1. The secretions of the adrenal medulla act to supplement the effects of _____________.

a. parasympathetic innervation
b. sympathetic stimulation
c. vagus nerve activity
d. neurosecretory substances

2. The parasympathetic nervous system is characterized by peripheral ganglia usually near the
__________________.
a. organs and by short postganglionic fibers
b. organs and by long postganglionic fibers
c. spinal cord and by short postganglionic fibers
d. spinal cord and by long postganglionic fibers

3. A drug that might be used specifically to reduce heart rate in cardiac patients could be ________.
a. anticholinesterase
b. epinephrine
c. norepinephrine
d. a beta-blocker

4. Which of these effectors is not directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
a. smooth muscle
b. cardiac muscle
c. skeletal muscle
d. most glands

5. Which of the following is not a result of parasympathetic stimulation?

a. salivation
b. dilation of the pupils
c. increased peristalsis of the digestive viscera
d. elimination of urine

6. The site of the origin of the preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system is the
a. thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord
b. higher brain centers
c. sympathetic chain
d. brain stem and the sacral region of the spinal cord

7. Sympathetic division stimulation causes

a. decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure
b. increased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure
c. increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood
pressure
d. decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood
pressure

8. All preganglionic axons of the autonomic nervous system release _________________.

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 a. dopamine
b. serotonin
c. the same neurotransmitter as the one released by the sympathetic postganglionic axons
d. the same neurotransmitter as the one released by the parasympathetic postganglionic
axons

9. Preparing the body for the “fight or flight” response is the role of the _____________.
a. sympathetic nervous system
b. cerebrum
c. parasympathetic nervous system
d. somatic nervous system
e. None of the above

10. Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular
a. ions
b. deactivators
c. nucleotides
d. second messengers

11. Growth hormone _____________________.

a. is also called somatostatin
b. is regulated by humoral mechanisms
c. secretion results in a decrease in muscle mass
d. promotes long bone growth during puberty

12. ADH __________________.

a. increases urine production
b. promotes dehydration
c. is produced in the adenohypophysis
d. is inhibited by alcohol

13. Insulin is a protein hormone that is released

a. in excessive amounts in obese people
b. in response to severe physical stress
c. when the body’s glucose levels rises
d. when the body’s glucose level drops

14. The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on
____________________.
a. the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path
b. the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ
c. the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
d. Nothing – All hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because
hormones are powerful and nonspecific.

15. Steroid hormones exert their action by

a. entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
b. finding appropriate cell receptor and initiating cAMP activity
c. stimulating the synthesis of glycogen
d. increasing blood pressure

16. In order for cells to respond to peptide hormones, it is necessary for first and second messengers to
communicate. This is possible because _____________________.
a. peptide hormones always enter the cell membrane and elicit a response without assistance

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 from other messengers
b. hormones alter cellular operations through stimulation of gene directly
c. G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers
d. the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit

17. The major targets of growth hormone are

a. the blood vessels
b. the adrenal glands
c. the liver
d. bones and skeletal muscles

18. The “resting and digesting” division of the autonomic nervous system is the ____________.
a. parasympathetic division
b. sympathetic division
c. somatic division
d. peripheral nervous system
e. None of the above is correct
19. Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland.
The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the
___________________.
a. hepatic portal system
b. general circulatory system
c. hypophyseal portal system
d. feedback loop
20. The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. This is accomplished through
a. blocking the action of growth hormone
b. targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released
c. activating the synthesis of calcitonin
d. slowing the activity of tissues that require calcium for activity

21. The neurohypophysis is not a true endocrine gland because __________________.

a. it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release
b. embryonically it was an endocrine system, but in adult human it is no longer functional
c. it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system
due to its location
d. it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for
release

22. Would a patient who had suffered loss of the anterior pituitary due to surgery be likely to show reduced
levels of secretion by the thyroid?
a. Yes, because loss of the anterior pituitary gland inhibits the parathyroid gland.
b. Yes, because thyroid secretion is normally regulated by the anterior pituitary.
c. No, because the thyroid and anterior pituitary do not share a common blood supply.
d. No, because when the anterior pituitary is removed or dysfunctional the posterior pituitary
normally assumes its functions.
23. Which of the following would be associated with the action of steroid hormones on cells?
a. Extracellular receptors with a specificity for steroid hormone
b. An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP
c. Second-messenger systems
d. A hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cell’s DNA

24. Which of the following is not a class of hormones?

a. steroids
b. amines
c. alcohols

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 d. peptides and proteins

Use the following choices to answer questions 25-28.

1. Aldosterone
2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
3. Growth hormone (GH)
4. Oxytocin
5. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
6. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
7. Melatonin

25. If a woman has been walking through the desert all day without food or water, what hormones will most
likely be found in elevated levels in her blood?
a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. 1 and 2 aldosterone and ADH
d. 2 and 4
e. 1, 2, 3

26. The hormone that promotes milk ejection after delivery is:
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4 oxytocin
e. 5

27. The hormone that induces ovulation in women is:

a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
e. 6 LH luteinizing hormone
28. The hormone synthesized by the pineal gland is:
a. 2
b. 4
c. 5
d. 6
e. 7 Melatonin

29. Sympathetic fibers leave the spinal cord in the

a. craniosacral region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norephinephrine
b. thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete acetylcholine
c. craniosacral region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete acetylcholine
d. thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norephinephrine

30. Aldosterone _____________________.

a. is secreted by the neurohypophysis
b. functions to increase sodium reabsorption
c. presence increases potassium concentration in the blood
d. production is greatly influenced by ACTH

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 31. The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ____________________.
a. synthesizing more of the hormone than is actually needed
b. increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ
c. not responding to a feedback mechanism
d. binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

32. The somatic nervous system issues somatic motor commands that direct the:
a. contractions of smooth and cardiac muscles
b. contractions of skeletal muscles
c. activities of the autonomic nervous system
d. activities of glands and fat cells

33. In circumstances where the body requires increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will
specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the target organs. This is known as
________________.
a. the cell’s sensitivity reaction
b. cellular affinity
c. up-regulation
d. a reaction to a stressor

34. Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus

a. enter venous circulation and travel to the heart, which pumps the hormone-containing blood to
the pituitary
b. enter the hepatic portal system, which feeds the pituitary
c. travel by arteries to the pituitary
d. first enter into the hypophyseal portal system

Matching – Bubble your choices on the scantron sheet. Choices can be used more than once.

35. Active after you have eaten a meal. (A)

A. Parasympathetic
36. Increases blood pressure (B) B. Sympathetic
.
C. Adrenal medulla
37. Decreases heart rate. (A)
D. Pancreas
38. The gland that controls the fight-or-flight reaction. ©
E. Thyroid
39. Produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body. (D)

40. Produces the body’s major metabolic hormones. (E)

TRUE OR FALSE - The following questions can be answered either true or false. Write your answer
on the scantron as follows: TRUE = A FALSE = B

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 41. Norephinephrine-releasing fibers are called cholinergic fibers. F

42. The parasympathetic division is a branch of the somatic nervous system. F

43. LH is often referred to as a gonadotropin. T

44. Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions. T

45. The beta cells are the pancreatic islet cells that produce insulin. T

46. The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the
parathyroid. F

47. The two cholinergic receptor types are nicotinic and muscarinic. T

48. β2 receptor type when activated increases heart rate. F

49. Juvenile diabetes is caused by insufficient insulin production. T

50. Autocrines are chemicals that exert effects on the neighboring cells. F

BONUS – 3 POINTS – Please write your response in the green shaded area on the back of the scantron!

How could you distinguish between a neural response and endocrine response on the basis of
response time and response duration?

Neural responses occur within fractions of a second and do not last long (short duration).
Endocrine responses may be slow to appear but last for minutes to days (long duration).