Presentation PDF

A Study on Estimates of Convergence of Certain
Approximation Operators
Presented by
Nav Shakti Mishra
Under the Supervision of

Prof. Naokant Deo
Department of Applied Mathematics
Delhi Technological University
Delhi-110042
Presented by Nav Shakti Mishra (DTU) A Study on Estimates of Convergence of Certain Approximation Operators 1 / 38
Outline
Table of contents
1. Introduction
2. Preliminaries
3. Literature Review
4. Work Done Till Date
5. Future Plan
6. References
INTRODUCTION
The foundation of approximation theory was laid in the year 1885, when
Karl Weierstrass proved the possibility of representation of any continuous
function subjected to chosen polynomials. For algebraic polynomials, the
theorem (also known as Weierstrass first approximation theorem) states
that if a function f (x) is continuous on the interval [a, b] and > 0, then
we can find a polynomial P(x) such that the inequality
|f (x) − P(x)| <
would hold for all values of x in this interval. For trigonometric

polynomials, he gave the following result: If a function is 2π periodic and
is continuous on the real axis, then we can find a trigonometric polynomial
T (x) for > 0 such that there holds the inequality
|f (x) − T (x)| < x ∈ [−π, π]
INTRODUCTION
There are several proofs of this fundamental theorem, beginning with that
given by Weierstrass in 1885. But one of the simplest and most elegant
way to prove this theorem was given by S.N.Bernstein in 1912 by defining
the famous Bernstein polynomials in closed interval x ∈ [0, 1] as follows:
n
X k
Bn (f ; x) = bn,k (x) f , x ∈ [0, 1]
n
k=0
where

n k
bn,k (x) = x (1 − x)n−k
k
INTRODUCTION
Later in the year 1950, O. Szász and G. Mirakian [30] extended the result
to positive semi real line [0, ∞) and gave Sźasz-Mirakian operators for a
continuous function f (x) on the interval [0, ∞) as follows:
∞
X k
Sn (f ; x) = sn,k (x) f , x ∈ [0, ∞)
n
k=0
where
(nx)k
sn,k (x) = e −nx
k!
INTRODUCTION
In 1957, Baskakov [2] introduced another operators on positive semi real

axis [0, ∞) called Baskakov operators and defined as:
∞
X k
Bn (f ; x) = vn,k (x) f , x ∈ [0, ∞)
n
k=0
where
xk

n+k −1
vn,k (x) =
k (1 + x)n+k
INTRODUCTION
Since Bernstein polynomials were not considered suitable to approximate

integrable functions, Kantorovich [19] was the first to define the integral
variant of Bernstein polynomials in the vicinity of the point kn as:
(k+1)/(n+1)
n Z
X n k
B̂ (f ; x) = (n + 1) x (1 − x)n−k f (t) dt,
k
k=0 k/(n+1)
INTRODUCTION
Similarly Szász Kantorovich operators are defined as:

(k+1)/n
∞
(nx)k
X Z
−nx
Ŝ (f ; x) = ne f (t) dt, x ∈ [0, ∞)
k!
k=0 k/n
Again for Baskakov operators, the corresponding Kantorovich variant for

x ∈ [0, ∞) is as follows:
(k+1)/(n−1)
∞
xk

n+k −1
X Z
V̂ (f ; x) = (n − 1) f (t) dt,
k (1 + x)n+k
k=0 k/(n−1)
INTRODUCTION
In 1967, Durrmeyer [12] gave a more generalised integral modification of

Bernstein operators by replacing the values of f (k/n) by an integral over
the weighted function on the interval [0, 1]. Bernstein-Durrmeyer operators
were first studied by Derrienic [9] and are defined as:
n Z1
X n k n k
B̃ (f ; x) = (n + 1) x (1 − x)n−k t (1 − t)n−k f (t) dt.
k k
k=0 0
INTRODUCTION
In 1985, Durrmeyer forms of Szász and Baskakov operators had been given
by Mazhar & Totik [24] and Sahai & Prasad [28] respectively and are
defined as follows;
∞ Z∞
−nx
X (nx)k (nt)k
S̃ (f ; x) = ne e −nt f (t) dt,
k! k!
k=0 0
and
∞
xk

X n+k −1
Ṽ (f ; x) = (n − 1)
k (1 + x)n+k
k=0
Z∞
tk

n+k −1
× f (t) dt
k (1 + t)n+k
0
INTRODUCTION
PRELIMINARIES
PRELIMINARIES
Korovkin Theorem
For linear positive operator Ln , if the three conditions
Ln (1, x) = 1 + αn (x),
Ln (t, x) = x + βn (x),
Ln (t 2 , x) = x 2 + γn (x)
are satisfied where αn (x), βn (x) and γn (x) converge uniformly to zero in
the interval [a, b], then the sequence Ln (f , x) converge uniformly to the
function f (x) in this interval, if f is bounded, continuous in the interval
[a, b], continuous on the right at the point b and on the left at the point a.
PRELIMINARIES
Linear Positive Operators
I An operator L(f ; x) = L(f (t); x) defined on the set F of functions

f (t) and x ∈ E if a function φ(x) is associated to every function f (t)
of the set F and written as φ(x) = L(f ; x).
I An operator L(f ; x) is said to be linear if the domain of its existence

(F ) together with the functions f (t) and g (t) contains the function
af (t) + bg (t) and if there holds the equality:
L (af + bg ; x) = aL (f ; x) + bL (g ; x)
.
where a and b are any real numbers.
I A linear operator L(f ; x) is said to be positive if L(f ; x) ≥ 0, x ∈ E

holds for every positive function f (t).
PRELIMINARIES
Tools of measurement of Smoothness of a function
I More smoother the function the less will be the degree of

approximation.:
1 Modulus of Continuity
2 Peetre’s K-functional
PRELIMINARIES Modulus of continuity
Modulus of continuity
I Definition:
Let f ∈ C [a, b],then the quantity given by
ω (δ) = ω (f , δ) = máx |f (x + h) − f (x)| , a 6 x 6 b
|h|6δ
is called the modulus of continuity of the function f (x).
I Properties:
1. ω (δ) is non-negative. ;
2. ω (δ) is monotone increasing function of δ;
3. ω (δ) is continuous and tends to zero as δ → 0;
4. ω (f + g , δ) 6 ω (f , δ) + ω (g , δ);
5. ω (f , δ) 6 2 kf k;
6. ω (f , nδ) 6 nω (f , δ) , n ∈ N;
7. ω (f , λδ) 6 (1 + λ) ω (f , δ) , λ ∈ R;
8. ω (f , δ) 6 δ kf 0 k;
9. ω (αf1 + f2 , δ) 6 |α| ω (f1 , δ) + ω (f2 , δ);
PRELIMINARIES Peetre’s K-functional(1963)
Peetre’s K-functional
I Definition:
Let f ∈ CB [a, b] where CB [a, b] is the class of real
valued continuous bounded functions ,then Peetre’s
K-functional of order r is defined by
Kr (f , δ) = ı́nf {kf − g k + δ r kg r k ; g ∈ CBr [a, b]} ,
where
CBr [a, b] = g ∈ CB [a, b] ; g 0 , g 00 , .....g r −1 ∈ CB [a, b] .

I There exists a positive constant C such that
Kr (f , δ r ) ≤ C ωr (f , δ)
.
Definition of Big O and Small o Term

I Meaning of f (x) = O(g (x)):
1. Let f (x) and g (x) be functions defined on some subsets
of the set of real numbers. Then,f (x) = O(g (x)) as
x → ∞ if and only if there exists a positive real no. M
and a real no. x0 such that |f (x)| ≤ M|g (x)|
for all x > x0
2. OR f (x) = O(g (x)) if and only if there exists a positive
real no. M such that
f (x)
lı́m 6M
x→∞ g (x)
I Meaning of f (x) = o(g (x)):

If g(x) is non zero or at least becomes non zero beyond
a certain limit then the relation f (x) = o(g (x)) is
equivalent to lı́m gf (x)
(x) = 0.
x→∞
LITERATURE REVIEW
LITERATURE REVIEW
Ismail and May [?], in continuation of the remarkable work done by May
[?], considered some exponential type operators
Z∞
Wλ (f , x) = S (λ, x, t) f (t) dt
−∞
which satisfy the following homogenous partial differential equation
∂ λ(t − x)
S (λ, x, t) = S (λ, x, t) , (1)
∂x q(x)
and the normalization condition

Z∞
Wλ (1, x) = S (λ, x, t)dt = 1.
−∞
where, S(λ, x, t) ≥ 0 is the kernel of these operators, q(x) is analytic and

positive for x ∈ (a, b)
LITERATURE REVIEW
The partial differential equation and the normalisation condition together

define at most one kernel W (λ, t, u) of an exponential operator for a given
polynomial p(t). Also, the normalization condition yields,
 
g (t)
Z Z∞
θdθ 
exp λ = C (λ, s) exp (λsq(t)) du, x ∈ Range of q(t),

p(θ)
c −∞
(2)
Rt dv
where q(t) = p(v ) and g (q(t)) = q(g (t)).
c
Ismail and May [17] proved that for a polynomial q(x) of any degree, the
approximation operator Wλ (f , x) is uniquely determined and satisfies the
differential equation (1) along with the normalisation condition. As a
result, they recovered some known exponential operators such as
Bernstein, Szász, Baskakov, Gauss-Weierstrass, Post-Widder etc. for
constant, linear and quadratic polynomials and further gave some new
operators for cubic q(x).
LITERATURE REVIEW
For instance if p(t) = t and c = 1 in (2), the corresponding approximation

operators is Szász operators,
∞
(λx)k

−λx
X k
Sλ (f ; x) = e f , x ∈ (0, ∞).
k! λ
k=0
Similarly, for a quadratic p(t) = t(1 − t) with t ∈ (0, 1) and c = 21 ,

formula (2) transforms into the very known Bernstein operator,
n
X n k
Bλ (f ; x) = x k (1 − x)n−k f , n = 1, 2, .., x ∈ [0, 1].
k n
k=0
LITERATURE REVIEW
one such operator corresponding to p(t) = t(1 + t)2 and λ > 0,

t ∈ (0, ∞).was
∞ k
λ(λ + k)k−1

λt
− (1+t)
X t λt
− (1+t) k
R̃λ (f ; x) = e e f ,
k! 1+t λ
k=0
t
With change of variable x = 1+t , the corresponding approximation
operator is given by
∞
λ(λ + k)k−1

X k k
Rλ (f ; x) = e −λx xe −x f , x ∈ (0, 1). (3)
k! λ+k
k=0
LITERATURE REVIEW
WORK DONE TILL DATE
WORK DONE TILL DATE
Motivated by the above studies, We have worked on the following paper

titled: ”Kantorovich variant of Ismail-May Operators”. This paper has
been communicated. We consider for a continuous function f (x),
x ∈ [0, 1] and a non-negative parameter λ, the Kantorovich modification
of Ismail-May operators:
k+1
∞ Zλ+k
X λ(λ + k)k k
Lλ (f (t); x) = e −λx xe −x f (t)dt, (4)
k!
k=0 k
λ+k
WORK DONE TILL DATE
The moments of Ismail-May Kantorovich operators are as follows:

(i) Lλ (1; x) = 1;
(ii) Lλ (t; x) = (2λ−1) 1
2(λ+1) x + 2λ ;
(3λ2 −3λ+1) 2 (6λ2 −2λ−1) 1
(iii) Lλ t 2 ; x = 3(λ+1)(λ+2)

x + 3λ(λ+1)2
x + 3λ2
;
and the central moments operators (4) are as follows:
−3x 1
(i) Lλ (t − x; x) = 2(λ+1) + 2λ ;

(−3λ+13) (3λ2 −8λ−4)
(ii) Lλ (t − x)2 ; x = 3(λ+1)(λ+2) x2 + 3λ(λ+1)2
x + 1
3λ2
;
WORK DONE TILL DATE
We have proved the following theorems for the above stated operators:
Theorem
p
For f ∈ C [0, 1], λ > 0 and ϕ(x) = x(1 − x), we have

1
|Lλ (f ; x) − f (x)| ≤ 2Kϕ f ; √ .
2λϕ(x)
The following theorems establish the rate of convergence for functions in

Lipschitz space.
Theorem
For f ∈ LipM (β) and x ∈ (0, 1], we have
β/2
ρ2λ (x)

|Lλ (f (t); x) − f (x)| ≤ M ,
ax 2 + bx
where ρ2λ (x) = Lλ ((t − x)2 ; x).

WORK DONE TILL DATE
In our next theorem, we discuss the direct estimate using Lipschitz-type

maximal function of order β defined by Lenze [20] as follows:
Theorem
For f ∈ C [0, 1], x ∈ [0, 1] and 0 < β ≤ 1, we have
β/2
|Lλ (f (t); x) − f (x)| ≤ $β (f ; x) ρ2λ (x) .
Next we present a quantitative Voronovoskaya theorem involving

second-order modulus of smoothness
Theorem
For λ ≥ 1 and f ∈ C 2 [0, 1], we obtain

λ [Lλ (f ; x) − f (x)] − 1 − 3x 0 1 00

f (x) − x(1 − x)f (x)
2 2

9 68 3
ω1 (f 00 ; h) + ω2 (f 00 ; h) +
0
f + f 00

≤ √ ∞ ∞
.
32 9 λ + 1 2(λ + 1)
WORK DONE TILL DATE
Work Done
Bivariate generalization of Ismail-May Kantorovich operators
For (x, y ) ∈ I 2 = [0, 1] × [0, 1] and λ1 , λ2 > 0, we have also defined the
bivariate generalization of Ismail-May Kantorovich operators as follows:
k1 +1 k2 +1
λ1 +k1 λ2 +k2
∞
X ∞
X Z Z
Lkλ11kλ22 (f ; x, y ) = ℘kλ11kλ22 (x, y ) f (t1 , t2 )dt1 dt2 , (5)
k1 =0 k2 =0 k1 k2
λ1 +k1 λ2 +k2
where the basis functions is considered as
−(λ1 x+λ2 y ) λ1 λ2 (λ1 + k1 )k1 (λ2 + k2 )k2 k k

℘kλ11kλ22 (x, y ) = e xe −x 1 y e −y 2 .
k1 ! k2 !
WORK DONE TILL DATE
First we gave the uniform convergence of Ismail-May-Kantorovich

operators for bivariate functions.
Theorem
For any f ∈ C (I 2 ),the space of all continuous bivariate functions on the
interval I 2 = [0, 1] × [0, 1],we have

lı́m Lkλ11kλ22 f − f = 0.

λ1 ,λ2 →∞
WORK DONE TILL DATE
Next, we establish the degree of approximation of bivariate operators in

terms of total and partial modulus of continuity.
Theorem
Let f ∈ C (I 2 ), then for all (x, y ) ∈ I 2 , the inequality

(i) Lkλ11kλ22 (f ; x, y ) − f (x, y ) ≤ 4ω (f ; δ1 , δ2 );

(ii) Lkλ11kλ22 (f ; x, y ) − f (x, y ) ≤ 2 ω 1 (f ; δ1 ) + ω 2 (f ; δ2 )

1
holds true, where δ1 (x) = Lλ1 (t1 − x)2 ; x ,
2
1
δ2 (y ) = Lλ2 (t2 − y )2 ; y .
2
WORK DONE TILL DATE
Next we give a Voronovoskaya type estimate for bivariate operators (5)

Theorem
Let f (x) be a twice differentiable function on the interval I 2 . Then we have
(1 − 3x) (1 − 3y )
lı́m λ Lkλ,λ
1 ,k2
(f ; x, y ) − f (x, y ) = fx (x, y ) + fy (x, y )
λ→∞ 2 2
+ x(1 − x)fxx (x, y ) + y (1 − y )fyy (x, y ),
uniformly on I 2
WORK DONE TILL DATE
The next result establishes the rate of convergence of bivariate operators

(5) with the help of Peetre’s K- functional.
Theorem
For f ∈ C (I 2 ), the following inequality
q
ek1 ,k2 (c)
Lλ1 ,λ2 (g ; x, y ) − g (x, y ) ≤ 4K (f ; Pλ1 ,λ2 (x, y ))+ω f ; bλ1 ,λ2 (x, y ) .

where, Pλ1 ,λ2 (x, y ) = δλ21 (x) + δλ22 (y ) + bλ1 ,λ2 (x, y ),
2 2
3y
and bλ1 ,λ2 (x, y ) = 2λ1 1 − 2(λ3x
1 +1)
+ 1
2λ2 − 2(λ2 +1)
holds true.
WORK DONE TILL DATE
FUTURE PLAN
Future plan
Chen et al. [4] constructed a new generalization of classical Bernstein

Polynomials with the help of a non negative real parameter α ∈ [0, 1] and
called them α -Bernstein Polynomials. Using these operators another proof
to Weierstrass Approximation theorem [31] was provided.The proposed
α-Bernstein operators are as follows:
n
X (α) k
Bn,α (f ; x) = bn,k (x)f , (6)
n
k=0
(α) (α)
where b1,0 (x) = 1 − x, b1,1 (x) = x and for n ≥ 2

(α) n−2 n−2
bn,k (x) = (1 − α)x + (1 − α)(1 − x)
k k −2

n
+ αx x k−1 (1 − x)n−k−1
k
Future plan
In recent years, several modifications have been done for Bernstein

operators to make the convergence rate faster. Hybrid form of different
operators and their approximation properties have been obtained and
discussed by several mathematicians, for example Szász-Beta operators,
Baskakov-Beta operators, Baskakov-Szász operators etc.
Motivated by the above stated work, we plan to construct a hybrid
Durrmeyer type generalization of the α-Bernstein operators involving Beta
operators.
Our aim is to study the convergence of these operators and compare
through graphs and numerical examples their convergence with other
operators as well.
Future plan
Deo and Dhamija [7] introduced a new generalized positive linear operator
based on Pólya-Eggenberger distribution (PED) and inverse
Pólya-Eggenberger distribution (IPED) for a real valued function f
bounded on the interval I as:
∞
(α))
X (α) k
Ln = wn,k (x)f
n
k=0
where

(α) n+p n + p + (λ + 1)k
wn,k (x) =
n + p + (λ + 1)k k
x [k,−α] (1 + λx)[n+p+λk,−α]
×
(1 + (λ + 1)x)[n+p+(λ+1)k,−α]
Future plan
Using the above generalized positive linear operator based on PED and
IPED, we plan to do the following:
I Using the modification given by King [20] in 2003, we wish to give a
sequence of linear positive operators which has a better rate of
convergence than generalized PED and IPED.
I We plan to give the hybrid form of these operators with help of basis
functions of operators like Szász, Baskakov, Pǎltǎnea etc.
I We wish to give a genuine type modification of the proposed
operators which preserves constant as well as linear functions.
References
References
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Operator Theory, Springer, New York, (2013).
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la calcul des probabilitiés, Comm. Soc. Math. Charkow Sér.2 t. 13
(1912), 1-2.
Chen X., Tan J., Liu Z. and Xie J., Approximation of functions by a
new family of generalized Bernstein operators, J. Math. Anal. Appl.
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Cheney W.E., Introduction to Approximation Theory,Amer,
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Deo N., Dhamija M. and Miclǎuş D., Stancu-Kantorovich operators
based on inverse Polya-Eggenberger distribution, Appl. Math.
Comput. 273 (2016), 281–289
Presented by Nav Shakti Mishra˜˜(DTU) A Study on Estimates of Convergence of Certain Approximation Operators 37 / 38
References
Deo N. and Dhamija M., Generalized positive linear operators based

on PED and IPED. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Sci (2018)
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References
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References
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A Study on Estimates of Convergence of Certain

Nav Shakti Mishra

Under the Supervision of

4. Work Done Till Date

|f (x) − P(x)| < 

would hold for all values of x in this interval. For trigonometric

|f (x) − T (x)| <  x ∈ [−π, π]

In 1957, Baskakov [2] introduced another operators on positive semi real

Since Bernstein polynomials were not considered suitable to approximate

Similarly Szász Kantorovich operators are defined as:

Again for Baskakov operators, the corresponding Kantorovich variant for

In 1967, Durrmeyer [12] gave a more generalised integral modification of

For linear positive operator Ln , if the three conditions

Linear Positive Operators

I An operator L(f ; x) = L(f (t); x) defined on the set F of functions

I An operator L(f ; x) is said to be linear if the domain of its existence

I A linear operator L(f ; x) is said to be positive if L(f ; x) ≥ 0, x ∈ E

Tools of measurement of Smoothness of a function

I More smoother the function the less will be the degree of

I There exists a positive constant C such that

Definition of Big O and Small o Term

I Meaning of f (x) = o(g (x)):

which satisfy the following homogenous partial differential equation

and the normalization condition

where, S(λ, x, t) ≥ 0 is the kernel of these operators, q(x) is analytic and

The partial differential equation and the normalisation condition together

For instance if p(t) = t and c = 1 in (2), the corresponding approximation

Similarly, for a quadratic p(t) = t(1 − t) with t ∈ (0, 1) and c = 21 ,

one such operator corresponding to p(t) = t(1 + t)2 and λ > 0,

WORK DONE TILL DATE

Motivated by the above studies, We have worked on the following paper

The moments of Ismail-May Kantorovich operators are as follows:

The following theorems establish the rate of convergence for functions in

where ρ2λ (x) = Lλ ((t − x)2 ; x).

In our next theorem, we discuss the direct estimate using Lipschitz-type

Next we present a quantitative Voronovoskaya theorem involving

where the basis functions is considered as

−(λ1 x+λ2 y ) λ1 λ2 (λ1 + k1 )k1 (λ2 + k2 )k2 k k

First we gave the uniform convergence of Ismail-May-Kantorovich

Next, we establish the degree of approximation of bivariate operators in

Next we give a Voronovoskaya type estimate for bivariate operators (5)

The next result establishes the rate of convergence of bivariate operators

Chen et al. [4] constructed a new generalization of classical Bernstein

In recent years, several modifications have been done for Bernstein

Deo N. and Dhamija M., Generalized positive linear operators based

Gupta V. and Agarwal R.P., Convergence Estimates in Approximation

Kantorovich L.V., Sur la convergence de la suite de polynomes de S.

Mohiuddine S.A., Acar T. and Alotaibi A., Construction of a new

Szász O., Generalization of S. Bernstein’s polynomials to the infinite

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|f (x) − P(x)| <

|f (x) − T (x)| < x ∈ [−π, π]