observe or compare the long of fore finger with ring finger by meassure by a line.
Beside take data from each practicant, it also take data from class which some
mathematic formulation. For man, the dominant character is fore finger is shorter
than ring finger, but for woman the dominant character is fore finger is longer than
ring finger. It because this character or traits is influenced by sex. Base on data
from class, 8 man has short fore finger (TT, Tt) and 2 man has long fore finger (tt).
And 21 woman has short forefinger (TT) and 3 woman has long forefinger (Tt, tt).
Base on the theory Inherited characteristics that are conditioned by the sex of
the individual. These traits are determined by genes that act differently in the two
sexes. The usual result is that a given trait appears preponderantly in one sex. The
reasons for such inheritance are neither the chromosomal location of the
responsible genes, which may therefore be autosomal as well as X-linked, nor the
normal sex-determining mechanism of the species.
There are 34 data, the male short forefinger are 8 persons, male long
forefinger are 2 persons. Female short forefinger are 21 persons and female long
forefinger are 3 persons. The frequenxy of male long forefinger is 2 divided all of
datat, which is 5,88%. The frequency of female short forefinger is 23,52%. The
frequency of long forefinger is 8,82%. And the frequency of female short
forefinger is 61,76. Base on that data, the highest phenotype frequence is female
short forefinger and the lower is male long forefinger.
The genotype frequence for male long forefinger is1,99 and for male short
forefinger is 7,997. The genotype frequence for female long forefinger is 3,0048
and for female short forefinger is 20,976. So the highest still female short
forefinger and the lowest is male long forefinger.
 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion
From the theroy, the dominant character of man is short forefinger and
dominant character for woman is long forefinger. But from observation result 2
man has long finger and 21 woman has short forefinger. It means, gene which
influenced sex not perfectly same with the theory.
B. Suggestion
A. For assistant, should give explanation more about this practical.

B. For laboratory, should give good condition specially for temperature.

C. For practicer, should doing practical more seriously.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Banner, David M. 1961. Heredity. New Jersey: Printice. Hall. Inc

Hartati, 2010. Penuntun Praktikum Genetika. Makasar: UNM

Gardner, Eldan. John. 1909. Principles of Genetics. New York: Library. As. Longress
Catelogin.

Pai, Anna.C. 1992. Dasar- Dasar Genetika Untuk Masayarakat Edisi Kedua. Jakarta:
Erlangga.

Soemarto, Adi. 1984. Third Genetika. Jakareta: Erlangga

Suryo, 2008. Genetika. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University.

Anonyma, 2010. Sex Influence Inheritane Defenition. www.dictionary.com

Anonymb, 2010. Sex Linked Limit and Influence Traits. www.genome.com

Anonymc, 2010. Gender Matters. www.biologybook.com