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Table of Contents
Organization of the Animal Body | Epithelial Tissue | Connective
Tissue | Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue | Learning Objectives | Terms | Review Questions |
Links
Figure 1. Cells and tissues that comprise the stomach. Image from
Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition, by Sinauer
Associates (www.sinauer.com) and WH Freeman
(www.whfreeman.com), used with permission.
Plants are simpler organisms than animals, having three organ
systems and fewer organs than do vertebrate animals. Organs are
composed of tissues, which are in turn composed of cells. Plants
have three tissue types: ground, dermal, and vascular. Animals have
four: epithelial, connective, muscle, and bone.
Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and lines body cavities.
Functions include lining, protecting, and forming glands. Three types
of epithelium occur:
• Squamous epithelium is flattened cells.
• Cuboidal epithelium is cube-shaped cells.
• Columnar epithelium consists of elongated cells.
Glands can be single epithelial cells, such as the goblet cells that
line the intestine. Multicellular glands include the endocrine glands.
Many animals have their skin composed of epithelium. Vertebrates
have keratin in their skin cells to reduce water loss. Many other
animals secrete mucus or other materials from their skin, such as
earthworms do.
Figure 5. Glandular epithelium. The image is from
Loyola University's LUMEN site at
http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/Histo/HistoI
mages/hl1-24.jpg).
Connective Tissue
Connective tissue serves many purposes in the body:
•binding
•supporting
•protecting
•forming blood
•storing fats
•filling space
Figure 11. Striated muscle cells. The left image of striated muscle
fibers is cropped from Loyola University's LUMEN site at
http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/Histo/HistoImages/hl3A-
45.jpg. The right image is from
http://130.102.208.100/FMRes/FMPro?-
db=images.fp3&key=32948&-img.
Smooth muscle fibers, shown in Figure 12, lack the banding,
although actin and myosin still occur. These cells function in
involuntary movements and/or autonomic responses (such as
breathing, secretion, ejaculation, birth, and certain reflexes).
Smooth muscle fibers are spindle shaped cells that form masses.
These fibers are components of structures in the digestive system,
reproductive tract, and blood vessels.
Figure 12. Smooth muscle cells. The image of smooth muscle cells is
cropped from Loyola University's LUMEN site at
http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/Histo/HistoImages/hl3A-
42.jpg.
Cardiac muscle fibers are a type of striated muscle found only in the
heart. The cell has a bifurcated (or forked) shape, usually with the
nucleus near the center of the cell. The cells are usually connected
to each other by intercalated disks, as shown in Figure 13.
Figure 13. Cardiac muscle cells. The top image of cardiac muscle
cells is cropped from Loyola University's LUMEN site at
http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/Histo/HistoImages/hl3A-
48.jpg. Note the dark band of the intercalated disk that separates
two muscle cells. The bottom image is of a heart muscle cell
(nucleus, mitochondria, actin-myosin) (TEM x15,400). This image is
copyright Dennis Kunkel at www.DennisKunkel.com, used with
permission.
Nervous Tissue
Nervous tissue, shown in Figure 14, functions in the integration of
stimulus and control of response to that stimulus. Nerve cells are
called neurons. Each neuron has a cell body, an axon, and many
dendrites. Nervous tissue is composed of two main cell types:
neurons and glial cells. Neurons transmit nerve messages. Glial cells
are in direct contact with neurons and often surround them.
Figure 15. Neurons. The left image of large multipolar neuron (center
of image) is cropped from Loyola University's LUMEN site at
http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/Histo/HistoImages/hl3-
03.jpg. The right image shows Pyramidal Neurons from the
Central Nervous System (SEM x3,960). This image is copyright
Dennis Kunkel at www.DennisKunkel.com, used with permission.
Review Questions
1. Which of these is not an animal tissue? a) connective; b) xylem; c)
epithelial; d) nervous ans is b
2. Tissues are made of _______. a) groups of cells that perform a different
set of functions; b) collections of cells that perform similar or related
functions; c) subellular structures that aid in the performance of the
cell's role; d) none of these ans is b
3. Which of these is NOT a function of epithelial tissue? a) covering
surfaces; b) secretion; c) support of the body; d) lining internal exchange
areas ans is c
4. Layered epithelial tissue is referred to as which of these? a) squamous;
b) stratified; c) voluntary; d) pseudostratified ans is d
5. Which of these cell types covers the inside of the mouth? a) squamous
epithelium; b) cartilage; c) blood; d) cuboidal epithelium ANS is a
6. Protection of the body from infectious organisms is accomplished by
which of these tissues? a) bone; b) muscle; c) nerve; d) blood ANS is d
7. Linking of bone to bone in a skeletal system is accomplished by which of
these tissues? a) epithelial; b) connective; c) muscle; d) nervous ANS is
b
8. Cells that line the tubules in the kidney make up which of these tissues?
a) adipose; b) squamous epithelium; c) cuboidal epithelium; d) stratified
epithelium ANS is c
9. The storage of fat is accomplished by which of these cell types? a)
adipose; b) squamous epithelium; c) cuboidal epithelium; d) stratified
epithelium ANS is a
10. Glands are composed of which of these tissue types? a) epithelium; b)
connective; c) muscle; d) nervous ANS is a
11. Hard parts of the body would be made of which of these cell/tissue
types? a) blood; b) bone; c) muscle; d) nerves ANS is b
12. Bone acts as a reservoir for which of these elements? a) carbon; b)
nitrogen; c) calcium; d) hydrogen ANS is c
13. The major function of bone is ___. a) covering body surfaces; b) support;
c) movement; d) integration of stimulus ANS is b
14. New blood cells are formed in the ___. a) matrix; b) bone marrow; c)
liver; d) adipose cells AMS is b
15. The blood cells that transport oxygen within the body are the ___. a)
macrophages; b) erythrocytes; c) platelets; d) leukocytes ANS is b
16. The liquid part of the blood is ___. a) plasma; b) adipose; c) cartilage; d)
platelets ANS is a
17. When you move your arm to use your computer mouse, which of these
muscle cell types is involved? a) cardiac; b) skeletal; c) smooth ANS is b
18. Contraction of your heart is accomplished by which of these cell types?
a) cardiac; b) skeletal; c) smooth ANS is a
19. Contractions of the uterus during birth are accomplished by which of
these cell types? a) cardiac; b) skeletal; c) smooth ANS is c
20. The junctions between nerve cells are known as ___. a) gap junctions; b)
synapses; c) tight junctions; d) villi ANS is b
21. Transmission of the nerve message within the neuron is ___ in nature. a)
chemical b) electrical ANS is b
Links
• Histology resources from University of Kansas Medical School.
• University of Pennsylvania Histology Homepage Organized by organ
system or tissue type, this site presents many useful images in an esay
to use frame format.
• Muscle Cell Types from Human Anatomy On-line
• Histology Lab Orientation Online lectures and quizzes for the
introductory histology as well as more advanced histology students.
• Histology entry at Wikipedia offers a discussion of aspects of histology.
• Internet Atlas of Histology, COM-UIUC More histology than you might
want, but a superb resource open to students and interested parties,
featuring a frame-based atlas with zoomable images that simulate the
microscope experience!
Text ©1992, 1994, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007
by M. J. Farabee, all rights reserved.
Use of text for educational purposes is encouraged. For use of images please
see note on Table of Contents page.
Back to Table of Contents | ANIMAL ORGAN SYSTEMS AND
HOMEOSTASIS
Email: mj.farabee@emcmail.maricopa.edu