1. Energy costs vary greatly with energy source: coal @ $25.00/ton, gasoline @ $2.

00/gal, and
electricity @ $0.10/kWhr. Conventional practice is to put these on a common basis by expressing
them in $ GJ-1. [ A gigajoule is approximately 106 (Btu).] For this purpose, assume gross heating
values of 29 MJ kg-1 for coal and 37 GJ m-3 for gasoline. Rank the sources from cheapest to the most
expensive on cost.

Given:
Coal = $25.00/ton 29 MJ / Kg
Gasoline = $2.00/gal 37 GJ / m3
Electricity = $0.10/kWhr

Required: Cost from cheap to expensive ($/GJ)

Solution: US Unit base (like US gallon, US Ton)

Cost of Coal: Conversion ( 1 US ton = 907.185 kg)

$25 1 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑈𝑆 𝑡𝑜𝑛 1000 𝑀𝐽 $𝟎. 𝟗𝟓
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 =
𝑡𝑜𝑛 29 𝑀𝐽 907.185 𝑘𝑔 1 𝐺𝐽 𝑮𝑱

Cost of Gasoline: Conversion ( 1 US gal = 3.79 li ; 1000 li = 1 m3)

$2 1𝑚3 1 𝑈𝑆 𝐺𝑎𝑙 1000 𝑙𝑖 $𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟔
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 =
𝑔𝑎𝑙 37 𝐺𝐽 3.79 𝑙𝑖 1 𝑚3 𝑮𝑱

Cost of Electricity: Conversion ( 1000 kWh = 3.6 GJ)

$0.1 1000 𝑘𝑊ℎ $𝟐𝟕. 𝟕𝟕𝟖
𝑥 =
𝑘𝑊ℎ 1 𝐺𝐽 𝑮𝑱

From cheapest to most expensive, most expensive is ELECTRICITY, the cheapest is COAL.

COAL – GASOLINE – ELECTRICTY

2. A rigid vessel of 2m3 capacity 0.02m3 of liquid water and 1.98m3 of water vapor at 101.33kPa. How much
heat must be added to the content of the vessel so that the liquid is just evaporated?
Given:
Liquid Water Water Vapor
V= k
Required: Q=? 1.98m3 H2O just evaporated
3
0.02m
101.33 kPa

P = 101.33 kPa
𝑉𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 = 2 𝑚3
𝑉𝑙 = 0.02 𝑚3
𝑉𝑔 = 1.98 𝑚3

Required: Q = ?
Solution:
∆𝑈 = 𝑄 + 𝑊 ;No work required (W = 0) ∆𝑼 = 𝑸 ; 𝑸 = 𝑼𝟐 − 𝑼𝟏
From steam table: (Boiling point of water is 1000C)
𝑉𝑔 = 1672.9𝑥10−3 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
𝑉𝑙 = 1.0435𝑥10−3 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
Solve for mass
1.98𝑚3
𝑀𝑔 = 3 = 1.184 𝑘𝑔
𝑚
1672.9𝑥10−3
𝑘𝑔
0.02𝑚3
𝑀𝑙 = 3 = 19.17 𝑘𝑔
𝑚
1.0435𝑥10−3
𝑘𝑔
𝑀𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 1.184 + 19.17 = 20.35 𝑘𝑔
𝑉𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 2𝑚3 𝑚3 𝑚3
Since V1 = V2 𝑉2 = = 20.35 𝑘𝑔 = 0.0983 𝑘𝑔 = 98.3𝑥10−3 𝑘𝑔
𝑀𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

From steam table, find U2

T = 213.11oC = 213 oC U2 = 2600.5 KJ/kg
For U1
𝑈1 = 𝑥𝑈𝑔 + 𝑈𝑓 (1 − 𝑋)
From steam table T =100oC
𝐾𝐽 𝐾𝐽 𝑀𝑔 1.184𝑘𝑔
𝑈𝑔 = 2506.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑈𝑓 = 418.94 𝑘𝑔 𝑥=𝑀 = 20.35𝑘𝑔 = 0.058
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

𝐾𝐽 𝐾𝐽 𝐾𝐽
𝑈1 = 𝑥𝑈𝑔 + 𝑈𝑓 (1 − 𝑋) = (0.058 ) (2506.5 ) + (418.94 ) (1 − 0.058) = 540.018
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
KJ 𝐾𝐽
𝑄 = 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 = 2600.5 − 540.018 = 𝟐𝟎𝟓𝟗. 𝟗𝟖𝟐 𝑲𝑱/𝒌𝒈
kg 𝑘𝑔
𝑄 = 𝑀𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝑈2 − 𝑈1 ) = 20.35 𝑘𝑔(2600.5 𝐾𝐽/𝑘𝑔 − 540.018 𝐾𝐽/𝑘𝑔) = 𝟒𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟎 𝑲𝑱
3. One mole of gas in a closed system undergoes a four step thermodynamics cycle. Use data given in
the table below to determine the missing numerical values.
∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊 basis
STEP Internal Energy, U Heat, Q (J) Work, W (J)
(J)
1 to 2 -200 5800 -6000
2 to 3 -4000 -3800 -200
3 to 4 -500 -800 300
4 to 1 4700 200 4500
TOTAL 0 1400 -1400

7. A gas confined in 0.47m diameter cylinder by a piston, on which results a weight. The mass of the
piston and the weight together is 150 kg. the local acceleration of gravity is 9.813 m/s 2 and atmosphere
pressure is 101.57 kPa.
a. What is the force in N exerted on a gas by the atmosphere, the piston and weight, assuming no
friction between the piston and weight?
b. What is the pressure of gas in KPa (pressure absolute)?
c. If the gas in the cylinder is heated, it expands using the piston and the weight upward. If the
piston & weight are 0.83 m, what is the change in potential energy of the piston and weight?

Given:
d = 0.47m
mpiston and weight = 150 kg
g = 9.813 m/s2
P = 101.57 kPa
Solution:
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴 = (𝑑 )2 = (0.47𝑚)2 = 0.1735 𝑚2
4 4

a. F = mg + PA
𝑚 1000 𝑃𝑎
𝐹 = (150 𝑘𝑔) (9.813 2
) + (101.57 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑥 ) (0.1735 𝑚2 )
𝑠 1 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑭 = 𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟗𝟒. 𝟑𝟒𝟓 𝑵
𝐹
b. 𝑃 =
𝐴
19194.345 𝑁
𝑃= = 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟎. 𝟕𝟐 𝑷𝒂 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟎𝟕𝟐 𝒌𝑷𝒂
0.1735 𝑚2
c. ∆𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔∆𝑧 ; ∆𝑧 = 0.83 𝑚
𝑚 𝒌𝒈𝒎𝟐
∆𝑃𝐸 = (150 𝑘𝑔) (9.813 2 ) (0.83𝑚) = 𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟏. 𝟕 𝒐𝒓 𝑵𝒎 𝒐𝒓 𝑱𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒆
𝑠 𝒔𝟐
4. one kilogram of air is heated reversibly at a constant pressure from an initial state of 300 K and 1 bar
until its volume triples. Calculate W, Q, U, and H for the process. Assume for air that P*V/T = 83.14 bar
cm3 mol-1 K-1 and Cp = 29 J mol-1 K-1.

Given:
Air = 1 kg = 1000 g T = 300 K
P = 1 bar = 101325 Pa V2 = 3V1
𝑃𝑉
= 83.14 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑚3 / 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐾 Cp = 29 J/mol K
𝑇

Required: W, Q, U, H
Solution:
Reversible K = P
𝑊 = −𝑛𝑃𝑑𝑉 = −𝑛𝑃(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) = −𝑛𝑃(3𝑉1 − 𝑉1 )
𝑀 1000𝑔
𝑛= = 34.483 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑊 29 𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑃𝑉
= 83.14 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑚3 / 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐾
𝑇
(1 𝑏𝑎𝑟)(𝑉1 ) 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑚3 1𝑚 3
= 83.14 𝑥 ( )
300 𝐾 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 1𝑐𝑚
𝑉1 = 0.024942 𝑚3
𝑊 = − 34.483 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑥 101325 𝑃𝑎 𝑥 [(3)(0.024942 𝑚3 ) − 0.024942 𝑚3 ]
𝑾 = 𝟏𝟕𝟒 𝟐𝟗𝟒 𝑱 = 𝟏𝟕𝟒. 𝟐𝟗𝟒 𝒌𝑱

𝑄 = ∆𝐻
∆𝐻 = 𝑛𝐶𝑝𝑑𝑇
𝑉1 𝑉2 0.024942𝑚3 3(0.024942𝑚3 )
= = 𝑇2 = 900 𝐾
𝑇1 𝑇2 300 𝐾 𝑇2

𝐽
𝑄 = ∆𝐻 = 34.483 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑥 29.1 𝑥 (900 𝐾 − 300 𝐾)
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾
𝑸 = ∆𝑯 = 𝟔𝟎𝟐 𝟎𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟖 𝑱 = 𝟔𝟎𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟖 𝒌𝑱

∆𝑈 = 𝑄 + 𝑊
∆𝑈 = 602.073.18 𝑘𝐽 − 174.294 𝑘𝐽
∆𝑼 = 𝟒𝟐𝟕. 𝟕𝟖 𝒌𝑱
5. Complete the table. Write the values on the spaces in the stable. Write “N/A” if no value is applicable.
Pressure Temp. State Quality Specific Volume Internal Enthalpy Entropy
Energy
925 kPa 300 oC superheated vapor 279.44x10-3 2794.7 3053.17 7.1615
m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/ kgK
0.38 MPa 263.24 Superheated vapor 2992 kJ/kg
Vapor
Mixture 4.5 kJ/ kgK
1.1835x103 936.2 kJ/kg
m3/kg

From Steam Table

P = 925 kPa = 0.925 kPa
T = 300 oC
State = Superheated
Quality = Vapor?
Specific Volume = 279.44x10-3
Internal Energy = 2794.7
Enthalpy = 3053.17
Entropy = 7.1615