Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
PEARL / OODLES
(Foundation for IIT JEE / AIEEE / AIPMT & Excellence at School)
CLASS IX
CHEMISTRY
ATOMS AND
MOLECULES
A Pre-Foundation Program
by
- : Corporate Office : -
A-10, "GAURAV TOWER", Road No.-1, I.P.I.A., Kota-324005
(Raj.) INDIA Tel.: 0744-2423738, 2423739, 2421097, 2421097,
2424097 Fax: 0744-
2436779
E-mail: admin@bansal.ac.in Website : www.bansal.ac.in
SP/Chemistry/Class-IX CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Laws of chemical Maharishi kanad postulated that if we go on dividing matter (Padarth)
combination a limit will come when we will come across smallest particles
beyond which no further division is possible. He named these
3.3 Postulates of Dalton’s particles as parmanu.
Atomic Theory
3.4 Atoms
Question based on basic knowledge required to understand
3.5 Molecule this chapter
3.6 Ion 1. Kanad gave which theory
3.7 Writing Formulae of (A) Atomic theory (B) Electronic theory
Molecular Compounds (C) Parmanu theory (D) Oxide theory
3.8 Atomic, Molecular & 2. An atom has
Equivalent Masses
(A) Proton inside the nucleus whereas electrons and neutrons
3.9 Formula Mass outside the nucleus
3.10 Composition of (B) Proton and neutron inside the nucleus and electrons outside
Compound the neucleus
3.11 Mole Concept (C) electrons inside the neucleus
3.12 Avogadro’s Law (D) none of these
3.13 Law of Multiple 3. Valency electrons refers to the
Proportions (A) electrons of the outermost shell
3.14 Expression (B) total electrons in an atom
Concentration of
(C) electrons of the inner shells
Solutions
(D) none of these
4. Which of the following is a monoatomic molecule?
(A) HCl (B) CO2 (C) NH3 (D) He
5. When an electron from an outermost shell of an atom is removed
than what happens?
(A) a cation is formed (B) an anion is formed
(C) a neutral species is formed (D) no change is noticed
+ 2+
6. Na , Mg are actually
(A) cations (B) anions (C) neutral species
(D) Na+ is a cation
7. “During a chemical reaction matter is neither created nor
destroyed”. The above statement is according to
(A) Law of conservation of mass (B) Law of constant
PAGE # 2
A Pre-Foundation Program
CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES SP/Chemistry/Class-IX
proportions
(C) Avogadro law (D) None of these
8. A molecule is defined as a
(A) the smallest particle of an element or of a compound which can exist freely under ordinary conditions
and shows all the properties of that substance
(B) smallest particle of an element
(C) the charged species obtained by the loss or gain of electron from an atom
(D) any uncharged species
9. If the molecular mass of H2O is 18 grams and that of hydrogen is 1 g the molecular mass of oxygen is
(A) 16 g (B) 17 g (C) 16–5 g (D) 18 g
10. Which of the following is a pair of atoms?
(A) H2 and O2 (B) NH3 and C (C) N2 and Xe (D) He and C
Illustration 1
If 6.3g of sodium bicarbonate are added to 15.0 g of ethanoic acid (or acetic acid) solution, the
residue left is found to weigh 18.0 g. What mass of CO2 is released in the reaction?
Solution
The chemical reaction leading to products is:
Sodium bicarbonate + Ethanoic acid Sodium ethanoatesolution + Carbon dioxide
(Residue left) (released)
PAGE # 3
SP/Chemistry/Class-IX CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES
Illustration 2
0.24 g sample of a compound of oxygen and boron was found on analysis to contain 0.096 g of
boron and 0.144 g of oxygen. Calculate the percentage composition of the compound.
Solution
Mass of the compound = 0.24 g
Mass of boron in the compound = 0.096 g
Mass of oxygen in the compound = 0.144 g
Mass of boron
Precentage of boron = 100
Mass of compound
(0.096g)
= 100 = 40%
(0.24g)
Mass of oxygen
Percentage of oxygen = Mass of compound100
(0.144g)
= 100 = 60%
(0.24g)
Illustration 3
On analysis it was found that the black oxide of copper and the red oxide of copper contain 79.9%
and 88.8% metal, respectively. Establish the law of multiple proportions with the help of this data.
Solution
In the black oxide,
79.9 g copper combines with (100 – 79.9) i.e. 20.1 g oxygen
In the red oxide,
88.8 g copper combines with (100 – 88.8) i.e. 11.2 g oxygen
11.2 79.9
79.9 g copper will combine with = 10.08 g oxygen
88.8
PAGE # 4
A Pre-Foundation Program
CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES SP/Chemistry/Class-IX
Thus, the weights of oxygen that combine with the same, viz 79.9 g copper at 20.1 g and 10.08 g respectively.
These are in the ratio 20.1 : 10.08 = 2 : 1
It is a simple whole number ratio. Hence, the law of multiple proportional is established.
Try yourself
1. Explain the law of conservation of mass by giving a suitable example.
2. What do you mean by law of constant composition? Explain
3. Define law of multiple proportion.
4. When 4.2 g of NaHCO3 is added to a solution of CH3COOH (acetic acid) weighing 10 g, it is observed
that 2.2 g of CO2 is released to the atmosphere. The residue left is found to weigh 12 g. Show that these
observations are in agreement with the law of conservation of mass.
5. What weight of NaCl would react with 6.8 g of AgNO3, if 5.74 g of AgCl and 3.4 g of NaNO3 are
produced. Is the law of conservation of mass true?
3.4 ATOMS
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that takes part in chemical reactions and maintains its
chemical identity throughout all chemical and physical changes.
Atoms of an element are different from those of any other element.
Free atoms except those of noble gases do not exist under normal conditions
Atomic size: Atoms are very small. Hydrogen atom is the smallest The radius of a hydrogen atom is
nearly 1 10–10 m or 0.1 nm.
1 nanometre = 10–9 metre
1 nm = 10–9 m
Atomic symbols: Short hand representation of the name of an element.
In some elements, the first letter of their English names represents their symbols.
PAGE # 5
SP/Chemistry/Class-IX CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES
There are number of elements whose names begin with the same letter. Frist letter followed by some
prominent letter from their English names.
Some elements have both English as well as Latin/German names.For these elements, symbols include
first letter from the Latin/German names expressed as capital along with some other prominent letter.
The developments and researches in the field of chemistry are guided by a body known as International
Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). They have approved the symbols of the elements
and these are accepted everywhere.
Atomic mass: The average mass of an atom of an element in atomic mass unit is called its atomic mass.
1
Atomic mass unit: The mass equal to th of the mass of a 12 C atom is called one atomic mass unit.
6
12
PAGE # 6
A Pre-Foundation Program
CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES SP/Chemistry/Class-IX
Mass of a 12
6
C atom
1 atomic mass unit =
12
1.9924 10 –23 g
1 atomic mass unit =
12
1 atomic mass unit = 1.66 10–24 g = 1.66 10–27 kg
Relative atomic mass (Ar) of an element is defined as the average relative mass of an atom of the
element compared with an atom of 126 C taken as 12 u. Thus Relative atomic mass of an element
The relative atomic mass is denoted by Ar. The relative atomic mass is a pure number, and hence it has no
unit.
The relative atomic mass of an element indicates the number of times one atom of that element is heavier
1
than th of a 12 C atom.
6
12
Relative atomic masses of some common elements
Name of element Symbol Exact Common
value
Hydrogen H 1.008 1.0
Carbon C 12.010 12.0
Oxygen O 15.999 16.0
Nitrogen N 14.007 14.0
Chlorine Cl 35.45 35.5
Sulphur S 32.06 32.0
Sodium Na 22.99 23.0
Silver Ag 107.87 108.0
Copper Cu 63.54 63.5
Gram Atomic Mass: The gram atomic mass of an element may be defined as:
The atomic mass of an element expressed in grams which is numerically equal to the mass in ‘u’.
For example,
Atomic mass of nitrogen (N) = 14 u
Gram atomic mass of nitrogen (N) = 14 g
Similarly,
Atomic mass of sulphur (S) = 32 u
Gram atomic mass of sulphur (S) = 32 g
PAGE # 7
SP/Chemistry/Class-IX CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES
3.5 MOLECULE
A molecule is the smallest particle of an element or of a compound which can exist freely under ordinary
conditions, and shows all the properties of that substance (element or compound).
(i) A molecule of hydrogen is made from two atoms of hydrogen. Its atomicity is two and is represented
as H2.
(ii) A molecule of oxygen is also made from two atoms of oxygen. Its atomicity is two and is represented
as O2.
(iii) A molecule of ozone is made from three atoms of oxygen. Its atomicity is three and is represented as
O3.
(iv) A molecule of phosphours is made from four atoms of phosphorus. Its atomicity is four and is
represented as P4.
PAGE # 8
A Pre-Foundation Program
CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES SP/Chemistry/Class-IX
3.6 ION
The charged species obatined when an atom loses or gains electrons is called an ion.
Na(g) – e– Na (g)
Sodiumatom electron Sodium ion
* When chlorine atom (Cl) gains one electron, a chloride ion (Cl–) is formed. Chloride ion (Cl–) is negatively
charged. The Cl– is an anion.
Polyatomic Ions : A group of atoms carrying net electrical charge on it is called polyatomic ions.
Examples : Sulphate ion SO2–
4
PAGE # 9
SP/Chemistry/Class-IX CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES
Illustration 5
Bring out clearly the difference between 4Cl, Cl2 and 2Cl2.
Solution
4 Cl means 4 atoms of chlorine
Cl2 means 1 molecule of chlorine
2Cl2 means 2 molecules of chlorine
Illustration 6
Classify the following into diatomic, triatomic, tetraatomic, polyatomic molecules
(i) caustic soda (ii) marble (iii) lime water (iv) NH3
(v) PCl3 (vi) H2O2 (vii) CH4 (viii) Cl2
(ix) NH4Cl (x) hydrochloric acid
Solution
(i) Casutic soda NaOH Triatomic
(ii) marble CaCO3 Polyatomic
(iii) Lime water Ca(OH)2 Polyatomic
(iv) NH3 Tetraatomic
(v) PCl3 Tetraatomic
(vi) H2O2 Tetraatomic
PAGE # 10
A Pre-Foundation Program
CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES SP/Chemistry/Class-IX
Try yourself
6. An element is made up of atoms
7. and are called noble elements.
8. Write the symbols of the following elements
(i) Calcium (ii) Potassium (iii) Magnesium (iv) Mercury
(v) Lead (vi) Iron
9. Write names of the symbols given below
(i) Zn (ii) Na (iii) Al (iv) Pb
(v) Cu (vi) Ag
10. Give one example of each of the following elements
(i) Divalent (ii) Tetravalent (iii) Trivalent (iv) Monovalent
PAGE # 11
SP/Chemistry/Class-IX CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES
Step 2: Write their valency numbers over the symbols and criss-cross the valency numbers to write as
subscripts to the symbols.
Step 3: Divide these numbers (written as subscripts) by a common factor, if needed.
This method of writing the chemical formula of a molecular compound is illustrated through the following
examples:
3.7.3 Water
Water contains hydrogen and oxygen. Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen. So,
Step 1: Write the symbols of hydrogen and oxygen side-by-side with symbol of oxygen on the right.
H O
Step 2: Write the valencies of hydrogen and oxygen in water.
H 1+ O 2–
H2O
So the molecular formula of water is H2O.
Step 2:
C1Cl4
Step 3: C1Cl4 or CCl4
PAGE # 12
A Pre-Foundation Program
CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES SP/Chemistry/Class-IX
It is not correct assign a molecular formula to an ionic compund. Instead, an ionic compound is described
by a formula which describes a simple ratio of the elements present in it.
The formula which describes the simplest atomic ratio of the elements present in a compound is called its
empirical formula, or stoichiometric formula.
For example, Sodium is an ionic compound in which sodium and chlorine are present in 1:1 ratio. So, the
stoichiometric formula of sodium chloride is Na+Cl- (or NaCl).
To write the stoichiometric formula of an ionic compound, proceed as follows:
(i) Write the symbol of the cation showing the charge number on it.
(ii) Write the symbol of the anion showing the charge number on it, on the right hand side of the cation.
(iii) Now, write the charge number (valency) of the cation at the bottom right of the anion, and the charge
number of the anion at the bottom of the cation.
Thus, The symbol of cation is subscripted with the charge number of the anion, and the anion is subscripted
with the charge number of the cation. This is called the criss-crossing of valencies.
(iv) If a compound contains polyatomic ions, then the formula of the ion is enclosed within brackets before
criss-crossing the valencies.
(v) If these subscripts are 1, these are not written in the final stoichiometric formulae. Otherwise these
subscripts are reduced to the lowest possible integers by dividing each by the highest common factor.
This method of writing the chemical formulae for ionic compounds is illustrated below.
(i) Aluminium sulphate. Aluminium sulphate contains Al3+ and S O24 ions. The formula for aluminium
sulphate can be obtained as follows:
Step 1: The symbols of the two ions are written side by side.
Al3+ S O24
Because the negative ion (i.e., S O42 ) contains more than one atom, it is enclosed in brackets as shown
below.
Al3+ (SO 4)2-
Step 2: Criss-crossing of the valency numbers gives,
Al3+ (SO 4)2– Al (SO2 ) 43
Step 3: There is no common factor between 2 and 3. Therfore, the formula of aluminium
sulphate is Al2(SO4)3.
(ii) Sodium bicarbonates. Sodium bicarbonate (or sodium hydrogencarbonate) contains Na+ and HC O 3
ions. The formula of sodium bicarbonate is obtained as follows:
Step 1: Writing the two ions side by side, viz.,
Na1+ HC O1 3 or Na1+(HCO 3)1-
Step 2: Criss-crossing of the valency numbers gives
Na1+ (HCO3)1- Na1(HCO3)1 NaHCO3
Step 3: The formula of sodium bicarbonate is NaHCO3.
PAGE # 13
SP/Chemistry/Class-IX CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES
Na Cl
1+ 1–
NaCl
Illustration 8
Write down the formulae of (i) aluminium hydroxide, (ii) hydrogen suphide, (iii) ammonium sulphate,
(iv) sodium carbonate, (v) calcium phosphate, (vi) potassium chromate.
Solution
(i) Almunium hydroxide (ii) Hydrogen suphide (iii) Ammonium sulphate
(NH4) (SO4)
1+ –2
(NH4)2SO4
PAGE # 14
A Pre-Foundation Program
CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES SP/Chemistry/Class-IX
Illustration 9
Calculate the empirical formula of a compound contains 27.3% C and 72.7% O by mass.
Solution
To calculate the empirical formula prepare table as shown below and then calculate according to the
above steps.
Illustration 10
Find the empirical formula of a compound having the following percentage composition.
(K = 31.84%, Cl = 28.98%, O = 39.18)
Solution
The calculations are as given below
S. No. Element At. Mass % age % At. Weight Simple ratio
1 K 31.84 39 31.84 0.81
0.81 1
39 0.81
2 Cl 29.98 35.5 28.98 0.81
0.81 1
35.5 0.81
3 O 39.18 16 39.18 2.44
2.44 3
16 0.81
Try yourself
11 The empirical formula of a compound is CH2O, its molecular mass is 60. What will be its molecular
formula?
12. The percentage composition of an organic compound is as follows
C = 10.08%, H = 0.84%, Cl = 89.10%
If its vapour density is 60. Calculate its molecular formula.
PAGE # 15
SP/Chemistry/Class-IX CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES
PAGE # 16
A Pre-Foundation Program
CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES SP/Chemistry/Class-IX
From the above discussion, we can get the relationship between masses of the element and its grams-
atoms is
Mass of element in gram
Number of Gm-atoms of Element=
GAM of element
3.8.2 Molecular Mass
Molecular mass of a substance (element or compound) is defined as the average relative mass of the
molecule of the substance as compared with mass of an atom of carbon (C12) taken as 12 amu.
It can be put as
PAGE # 17
SP/Chemistry/Class-IX CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES
Illustration 11
Calculate the molar mass of the following substances:
(i) Ethane (C2H6) (ii) Ethyne (C2H2)
(iii) Sulphur molecule (S8) (iv) Phosphorus molecule (P4)
Solution
(i) Ethane (C2H6) :
Molar mass of C2H6 = 2 Atomic mass of C + 6 Atomic mass of H
= (2 12u) + (6 1u) = 30u.
(ii) Ethyne (C2H2) :
Molar mass of C2H2 = 2 Atomic mass of C + 2 Atomic mass of H
= (2 12u) + (2 1u) = 26u.
(iii) Sulphur molecules (S8) :
Molar mass of S8 = 8 Atomic mass S
= (8 32u) = 256u.
(iv) Phosphorus molecules (P4) :
Molar mass of P4 = 4 Atomic mass of P
= (4 31u) = 124 u.
Illustration 12
Calculate the mass of 0.72 gram molecule of carbon dioxide (CO2).
Solution
Molecular mass of CO2 = Atomic mass of C + 2 Atomic mass of O
= (12u + 2 16u) = 44u
Gram molecular mass of CO2 = 44g
PAGE # 18
A Pre-Foundation Program
CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES SP/Chemistry/Class-IX
3.9.2 Mass of one mole of any material is called its molar mass
Molar mass of hydrogen (H2) = Mass of 6.023 x 1023 molecules of hydrogen
One mole of any gaseous substance at 273 K and 1 atmosphere pressure occupies a volume equal to
22.4 L or 22400 mL. The volume occupied by one mole of any gaseous substance is called molar volume
(Vm). So,
Molar volume of any gaseous substance at 273 K and 1 atm pressure = 22.4 L mol–1
= 22400 mL mol–1
3.11.1 Important
1 mole = 6.023 1023 particles
1 mole atoms = 6.023 1023 atoms
One mole molecules = 6.023 1023 molecules
Mass of one mole of atoms = Gram atomic mass
Mass of one mole of molecules = Gram molecular mass
Moles of a compound = Mass of compound
Volume occupied by 1 mole of a gas at N.T.P. = 22.4 litres.
Thus, we conclude that
Gram atomic mass of an element contains 6.023 1023 atoms. Similarly the gram molecular mass of a
compound also contains the same number of molecules.
PAGE # 19
SP/Chemistry/Class-IX CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES
It may not to be possible to count the atoms individually. However, they can collectively be represented
as one mole. This is very convenient method to represent different particles. For example,
No. of oxygen atoms in 3 moles = (3 N ) O= 3 6.023 1023 = 1.81 1024 atoms.
Similarly, the number of carbon and oxygen atoms in 1 mole of carbon dioxide (CO2) may be calculated
as
= Avogadron’s no. of carbon atoms (NO) + 2 Avogadro’s number of oxygen atoms (NO)
= (6.023 1023 + 2 6.023 1023) atoms
= 1.81 1024 atoms.
PAGE # 20
A Pre-Foundation Program
CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES SP/Chemistry/Class-IX
(iii) 60 g of Ca
3.011 10 23
= = 0.5 gram atom
23
6.023 10
Step II: Calculate of mas of oxygen (O) atoms
Mass of oxygen (O) atoms
= Gram atomic mass of oxygen No. of gram atoms of oxygen
= 16 × 0.5 = 8 g.
(iv) 6.023 1023 molecules of oxygen (O2)
Step I : Calculate of mass of oxygen.
No. of molecules of oxygen N
=
No. of gram moles = Avogadro's no. of atoms N
O
6.023 10 23
= = 1 gram mol.
6.023 10 23
PAGE # 21
SP/Chemistry/Class-IX CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES
Vapour density (V.D.)= Density of gas Mass of some volumeof gasat STP
=
Density of hydrogen Mass of same volume of H2 STP
PAGE # 22
A Pre-Foundation Program
CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES SP/Chemistry/Class-IX
PAGE # 23
SP/Chemistry/Class-IX CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES
Since the ratio is a simple whole number ratio, hence the given data illustrates the law of multiple propor-
tions.
WB (g) W (g)×1000
or N= or B
GEMB×V(L) GEMB×Vml
A solution having normality equal to one is called a normal solution. Such a solution contains one gram
equivalent of solute per litre of solution. A deci normal solution contains 1/10 g equivalents of solute per
litre of solution. Similarly, a semi-normal solution contains 1/2 g equivalents and a centinormal solution
contains 1/100 g equivalents per litre of solution.
3.14.2 Molarity
Molarity of a solution is defined as the number of gram moles of the solute dissolved per litre of the
solution. It is represented by M.
WB (g) W (g)×1000
or M= or B
GMMB×V(L) GMMB×Vml
A solution having molarity one is called molar solution. Such a solution contains one mole of solute per litre
of solution. Molarity is expressed in units of moles per litre or moles per dm3. It may be noted that both
normality as well as molarity of a solution change with change in temperature.
3.14.4 Molality
Molality of a solution may be defined as the number of gram moles of the solute dissolved in 1000 g (1 kg)
of the solvent. It is represented by m.
Grammolesof solute
Normality(M)=
Mass of solvent(kg)
M= WB (g) WB (g)×1000
or or
GMMB×WA (kg) GMMB×WA (g)
PAGE # 24
A Pre-Foundation Program
CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES SP/Chemistry/Class-IX
A solution containing one mole of solute per 1000 g of solvent has molality equal to one and is called a
molal solution. Molality is expressed in units of moles per kilogram (mol kg–1). The molality of a solution
does not change with temperature.
Illustration 16
Calculate the molarity and normality of a solution containing 40 g of NaOH dissolved in two litres
of the solution.
Solution
Step I: To calculate the mass of NaOH present in 1 litre of the solution.
Amount of NaOH present in 2 litres of the solution = 40 g
Amount of NaOH present in 1 litre of the solution = 40/2 = 20 g
Step II: To calculate the normality and molarity of the solution
Molecular mass of NaOH = 40
Equivalent mass of NaOH = 40/1 = 40
Mass of solute in grams per litre 20
Normality= = =0.5 N
Equivalent mass of the solute 40
Solved Examples
Example 1
Three oxides of lead on analysis were found to contain lead as under
(i) 3.45 g of yellow oxide contains 3.21 g of lead
(ii) 1.195 g of brown oxide contains 1.035 g of lead.
(iii) 1.77 g of red oxide contains 1.61 g lead.
Solution
The amounts of lead and oxygen in three oxides are
(i) Yellow oxide: Mass of lead = 3.21 g
Mass of oxygen = 3.45 – 3.21 = 0.24 g
(ii) Brown oxide: Mass of lead = 1.035 g
Mass of oxygen = 1.195 – 1.035 = 0.160 g
(iii) Red oxide: Mass of lead = 1.61 g
Mass of oxygen = 1.77 – 1.61 = 0.16 g
Let us fix the mass of lead as 1 g and calculate the different weights of oxygen which combine with 1 g
of lead in these oxides.
(i) Yellow oxide:
Mass of oxygen which combines with 3.21 g of lead = 0.24 g
0.24
Mass of oxygen which combines with 1 g of lead = = 0.075 g
3.21
(ii) Brown oxide:
Mass of oxygen which combines with 1.035 g of lead = 0.160 g
0.160
Mass of oxygen which combines with 1 g of lead = = 1.15 g
1.035
PAGE # 25
SP/Chemistry/Class-IX CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES
Example 2
Calculate the mass of 1 atom of C14.
Solution
The atomic mass of carbon is 14 g
The mass of 6.023 × 1023 atoms of C14 = 14 g
14
The mass of 1 atom of C14 = 2.32 10 23 g
6.023 1023
Example 3
Calculate the mass of an atom of silver (atomic mass = 108)
Solution
Mass of 6.023 × 1023 atoms of silver = 108 g
108
Mass of 1 atom of silver = = 1.793 × 10–22 g
6.023 1023
Example 4
Calculate the number of moles in the following
(i) 7.85 g of iron (ii) 4.68 mg of silicon (iii) 65.6 µg of carbon
Solution
(i) 7.85 g of iron
Atomic mass of Fe = 55.8 g
Mass of iron 7.85
Mole of iron = Atomic mass = 0.141 mol
55.8
(ii) 4.68 mg of silicon = 4.68 × 10–3 g of silicon
Atomic mass of silicon = 28.1
Mass of silicon 4.68 10 3
Mole of silicon = = 1.66 × 10–4 mol
Atomic mass 28.1
(iii) 65.6 µ g of carbon = 65.6 × 10–6 g of carbon
Atomic mass of carbon = 12
Massof carbon 65.6×10-6
Moles of carbon = = = 5.47 × 10–6 mol
Atomic mass 12
Example 5
Calculate the ratio of molecules present in 16 g of methane (CH4) and 16 g of oxygen (O2)
(C = 12, H = 1, O = 16)
Solution
To calculate the ratio number of molecules, let us calculate the number of moles in both methane and
oxygen.
Molecular weight of CH4 = 12 + 4 × 1 = 12 + 4 = 16 g
PAGE # 26
A Pre-Foundation Program
CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES SP/Chemistry/Class-IX
16 g of CH4 = 1 mole
Molecular weight of O2 = 2 × 16 = 32 g
32 g of O2 = 1 mole
1 g of O2 = 1/32 mole
16 g of O2 = 16/32 = 0.5 mole
So, the ratio of molecules = ratio of moles = 1 : 0.5 = 10 : 5 = 2 : 1
Example 6
The mass of one molecule of an element is 4.65 × 10–23 g. What is its molecular mass? What could
be this substance?
Solution
Any substance will have 6.023 × 1023 molecules per mole.
Mass of one molecule = 4.65 × 10 –23 g
Mass of 6.023 × 1023 molecules = 6.023 × 1023 × 4.65 × 10–23 = 28 g
Element wil be nitrogen.
Example 7
From the chemical analysis of a solid, following results were obtained
C = 40%, H = 6.67%, O = 53.33%
If the molecular weight of the solid compound is 180. Find its molecular formula (C = 12, H = 1,
O = 16)
Solution
First let us calculate the empirical formula
S. No. Element At. Mass % age % At. Weight Simple ratio
1 C 12 40 40 3.33
3.33 1
12 3.33
2 H 16 6.57 6.67 6.67
6.67 2
1 3.33
3 O 16 53.33 53.33 3.33
3.33 1
16 3.33
Example 8
The empirical formula of a compound is CH and its molecular weight is 78. What will be its
molecular formula?
Solution
Empirical formula = CH
Empirical formula mass = 12 + 1 = 13
Molecular mass 78
Now, n= = =6
Empirical formula mass 13
So, Molecular mass = (Empirical formula)n
= (CH)6 = C6H6
*****
PAGE # 27
SP/Chemistry/Class-IX CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES
EXERCISE-I
1. Can matter be created?
2. Name the scientist who stated the law of conservation of mass?
3. To what types of substances is the law of constant composition applicable? State the law.
4. The name ‘parmanu’ was given by which Indian philosopher?
5. Enlist the main features of the Dalton’s atomic theory?
6. Point out three drawbacks of the Dalton’s atomic theory?
7. Do atoms always combine in small whole numbers to form molecules?
8. Give a suitable illustration to support the law of conservation of mass.
9. What is the name given to the short hand representation of an element?
10. Give the symbols of the elements (i) Bismuth, (ii) Sulphur, (iii) Magnesium, (iv) Manganese, (v) Iron
11. Which is the standard for comparing the atomic masses of different elements?
12. What does IUPAC represent?
13. The atomic mass of an element is in fraction. What does it mean?
14. Define a molecule. How does it differ from an atom?
15. Atoms are represented by symbols. What is the name given to the representation of a molecule?
16. Give the name of two monoatomic and two diatomic molecules.
17. Give the formulae of (i) calcium oxide (ii) calcium carbonate (iii) ammonia (iv) copper nitrate.
18. Give the examples of two polyatomic ions.
19. What is the chemical names of the following compounds?
(i) quick lime, (ii) baking soda, (iii) table salt
20. Name the elements present in the following compounds.
(i) Potassium sulphate, (ii) ammonia, (iii) quick lime
21. When do we use the term formula unit?
22. How do we represent formula units in terms of mass?
23. Define the term mole.
24. Avogadro’s number of particles represent how many particles.
25. Answer the following:
(i) How many atoms are present in one gram atomic mass of a substance?
(ii) How many molecules are present in one gram molecular mass of a substance?
(iii) what is the name given to 6.023 1023.
26. What is the mass of two moles of oxygen atoms?
27. How many moles are present in:
(i) 10g of Ca (ii) 2.3g of Na
(iii) 3.012 1023 atoms of oxygen (iv) 32 g of oxygen gas
28. Calculate the number of Mg atoms in 0.024 g of Mg.
29. Give one limitation of law of constant proportion.
30. What is basic difference between atoms and molecules?
31. Why does not the atomic mass of an element represent the actual mass of its atom?
PAGE # 28
A Pre-Foundation Program
CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES SP/Chemistry/Class-IX
32. What is difference between the mass of a molecule and molecular mass?
33. Why is it necessary to balance a chemical equation?
34. Define atom and molecule.
35. Differentiate between an atom and a molecule.
36. Classify the following into diatomic, triatomic, tetraatomic and pentatomic molecules. N2, CH4, NH3,
H2O, PCl3, H2O2, Cl2
37. Define the term “atomicity”.
38. Define atomic mass and gram atomic mass.
39. Define molecular mass and gram molecular mass.
40. What is atomic mass unit? Name the isotope used as a standard for defining atomic mass unit.
41. Explain mole and gram mole.
42. Explain molar mass and gram molecular mass.
43. Calculate the mass of one mole of benzene.
44. Calculate the mass of 0.2 mole of water.
45. Name the laws of chemical combination.
46. Define and explain law of conservation of mass.
47. Define law of definite proportion. Give two examples.
48. Give one experiment to prove law of conservation of mass.
49. What is the numerical value of Avagadro’s number?
50. Define empirical and molecular formula of a compound.
51. How are the empirical and molecular formula related? Can the empirical and molecular formula of a
compound be the same?
52. A compound contains C, H and N in the atomic ratio of 3 : 4 : 1. The molecular mass of the compound
is 108. Calculate the molecular formula of the compound.
53. Give the definition of atomic mass unit.
54. Give two examples of tetraatomic.
55. Define law of conservation of mass.
56. Define atomic mass of an element.
57. Give one example to illustrate law of definite proportions.
58. How many atoms are present in one gram atomic mass of a substance?
59. How many molecules are present in one gram molecular mass of a substance?
60. Define empirical and molecular formula of a compound.
61. Differentiate between atoms and molecules.
EXERCISE-II
1. In a reaction 5.3 g of sodium carbonate reacted with 6 gof ethanoic acid. The products were 2.2 g of
carbon dioxide, 0.9 g water and 8.2 g of sodium ethanoate. Show that these observations are in agreement
with the law of conservation of mass.
Sodiam carbonate + ethanoic acid ® Sodium ethanoate + carbon dioxide + water.
2. Hydrogen and oxygen combine in the ratio of 1 : 8 by mass to form water. What mass of oxygen gas
would be required to react completely with 3 g of hydrogen gas?
PAGE # 29
SP/Chemistry/Class-IX CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES
3. Which postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory is the result of the law of conservation of mass?
4. Which postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory can explain the law of definite proportions?
5. Define the atomic mass unit.
6. Why is it not possible to see an atom with naked eyes?
7. Write down the formulae of
(i) sodium oxide (ii) aluninium chloride (iii) sodium sulphide (iv) magnesium hydroxide
8. Write down the names of compounds represented by the folloiwng formulae:
(i) Al2(SO4)3 (ii) CaCl2 (iii) K2SO4 (iv) KNO3
(v) CaCO3
9. What is meant by the term chemical formula?
10. How many atoms are present in a :
(i) H S molecule and (ii) PO3– ion?
2 4
PAGE # 30
A Pre-Foundation Program
CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES SP/Chemistry/Class-IX
EXERCISE-III
SECTION-A
• Fill in the blanks
1. Law of conservation of mass was enunciated by
2. The number of oxygen atoms in 88 g of CO2 is
3. 1 mole of solute present in g of solvent is called a molal solution.
4. The smallest particle of matter which is capable of independent existence is called
5. The chemical symbol of Tungsten is .
6. In water, the proportion of hydrogen and oxygen is by mass.
7. The symbolic expression for a molecule is called a .
8. The elements present in compound ammonia is and .
9. One atomic mass unit is a mass unit equal to exact one twelfth the mass of one atom of
10. The number of atoms present in one molecule of an element is called its .
11. 0.2 mol of ozone (O3) at NTP will occupy volume
x
12. The moles of x atoms of a triatomic gas = × .
No
PAGE # 31
SP/Chemistry/Class-IX CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES
SECTION-B
• Multiple choice question with one correct answers
1. One ‘u’ stands for:
1
(A) An stom of carbon (C-12) (B) th of carbon atom (C-12)
12
1
(C) th of hydrogen atoms (D) one atom of all the elements
12
2. The no. of oxygen atoms in 4.4 g of CO2 is approx.
(A) 6 x 1022 (B) 6 x 1023 (C) 12 x 1023 (D) 1.2 x 1023
3. Which has maximum number of molecules?
(A) 1 g of CO2 (B) 1 g of N2 (C) 1g of H2 (D) 1 g of CH4
4. The law of constant composition is applied to
(A) Any element (B) Any chemical compound
(C) Pure chemical compound (D) None of these.
5. What mass of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) will contain 3.011 x 1023 molecules?
(A) 11.0 g (B) 22.0 g (C) 4.4 g (D) 44.0 g
6. The value of Avogadro’s constant is:
(A) 6.0 x 1024 (B) 6.01 x 1022 (C) 6.023 x 1023 (D) 6.023 x 10-23
7. The law of constant proportion was proposed by
(A) Dalton (B) Avogadro (C) Joseph Proust (D) A. Lavoisier
8. The best standard for atomic mass is
(A) carbon - 12 (B) oxygen - 16 (C) hydrogen - 1 (D) chlorine - 35
9. One amu is
(A) 1.00758 g (B) 0.000549 g (C) 1.66 x 10-24 g (D) 6.023 x 10-23 g
10. The percentage of hydrogen in water is
(A) 1.11% (B) 11.11% (C) 8.89% (D)88.9%
11. The atom is indivisible was proposed by
(A) Einstein (B) Lavoisier (C) Dalton (D) Proust
12. The percentage of calcium in CaCO3 is
(A) 40% (B) 12% (C) 48% (D) none of these
SECTION-C
PAGE # 32
A Pre-Foundation Program
CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES SP/Chemistry/Class-IX
SECTION-D
• Match the following (one to one)
Column-I and column-II contains four entries each. Entries of column-I are to be matched with some
entries of column-II. Only One entries of column-I may have the matching with the same entries of column-
II and one entry of column-II Only one matching with entries of column-I
1. Column I Column II
(A) 1 amu (P) atom can not be divided
(B) Dalton’s law (Q) weight-weight unit
(C) Avogadro’s number (R) 6.02 × 1023
(D) Molality (S) (1/12)th mass one C12
2. Column I Column II
(A) Molecular formula (P) 2 × vapour density
(B) Molecular weight (Q) sodium atom
(C) 1/2 mole of Cl2 (R) (Empirical formula)n
(D) Na (S) 35.5 g
3. Column I Column II
(A) Quick lime (P) HBr
(B) Baking powder (Q) K2SO4
(C) Potassium sulphate (R) NaHCO2
(D) Hydrogen bromide (S) CaO
4. Column I Column II
(A) Molar volume (P) Mercury
(B) Moles of oxygen atom/mole (Q) 14
H2SO4
(C) Hydragyrum (R) 22.4 litre
(D) Mass of 1 atom of Nitrogen in amu (S) 4
PAGE # 33
SP/Chemistry/Class-IX CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES
EXERCISE-IV
SECTION-A
• Multiple choice question with one correct answers
1. A seminormal solution is
(A) 0.5 N (B) 0.1 N (C) 0.01 N (D) 0.001 N
2. One and a half mole of oxygen combines with aluminium to form Al2O3, then the weight of aluminium metal
used in this reaction is (atomic weight of Al = 27)
(A) 27 g (B) 81 g (C) 108 g (D) 54 g
23
3. Weight of 6.02 × 10 atoms of oxygen would be
(A) 8 amu (B) 16 g (C) 1 g (D) 1amu
4. Number of atoms in 40 g of 4020 Ca is
(A) N A (B) 0.1 NA (C) 12 NA (D) 32 NA
(where NA: Avogadro’s number)
5. Gram atoms and number of atoms respectively in 60 gram of carbon will be
(A) 5, 30.1 × 1023 (B) 5, 12.05 × 1023 (C) 5, 6.02 × 1023 (D) 60, 12.04 × 1023
6. Mass of one atom of an element is 2.6578 × 10–23 g. Its mass in amu would be
(A) 14 amu (B) 16 amu (C) 13 amu (D) 12 amu
7. Molar mass of sulphuric acid is
(A) 98 g (B) 89 g (C) 86 g (D) 100 g
8. Which of the following is diatomic molecule?
(A) HCl (B) H2 O (C) NH3 (D) Xe
9. The symbol for iron is
(A) I (B) Ir (C) Fe (D) L
10. The chloride of a metal has the formula ACl3. The formula of its phosphate will be
(A) APO 4 (B) A(PO4) 2 (C) A2 PO4 (D) A3 PO4
11. Argon is
(A) Monoatomic (B) Diatomic (C) Tetraatomic (D) Polyatomic
12. Radii of molecule of water is
(A) 10–10 m (B) 10–9 m (C) 10–8 m (D) 10–11 m
13. Formula of chromium sulphate is
(A) Cr2(SO4)3 (B) CrSO4 (C) Cr2SO4 (D) Cr2SO6
14. How many electrons weighs 1 kg?
1
(A) 6.023 × 1023 (B) 1031
9.108
1
(C) 6.023 108
1054 (D)
9.108 9.108 6.023
PAGE # 34
A Pre-Foundation Program
CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES SP/Chemistry/Class-IX
SECTION-B
• Multiple choice question with one or more than one correct answers
1. In which mode of expression, the concentration of a solution remains dependent on temperature
(A) Molarity (B) Normality (C) Formality (D) Molality
2. Which of the following pairs of compound does not illustrate the law of multiple proportion
(A) NaOH, KOH (B) SO2, SO3 (C) H2O, D2O (D) KCl, KI
3. Which of the following occupies a volume of 4.48 L at NTP?
(A) 0.2 mol of H2 (B) 3.2 g of oxygen (C) 12.8 g of SO2 (D) 800 mg of He
4. Which of the following represents 1 g molecule of the substance
(A) 6.02 × 1024 molecule of NH3 (B) 4 g of helium
(C) 40 g of calcium (D) 127 g of iodine
5. Purest form of carbon is obtained by dehydration of sucrose C12H22O11 with conc. H2SO4 as
C H O conc. H 2SO4 12C+11H O
12 22 11 2
PAGE # 35
SP/Chemistry/Class-IX CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES
SECTION-C
• Comprehension
Passage-1
Passage-2
Valency is defined as combining capacity of an element. The elements having valency 1,2,3,4 are monova-
lent, divalent, trivalent and tetravalent respectively.
For writing the chemical formula of a molecular compound write the valency numbers over the symbols of
elements and criss-cross the valency numbers to write as subscripts to the symbols.
1. An element (X) is tetravalent and another element is divalent. The formula of a compound formed of these
elements will be
(A) X2Y2 (B) X2Y (C) X2Y3 (D) XY2
2. Select the divalent element from the following
(A) Ca (B) Na (C) Al (D) Cr
3. The formula of oxide of a divalent element is
(A) XO (B) XO2 (C) X2O3 (D) X2O
SECTION-D
• Match the following (one to many)
Column-I and column-II contains four entries each. Entries of column-I are to be matched with some
entries of column-II. One or more than one entries of column-I may have the matching with the some entries
of column-II and one entry of column-II may have one or more than one matching with entries of column-I
1. Column I Column II
(A) Molecule (P) CO
(B) Homoatomic (Q) S8
(C) Heteroatomic (R) C12H22O11
(D) Compound (S) P4
PAGE # 36
A Pre-Foundation Program
CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES SP/Chemistry/Class-IX
2. Column I Column II
weight of subs tan ce
(A) 1 mole (P) Atomic weight
(B) No. of atoms in 1 g of O3 (Q) 22.4 litres at NTP
(C) No (R) one gram mole of a compound
(D) 6.023 × 1023 (S) no. of atoms in 1 g of O2
3. Column I Column II
(A) Normality (P) Molarity × n–factor
(B) Molarity (Q) g equivalent in V litre
(C) Molality (R) g moles in V litre
(D) Mole fraction (S) Temperature independent
4. Column I Column II
(A) 0.5 mole of N2 gas (P) 7 g
(B) 0.5 mole of N atoms (Q) 15 g
(C) 6.023 × 1023 molecules of N 2 (R) 28 g
(D) 1 mole of N2 gas (S) 22400 ml at NTP
*******
PAGE # 37
SP/Chemistry/Class-IX CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES
Answers
KNOWLEDGE BASE QUESTIONS
TRY YOURSELF
6. same kind of
7. He, Ne
8. (i) Ca (ii) K (iii) Mg (iv) Hg
(v) Pb (vi) Fe
9. (i) Zinc (ii) Sodium (iii)Aluminium (iv) Lead
(v) Copper (vi) Silver
10. (i) Mg2+ (ii) Si (iii) Al3+ (iv) Na+
11. C2H4O2 12. CHCl3
13. 0.1 mole 14. 9.2 g 15. 3.011 × 1022
16. 4 g of CH4 17. 4 : 1 18. 1.06 × 10–22 g
19. (i) 4.45 × 1024 (ii) 2.409 × 1023 g
EXERCISE-III
SECTION-A
1. Lavoisier 2. 2. 4092 × 1024 atoms.
3. 1000 4. molecule
5. W 6. 1 : 8
7. Formula 8. Nitrogen and Hydrogen
9. Carbon-12 10. Atomicity
11. 9.48 L 12. atomicity
SECTION-B
1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (C) 4. (C) 5. (B)
6. (C) 7. (C) 8. (A) 9. (C) 10. (B)
11. (C) 12. (A)
SECTION-C
1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (B) 4. (C) 5. (D)
SECTION-D
1. (A)-(S), (B)-(P), (C)-(R), (D)-(Q) 2. (A)-(R), (B)-(P), (C)-(S), (D)-(Q)
3. (A)-(S), (B)-(R), (C)-(S), (D)-(P) 4. (A)-(R), (B)-(S), (C)-(P), (D)-(Q)
PAGE # 38
A Pre-Foundation Program
CH-3: ATOMS AND MOLECULES SP/Chemistry/Class-IX
EXERCISE-IV
SECTION-A
1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (B) 4. (A) 5. (A)
6. (B) 7. (A) 8. (A) 9. (C) 10. (A)
11. (A) 12. (B) 13. (A) 14. (D) 15. (C)
16. (A) 17. (A) 18. (C) 19. (A) 20. (D)
SECTION-B
1. (A,B,C) 2. (A,C,D) 3. (A,B,C) 4. (B,C) 5. (A,D)
6. (A,B,D)
SECTION-C
Passage-1
1. (A) 2. (A) 3. (C)
Passage-2
1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (A)
SECTION-D
1. (A)-(P,Q,R,S), (B)-(Q,S), (C)-(P,R), (D)-(P,R)
2. (A)-(P,Q,R), (B)-(S), (C)-(P,R,Q), (D)-(P,R,Q)
3. (A)-(P,Q), (B)-(R), (C)-(S), (D)-(S)
4. (A)-(Q), (B)-(P), (C)-(R,S), (D)-(R,S)
*****
PAGE # 39