2.

094 — Finite Element Analysis of Solids and Fluids Fall ‘08

Lecture 10 - F.E. large deformation/general nonlinear analysis

Prof. K.J. Bathe MIT OpenCourseWare

We developed Reading:
� Ch. 6
t
τij teij d tV = tR (10.1)
tV

� �
1 ∂ui ∂uj
teij = + t (10.2)
2 ∂ txj ∂ xi

�
t
τij δt eij d tV = tR (10.3)
tV

� �
1 ∂(δui ) ∂(δuj )
δt eij = + (≡ t eij ) (10.4)
2 ∂ t xj ∂ t xi

In FEA:
t
F = tR (10.5)

In linear analysis
t
F = K t U ⇒ KU = R (10.6)

In general nonlinear analysis, we need to iterate. Assume the solution is known “at time t”
t 0
x= x + tu (10.7)

Hence t F is known. Then we consider

t+Δt t+Δt
F = R (10.8)

Consider the loads (applied external loads) to be deformation-independent, e.g.

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MIT 2.094 10. F.E. large deformation/general nonlinear analysis

Then we can write

t+Δt
F = tF + F (10.9)
t+Δt
U = tU + U (10.10)

where only t F and t U are known.

F ∼
= tK ΔU , t
K = tangent stiffness matrix at time t (10.11)

From (10.8),
t t+Δt
K ΔU = R − tF (10.12)

t+Δt
We use this to obtain an approximation to U . We obtain a more accurate solution for U (i.e. F)
using
t+Δt
K (i−1) ΔU (i) = t+Δt
R − t+ΔtF (i−1) (10.13)
t+Δt (i) t+Δt (i−1) (i)
U = U + ΔU (10.14)

Also,
t+Δt
F (0) = tF (10.15)
t+Δt (0) t
K = K (10.16)
t+Δt
U (0) = tU (10.17)

Iterate for i = 1, 2, 3 . . . until convergence. Convergence is reached when

� �
�ΔU (i) � < �D (10.18)
� �
� �2
� t+Δt t+Δt (i−1) �
� R− F � < �F (10.19)
2

Note:
��
2
�a�2 = (ai )
i
�
(i)
ΔU =U
i=1,2,3...

ΔU (1) in (10.13) is ΔU in (10.12).

(10.13) is the full Newton-Raphson iteration.

How we could (in principle) calculate t K

Process

• Increase the displacement t Ui by �, with no increment for all t Uj , j �= i

t+�
• calculate F
∂ tF
• the i-th column in tK = ( t+�F − tF ) /� = ∂ tUi
.

42
MIT 2.094 10. F.E. large deformation/general nonlinear analysis

So, perform this process for i = 1, 2, 3, . . . , n, where n is the total number of degrees of freedom.
Pictorially,
.. ..
⎡ ⎤
⎢ . . ⎥
t
K = ⎢ ... ..
⎢ ⎥
⎣ . ··· ⎥
⎦
.. ..
. .

A general difficulty: we cannot “simply” increment Cauchy stresses.

t+Δt
• τij referred to area at time t + Δt
• t τij referred to area at time t.
t+Δt
We define a new stress measure, 2nd Piola - Kirchhoff stress, 0 Sij , where 0 in the leading subscript
refers to original configuration. Then,
t+Δt
0 Sij = 0tSij + 0 Sij (10.20)

The strain measure energy-conjugate to the 2nd P-K stress 0tSij is the Green-Lagrange strain 0t�ij
Then,
�
t
0 Sij δ 0t�ij d 0V = tR (10.21)
0V

Also,
�
t+Δt
0 Sij δ t+Δt0�ij d 0V = t+Δt
R (10.22)
0V

Example

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MIT 2.094 10. F.E. large deformation/general nonlinear analysis

t
F = tR (10.23)
t+Δt t+Δt
F = R (10.24)

(every time it is in equilibrium)

(10.13) and (10.14) give:
i = 1,
t+Δt
K (0) ΔU (1) = t+Δt
R − t+ΔtF (0) ≡ fn( tU ) (10.25)
t+Δt (1) t+Δt (0) (1)
U = U + ΔU (10.26)

i = 2,
t+Δt
K (1) ΔU (2) = t+Δt
R − t+ΔtF (1) (10.27)
t+Δt (2) t+Δt (1) (2)
U = U + ΔU (10.28)

44
MIT OpenCourseWare
http://ocw.mit.edu

2.094 Finite Element Analysis of Solids and Fluids II

Spring 2011

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